Scientific racism - Knowledge

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proceed from a want of forethought, which prevents their seeing a danger till it be present. When present, they do not go through it with more coolness or steadiness than the whites. They are more ardent after their female: but love seems with them to be more an eager desire, than a tender delicate mixture of sentiment and sensation. Their griefs are transient. Those numberless afflictions, which render it doubtful whether heaven has given life to us in mercy or in wrath, are less felt, and sooner forgotten with them. In general, their existence appears to participate more of sensation than reflection... Comparing them by their faculties of memory, reason, and imagination, it appears to me, that in memory, they are equal to the whites; in reason, much inferior, as I think one could scarcely be found capable of tracing and comprehending the investigations of Euclid; and that in imagination, they are dull, tasteless, and anomalous... I advance it, therefore, as a suspicion only, that the blacks, whether originally a distinct race, or made distinct by time and circumstances, are inferior to the whites in the endowments both of body and mind.

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consideration by legislators. As suggestive evidence, Franco pointed to the following fact: Following the passage of the immigration act, information from the 1890 census was used to set quotas based on percentages of immigrants coming from different countries. Based on these data, the legislature restricted the entrance of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe into the United States and allowed more immigrants from northern and Western Europe into the country. The use of the 1900, 1910 or 1920 census data sets would have resulted in larger numbers of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe being allowed into the U.S. However, Franco pointed out that using the 1890 census data allowed congress to exclude southern and eastern Europeans (who performed worse on IQ tests of the time than did western and northern Europeans) from the U.S. Franco argued that the work Snyderman and Herrnstein conducted on this matter neither proved or disproved that intelligence testing influenced immigration laws.

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mental age less than 12. Some have also claimed that this information was taken as "evidence" by lawmakers and thus it affected social policy for years. Bernard Davis has pointed out that, in the first sentence of his paper, Goddard wrote that the subjects of the study were not typical members of their groups but were selected because of their suspected sub-normal intelligence. Davis has further noted that Goddard argued that the low IQs of the test subjects were more likely due to environmental rather than genetic factors, and that Goddard concluded that "we may be confident that their children will be of average intelligence and if rightly brought up will be good citizens". In 1996 the American Psychological Association's Board of Scientific Affairs stated that IQ tests were not discriminatory towards any ethnic/racial groups.

5171:"colored" races would result in the destruction of Western civilization. Like Madison Grant, Stoddard divided the white race into three main divisions: Nordic, Alpine, and Mediterranean. He considered all three to be of good stock, and far above the quality of the colored races, but argued that the Nordic was the greatest of the three and needed to be preserved by way of eugenics. Unlike Grant, Stoddard was less concerned with which varieties of European people were superior to others (Nordic theory), but was more concerned with what he called "bi-racialism", seeing the world as being composed of simply "colored" and "white" races. In the years after the Great Migration and World War I, Grant's racial theory would fall out of favor in the U.S. in favor of a model closer to Stoddard's. 4935: 3014: 3589: 3368: 2574:

depended on environmental factors. He also suggested that the latter criterion might be relevant to distinguish sub-types. His biological classification of racial types never sought to go beyond physical traits, and he also accepted the role of climate and diet in explaining degrees of human diversity. Bernier had been the first to extend the concept of "species of man" to racially classify the entirety of humanity, but he did not establish a cultural hierarchy between the so-called "races" that he had conceived. On the other hand, he clearly placed white Europeans as the norm from which other "races" deviated.

2598: 4118: 3561: 2581:, because he thought that peoples of temperate Europe, the Americas, and India—although culturally very different from one another—belonged to roughly the same racial group, and he explained the differences between the civilizations of India (his main area of expertise) and Europe through climate and institutional history. By contrast, he emphasized the biological difference between Europeans and Africans, and made very negative comments towards the Sámi (Lapps) of the coldest climates of Northern Europe, and about Africans living at the 4871: 7213:"It may be doubted whether any character can be named which is distinctive of a race and is constant... they graduate into each other, and.. it is hardly possible to discover clear distinctive characters between them... As it is improbable that the numerous and unimportant points of resemblance between the several races of man in bodily structure and mental faculties (I do not here refer to similar customs) should all have been independently acquired, they must have been inherited from progenitors who had these same characters.", 4556:, there was "little doubt that if the natives were given full economic opportunity, the more competent among them would soon outstrip the less competent whites". Keppel's support for the project of creating the report was motivated by his concern with the maintenance of existing racial boundaries. The preoccupation of the Carnegie Corporation with the so-called poor white problem in South Africa was at least in part the outcome of similar misgivings about the state of poor whites in the southern United States. 3840: 3062: 2997: 5456: 3432: 3097:, because the former kept mostly in towns, and were protected from environmental factors. Environmental factors, poverty, and hybridization could make races "degenerate", and differentiate them from the original white race by a process of "raciation". Interestingly, both Buffon and Blumenbach believed that the degeneration could be reversed if proper environmental control was taken, and that all contemporary forms of man could revert to the original white race. 3304: 2749: 11648: 3720:(German for 'original humans'), which themselves had evolved from simian ancestors. These separate languages had completed the transition from animals to man, and, under the influence of each main branch of languages, humans had evolved as separate species, which could be subdivided into races. Haeckel divided human beings into ten races, of which the Caucasian was the highest and the primitives were doomed to extinction. Haeckel was also an advocate of the 3480: 4497:, Harriet A. Washington noted the prevalence of two different views on blacks in the 19th century: the belief that they were inferior and "riddled with imperfections from head to toe", and the idea that they did not know true pain and suffering because of their primitive nervous systems (and that slavery was therefore justifiable). Washington noted the failure of scientists to accept the inconsistency between these two viewpoints, writing that: 2706: 3934: 3667: 11668: 2412:, and was particularly prominent in European and American academic writings from the mid-19th century through the early-20th century. Since the second half of the 20th century, scientific racism has been discredited and criticized as obsolete, yet has persistently been used to support or validate racist world-views based upon belief in the existence and significance of racial categories and a hierarchy of superior and inferior races. 2589:, but according to the portraits I've seen, and from what I've heard from a number of people, they're ugly animals". The significance of Bernier's ideology for the emergence of what Joan-Pau Rubiés called the "modern racial discourse" has been debated, with Siep Stuurman considering it the beginning of modern racial thought, while Rubiés believes it is less significant if Bernier's entire view of humanity is taken into account. 341: 2662:(1721), Bradley claimed there to be "five sorts of men" based on their skin colour and other physical characteristics: white Europeans with beards; white men in America without beards (meaning Native Americans); men with copper-coloured skin, small eyes, and straight black hair; Blacks with straight black hair; and Blacks with curly hair. It has been speculated that Bradley's account inspired Linnaeus' later categorisation. 3359:, was among the first to make a scientific contestation of racism. Tiedemann asserted that based upon his documentation of craniometric and brain measurements of Europeans and black people from different parts of the world, that the then-common European belief that Negroes have smaller brains, and are thus intellectually inferior, was scientifically unfounded, and based merely on the prejudice of travellers and explorers. 5392:. Whitney published works suggesting higher crime rates among people of African descent can be partially attributed to genetics. Whitney draws this conclusion from data showing higher crime rates among people of African descent across different regions. Other researchers point out that proponents of a genetic crime-race link are ignoring confounding social and economic variables, drawing conclusions from correlations. 4230: 3881: 4298: 3168: 11658: 5300:. Rockwell justified his belief that blacks were inferior to whites by citing a long 1916 study by G. O. Ferguson which claimed to show that the intellectual performance of black students was correlated with their percentage of white ancestry, stating "pure negroes, negroes three-fourths pure, mulattoes and quadroons have, roughly, 60, 70, 80 and 90 percent, respectively, of white intellectual efficiency". 3695: 4368:(Or, The Racial Basis of European History) by American eugenicist, lawyer, and amateur anthropologist Madison Grant was published in 1916. Though influential, the book was largely ignored when it first appeared, and it went through several revisions and editions. Nevertheless, the book was used by people who advocated restricted immigration as justification for what became known as scientific racism. 2647:, speculating that perhaps these differences were due to "seminal impressions". However, Boyle's writings mentioned that at his time, for "European Eyes", beauty was not measured so much in colour, but in "stature, comely symmetry of the parts of the body, and good features in the face". Various members of the scientific community rejected his views, and described them as "disturbing" or "amusing". 3403:. All this is due to the fact that necessity is the mother of invention, because those tribes that emigrated early to the north, and there gradually became white, had to develop all their intellectual powers, and invent and perfect all the arts in their struggle with need, want, and misery, which, in their many forms, were brought about by the climate. This they had to do to make up for the 2443:" (1950): "The biological fact of race and the myth of 'race' should be distinguished. For all practical social purposes, 'race' is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of 'race' has created an enormous amount of human and social damage. In recent years, it has taken a heavy toll in human lives, and caused untold suffering". Since that time, developments in 2977:, but as a collective term for whatever population he happened to be discussing at the time; for instance: "The Danish, Swedish, and Muscovite Laplanders, the inhabitants of Nova-Zembla, the Borandians, the Samoiedes, the Ostiacks of the old continent, the Greenlanders, and the savages to the north of the Esquimaux Indians, of the new continent, appear to be of one common race". 5585:". The ASHG denounced this as a "misuse of genetics to feed racist ideologies", and highlighted several factual errors upon which white supremacist claims have been based. The statement affirms that genetics "demonstrates that humans cannot be divided into biologically distinct subcategories" and that it "exposes the concept of 'racial purity'' as scientifically meaningless". 3335:(yellow), and the Ethiopian (black). He rated each for the beauty or ugliness of the skull and quality of their civilizations. Cuvier wrote about Caucasians: "The white race, with oval face, straight hair and nose, to which the civilised people of Europe belong, and which appear to us the most beautiful of all, is also superior to others by its genius, courage, and activity". 3646:, "The subtitle of made a convenient motto for racists: 'The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.' Darwin, of course, took 'races' to mean varieties or species; but it was no violation of his meaning to extend it to human races.... Darwin himself, in spite of his aversion to slavery, was not averse to the idea that some races were more fit than others". 5555:, not genetic differences between races, are the reason for these differences. He writes that genetic differences between different population groups are based on climate and geography, not race, and he calls for replacing incorrect biological explanations of racial disparities with an analysis of the social conditions that lead to disparate medical outcomes. In his book 2973:, points out that Buffon, indeed "the enemy of all rigid classifications", was diametrically opposed to such broad categories, and did not use the word "race" to describe them. "It was quite clear, after reading Buffon, that he uses the word in no narrowly defined, but rather in a general sense", wrote Montagu, pointing out that Buffon did employ the French word 3194:, Meiners argued that a main characteristic of race is either beauty or ugliness. Meiners thought only the white race to be beautiful, and considered ugly races to be inferior, immoral, and animal-like. Meiners wrote about how the dark, ugly peoples were differentiated from the white, beautiful peoples by their "sad" lack of virtue and their "terrible vices". 8486:, was published in 1934, this time with the subtitle of "Eine Einführung in den Sinn der leiblichen Gestalt" (An introduction to the meaning of somatic form), and this latter edition remained the basis for all subsequent printings ... he content of the three books is similar, though the various editions tend to organize this material in very different ways. 2946:, which said that a person's temperament may be related to biological fluids. In a 1994 essay, Gould added: "I don't mean to deny that Linnaeus held conventional beliefs about the superiority of his own European variety over others... nevertheless, and despite these implications, the overt geometry of Linnaeus' model is not linear or hierarchical". 5570: Harriet Washington describes the abuse of Black people in medical research and experimentation. Black people were tricked into participating in medical experiments through the use of unclear language on consent forms and a failure to list the risks and side effects of the treatment. Washington mentions that, because Black people were denied 3419:(1808–1882) was a German physician, ophthalmologist, and anthropologist who studied the racial structure of Negroes in Egypt. In a book Pruner wrote in 1846, he claimed that Negro blood had a negative influence on the Egyptian moral character. He published a monograph on Negroes in 1861. He claimed that the main feature of the Negro's skeleton is 3159:, which darkened their skin color. Rush drew the conclusion that "whites should not tyrannize over , for their disease should entitle them to a double portion of humanity. However, by the same token, whites should not intermarry with them, for this would tend to infect posterity with the 'disorder'… attempts must be made to cure the disease". 4277:'s principal opponents; whereas Ripley maintained, as did Vacher de Lapouge, that the European populace comprised three races, Joseph Deniker proposed that the European populace comprised ten races (six primary and four sub-races). Furthermore, he proposed that the concept of "race" was ambiguous, and in its stead proposed the compound word " 2361:. Before the mid-20th century, scientific racism was accepted throughout the scientific community, but it is no longer considered scientific. The division of humankind into biologically separate groups, along with the assignment of particular physical and mental characteristics to these groups through constructing and applying corresponding 5799:"Ostensibly scientific": cf. Theodore M. Porter, Dorothy Ross (eds.) 2003. The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 7, The Modern Social Sciences Cambridge University Press, p. 293 "Race has long played a powerful popular role in explaining social and cultural traits, often in ostensibly scientific terms"; Adam Kuper, Jessica Kuper (eds.), 3010:(1728–1793), a Scottish surgeon, believed that the Negroid race was originally white at birth. He thought that over time, because of the sun, the people turned dark-skinned, or "black". Hunter also stated that blisters and burns would likely turn white on a Negro, which he asserted was evidence that their ancestors were originally white. 3206:, based upon his observations that Negroes had bigger teeth and jaws than any other race. Meiners claimed the skull of the Negro was larger, but the brain of the Negro was smaller than any other race. Meiners theorized that the Negro was the most unhealthy race on Earth because of its poor diet, mode of living, and lack of morals. 4904:. It was the first such government-funded institute in the world performing research into "racial biology" and remains highly controversial to this day. It was the most prominent institution for the study of "racial science" in Sweden. The goal was to cure criminality, alcoholism and psychiatric problems through research in 3599:'s views on race have been a topic of much discussion and debate. According to Jackson and Weidman, Darwin was a moderate in the 19th century debates about race. "He was not a confirmed racist — he was a staunch abolitionist, for example — but he did think that there were distinct races that could be ranked in a hierarchy". 5154:(Johnson–Reed Act), which imposed racial quotas limiting Italian American immigration to the United States and immigration from other southern European and eastern European nations. Proponents of these quotas, who sought to block "undesirable" immigrants, justifying restrictions by invoking scientific racism. 4835:

