2078:. For example, assume two individuals, A and B, have theoretically identical test scores well above the average for the entire population, but individual A's estimate is considered more reliable because a large amount of data may be available for their group in comparison to the group of B. Then if two people, one from A and one from B, apply for the same job, A is hired, because it is perceived that their score is a more reliable estimate, so a risk-averse decision maker sees B's score as more likely to be luck. Conversely, if the two groups are below average, B is hired, because group A's negative score is believed to be a better estimate. This generates differences in employment chances, but also in the average wages of different groups - a group with a lower signal precision will be disproportionately employed to lower paying jobs.
2052:(1972). The name "statistical discrimination" relates to the way in which employers make employment decisions. Since their information on the applicants' productivity is imperfect, they use statistical information, both current and historical, on the group they belong to in order to infer productivity. If a minority group is less productive initially (due to historic discrimination or having navigated a bad equilibrium), each individual in this group will be assumed to be less productive and discrimination arises. This type of discrimination can result in a self-reinforcing
4435:
40:
4445:
2100:
According to a 2020 study, managers who had experience with statistical discrimination theory were more likely to believe in the accuracy of stereotypes, accept stereotyping, and engage in gender discrimination in hiring. When managers were informed of criticisms against statistical discrimination,
2060:
A related form of statistical discrimination is based on differences in the signals that applicants send to employers. These signals report the applicant's productivity, but they are noisy. Discrimination can occur if groups differ on means, even if applicants have identical nominal above-average
2065:
will imply that a member of a higher-mean group will regress less as they are more likely to have a higher true value, while the lower-mean group member will regress more and the signal will overestimate their value if the group membership is ignored ("Kelley's paradox"). Discrimination can also
2074:; such a decision maker will prefer the group with the lower variance. Even assuming two theoretically identical groups (in all respects, including average and variance), a risk averse decision maker will prefer the group for which a measurement (signal, test) exists that minimizes the signal
2185:
Fang, Hanming and Andrea Moro, 2011, "Theories of
Statistical Discrimination and Affirmative Action: A Survey," in Jess Benhabib, Matthew Jackson and Alberto Bisin, eds: Handbook of Social Economics, Vol. 1A, Chapter 5, The Netherlands: North Holland, 2011, pp. 133-200. Available as
2036:
arises when economic agents (consumers, workers, employers, etc.) have imperfect information about individuals they interact with. According to this theory, inequality may exist and persist between demographic groups even when economic agents are rational. This is distinguished from
2096:
Market forces are expected to penalize some forms of statistical discrimination; for example, a company capable and willing to test its job applicants on relevant metrics is expected to do better than one that relies only on group averages for employment decisions.
2056:
over time, as the atypical individuals from the discriminated group are discouraged from participating in the market, or from improving their skills as their (average) return on investment (education etc.) is less than for the non-discriminated group.
3461:
1000:
3435:
966:
3924:
1469:
2992:
515:
2070:
in the signals (i.e. in how noisy the signal is), even assuming equal averages. For variance-based discrimination to occur, the decision maker needs to be
3195:
726:
4319:
3702:
1880:
1241:
3146:
2012:
677:
2462:
Coate, Steven and Glenn Loury, 1993, Will affirmative-action policies eliminate negative stereotypes?, The
American Economic Review, 1220–1240.
3067:
590:
2165:
3707:
2041:
which emphasizes the role of prejudice (sexism, racism, etc.) to explain disparities in labour market outcomes between demographic groups.