translated the Binet intelligence test from French and in 1912 began to apply the test to incoming immigrants on Ellis Island. Some claim that in a study of immigrants Goddard reached the conclusion that 87% of Russians, 83% of Jews, 80% of Hungarians, and 79% of Italians were feeble-minded and had a

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The Negro race … is marked by black complexion, crisped or woolly hair, compressed cranium, and a flat nose. The projection of the lower parts of the face, and the thick lips, evidently approximate it to the monkey tribe: the hordes of which it consists have always remained in the most complete state

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No body wishes more than I do to see such proofs as you exhibit, that nature has given to our black brethren, talents equal to those of the other colors of men, & that the appearance of a want of them is owing merely to the degraded condition of their existence both in Africa & America. I can

2585:. For example, Bernier wrote: "The 'Lappons' compose the 4th race. They are a small and short race with thick legs, wide shoulders, a short neck, and a face that I don't know how to describe, except that it's long, truly awful, and seems reminiscent of a bear's face. I've only ever seen them twice in 6182:

Two facts are relevant: (i) as a result of different evolutionary forces, including natural selection, there are geographical patterns of genetic variations that correspond, for the most part, to continental origin; and (ii) observed patterns of geographical differences in genetic information do not

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relationship between correlated statistics. Lynn supports scientific racism more directly in his 2002 paper "Skin Color and Intelligence in African Americans", where he proposes "the level of intelligence in African Americans is significantly determined by the proportion of Caucasian genes". As with

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in 1920. In this book he presented a view of the world situation pertaining to race focusing concern on the coming population explosion among the "colored" peoples of the world and the way in which "white world-supremacy" was being lessened in the wake of World War I and the collapse of colonialism.

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I will not wait for the friends of equality to show me such and such passages in books written by missionaries or sea captains, who declare some Wolof is a fine carpenter, some Hottentot a good servant, that a Kaffir dances and plays the violin, that some Bambara knows arithmetic… Let us leave aside

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culture, the essay placed an emphasis on different kinds of female beauty. Bernier emphasized that his novel classification was based on his personal experience as a traveler in different parts of the world. Bernier offered a distinction between essential genetic differences and accidental ones that

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There have been abundant illustrations of pseudoscientific theories-monocausal theories of human behavior that were hailed as "scientific"-that have been applied with disastrous results. Examples: ... Many racists today point to IQ to justify a menial role for blacks in society and their opposition

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Haeckel also wrote that Negroes have stronger and more freely movable toes than any other race which is evidence that Negroes are related to apes because when apes stop climbing in trees they hold on to the trees with their toes. Haeckel compared Negroes to "four-handed" apes. Haeckel also believed

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Although Darwinism was not the primary source of the belligerent ideology and dogmatic racism of the late nineteenth century, it did become a new instrument in the hands of the theorists of race and struggle... The Darwinist mood sustained the belief in Anglo-Saxon racial superiority which obsessed

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would lead to the collapse of culture and civilization. He claimed that "The white race originally possessed the monopoly of beauty, intelligence and strength" and that any positive accomplishments or thinking of blacks and Asians were due to an admixture with whites. His works were praised by many

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Stoddard's analysis divided world politics and situations into "white", "yellow", "black", "Amerindian", and "brown" peoples and their interactions. Stoddard argued race and heredity were the guiding factors of history and civilization, and that the elimination or absorption of the "white" race by

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in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, scientific racism was simply science, and it was promulgated by the very best minds at the most prestigious institutions of the nation. Other, more logical medical theories stressed the equality of Africans and laid poor black health at the feet of their

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became popular, though they would only be systematized epistemologically during the 19th century. Monogenism contends that all races have a single origin, while polygenism is the idea that each race has a separate origin. Until the 18th century, the words "race" and "species" were interchangeable.

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Juan N. Franco contested the findings of Snyderman and Herrnstein. Franco stated that even though Snyderman and Herrnstein reported that the data collected from the results of the intelligence tests were in no way used to pass The Immigration Act of 1924, the IQ test results were still taken into

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Before the 1920s, social scientists agreed that whites were superior to blacks, but they needed a way to prove this to back social policy in favor of whites. They felt the best way to gauge this was through testing intelligence. By interpreting the tests to show favor to whites these test makers'

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were not African; and that mixed-race offspring (the product of miscegenation) tended to physical weakness and infertility. After the Civil War, Southern (Confederacy) physicians wrote textbooks of scientific racism based upon studies claiming that black freemen (ex-slaves) were becoming extinct,

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to measure intelligence among species of men. The facial angle was formed by drawing two lines: a horizontal line from nostril to ear; and a vertical line from the upper-jawbone prominence to the forehead prominence. Camper's craniometry reported that antique statues (the Greco-Roman ideal) had a

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are an inferior race, "less sensitive and content with eating rough food". He described stories of Slavs allegedly eating poisonous fungi without coming to any harm. He claimed that their medical techniques were also counterproductive; as an example, Meiners described their practice of warming up

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polarity, and that Linnaeus' thinking became paradigmatic for later racist beliefs. On the other hand, Quintyn (2010) points out that some authors believed that Linnaeus' classification was based upon geographical distribution, being cartographically-based, and not hierarchical. In the opinion of

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Lynn claims that national GDP is determined largely by national average IQ. He draws this conclusion from the correlation between average IQ and GDP and argues low intelligence in African nations is the cause of their low levels of growth. Lynn's theory has been criticized for attributing causal