1246:
3677:
3288:
2830:
1216:
819:
345:
2977:
500:
2297:"Three Statistical Paradoxes in the Interpretation of Group Differences: Illustrated with Medical School Admission and Licensing Data"
2912:
2800:
2533:
427:
315:
4420:
3151:
2922:
2740:
2725:
2720:
1981:
682:
437:
255:
240:
235:
4448:
2982:
2705:
2387:
2322:
2280:
2253:
505:
220:
3483:
2805:
2617:
2005:
1022:
320:
124:
4129:
3799:
3712:
3603:
3278:
3098:
2730:
2715:
1682:
1338:
1251:
1142:
809:
627:
245:
230:
4469:
3697:
3178:
1236:
709:
3345:
3183:
2669:
2647:
2457:
2141:
876:
714:
176:
154:
4082:
3919:
3819:
3283:
3173:
1635:
1464:
1358:
814:
704:
3672:
3190:
2952:
2745:
1998:
1211:
721:
475:
260:
2815:
330:
2957:
480:
4351:
4067:
2795:
1912:
1620:
310:
3630:
3578:
2556:
2526:
1169:
1117:
57:
4262:
4114:
3533:
3141:
3087:
1823:
1667:
1072:
672:
610:
4371:
3163:
2850:
2571:
2038:
1932:
694:
365:
70:
3724:
3538:
3440:
3325:
2999:
2967:
2627:
2561:
1263:
1077:
971:
856:
522:
490:
134:
62:
3984:
3872:
3719:
3488:
3425:
3260:
3215:
3077:
2962:
2944:
2880:
2810:
2684:
1529:
1417:
1258:
1027:
956:
791:
746:
600:
485:
465:
395:
325:
191:
4438:
4267:
4247:
4109:
4099:
4057:
3687:
3528:
3390:
3360:
3355:
3305:
3240:
3225:
3158:
3131:
3116:
2519:
2082:
1828:
1808:
1662:
1652:
1610:
1226:
1067:
921:
891:
886:
836:
771:
756:
689:
662:
647:
23:
3335:
2364:
866:
4366:
4339:
4329:
3809:
3789:
3652:
3523:
3420:
3370:
3340:
3320:
3255:
3235:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3111:
3082:
3055:
3031:
3026:
2612:
2602:
2062:
1927:
1900:
1890:
1348:
1328:
1191:
1062:
951:
901:
871:
851:
786:
766:
741:
736:
731:
642:
605:
578:
554:
549:
119:
109:
2377:
2296:
2270:
2243:
4334:
4294:
4227:
4124:
4072:
3999:
3754:
3518:
3430:
3405:
3400:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3315:
3270:
3230:
3136:
3106:
3009:
2622:
2312:
1895:
1855:
1788:
1677:
1625:
1544:
1293:
1057:
961:
936:
931:
916:
911:
906:
846:
801:
761:
667:
637:
532:
129:
4205:
3739:
3613:
3330:
3295:
3245:
3220:
3041:
3004:
2735:
2597:
2448:
Arrow, K. J. (1973), "The Theory of
Discrimination", in O. Ashenfelter and A. Rees (eds.),
1766:
1278:
1152:
861:
826:
776:
751:
564:
527:
250:
104:
8:
4381:
4242:
3877:
3779:
3759:
3548:
3456:
3415:
3395:
3365:
3265:
3060:
2875:
2033:
1942:
1803:
1422:
1318:
1298:
1087:
995:
946:
926:
896:
796:
583:
390:
4154:
4149:
4139:
4087:
4077:
4052:
3994:
3952:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3764:
3072:
2499:
2463:
2347:
2224:
1707:
1702:
1692:
1640:
1630:
1605:
1539:
1497:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1303:
595:
4413:
4324:
4252:
4237:
4036:
3979:
3784:
3692:
3583:
3503:
3350:
2652:
2453:
2426:
2383:
2318:
2276:
2249:
2137:
2110:
2086:
1974:
1885:
1813:
1798:
1581:
1524:
1323:
1231:
1122:
1042:
881:
159:
4376:
4361:
4289:
4210:
4180:
4011:
3847:
3553:
3126:
3121:
2972:
2870:
2416:
2216:
1937:
1922:
1850:
1771:
1741:
1556:
1392:
1092:
657:
652:
495:
385:
2479:, Princeton University Press. Informally illustrates the theory in the context of
4391:
4299:
4195:
4144:
4004:
3989:
3969:
3934:
3647:
3558:
3493:
3300:
3250:
3036:
2895:
2187:
2131:
2029:
1952:
1860:
1756:
1697:
1549:
1534:
1514:
1479:
1186:
1097:
1032:
831:
781:
559:
410:
2166:"Taste-based versus Statistical Discrimination: Placing the Debate into Context"
4386:
4344:
4314:
4304:
4222:
4215:
4200:
4190:
4026:
3962:
3904:
3899:
3884:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3543:
3478:
3014:
2987:
2840:
2542:
2053:
1947:
1905:
1875:
1865:
1783:
1776:
1761:
1751:
1571:
1507:
1449:
1444:
1429:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1082:
1017:
537:
510:
355:
31:
4463:
4398:
4021:
3957:
3942:
3804:
3769:
3749:
3620:
3563:
3498:
2917:
2820:
2487:
2480:
2430:
2421:
2404:
2090:
2049:
2045:
1959:
1566:
1502:
1487:
1343:
1308:
1288:
1159:
1102:
1037:
432:
335:
4232:
4119:
3947:
3914:
3894:
3824:
3814:
3794:
3774:
3410:
3310:
3046:
3021:
2885:
2825:
2790:
2755:
2750:
1793:
1672:
1492:
1459:
1439:
1363:
1353:
1333:
1313:
941:
841:
569:
544:
400:
340:
305:
270:
265:
4134:
4094:
4062:
3929:
3889:
3729:
3642:
3593:
3568:
3468:
3168:
2907:
2890:
2845:
2760:
2472:
2220:
2071:
1687:
1647:
1615:
1474:
1434:
1268:
1181:
1132:
1107:
1007:
699:
422:
405:
360:
275:
2228:
2201:
4408:
4403:
4284:
4279:
4175:
4159:
4016:
3909:
3867:
3829:
3637:
3625:
3598:
3588:
3508:
2934:
2929:
2900:
2835:
2674:
2503:
2467:
2351:
2075:
1969:
1964:
1845:
1840:
1736:
1712:
1561:
1454:
1412:
1368:
1176:
1164:
1137:
1127:
1047:
449:
444:
415:
350:
181:
2338:
Phelps, Edmund (1972). "The
Statistical Theory of Racism and Sexism".
4309:
4257:
3974:
3573:
2700:
1870:
1818:
1519:
1112:
215:
4274:
4104:
4031:
3682:
3608:
3513:
3473:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2710:
2405:"Statistical Discrimination and the Rationalization of Stereotypes"
2067:
1835:
1657:
1576:
1221:
1147:
1052:
1012:
380:
375:
370:
295:
290:
285:
225:
2785:
2679:
2659:
2632:
2607:
2511:
2202:"Racial Discrimination in the Labour Market: Theory and Empirics"
300:
186:
166:
139:
114:
39:
3734:
2765:
2664:
2642:
2637:
2587:
1273:
280:
171:
149:
144:
94:
3744:
2592:
1283:
99:
4356:
4185:
1917:
1746:
2044:
The theory of statistical discrimination was pioneered by
2490:(1972). "The Statistical Theory of Racism and Sexism".
2093:, may be partly caused by statistical discrimination.
2365:
2123:
2241:
2136:(9 ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 392–393.
4320:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
2486:
2375:
2268:
1881:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
4461:
3980:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
1525:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
3462:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
2262:
1001:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
2527:
2452:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
2310:
2306:
2304:
2199:
2006:
2190:, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
3678:List of people killed for being transgender
2369:
2245:Handbook on the Economics of Discrimination
1217:List of people killed for being transgender
2534:
2520:
2317:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 58–60.
2301:
2235:
2013:
1999:
2420:
2801:Social determinants of health in poverty
2275:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 304.
2248:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 223.
2163:
316:Social determinants of health in poverty
2402:
2314:Comparable Worth: Theories and Evidence
4462:
2337:
2272:Labor and Employment Law and Economics
2129:
2515:
2379:Microeconomics: An Intuitive Approach
4444:
3484:Capital punishment for homosexuality
2806:Social determinants of mental health
2083:home mortgage lending discrimination
1023:Capital punishment for homosexuality
321:Social determinants of mental health
3604:Genital modification and mutilation
1143:Genital modification and mutilation
13:
2541:
2441:
14:
4481:
2382:. Cengage Learning. p. 514.
4443:
4434:
4433:
4083:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
3920:Law for Protection of the Nation
3820:White genocide conspiracy theory
2477:The Anatomy of Racial Inequality
1636:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1465:Law for Protection of the Nation
1359:White genocide conspiracy theory
38:
3925:MSM blood donation restrictions
3673:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
2450:Discrimination in Labor Markets
2396:
2358:
1470:MSM blood donation restrictions
1212:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
16:Theorized behavior in economics
3938:(as religious or racial quota)
2403:Tilcsik, András (2020-12-11).