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There are disagreements about the basis for Linnaeus' human taxa. On the one hand, his harshest critics say the classification was not only ethnocentric, but seemed to be based upon skin colour. Renato G. Mazzolini argued that classifications based on skin colour, at its core, were a white/black

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Meiners hypothesized about how the Negro felt less pain than any other race, and lacked in emotions. Meiners wrote that the Negro had thick nerves, and thus, was not sensitive like the other races. He went so far as to say that the Negro possessed "no human, barely any animal, feeling". Meiners

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in South Africa, it was not as important in South Africa as it has been in Europe and the United States. This was due in part to the "poor white problem", which raised serious questions for supremacists about white racial superiority. Since poor whites were found to be in the same situation as

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were Caucasian, and hence, the original race of mankind. The other two races arose by survivors escaping in different directions after a major catastrophe hit the earth approximately 5,000 years ago. Cuvier theorized that the survivors lived in complete isolation from each other, and developed

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They seem to require less sleep. A black, after hard labor through the day, will be induced by the slightest amusements to sit up till midnight, or later, though knowing he must be out with the first dawn of the morning. They are at least as brave, and more adventuresome. But, this may perhaps

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in 1904, sought to "understand the African mind". They believed that the cultural differences between whites and blacks in South Africa might be caused by physiological differences in the brain. Rather than suggesting that Africans were "overgrown children", as early white explorers had, Kidd

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claims black people are intellectually inferior to whites. He argues the best way to combat IQ disparities is to encourage low-IQ women to reproduce with high-IQ men. He faced intense public backlash, with his work being described as a promotion of eugenics. Brand's book was withdrawn by the

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and his social role"). In this book, he classified humanity into various, hierarchized races, spanning from the "Aryan white race, dolichocephalic", to the "brachycephalic", "mediocre and inert" race, best represented by Southern European, Catholic peasants". Between these, Vacher de Lapouge

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John Michael found Morton's original data to be more accurate than Gould describes, concluding that "ontrary to Gould's interpretation... Morton's research was conducted with integrity". Jason Lewis and colleagues reached similar conclusions as Michael in their reanalysis of Morton's skull

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capacity. Conversely, a small skull denoted a small brain, thus low intellectual capacity; superior and inferior established. After inspecting three mummies from ancient Egyptian catacombs, Morton concluded that Caucasians and Negroes were already distinct three thousand years ago. Since

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and the emergence of scientific geology, many believed the Earth was only 6,000 years old. Buffon had conducted experiments with heated balls of iron, which he believed were a model for the Earth's core, and concluded that the Earth was 75,000 years old, but did not extend the time since

5119: 5315:", UNESCO did not reject the idea of a biological basis to racial categories, but instead defined a race as: "A race, from the biological standpoint, may therefore be defined as one of the group of populations constituting the species Homo sapiens", which were broadly defined as the 4518:

in 1905 describing the physical geography of different continents and linking these geologic settings to the intelligence and strength of human races that inhabited these spaces. Shaler argued that North American climate and geology was ideally suited for the institution of slavery.

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Despite scientific racism being largely dismissed by the scientific community after World War II, some researchers have continued to propose theories of racial superiority in the past few decades. These authors themselves, while seeing their work as scientific, may dispute the term

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collection; however, they depart from Morton's racist conclusions by adding that "studies have demonstrated that modern human variation is generally continuous, rather than discrete or "racial", and that most variation in modern humans is within, rather than between, populations".

4192:, etc.) Jews were dolichocephalic like the Aryans, according to Lapouge, but exactly for this reason he considered them to be dangerous; they were the only group, he thought, threatening to displace the Aryan aristocracy. Vacher de Lapouge became one of the leading inspirators of 3657:

According to Myrna Perez Sheldon, Darwin believed that different races gained their 'population-level characteristics' via sexual selection. Previously, race theorists conceptualized race as a 'stable blood essence' and that these 'essences' mixed when miscegenation occurred.

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On the other hand, Robert Bannister defended Darwin on the issue of race, writing that "Upon closer inspection, the case against Darwin himself quickly unravels. An ardent opponent of slavery, he consistently opposed the oppression of nonwhites... Although by modern standards

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add with truth that no body wishes more ardently to see a good system commenced for raising the condition both of their body & mind to what it ought to be, as fast as the imbecility of their present existence, and other circumstance which cannot be neglected, will admit.

2535:(1620–1688) was a French physician and traveller. In 1684, he published a brief essay dividing humanity into what he called "races", distinguishing individuals, particularly women, by skin color and a few other physical traits. The article was published anonymously in the 8477:

has a curious publication history. The first edition appeared under this title in 1926 with the subtitle "Eine Einführung in die Gegenwart" (An Introduction to the contemporary world). A second, heavily revised edition appeared in 1929 under an entirely different title,

5574:, they were often desperate for medical help, and medical experimenters were able to exploit that need. Washington also emphasizes that when treatments were perfected and refined as a result of those experiments, Black people almost never benefited from the treatments. 4857:

and committee hearings related to the Immigration Act, concluded "the testing community did not generally view its findings as favoring restrictive immigration policies like those in the 1924 Act, and Congress took virtually no notice of intelligence testing".

3182:, and believed that each race had a separate origin. Meiners studied the physical, mental, and moral characteristics of each race, and built a race hierarchy based on his findings. Meiners split mankind into two divisions, which he labelled the "beautiful 3580:(1864) he compared the Negro to the white race whom he described as "two extreme human types". The difference between them, he claimed are greater than those between two species of ape; and this proves that Negroes are a separate species from the whites. 6102: 5327:

races but stated that "It is now generally recognized that intelligence tests do not in themselves enable us to differentiate safely between what is due to innate capacity and what is the result of environmental influences, training and education".

5494:) faced strong backlash from the scientific community, with 142 geneticists and biologists signing a letter describing Wade's work as "misappropriation of research from our field to support arguments about differences among human societies". 3198:

described a story where a Negro was condemned to death by being burned alive. Halfway through the burning, the Negro asked to smoke a pipe, and smoked it like nothing was happening while he continued to be burned alive. Meiners studied the

5388:, also has multiple publications perpetuating scientific racism. Rushton argues "race differences in brain size likely underlie their multifarious life history outcomes". Rushton's theories are defended by other scientific racists such as 1301: 3423:, which he claimed was the Negro's relation to the ape. He also claimed that Negroes had brains very similar to those of apes and that Negroes have a shortened big toe, a characteristic, he said, that connected Negroes closely to apes. 3245:: "One of the most influential pre-Darwinian racial theorists, Jefferson's call for science to determine the obvious 'inferiority' of African Americans is an extremely important stage in the evolution of scientific racism". Writing for 3220:. This was based upon assertions that they were able to conquer various parts of the world, they were more sensitive to heat and cold, and their delicacy is shown by the way they are selective about what they eat. Meiners claimed that 3517:

Gobineau believed that the different races originated in different areas, the white race had originated somewhere in Siberia, the Asians in the Americas and the blacks in Africa. He believed that the white race was superior, writing:

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argued that Samuel Morton had falsified the craniometric data, perhaps inadvertently over-packing some skulls, to so produce results that would legitimize the racist presumptions he was attempting to prove. A subsequent study by the

3630:(1871), Darwin examined the question of "Arguments in favour of, and opposed to, ranking the so-called races of man as distinct species" and reported no racial distinctions that would indicate that human races are discrete species. 6960:(Jefferson's Letter to Benjamin Banneker, August 30, 1791. Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol 22, August 6, 1791 – December 31, 1791, ed. Charles T. Cullen. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986, pp. 49–54.) 4567:

and discrimination in the following decades. The report expressed fear about the loss of white racial pride, and in particular pointed to the danger that the poor white would not be able to resist the process of "Africanisation".

3900:(1799–1851), collected human skulls from worldwide, and attempted a logical classification scheme. Influenced by contemporary racialist theory, Dr Morton said he could judge racial intellectual capacity by measuring the interior 5811:(2001), 147ff. "In scientific racism, the racism was never very scientific; nor, it could at least be argued, was whatever met the qualifications of actual science ever very racist" (p. 151); Paul A. Erickson, Liam D. Murphy, 4559:

The report was five volumes in length. Around the start of the 20th century, white Americans, and whites elsewhere in the world, felt uneasy because poverty and economic depression seemed to strike people regardless of race.

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was founded, which is commonly described as a venue for scientific racism and white supremacy, and as lacking a legitimate scholarly purpose. The journal was founded in 1960, partly in response to the Supreme Court decision

5834:. "Few tragedies can be more extensive than the stunting of life, few injustices deeper than the denial of an opportunity to strive or even to hope, by a limit imposed from without, but falsely identified as lying within". 3256:

described how as "a scientist, Jefferson nevertheless speculated that blackness might come 'from the color of the blood,' and concluded that blacks were 'inferior to the whites in the endowments of body and mind'". In his

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data, that the Caucasians had the biggest brains, averaging 87 cubic inches, Native Americans were in the middle with an average of 82 cubic inches and Negroes had the smallest brains with an average of 78 cubic inches.

6002:(2007), p. 75: "...the idea of a hierarchy of races was driven by an influential, secular, scientific discourse in the second half of the eighteenth century and was rapidly disseminated during the nineteenth century". 9591: 5563:" must be devised to establish categories of race, even if they go against the natural patterns within our species. According to Marks' writing, racist ideas propagated by scientists are what make science racist. 4576:

natives in the African environment, the idea that intrinsic white superiority could overcome any environment did not seem to hold. As such, scientific justifications for racism were not as useful in South Africa.

3213:", and consumed copious amounts of alcohol. He believed their skulls were so thick that the blades of Spanish swords shattered on them. Meiners also claimed the skin of an American is thicker than that of an ox. 3241:(1743–1826) was an American politician, scientist, and slave owner. His contributions to scientific racism have been noted by many historians, scientists, and scholars. According to an article published in the 6659: 5359:

in which he supports the theory that black people are inherently less intelligent than whites. Jensen argues for differentiation in education based on race, stating that educators must "take full account of

6125: 6792:

Rush, Benjamin (1799). "Observations Intended to Favour a Supposition That the Black Color (As It Is Called) of the Negroes Is Derived from the Leprosy". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society

6462:

niger, phlegmaticus, laxus. Pilis atris, contortuplicatis. Cute holosericea. Naso simo. Labiis tumidis. Feminis sinus pudoris. Mammae lactantes prolixae. Vafer, segnis, negligens. Ungit se pingui. Regitur

12764: 3917:

only a thousand years earlier, Morton claimed that Noah's sons could not possibly account for every race on earth. According to Morton's theory of polygenesis, races have been separate since the start.

3391:, are found exclusively among the white races; and even with many dark peoples, the ruling caste, or race, is fairer in colour than the rest, and has, therefore, evidently immigrated, for example, the 6426:

rufus, cholericus, rectus. Pilis: nigris, rectis, crassis. Naribus: Patulis. Facie: ephelitica. Mento: subimberbi. Pertinax, contentus, liber. Pingit: Se lineis daedaleis rubris. Regitur Consuetudine.

3728:(South Asia) was the actual location where the first humans had evolved. Haeckel argued that humans were closely related to the primates of Southeast Asia and rejected Darwin's hypothesis of Africa. 2980:

Scholar Stanley A. Rice agrees that Linnaeus' classification was not meant to "imply a hierarchy of humanness or superiority"; however, modern critics regard Linnaeus' classification as obviously

5039:

described the appearance of the mentally ill and the importance of preventing such births. Photographs of mentally incapacitated children were juxtaposed with those of healthy children. The film

4388:. Alexander Thomas and Samuell Sillen described black men as uniquely fitted for bondage, because of their "primitive psychological organization". In 1851, in antebellum Louisiana, the physician 4438:

claimed that Northern, free blacks suffered mental illness at higher rates than did their Southern, enslaved counterparts. Though the census was later found to have been severely flawed by the

2953:, Marie-Christine Skuncke interpreted Linnaeus' statements as reflecting a view that "Europeans' superiority resides in "culture", and that the decisive factor in Linnaeus' taxa was "culture", 9753: 5551:

Clarence Gravlee writes that disparities in the incidence of such medical conditions as diabetes, stroke, cancer, and low birth weight should be viewed with a societal lens. He argues that

2670: 4362:

was coloured by attempts at justifying the view that European peoples east of Sweden were Asian and thus of an inferior race, justifying colonialism, eugenics and racial hygiene. The book

3295:(1787). Smith claimed that Negro pigmentation was nothing more than a huge freckle that covered the whole body as a result of an oversupply of bile, which was caused by tropical climates. 10196: 9647: 1267: 4896:, the third in the world. By lobbying Swedish parliamentarians and medical institutes the society managed to pass a decree creating a government-run institute in the form of the Swedish 3033:", and he tried to scientifically prove that human races had distinct origins from each other. He speculated that whites and Negroes were two different species. White was a believer in 5807:(1998), "Race, theories of", p. 18: "Its exponents tended to equate race with species and claimed that it constituted a scientific explanation of human history"; Terry Jay Ellingson, 2408:

into physically discrete human races, some of which might be asserted to be superior or inferior to others. Scientific racism was common during the period from the 1600s to the end of

4377: 2801:: red, choleric, upright; black, straight, thick hair; nostrils flared; face freckled; beardless chin; stubborn, zealous, free; painting themself with red lines; governed by habit. 5308: 6596:"Linnaeus was the first to use biological traits as a basis for further subdivisions of the species into varieties. It would be unfair to ascribe racist motives to this effort". 3851:(1722–89), an early craniometric theoretician, used "craniometry" (interior skull-volume measurement) to scientifically justify racial differences. In 1770, he conceived of the 3379:(1788–1860) attributed civilizational primacy to the white races, who gained sensitivity and intelligence via the refinement caused by living in the rigorous Northern climate: 6576:

Renato G Mazzolini – Skin Color and the Origin of Physical Anthropology. in: Reproduction, Race, and Gender in Philosophy and the Early Life Sciences. Ed. Susanne Lettow. 2014

5073: 3155:, which he called "negroidism", and that it could be cured. Rush believed non-whites were actually white underneath, but that they were stricken with a non-contagious form of 6715:"Even though the prejudice and racism of the attributes are obvious to modern scientists, Linnaeus did not apparently mean to imply a hierarchy of humanness or superiority". 4549: 4528: 4006:. Other historical studies, proposing a black race–white race, intelligence–brain size difference, include those by Bean (1906), Mall (1909), Pearl (1934), and Vint (1934). 5581:(ASHG) expressed alarm at the "resurgence of groups rejecting the value of genetic diversity and using discredited or distorted genetic concepts to bolster bogus claims of 4506:

Even after the end of the Civil War, some scientists continued to justify the institution of slavery by citing the effect of topography and climate on racial development.

3136:

subscribed to by most of the monogenists. Opponents of monogenism believed that it would have been difficult for races to change markedly in such a short period of time.

4973: 2692:, Home claimed that the environment, climate, or state of society could not account for racial differences, so the races must have come from distinct, separate stocks. 5311:

attempted to draft resolutions that would summarize the state of scientific knowledge about race and issued calls for the resolution of racial conflicts. In its 1950 "

5052:

Although the child was "the most important treasure of the people", this did not apply to all children, even German ones, only to those with no hereditary weaknesses.

3270:

However, by 1791, Jefferson had to reassess his earlier suspicions of whether blacks were capable of intelligence when he was presented with a letter and almanac from

2942:(1994) argued that the taxa was "not in the ranked order favored by most Europeans in the racist tradition", and that Linnaeus' division was influenced by the medical 6656: 6372:(Note the color references were whitish, reddish, and blackish, in difference to later editions white, red and black). Only later editions included the "Monstrosus". 5129:

In the 20th century, concepts of scientific racism, which sought to prove the physical and mental inadequacy of groups deemed "inferior", was relied upon to justify

5046: 4400:, that "with proper medical advice, strictly followed, this troublesome practice that many Negroes have of running away can be almost entirely prevented". The term 2938:(1976), Linnaeus certainly considered his own culture as superior, but his motives for the classification of human varieties were not race-centered. Paleontologist 10483: 3638:

many American thinkers in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The measure of world domination already achieved by the 'race' seemed to prove it the fittest.

1770: 3654:

is frustratingly inconclusive on the critical issues of human equality, it was a model of moderation and scientific caution in the context of midcentury racism".

3081:, the concept that all races have a single origin. Buffon and Blumenbach believed a "degeneration theory" of the origins of racial difference. Both asserted that 7155:, p. 294. (The Germanic race was also regarded by Gobineau as beautiful, honourable and destined to rule: 'cette illustre famille humaine, la plus noble'. While 5400: 3085:

were white, and that other races came about by degeneration owing to environmental factors, such as climate, disease, and diet. According to this model, Negroid

3053:, which were separate groups that were still able to interbreed. For White, each race was a separate species, divinely created for its own geographical region. 5162: 4878:, founded in 1922, was the world's first government-funded institute performing research into racial biology. It was housed in what is now the Dean's house at 816: 9377:"IQ guru talks to Skeptic magazine? Given the chance to explain how he chose to endure denunciation for 'fascism', psychologist Arthur Jensen holds his peace" 5263:

upholding of racial segregation in the United States, American popular and scholarly opinions of scientific racism and its sociologic practice had evolved.

2474:, founded explicitly as a "race-conscious" journal, are generally regarded as platforms of scientific racism because they publish fringe interpretations of 11439: 9558: 3721: 3626: 9706: 8242: 6244:

Joan-Pau Rubiés, «Race, climate and civilization in the works of François Bernier», L'inde des Lumières. Discours, histoire, savoirs (XVIIe-XIXe siècle),

5803:(1996), "Racism", p. 716: "This racism entailed the use of 'scientific techniques', to sanction the belief in European and American racial Superiority"; 4289:. Moreover, Ripley argued that Deniker's "race" idea should be denoted a "type", because it was less biologically rigid than most racial classifications. 5211:. By the 1960s, Coon's approach had been rendered obsolete in mainstream anthropology, but his system continued to appear in publications by his student 1027: 2541:, the earliest academic journal published in Europe, and titled "New Division of the Earth by the Different Species or 'Races' of Man that Inhabit It". 5236:"—was intellectually rooted in the racism of the era, as was the popular support for the decision. Later, in the mid-20th century, the Supreme Court's 3274:, an educated black mathematician. Delighted to have discovered scientific proof for the existence of black intelligence, Jefferson wrote to Banneker: 5998:(2005), p. 163: "It became such a powerful idea because ... it helped legitimate the domination of the globe by whites"; David Brown and Clive Webb, 4331:(1865–1937) presented as the white racial engine of world civilization. Having adopted Ripley's three-race European populace model, but disliking the 3576:(1817–1895) who believed that the Negro race was related to the ape. He wrote the white race was a separate species to Negroes. In Chapter VII of his 11591: 10664: 9761: 4563:

Though the ground work for apartheid began earlier, the report provided support for this central idea of black inferiority. This was used to justify

4502:

abusers, but these never enjoyed the appeal of the medical philosophy that justified slavery and, along with it, our nation's profitable way of life.

2181: 1542: 6542:

Reid, Gordon McGregor (2009). "Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778): His Life, Philosophy and Science and Its Relationship to Modern Biology and Medicine".

6438:

albus, sanguineus, torosus. Pilis flavescentibus, prolixis. Oculis caeruleis. Levis, argutus, inventor. Tegitur Vestimentis arctis. Regitur Ritibus.