2331:
2289:
2209:Journal of Economic Literature
2193:
2179:
2157:
1483:(as religious or racial quota)
1:
4352:Second-generation gender bias
4068:Constitutional colorblindness
2796:Social determinants of health
2116:
1913:Second-generation gender bias
1621:Constitutional colorblindness
311:Social determinants of health
2409:American Sociological Review
2340:The American Economic Review
2101:these effects were reduced.
7:
4263:Medical model of disability
4115:Hate speech laws by country
2242:William M. Rodgers (2009).
2130:Mankiw, N. Gregory (2020).
2104:
2081:It has been suggested that
1824:Medical model of disability
1668:Hate speech laws by country
10:
4486:
4372:Social model of disability
2851:Discrimination against men
2376:Thomas J. Nechyba (2010).
2269:K. G. Dau-Schmidt (2009).
2089:, which is illegal in the
2039:taste-based discrimination
2026:Statistical discrimination
1933:Social model of disability
366:Discrimination against men
4470:Employment discrimination
4429:
4168:
4045:
3838:
3725:Opposition to immigration
3449:
3096:
2943:
2693:
2643:Race / Ethnicity
2580:
2549:
2295:Wainer & Brown 2006,
2188:NBER Working Papers 15860
1264:Opposition to immigration
150:Race / Ethnicity
3720:Occupational segregation
3489:Compulsory sterilization
2492:American Economic Review
2422:10.1177/0003122420969399
2032:behavior in which group
1259:Occupational segregation
1028:Compulsory sterilization
4248:Internalized oppression
4110:Fighting Discrimination
4100:Fat acceptance movement
4058:Anti-discrimination law
3698:Native American mascots
2133:Principles of Economics
1809:Internalized oppression
1663:Fighting Discrimination
1653:Fat acceptance movement
1611:Anti-discrimination law
1237:Native American mascots
4367:Social identity threat
4340:Reverse discrimination
4330:Racial color blindness
3810:Violence against women
3790:Sex-selective abortion
2311:Paula England (1992).
2200:Lang, Lehmann (2012).
2164:Thijssen, Lex (2016).
2063:regression to the mean
1928:Social identity threat
1901:Reverse discrimination
1891:Racial color blindness
1349:Violence against women
1329:Sex-selective abortion
4335:Religious intolerance
4295:Political correctness
4125:Intersex human rights
4073:Cultural assimilation
3755:Religious persecution
3519:Disability hate crime
2483:' racial differences.
1896:Religious intolerance
1856:Political correctness
1678:Intersex human rights
1626:Cultural assimilation
1294:Religious persecution
1058:Disability hate crime
3740:Political repression
2746:Anti-left handedness
2736:Anti-intellectualism
2221:10.1257/jel.50.4.959
1279:Political repression
261:Anti-left handedness
251:Anti-intellectualism
4243:Historical eugenics
3780:Segregation academy
3760:Religious terrorism
3549:Enemy of the people
3457:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
2983:Jehovah's Witnesses
2876:Perpetual foreigner
1804:Historical eugenics
1319:Segregation academy
1299:Religious terrorism
1088:Enemy of the people
996:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
506:Jehovah's Witnesses
391:Perpetual foreigner
4155:Social integration
4150:Self-determination
4140:Racial integration
4088:Diversity training
4078:Cultural pluralism
4053:Affirmative action
3953:Racial segregation
3863:Crime of apartheid
3765:Religious violence
3275:Indigenous people
2670:Sexual orientation
1708:Social integration
1703:Self-determination
1693:Racial integration
1641:Diversity training
1631:Cultural pluralism
1606:Affirmative action
1498:Racial segregation
1408:Crime of apartheid
1304:Religious violence
806:Indigenous people
177:Sexual orientation
4457:
4456:
4325:Racism by country
4253:Intersectionality
4238:Heteronormativity
4037:Voter suppression
3785:Sexual harassment
3584:Forced conversion
3504:Cultural genocide
3174:African Americans
2993:post–Cold War era
2978:Eastern Orthodoxy
2731:Anti-drug addicts
2726:Anti-homelessness
2653:Scientific racism
2488:Phelps, Edmund S.