5559:, Jonathan Marks similarly asserts that races exist, though they lack a natural categorization in the realm of biology. Cultural rules such as the " 5962: 5615: 5185: 2961:", arguing that Linnaeus never called for racist action, and did not use the word "race", which was only introduced later "by his French opponent, 2313: 978: 162: 5528:

is smaller than within them, demonstrating that the biological concept of "races" is invalid. The statement highlights that there are no specific

4341:

into 'the Nordic race', the acme of the concocted racial hierarchy, based upon his racial classification theory, popular in the 1910s and 1920s.

10319: 9606: 4991:

people and other, supposedly inferior, groups. German schools used these books as texts during the Nazi era. In the early 1930s, the Nazis used

6450:

luridus, melancholicus, rigidus. Pilis nigricantibus. Oculis fuscis. Severus, fastuosus, avarus. Tegitur Indumentis laxis. Regitur Opinionibus.

3120:. Blumenbach stated: "I have allotted the first place to the Caucasian for the reasons given below, which make me esteem it the primeval one". 2810:: white, sanguine, muscular; with yellowish, long hair; blue eyes; gentle, acute, inventive; covered with close vestments; governed by customs. 891: 10679: 11825: 11722: 3497: 8805: 11391: 4822:(1933–45) discredited scientific racism in academia, but racist legislation based upon it remained in some countries until the late 1960s. 3460: 1547: 9784: 9723: 11374: 5429: 5355: 4552:

played a key role in establishing apartheid in South Africa. According to one memorandum sent to Frederick Keppel, then president of the

1517: 1120: 646: 12879: 6221: 5625: 5304:

later published the interview with an editorial note claiming the study was a "discredited ... pseudoscientific rationale for racism".

801: 5920:

Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. (February 2017).

12830: 12771: 11561: 6230:, 24 April 1684. Translated by T. Bendyshe in Memoirs Read Before the Anthropological Society of London, vol. 1, 1863–64, pp. 360–64. 5848: 4545:

believed that Africans were "misgrown with a vengeance". He described Africans as at once "hopelessly deficient", yet "very shrewd".

4109:—mankind has a common genetic ancestry, the races are related, opposing everything that the polygenism of Nott and Gliddon proposed. 3003:. Painted by John Jackson in 1813, after an original by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who exhibited his painting at the Royal Academy in 1786. 2631:, so he concluded that Adam and Eve were originally white, and that whites could give birth to different coloured races. Theories of 10851: 5509:. The article falsely claimed that there was scientific evidence that skin color was related to aggression and sexuality in humans. 3803:

contradicted Herder with a nationalism based upon the "will to live together", not founded upon ethnic or racial prerequisites (see

2793:" of human species. Each one was described as possessing the following physiognomic characteristics "varying by culture and place": 11277: 3045:'s interfertility argument, which said that only the same species can interbreed. White pointed to species hybrids, such as foxes, 2427:

were among the earliest leading critics of scientific racism. Skepticism towards the validity of scientific racism grew during the

728: 616: 4675:(1822–1911) proposed the first social measures meant to preserve or enhance biological characteristics, and later coined the term 12735: 11704: 11297: 10895: 9559:"The geography of tyranny and despair: development indicators and the hypothesis of genetic inevitability of national inequality" 9134: 5229: 4954:

ideas with which they were widely associated, although these ideas had been in circulation since the 19th century. Books such as

2451:

have led to a new consensus among anthropologists that human races are a sociopolitical phenomenon rather than a biological one.

224: 5340:

expressed strong concern about the return of these ideas into the mainstream. Saini followed up on this idea with her 2019 book

2817:: yellow, melancholic, stiff; black hair, dark eyes; austere, haughty, greedy; covered with loose clothing; governed by beliefs. 11633: 10626: 9297:

Rushton, J. Philippe; Whitney, Glayde (2002). "Cross-National Variation in Violent Crime Rates: Race, r-K Theory, and Income".

8850: 7218: 5994:(2nd ed., 2000), Glossary, p. 300: "Scientific racism was designed to prove the inferiority of people of color"; Simon During, 4018:(1879–83) there was a rise of racial and national superiority ideas among the Chilean ruling class. In his 1918 book physician 3070: 3042: 2962: 2282: 983: 738: 556: 541: 536: 368: 108: 10692: 8341: 4983:(published under different titles between 1926 and 1934) attempted to scientifically identify differences between the German, 4774:(1879–1966), who became an important figure within the plan to remove populations considered "inferior" from eastern Germany. 11929: 10811: 10655: 10206: 10178: 10154: 9063: 9031: 8860: 8825: 6764: 6475: 6338: 5189: 4081: 3621: 806: 521: 9522:

Volken, T. (September 1, 2003). "IQ and the Wealth of Nations. A Critique of Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen's Recent Book".

12884: 12181: 10739: 10608:"The unwelcome revival of 'race science': 20 years after the human genome was first sequenced, dangerous gene myths abound" 10471:"Racially stuffed shirts and other enemies of mankind: Horace Mann Bond's parody of segregationist psychology in the 1950s" 10315: 9119: 8953: 6927: 5520:, rejects the idea of human races and distances itself from the racial theories of 20th century scientists. It states that 5413: 5342: 4920:. In 1958 it closed down and all remaining research was moved to the Department of Medical Genetics at Uppsala University. 4916:

was highly critical of the validity of the science performed at the institute and reshaped the institute toward a focus on

3148: 2306: 1323: 621: 427: 281: 147: 128: 9191:

Sanday, Peggy R. (1972). "An Alternative Interpretation of the Relationship between Heredity, Race, Environment, and IQ".

6051: 11046: 9210:

Scarr, Sandra (1981). "Implicit Messages: A Review of "Bias in Mental Testing"Bias in Mental Testing. Arthur R. Jensen".

7659:

Hoffman, Matthew (January 2005). "From Pintele Yid to Racenjude: Chaim Zhitlovsky and Racial Conceptions of Jewishness".

6594:

Kenneth A.R. Kennedy (1976), "Human Variation in Space and Time". Wm. C. Brown Company, p. 25. Kennedy writes that while

4257:

or Samuel Weissenberg, also endorsed the same pseudoscientific theories, convinced that the Jews formed a distinct race.

1983: 1639: 1552: 1443: 1110: 928: 546: 531: 219: 132: 10607: 10506: 6861: 2548:

The first race included populations from Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, India, south-east Asia, and the Americas

12784: 10771: 10752: 10727: 10634: 10599: 10574: 10431: 10372: 10225: 10135: 10114: 10035: 9934: 9909: 9081: 8982: 8901: 8788: 8518: 8313: 8244:

Rektor Lennmalms förslag – Om 1918–1921 års diskussioner kring ett Nobelinstitut i rasbiologi vid Karolinska institutet

8084: 7962: 7902: 7868: 7836: 7784: 7412: 7387: 7293: 7268: 7243: 6021: 5578: 4897: 4875: 4490:

because they were inadequate to the demands of being a free man—implying that black people benefited from enslavement.

4345: 3113: 3041:(1799) provided an empirical basis for this idea. White defended the theory of polygeny by rebutting French naturalist 1537: 1010: 5966: 4485:, aimed to scientifically prove that Negroes were a human species different from the white people; that the rulers of 2872: 11478: 11461: 10923: 10459: 9498: 8694: 8646: 8613: 8581: 8467: 8407: 6085: 5891: 4887: 4637: 4443: 1177: 1015: 477: 457: 9927:

Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present

7776:

Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present

3865: 3451:, or classical social evolution, was a conflation of competing sociologic and anthropologic theories proposing that 2377:

by those who support these ideas. Modern scientific consensus rejects this view as being irreconcilable with modern

12159: 11956: 11671: 11427: 11396: 11292: 10787: 10441: 10047:

The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars

9438:; Amos, Amanda (1998). "Eugenics and the New Genetics in Britain: Examining Contemporary Professionals' Accounts". 7142:

D'Souza, Dinesh "Is Racism a Western Idea?" pp. 517–39 from The American Scholar, Vol. 64, No. 4 Autumn 1995, p.538

4957: 4934: 4439: 3995: 1936: 1765: 1659: 1115: 1005: 276: 5444:

theories that Jews as a group have biologically evolved to be highly ethnocentric and hostile to the interests of

5364:

the facts of nature". Responses to Jensen criticized his lack of emphasis on environmental factors. Psychologist

2783:

for fauna and flora, and also made a classification of humans into different subgroups. In the twelfth edition of

12809: 12751: 12467: 12284: 11946: 11379: 5176: 4246: 4127: 4080:(mankind has discrete genetic ancestries; the races are evolutionarily unrelated), which is a predecessor of the 2299: 1512: 1022: 776: 561: 10825: 6410: 5736:

Norton, Heather L.; Quillen, Ellen E.; Bigham, Abigail W.; Pearson, Laurel N.; Dunsworth, Holly (July 9, 2019).

5203:

Coon's school of thought was the object of increasing opposition in mainstream anthropology after World War II.

11803: 11551: 11408: 10840: 9665: 8251: 6948: 5433: 3258: 2832:; mammary glands give milk abundantly; sly, lazy, negligent; anoints themself with grease; governed by caprice. 2431:, and by the end of World War II, scientific racism in theory and action was formally denounced, especially in 631: 307: 214: 204: 5815:(2008), p. 152: "Scientific racism: Improper or incorrect science that actively or passively supports racism". 4042:

in Sweden. Palacios argued on medical grounds against immigration to Chile from southern Europe claiming that

3132:

and the origin of humanity back more than 8,000 years—not much further than the 6,000 years of the prevailing

781: 12604: 9278:

Rushston, J Philippe (2001). "Genes, Brains, and Culture: Returning to a Darwinian Evolutionary Psychology".

5655: 5380: 4929: 4610: 4364: 2213: 1921: 611: 57: 7479:

Lewis, Jason E.; Degusta, David; Meyer, Marc R.; Monge, Janet M.; Mann, Alan E.; Holloway, Ralph L. (2011).