2389:978-0-324-27470-7
2324:978-0-202-30348-2
2282:978-1-78195-306-8
2255:978-1-84720-015-0
2111:Coate-Loury model
2087:African Americans
2023:
2022:
1886:Racism by country
1814:Intersectionality
1799:Heteronormativity
1582:Voter suppression
1324:Sexual harassment
1123:Forced conversion
1043:Cultural genocide
705:African Americans
516:post–Cold War era
501:Eastern Orthodoxy
246:Anti-drug addicts
241:Anti-homelessness
160:Scientific racism
4477:
4447:
4446:
4437:
4436:
4377:Social privilege
4362:Social exclusion
4290:Police brutality
4211:Multiculturalism
4181:Amatonormativity
4012:Social exclusion
3848:Age of candidacy
3648:Homeless dumping
3554:Ethnic cleansing
2536:
2529:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2373:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2308:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2206:
2197:
2191:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2127:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1938:Social privilege
1923:Social exclusion
1851:Police brutality
1772:Multiculturalism
1742:Amatonormativity
1557:Social exclusion
1393:Age of candidacy
1187:Homeless dumping
1093:Ethnic cleansing
42:
19:
18:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4425:
4300:Polyculturalism
4196:Civil liberties
4164:
4145:Reappropriation
4046:Countermeasures
4041:
3970:Racial steering
3936:Numerus clausus
3840:
3834:
3559:Ethnic conflict
3494:Corrective rape
3445:
3092:
2939:
2831:HIV/AIDS stigma
2689:
2638:Mental disorder
2576:
2545:
2540:
2510:
2444:
2442:Further reading
2439:
2438:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2359:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2240:
2236:
2215:(4): 959–1006.
2204:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2180:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2107:
2066:occur on group
2019:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1861:Polyculturalism
1757:Civil liberties
1729:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1698:Reappropriation
1598:
1597:Countermeasures
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1515:Racial steering
1481:Numerus clausus
1385:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1098:Ethnic conflict
1033:Corrective rape
988:
980:
979:
978:
977:
976:
630:
619:
618:
617:
616:
615:
468:
458:
457:
456:
455:
454:
346:HIV/AIDS stigma
208:
200:
199:
198:
197:
196:
145:Mental disorder
87:
79:
78:
77:
76:
75:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4483:
4473:
4472:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4441:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4345:Reverse racism
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4315:Prisoner abuse
4312:
4307:
4305:Power distance
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4223:Ethnic penalty
4220:
4219:
4218:
4216:Neurodiversity
4213:
4203:
4201:Dehumanization
4198:
4193:
4191:Cisnormativity
4188:
4183:
4178:
4172:
4170:
4169:Related topics
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4027:State religion
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3963:Nuremberg Laws
3960:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3905:Ghetto benches
3902:
3900:Gerrymandering
3897:
3892:
3887:
3885:Gender pay gap
3882:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3839:Discriminatory
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3668:Lavender scare
3665:
3663:Kill Haole Day
3660:
3658:Indian rolling
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3544:Eliminationism
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3479:Cancel culture
3476:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3453:
3451:
3450:Manifestations
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3346:Middle Eastern
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3088:Zoroastrianism
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3015:Untouchability
3012:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2841:Leprosy stigma
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2543:Discrimination
2539:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2509:
2508:
2498:(4): 659–661.
2484:
2470:
2460:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2395:
2388:
2368:
2357:
2346:(4): 659–661.
2330:
2323:
2300:
2288:
2281:
2261:
2254:
2234:
2192:
2178:
2156:
2142:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2054:vicious circle
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1906:Reverse racism
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1876:Prisoner abuse
1873:
1868:
1866:Power distance
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1784:Ethnic penalty
1781:
1780:
1779:
1777:Neurodiversity
1774:
1764:
1762:Dehumanization
1759:
1754:
1752:Cisnormativity
1749:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1728:Related topics
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1572:State religion
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1508:Nuremberg Laws
1505:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1450:Ghetto benches
1447:
1445:Gerrymandering
1442:
1437:
1432:
1430:Gender pay gap
1427:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1207:Lavender scare
1204:
1202:Kill Haole Day
1199:
1197:Indian rolling
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1083:Eliminationism
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1018:Cancel culture
1015:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1003:
992:
991:
990:
989:
987:Manifestations
986:
985:
982:
981:
975:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
877:Middle Eastern
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
823:
822:
817:
812:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
718:
717:
712:
707:
697:
692:
687:
686:
685:
680:
675:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
634:
633:
632:
631:
625:
624:
621:
620:
614:
613:
611:Zoroastrianism
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
587:
586:
576:
575:
574:
573:
572:
567:
562:
557:
542:
541:
540:
538:Untouchability
535:
525:
520:
519:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
488:
483:
478:
472:
471:
470:
469:
464:
463:
460:
459:
453:
452:
447:
442:
441:
440:
435:
430:
420:
419:
418:
413:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
356:Leprosy stigma
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
212:
211:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
195:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
163:
162:
157:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
91:
90:
89:
88:
85:
84:
81:
80:
74:
73:
68:
65:
60:
54:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
32:Discrimination
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4482:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4450:
4442:
4440:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4399:Social stigma
4397:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4022:State atheism
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3958:Jim Crow laws
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3943:One-drop rule
3941:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3858:Blood quantum
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:Victimisation
3803:
3801:
3800:Trans bashing
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3770:Religious war
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3750:Racialization
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3621:Glass ceiling
3619:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3564:Ethnic hatred
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3499:Counter-jihad
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3289:United States
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3152:United States
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Protestantism
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:LDS or Mormon
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2918:Transmisogyny
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2821:Gerontophobia
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:Anti-intersex
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:Anti-albinism
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:Institutional
2555:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2481:United States
2478:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2458:0-691-04170-9
2455:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2372:
2366:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2145:
2143:9780357133804
2139:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2091:United States
2088:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2050:Edmund Phelps
2047:
2046:Kenneth Arrow
2042:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1960:Social stigma
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1567:State atheism