6288:

Robert Boyle (1664), "Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours", Henry Herringman, London, pp. 160–61

4715:, a branch of psychology concerned with psychological differences between people rather than common traits. 3501:(1853–55) which proposed three human races (black, white and yellow) were natural barriers and claimed that 12816: 12071: 11621: 11483: 11473: 11466: 11270: 10451: 8482:(On the soul and face of races and nations). A third revised edition, which returned to the original title 8459: 6076:

Daley, C. E.; Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2011). "Race and Intelligence". In Sternberg, R.; Kaufman, S. B. (eds.).

5472: 5336:

and may prefer terms such as "race realism" or "racialism". In 2018, British science journalist and author

4384:

In the United States, scientific racism justified Black African slavery to assuage moral opposition to the

1470: 1418: 358: 209: 10445: 4978: 4241:, the late 19th century also witnessed "the scientizing of anti-Jewish prejudice", stigmatizing Jews with 3620:" such as "the several races, for instance, of the cabbage", and does not carry the modern connotation of 3447:

established by Carl Linnaeus is requisite to any human racial classification scheme. In the 19th century,

12837: 12427: 12144: 11697: 11498: 11314: 10888: 10845: 5275: 5238: 5225: 5147: 4731: 4692: 3013: 2464:(1994). Critics argue that such works postulate racist conclusions, such as a genetic connection between 2444: 2346: 2124: 1968: 1373: 973: 911: 38: 9835: 4752:(1929), he made statistical arguments that biological and cultural degradation followed white and black 3783:, New York City, alongside apes and animals. The most influential theorists included the anthropologist 12869: 12859: 12823: 12554: 12497: 12021: 11255: 8510: 5630: 5482:, Lynn's methodology is flawed, and he purports a causal relationship from what is simply correlation. 4845:, Stephen Jay Gould argued that intelligence testing results played a major role in the passage of the 4688: 3029:(1728–1813), an English physician and surgeon, believed that races occupied different stations in the " 2655: 2233: 995: 666: 373: 73: 10482:

Neisser, U.; Boodoo, G.; Bouchard, T.J. Jr.; Boykin, A.W.; Brody, N.; Ceci, S.J.; et al. (1996).

9079:

Rushton, J. Philippe; Jensen, Arthur R. (2005). "Wanted: More race realism, less moralistic fallacy".

8930: 6492: 5033:

Propaganda for the Nazi eugenics program began with propaganda for eugenic sterilization. Articles in

3752:

to produce a form of coercive, anti-immigrant government programs influenced by other socio-political

12437: 11884: 11571: 11415: 10327: 10030:. The Gypsies During the Second World War. Vol. 1. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press. 8535: 6668: 5605: 5517: 5490: 5368:

describes Jensen's work as "conjur up images of blacks doomed to failure by their own inadequacies".

5130: 4435: 4140: 4026:

race and its superiority when compared to neighboring peoples. He thought Chileans were a mix of two

3784: 3444: 3026: 2950: 2766: 1564: 1378: 1272: 1157: 823: 791: 437: 363: 245: 9095: 8544:. Vol. 7. Translated by Bytwerk, Randall. pp. 16–21 – via German Propaganda Archive. 8165: 6211:

Jen E. Boyle (2010), "Anamorphosis in Early Modern Literature: Mediation and Affect", Ashgate, p. 74

5064:

through eugenics at the center of Nazi ideology. People targeted by this policy included criminals,

4703:

to collect data on population sets, which he needed for genealogical and biographical works and for

3588: 2828:: black, phlegmatic, relaxed; black, frizzled hair; silky skin, flat nose, tumid lips; females with 12395: 12289: 12255: 12139: 11188: 8569: 6835: 4909: 4799: 4718:

Like scientific racism, eugenics grew popular in the early 20th century, and both ideas influenced

4659:

Racial hygiene was historically tied to traditional notions of public health, but with emphasis on

4645: 4614:(1916) as "the most influential tract of American scientific racism". In the 1920s–30s, the German 4102: 3604: 2405: 1830: 1718: 1559: 1328: 1257: 1092: 1047: 901: 786: 766: 696: 626: 492: 52: 10415: 8278:"What happened to 'race' in race biology? The Swedish State Institute for Race Biology, 1936–1960" 7635: 7585: 6713:

Stanley A. Rice (2009), "Encyclopedia of Evolution", Infobase Publishing, p. 195. Stanley states:

5196:

into five main races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid (including Native Americans), Australoid, Congoid, and

12802: 12720: 12472: 12154: 12093: 11864: 11661: 11581: 11386: 11326: 11304: 11031: 10243: 9435: 7918:

Verbeek, Jennifer (1986). "Racially Segregated School Libraries in KwaZulu/Natal, South Africa".

6395: 6300:

Humans And Other Animals in Eighteenth-Century British Culture: Representation, Hybridity, Ethics

5437: 5406: 5291: 5160:

published many racialist books on what he saw as the peril of immigration, his most famous being

5151: 5143:(1927). In all, between 60,000 and 90,000 Americans were subjected to involuntary sterilization. 4846: 4815: 4803: 4712: 4430: 4136: 3788: 3435:

A late-19th-century illustration by H. Strickland Constable shows an alleged similarity between "

2806: 2448: 2401: 2129: 2109: 1963: 1953: 1911: 1527: 1368: 1222: 1192: 1187: 1137: 1072: 1057: 990: 963: 948: 324: 12119: 10067:

Dennis, Rutledge M. (1995). "Social Darwinism, scientific racism, and the metaphysics of race".

7894: 7888: 6152:"Are medical and nonmedical uses of large-scale genomic markers conflating genetics and 'race'?" 5831: 3860:

a 58-degree facial angle—thus he established a racist biological hierarchy for mankind, per the

3807:). Scientific racist discourse posited the historical existence of "national races" such as the 3455:

was the acme of human socio-cultural evolution. The Christian Bible was interpreted to sanction

1167: 12874: 12634: 12502: 12415: 12390: 12380: 12238: 11941: 11808: 11690: 11546: 11449: 11369: 11198: 11139: 11041: 10938: 10881: 10793: 9731: 9090: 8678: 7121: 5906:

Templeton, A. (2016). EVOLUTION AND NOTIONS OF HUMAN RACE. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (Eds.),

5675: 5600: 3367: 2728: 2681: 2674: 2597: 2436: 2228: 2201: 2191: 1649: 1629: 1492: 1363: 1252: 1202: 1172: 1152: 1087: 1067: 1042: 1037: 1032: 943: 906: 879: 855: 850: 422: 412: 8630: 8452:"Learning to See (Race): Ludwig Ferdinand Clauss's Racial Psychology as Applied Phenomenology" 8451: 8100:

Snyderman, M.; Herrnstein, R.J. (1983). "Intelligence Tests and the Immigration Act of 1924".

7034: 12639: 12624: 12517: 12149: 12088: 12083: 11976: 11601: 11493: 11488: 11403: 11364: 11171: 11166: 10168: 8817: 8670: 8502: 8102: 7774: 7481:"The Mismeasure of Science: Stephen Jay Gould versus Samuel George Morton on Skulls and Bias" 6629: 6517: 5670: 5107: 5077: 4850: 4841: 4474: 4359: 3970: 3946: 3893: 3834: 3610:

by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life

3288: 3089:

arose because of the heat of the tropical sun; that cold wind caused the tawny colour of the

3007: 2935: 2780: 2688:; he believed God had created different races on Earth in separate regions. In his 1734 book 2644: 2465: 2389: 2354: 2196: 2156: 2089: 1978: 1926: 1845: 1594: 1358: 1262: 1237: 1232: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1147: 1102: 1062: 968: 938: 833: 432: 260: 168: 158: 10563: 8573: 8563: 8559: 8366: 8190:

Björkman, Maria; Widmalm, Sven (December 20, 2010). "Selling eugenics: the case of Sweden".

6037: 5786: 4963: 3714:, in which several different language groups had arisen separately from speechless prehuman 12629: 12589: 12260: 12171: 12066: 11859: 11788: 11556: 11422: 11066: 11003: 10973: 10958: 10943: 10835: 8846: 7730: 7049: 4854: 4783: 4719: 4572: 4553: 4540: 4482: 4446:. Southern slavers concluded that escaping Negroes were suffering from "mental disorders". 4389: 4385: 4200: 3975: 3897: 3885: 3030: 2724: 2512: 2479: 2397: 2362: 2067: 1579: 1453: 1162: 1127: 1077: 1052: 865: 828: 551: 407: 188: 153: 27: 9971: 9148:

Jensen, Arthur R. (1968). "Social Class, Race, and Genetics: Implications for Education".

5856: 5448:. He asserts Jewish behavior and culture are central causes of antisemitism, and promotes 3864:

conception of history. Such scientific racist researches were continued by the naturalist

3471:, to enforce the idea that Negroes had been created inferior, and thus suited to slavery. 8: 12725: 12559: 11869: 11576: 11331: 11210: 10963: 10868: 10706: 10697: 10026:

Asséo, Henriette; Fings, Karola; Sparing, Frank; Kenrick, Donald; Heuss, Herbert (1997).

9862: 8760:

Memories of Belonging: Descendants of Italian Migrants to the United States, 1884–Present

6226: 5635: 5498: 5452:

about alleged Jewish control and influence in government policy and political movements.