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1503:Jim Crow laws
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1488:One-drop rule
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1403:Blood quantum
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1344:Victimisation
1342:
1340:
1339:Trans bashing
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:Religious war
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:Racialization
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1160:Glass ceiling
1158:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:Ethnic hatred
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:Counter-jihad
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
994:
993:
984:
983:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
821:
820:United States
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
807:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
702:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
684:
683:United States
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
629:
623:
622:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
596:Protestantism
594:
592:
589:
585:
582:
581:
580:
577:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
551:
548:
547:
546:
543:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
529:
526:
524:
521:
517:
514:
512:
511:LDS or Mormon
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
467:
462:
461:
451:
448:
446:
443:
439:
436:
434:
433:Transmisogyny
431:
429:
426:
425:
424:
421:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
336:Gerontophobia
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
256:Anti-intersex
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
231:Anti-albinism
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
204:
203:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
83:
82:
72:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
58:Institutional
56:
55:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
4233:Gender-blind
4120:Human rights
3948:Racial quota
3935:
3915:Jewish quota
3895:Gerontocracy
3890:Gender roles
3868:Disabilities
3853:Blood purity
3825:Wife selling
3815:White flight
3795:Slut-shaming
3775:Scapegoating
3693:Murder music
3366:Palestinians
3184:South Africa
3169:Black people
3147:South Africa
2968:Christianity
2958:Baháʼí Faith
2886:Sectarianism
2826:Heterosexism
2791:Ephebiphobia
2756:Antisemitism
2751:Anti-Masonry
2618:Hair texture
2566:
2495:
2491:
2476:
2449:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2378:
2371:
2360:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2313:
2291:
2271:
2264:
2244:
2237:
2212:
2208:
2195:
2181:
2173:GEMM Project
2172:
2159:
2149:19 September
2147:. Retrieved
2132:
2125:
2099:
2095:
2080:
2059:
2043:
2025:
2024:
1794:Gender-blind
1673:Human rights
1493:Racial quota
1480:
1460:Jewish quota
1440:Gerontocracy
1435:Gender roles
1413:Disabilities
1398:Blood purity
1364:Wife selling
1354:White flight
1334:Slut-shaming
1314:Scapegoating
1232:Murder music
897:Palestinians
715:South Africa
700:Black people
678:South Africa
491:Christianity
481:Baháʼí Faith
401:Sectarianism
341:Heterosexism
306:Ephebiphobia
271:Antisemitism
266:Anti-Masonry
125:Hair texture
4135:Nonviolence
4130:LGBT rights
4095:Empowerment
4063:Anti-racism
3985:Segregation
3930:No kid zone
3730:Persecution
3643:Hate speech
3594:Gay bashing
3569:Ethnic joke
3524:Dog whistle
3469:Blood libel
3164:Azerbaijani
3068:Neopaganism
3061:Persecution
3027:Persecution
3010:Persecution
2973:Catholicism
2908:Transphobia
2891:Supremacism
2846:Lesbophobia
2761:Aporophobia
2721:Anti-autism
2572:Taste-based
2567:Statistical
2473:Glenn Loury
2072:risk averse
2048:(1973) and
1688:Nonviolence
1683:LGBT rights
1648:Empowerment
1616:Anti-racism
1530:Segregation
1475:No kid zone
1269:Persecution
1182:Hate speech
1133:Gay bashing
1108:Ethnic joke
1063:Dog whistle
1008:Blood libel
695:Azerbaijani
591:Neopaganism
584:Persecution
550:Persecution
533:Persecution
496:Catholicism
423:Transphobia
406:Supremacism
361:Lesbophobia
276:Aporophobia
236:Anti-autism
71:Taste-based
67:Statistical
4409:Stereotype
4404:Speciesism
4285:Oppression
4280:Oikophobia
4176:Allophilia
4160:Toleration
4017:Sodomy law
3910:Internment
3830:Witch-hunt
3708:Blackhawks
3638:Hate group
3626:Hate crime
3599:Gendercide
3589:Freak show
3579:Excellence
3539:Employment
3509:Defamation
3441:Vietnamese
3436:Venezuelan
3326:Lithuanian
3000:Falun Gong
2935:Xenophobia
2930:Vegaphobia
2913:Non-binary
2871:Pedophobia
2836:Homophobia
2648:Skin color
2608:Disability
2581:Attributes
2562:Structural
2415:: 93–122.
2117:References
2076:error term
2034:inequality
1970:Stereotype
1965:Speciesism
1846:Oppression
1841:Oikophobia
1737:Allophilia
1713:Toleration
1562:Sodomy law
1455:Internment
1369:Witch-hunt
1247:Blackhawks
1177:Hate group
1165:Hate crime
1138:Gendercide
1128:Freak show
1118:Excellence
1078:Employment
1048:Defamation
972:Vietnamese
967:Venezuelan
857:Lithuanian
523:Falun Gong
450:Xenophobia
445:Vegaphobia
428:Non-binary
386:Pedophobia
351:Homophobia
155:Skin color
115:Disability
86:Attributes
63:Structural
4382:Christian
4310:Prejudice
4258:Masculism
4206:Diversity
4000:religious
3975:Redlining
3574:Ethnocide
3534:Education
3426:Ukrainian
3361:Pakistani
3351:Mongolian
3279:Australia
3261:Hungarian
3216:Colombian
3196:Bulgarian
3078:Rastafari
3032:Ahmadiyya
2945:Religious
2923:Trans men
2881:Pregnancy
2816:Gayphobia
2811:Fatphobia
2706:Acephobia
2701:Arophobia
2685:Viewpoint
2431:0003-1224
2068:variances
2061:signals:
2030:theorized
1943:Christian
1871:Prejudice
1819:Masculism
1767:Diversity
1545:religious
1520:Redlining
1113:Ethnocide
1073:Education
957:Ukrainian
892:Pakistani
882:Mongolian
810:Australia
792:Hungarian
747:Colombian
727:Bulgarian
601:Rastafari
555:Ahmadiyya
466:Religious
438:Trans men
396:Pregnancy
331:Gayphobia
326:Fatphobia
221:Acephobia
216:Arophobia
192:Viewpoint
4464:Category
4439:Category
4421:The talk
4357:Snobbery
4275:Net bias
4105:Feminism
4032:Ugly law
3873:Catholic
3841:policies
3688:Mortgage
3683:Lynching
3614:examples
3609:Genocide
3529:Economic
3514:Democide
3474:Bullying
3391:Romanian
3356:Nigerian
3306:Japanese
3241:Georgian
3226:Filipino
3159:Assyrian
3132:Armenian
3122:American
3117:Albanian
3099:National
3083:Yazidism
3005:Hinduism
2963:Buddhism
2866:Nepotism
2861:Misogyny
2856:Misandry
2781:Cronyism
2776:Clannism
2771:Biphobia
2711:Adultism
2628:Language
2229:23644909
2105:See also
2085:against
1982:The talk
1918:Snobbery
1836:Net bias
1658:Feminism
1577:Ugly law
1418:Catholic
1384:Policies
1227:Mortgage
1222:Lynching
1153:examples
1148:Genocide
1068:Economic
1053:Democide
1013:Bullying
922:Romanian
887:Nigerian
837:Japanese
772:Georgian
757:Filipino
690:Assyrian
663:Armenian
653:American
648:Albanian
628:national
606:Yazidism
528:Hinduism
486:Buddhism
381:Nepotism
376:Misogyny
371:Misandry
296:Cronyism
291:Clannism
286:Biphobia
226:Adultism
135:Language
24:a series
22:Part of
4449:Commons
4228:Figleaf
3653:Housing
3421:Turkish
3371:Pashtun
3341:Mexican
3321:Kurdish
3301:Italian
3251:Haitian
3236:Finnish
3211:Chinese
3206:Chechen
3201:Catalan
3191:Bengali
3112:African
3097:Ethnic/
3056:Judaism
3047:Sunnism
3037:Shi'ism
2953:Atheism
2786:Elitism
2675:Species
2613:Genetic
2603:Dialect
2504:1806107
2468:2117558
2352:1806107
1789:Figleaf
1192:Housing
952:Turkish
902:Pashtun
872:Mexican
852:Kurdish
832:Italian
782:Haitian
767:Finnish
742:Chinese
737:Chechen
732:Catalan
722:Bengali
643:African
626:Ethnic/
579:Judaism
570:Sunnism
560:Shi'ism
476:Atheism
301:Elitism
182:Species
120:Genetic
110:Dialect
4414:threat
4268:autism
4005:sexual
3995:racial
3878:Jewish
3735:Pogrom
3713:Chiefs
3703:Braves
3431:Uyghur
3406:Somali
3401:Slavic
3386:Romani
3381:Quebec
3376:Polish
3316:Korean
3311:Jewish
3284:Canada
3271:Indian
3256:Hazara
3231:Fulani
3142:France
3107:Afghan
3042:Sufism
2766:Audism
2694:Social
2623:Height
2502:
2466:
2456:
2429:
2386:
2350:
2321:
2279:
2252:
2227:
2140:
1975:threat
1829:autism
1550:sexual
1540:racial
1423:Jewish
1274:Pogrom
1252:Chiefs
1242:Braves
962:Uyghur
937:Somali
932:Slavic
917:Romani
912:Quebec
907:Polish
847:Korean
842:Jewish
815:Canada
802:Indian
787:Hazara
762:Fulani
673:France
638:Afghan
565:Sufism
281:Audism
207:Social
130:Height
4392:white
3745:Purge
3411:Tatar
3336:Māori
3331:Malay
3296:Irish
3246:Greek
3221:Croat
3179:China
3137:Asian
3022:Islam
2896:White
2633:Looks
2598:Class
2593:Caste
2550:Forms
2500:JSTOR
2464:JSTOR
2348:JSTOR
2225:JSTOR
2205:(PDF)
2169:(PDF)
2028:is a
1953:white
1284:Purge
942:Tatar
867:Māori
862:Malay
827:Irish
777:Greek
752:Croat
710:China
668:Asian
545:Islam
411:White
140:Looks
105:Class
100:Caste
49:Forms
4387:male
4186:Bias
3631:LGBT
3416:Thai
3396:Serb
3266:Igbo
3127:Arab
2901:Male
2680:Size
2660:Rank
2454:ISBN
2427:ISSN
2384:ISBN
2319:ISBN
2277:ISBN
2250:ISBN
2151:2021
2138:ISBN
1948:male
1747:Bias
1170:LGBT
947:Thai
927:Serb
797:Igbo
658:Arab
416:Male
187:Size
167:Rank
3990:age
2665:Sex
2588:Age
2417:doi
2217:doi
1535:age
172:Sex
95:Age
4466::
2496:62
2494:.
2475:,
2425:.
2413:86
2411:.
2407:.
2344:62
2342:.
2303:^
2223:.
2213:50
2211:.
2207:.
2171:.
26:on
2535:e
2528:t
2521:v
2506:.
2433:.
2419::
2392:.
2354:.
2327:.
2285:.
2258:.
2231:.
2219::
2175:.
2153:.
2014:e
2007:t
2000:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