5371: 5287: 5212: 5065: 4684: 4171: 4117: 3675: 3643: 3448: 3376: 3356: 2922: 2612: 2537: 2243: 2104: 1723: 1619: 1599: 1388: 1296: 1247: 1227: 1197: 1097: 884: 691: 7543: 7053: 4019: 3764:

skull and skeleton studies; thus skulls and skeletons of black people and other colored

2532: 12795: 12694: 12669: 12507: 12457: 12332: 12166: 12114: 12001: 11981: 11736: 11606: 11586: 11245: 11176: 11144: 11111: 11101: 10983: 10684: 10645: 10403: 10125: 10104: 10084: 9999: 9954: 9696: 9637: 9471: 9357: 9314: 9235: 9173: 8708: 8638: 8498: 8370: 8223: 8142: 7935: 7825: 7714: 7697: 7678: 7597: 7507: 7480: 7461: 7067: 6904: 6887: 6759:(Updated ed.). Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press. pp. 84–87, 110–111. 6559: 5946: 5921: 5767: 5713: 5696: 5449: 5417: 5233: 5220: 4912:

of certain groups was enacted in Sweden in 1934. The second president of the institute

4879: 4700: 4641: 4564: 4511: 4450: 4238: 4180: 4097: 4015: 3979: 3796: 3492: 3484: 3416: 3247: 2864: 2776: 2640: 2358: 2350: 2008: 2003: 1993: 1941: 1931: 1906: 1840: 1798: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1604: 896: 300: 173: 12134: 8074: 5470:

has published multiple papers and a book supporting theories of scientific racism. In

2775:(1707–1778), the Swedish physician, botanist, and zoologist, modified the established 2458:

is generally used pejoratively when applied to more modern theories, such as those in

12864: 12757: 12730: 12659: 12327: 12315: 12223: 12129: 11771: 11761: 11265: 11230: 11220: 11181: 11121: 11071: 10978: 10948: 10767: 10748: 10723: 10651: 10630: 10595: 10570: 10455: 10427: 10407: 10368: 10347: 10294: 10231: 10221: 10202: 10174: 10164: 10150: 10131: 10110: 10056: 10031: 10004: 9930: 9905: 9882: 9701: 9688: 9642: 9629: 9583: 9578: 9539: 9504: 9494: 9463: 9455: 9398: 9349: 9239: 9227: 9165: 9059: 9027: 8998: 8978: 8973:

Banton, Michael (2008). "Race, Unesco statements on". In Schaefer, Richard T. (ed.).

8897: 8856: 8821: 8784: 8700: 8690: 8642: 8609: 8577: 8514: 8463: 8403: 8295: 8215: 8207: 8080: 8044: 7958: 7898: 7864: 7832: 7780: 7749: 7682: 7512: 7465: 7408: 7383: 7289: 7264: 7239: 7071: 7021:

The Forging of Races: Race and Scripture in the Protestant Atlantic World, 1600–2000,

6909: 6760: 6637: 6334: 6173: 6081: 6017: 5951: 5918:. That this view reflects the consensus among American anthropologists is stated in: 5887: 5771: 5759: 5718: 5660: 5552: 5521: 5312: 5268: 5134: 4886:

Following the creation of the first society for the promotion of racial hygiene, the

4745: 4601: 4470: 4274: 4242: 4215: 4207: 4122: 3982: 3962: 3942: 3856:

90-degree facial angle, whites an 80-degree angle, blacks a 70-degree angle, and the

3804: 3711: 3271: 3175: 3133: 3074: 2939: 2582: 2570: 2470: 2440: 2275: 2186: 2114: 2099: 1882: 1825: 1624: 1532: 1423: 1343: 1182: 138: 10796: – Refutes claims that Darwin was a racist or that his views inspired the Nazis 9475: 9318: 9177: 8894:

Science for Segregation: Race, Law, and the Case against Brown v. Board of Education

8227: 7939: 7035:"On the Brain of the Negro, Compared with that of the European and the Orang-outang" 6585:

Conrad B. Quintyn (2010), "The Existence Or Non-existence of Race?, Teneo Press p.17

6262:

Stuurman, S. (2000), "François Bernier and the invention of racial classification",

5398:

was a proponent of Arthur Jensen's work on racial intelligence differences. Brand's

5076:, the insane, idle and "weak". As they were seen as people who fit the criteria of " 4870: 12699: 12400: 12359: 12321: 12243: 12213: 12208: 12011: 11359: 11336: 11319: 11309: 11287: 11250: 11240: 11225: 11215: 11134: 11129: 11106: 11096: 10864: 10668: 10498: 10395: 10365:

Beyond the gene: cytoplasmic inheritance and the struggle for authority in genetics

10076: 9994: 9986: 9874: 9809: 9680: 9621: 9594:

from the original on March 21, 2024 – via University of Surrey Open Research.

9573: 9531: 9447: 9388: 9341: 9306: 9219: 9157: 9100: 9051: 9019: 8842: 8813: 8763: 8712: 8682: 8597: 8285: 8199: 8138: 8111: 7927: 7709: 7670: 7502: 7492: 7453: 7432:

Skull Wars: Kennewick Man, Archaeology, And The Battle For Native American Identity

7322: 7057: 6943: 6899: 6551: 6326: 6318: 6163: 6117: 5941: 5933: 5911: 5749: 5708: 5525: 5513: 5248: 5181: 5157: 5122: 5030:) led most of the scientific community to repudiate scientific support for racism. 5027: 4996: 4832: 4537:

in South Africa. In South Africa, white scientists, like Dudly Kidd, who published

4507: 4286: 4258: 3901: 3617: 3560: 3404: 3238: 3209:

Meiners studied the diet of the Americans, and said they fed off any kind of "foul

2790: 2238: 2223: 2151: 2072: 2042: 1857: 1693: 1393: 958: 953: 796: 686: 255: 178: 10807: 10764:

Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant

10352: 9055: 8290: 8277: 7744: 3608:

did not discuss human origins. The extended wording on the title page, which adds

3100:

According to Blumenbach, there are five races, all belonging to a single species:

12715: 12683: 12569: 12544: 12233: 12198: 12193: 12109: 12041: 11961: 11934: 11924: 11919: 11854: 11651: 11616: 11508: 11341: 11260: 11235: 11203: 11193: 11161: 11156: 11051: 11008: 10998: 10988: 10953: 10933: 10918: 10829: 10815: 8745: 7497: 7173:

a racial designation of a race, which Gobineau specified as 'la race germanique'.

6754: 6663: 6103:"Galileo wept: A critical assessment of the use of race in forensic anthropolopy" 5992:

Black feminist thought: knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment

5665: 5645: 5640: 5582: 5093: 5069: 5057: 4913: 4807: 4704: 4664: 4358:

in Sweden were active in racist research. Furthermore, much of early research on

4355: 4046:

who are of south European stock lack "cerebral control" and are a social burden.

3905: 3724:

by writing that the origin of humanity was to be found in Asia; he believed that

3452: 2985: 2829: 2785: 2475: 2428: 2424: 2253: 2161: 2057: 1998: 1850: 1835: 1815: 1780: 1487: 1398: 1333: 1132: 1082: 860: 711: 265: 183: 143: 103: 98: 8342:"Rasbiologiska institutet – Uppsala universitetsbibliotek – Uppsala universitet" 7890:

The American Century: Consensus and Coercion in the Projection of American Power

7638:

Defenders of the Race: Jewish Doctors & Race Science in Fin-de-Siècle Europe

5961: 4084:. Moreover, Morton himself had been reluctant to espouse polygenism, because it 2400:, and other disciplines or pseudo-disciplines through proposing anthropological 12689: 12664: 12654: 12649: 12614: 12609: 12584: 12277: 12218: 12051: 12016: 11814: 11756: 11746: 11628: 11282: 11151: 10470: 9990: 9666:"Skin Color and Intelligence in African Americans: A Reanalysis of Lynn's Data" 9451: 9253: 9104: 8115: 7931: 7661: 7214: 5537: 5533: 5502: 5422: 5389: 5320: 5316: 5204: 4946:

and its sympathizers published many books on scientific racism, seizing on the

4696: 4672: 4615: 4594: 4458: 4397: 4270: 4219: 4175: 4069: 4065: 4023: 3987: 3884:

Racialist differences: "a Negro head ... a Caucasian skull ... a Mongol head",

3745: 3613: 3596: 3507: 3468: 3464: 3328: 3312: 3253: 3152: 3101: 2966: 2957:

race". Thus, regarding this topic, Skuncke considers Linnaeus' view as merely "

2918: 2627:. He studied reported stories of parents' giving birth to differently coloured 2460: 2248: 2206: 2176: 2166: 2084: 2077: 2062: 2052: 1872: 1808: 1750: 1745: 1730: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1383: 1318: 838: 811: 656: 332: 124: 78: 26:"Race theory" redirects here. For the intellectual movement and framework, see 20: 10594:. New York/Manchester: New York University Press/Manchester University Press. 10502: 10399: 10218:

The end of the soul: scientific modernity, atheism, and anthropology in France

10106:

Defenders of the race: Jewish doctors and race science in fin-de-siècle Europe

9684: 9625: 9310: 9161: 8746:

Theorizing Race in the Americas: Douglass, Sarmiento, Du Bois, and Vasconcelos

7674: 6183:

correspond to our notion of social identities, including 'race' and 'ethnicity

5754: 5737: 4849:

that restricted immigration to the United States. However, Mark Snyderman and

3061: 2996: 2562: 12853: 12778: 12574: 12405: 12349: 12228: 12176: 12124: 11971: 11909: 11904: 11766: 11751: 11713: 11444: 11091: 11056: 10968: 10928: 10799: 10623:

Rhetorical Engagements in the Scientist's Process of Remaking Race as Genetic

10335: 10274:

The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism

10192: 10188: 10058:

Father of Racist Ideology: The Social and Political Thought of Count Gobineau

9754:"Personality and Individual Differences Retracts Rushton and Templer Article" 9692: 9633: 9587: 9543: 9508: 9459: 9402: 9353: 9231: 9169: 8740: 8605: 8555: 8436: 8384: 8299: 8211: 7185: 7166: 7100: 6641: 6322: 6121: 5763: 5571: 5560: 5485: 5350: 5072:

who opposed the Nazification of Germany, the "feeble minded", Jewish people,

5019: 5015: 5011: 4984: 4825: 4753: 4723: 4708: 4649: 4623: 4619: 4605: 4486: 4454: 4328: 4282: 4254: 4223: 4160: 4089: 3910: 3848: 3809: 3703: 3679: 3502: 3436: 3144: 2772: 2716: 2623:, that is, that all races, no matter how diverse, came from the same source: 2420: 2334: 2260: 1867: 1803: 1788: 1644: 1609: 1589: 1460: 1403: 1338: 733: 636: 293: 83: 12765:

An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural

10235: 3839: 3327:

and scientific racism. Cuvier believed there were three distinct races: the

3293:

Essay on the Causes of Variety of Complexion and Figure in the Human Species

12644: 12564: 12522: 12462: 12354: 12305: 12188: 12006: 11951: 11899: 11889: 11879: 11849: 11778: 11611: 11456: 10859: 10744: 10612: 10382:

Schaffer, Gavin (2007). ""'Scientific' Racism Again?": Reginald Gates, the

10298: 10282: 10127:

The Nazi ancestral proof: genealogy, racial science, and the final solution

10008: 9886: 9535: 9467: 9393: 9376: 8666: 8662: 8219: 8203: 8048: 7516: 7084: 7062: 6913: 6313:

Staffan Müller-Wille (2014). "Linnaeus and the Four Corners of the World".

6177: 5955: 5915: 5722: 5650: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5445: 5441: 5375: 5365: 5337: 5324: 5139: 5103: 5084:), they should thus not be allowed to procreate and pass on their genes or 5053: 5003: 4951: 4819: 4791: 4787: 4761: 4757: 4727: 4668: 4466: 4393: 4278: 4222:

of its inhabitants. He was an important influence of the American eugenist

4196: 4166: 4027: 3914: 3852: 3800: 3348: 3124: 3086: 3082: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2608: 2601: 2578: 2409: 2385: 2094: 1973: 1793: 1760: 1740: 1664: 1654: 1634: 1614: 1242: 1142: 870: 845: 701: 641: 606: 571: 566: 250: 9023: 8704: 6618:

Rachel N. Hastings (2008), "Black Eyez: Memoirs of a Revolutionary", p. 17

6370:

Europæus albesc, Americanus rubesc, Asiaticus fuscus, & Africanus nigr

4908:

and racial hygiene. As a result of the institute's work, a law permitting

3678:(1851–1911) used the ratio of the width of a nose to its height to divide 3431: 12549: 12310: 12036: 12026: 11894: 11844: 11536: 11503: 11081: 11061: 10283:"'The American Breed': Nazi Eugenics and the Origins of the Pioneer Fund" 10250:. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994. Accessed October 21, 2007. 7380:

Prehistoric Past Revealed: The Four Billion Year History of Life on Earth

7190:

Images of Savages: Ancients Roots of Modern Prejudice in Western Culture

7105:

Images of Savages: Ancients Roots of Modern Prejudice in Western Culture

5395: 5097: 4831:

research results portrayed all minority groups very negatively. In 1908,

4766: 4680: 4478: 4321: 4263: 4250: 3954: 3926: 3830: 3818: 3792: 3761: 3741: 3545: 3511: 3420: 3396: 2958: 2910: 2856: 2495: 2483: 2393: 1988: 1948: 1916: 1775: 1735: 1569: 1482: 1433: 1408: 1308: 1000: 723: 706: 661: 576: 240: 19:"Racial biology" redirects here. For the biological concept of race, see 9958: 7698:"The passing of the great race, or the racial basis of european history" 6563: 4039: 12789: 12619: 12599: 12594: 12482: 12477: 12452: 12447: 12337: 12272: 12203: 12078: 12046: 11986: 11783: 11432: 11086: 11076: 11013: 10447:

The funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund

10308:

The Liberty Lobby and the American Right: Race, Conspiracy, and Culture

10088: 10025: 9878: 9361: 8877:

The funding of scientific racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund

8686: 8540: 7820: 7444:

Michael, J.S. (1988). "A New Look at Morton's Craniological Research".

7327: 7310: 6555: 6330: 5937: 5610: 5497:

On June 17, 2020, Elsevier announced it was retracting an article that

5283: 5061: 5035: 5007: 4992: 4943: 4811: 4771: 4741: 4736: 4106: 4077: 4059: 4055: 3869: 3814: 3757: 3707: 3569: 3541: 3528: 3426: 3324: 3316: 3303: 3203: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3117: 3078: 3034: 2981: 2748: 2685: 2620: 2520: 2516: 2468:, that are unsupported by available evidence. Publications such as the 2416: 2270: 2265: 2146: 2141: 2037: 2013: 1862: 1755: 1713: 1669: 1477: 1465: 1438: 1428: 1348: 750: 745: 716: 651: 482: 10477:. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. pp. 261–283. 9120:"Racism is creeping back into mainstream science – we have to stop it" 6862:"Thomas Jefferson: Founding Father of Science | RealClearScience" 4571:

Although scientific racism played a role in justifying and supporting

12674: 12492: 12442: 12410: 12385: 12250: 12056: 12031: 11996: 11798: 11741: 11596: 11531: 11036: 10821: 10423: 8855:(1st St. Martin's Griffin ed.). St. Martin's Press. p. 39. 7605: 5620: 5088:. Although they were still regarded as "Aryan", Nazi ideology deemed 5023: 4782:

Scientific racism continued through the early 20th century, and soon

4534: 4189: 3861: 3857: 3780: 3772: 3753: 3725: 3573: 3544:, which published his works in German. They played a key role in the 3479: 3400: 3388: 3332: 3320: 3105: 2899: 2888: 2839:

were mythologic humans which did not appear in the first editions of

2491: 2171: 2119: 1820: 1413: 516: 10198:

Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels With Science

10080: 9345: 7955:

Haunted by Empire: Geographies of Intimacy in North American History

6756:

The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture

6080:. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 293–306. 5014:

consolidated their institutional power. After the war, discovery of

3291:(1751–1819) was an American Presbyterian minister and author of the 3167: 12432: 11991: 11966: 11914: 11874: 11793: 11566: 10592:

Race in a Godless World: Atheism, Race, and Civilization, 1850–1914

10386:

and the Question of "Race" in Science after the Second World War".

9728:

Stanford Center for Computational, Evolutionary, and Human Genomics

9223: 7457: 7286:

Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought

6168: 6151: 5118: 5085: 5041: 5006:, Nazi racialist beliefs became anathema in the United States, and 4947: 4917: 4905: 4795: 4660: 4653: 4585: 4376: 4325: 4144: 4085: 4035: 3933: 3749: 2943: 2891: 2487: 2378: 2136: 1958: 1877: 1522: 1448: 1353: 1313: 681: 676: 671: 596: 591: 586: 526: 9332:

Powledge, Tabitha M. (1996). "Genetics and the Control of Crime".

8781:

Race, Law, and Culture: Reflections on Brown v. Board of Education

7531:

Imperial Impersonations: Chilean Racism and the War of the Pacific

4590: 3439:" and "Negro" features in contrast to the higher "Anglo-Teutonic". 2619:, physicist, and inventor. Boyle believed in what today is called 12579: 12512: 12422: 12375: 12342: 11526: 10720:

Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums

10705:

Purves D; Augustine GJ; Fitzpatrick D; et al., eds. (2001).

10704: 10672: 10475:

Defining difference: Race and Racism in the History of Psychology

9785:"Elsevier journal to retract 2012 paper widely derided as racist" 8958: 8456:

About Face: German Physiognomic Thought from Lavater to Auschwitz

7162: 6996:

The Animal Kingdom: Arranged in Conformity with its Organization,

5545: 5296: 4901: 4457:

prompted studies of ostensible physiological differences between

4267:(Ashkenazi Jewishness) by turning to contemporary racial theory. 4229: 4043: 4031: 4003: 3950: 3880: 3776: 3456: 3392: 3199: 3156: 3109: 3090: 3037:, the idea that different races had been created separately. His 2884: 2643:

in physics were also extended by Robert Boyle into discourses of

2628: 2616: 2577:

The qualities which he attributed to each race were not strictly

601: 487: 467: 442: 417: 340: 12679: 11682: 9730:. The New York Times Book Review. August 8, 2014. Archived from 6667:, A forum for natural history. The Linnean Special Issue No. 8. 5738:"Human races are not like dog breeds: refuting a racist analogy" 5247:

arguments about the "need" for racial segregation—especially in

4371: 4297: 4076:(1854), claiming that Morton's findings supported the notion of 12487: 10904: 10340:

Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalist Ideas in Europe

9972:"ASHG Denounces Attempts to Link Genetics and Racial Supremacy" 9050:. Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press. 8635:

Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics against Human Dignity

8432: 8380: 7863:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp. 66–67. 7861:

The Silent War: Imperialism and the Changing Perception of Race

6888:"A Brave Old World: An Analysis of Scientific Racism and BiDil" 5805:

Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Questions to Sociobiology

5697:"A brave old world: an analysis of scientific racism and BiDil" 5541: 5412:

Other prominent modern proponents of scientific racism include

5244: 5197: 4185: 3958: 3813:

in Germany, and the "French race" being a branch of the basal "

3694: 3549: 3384: 3202:

of the Negro, and came to the conclusion that Negroes were all

3094: 3050: 2586: 2552: 2432: 1574: 581: 472: 452: 447: 397: 88: 7602:

La Force du préjugé – Essai sur le racisme et ses doubles

7590:

La couleur et le sang – Doctrines racistes à la française

5910:(pp. 346–361). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. 5100:, suitable for expulsion, enslavement, or even extermination. 3732:

Negroes were savages and that whites were the most civilised.

12061: 11541: 8129:

Franco, J.N. (1985). "Intelligence tests and social policy".

8099: 7886: 7643: 7157: 5908:

How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society

5207:

was particularly vocal in denouncing Coon, especially in his

5137:, were upheld as constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 5089: 4988: 4550:

Carnegie Commission on the Poor White Problem in South Africa

4529:

Carnegie Commission on the Poor White Problem in South Africa

4462: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4154: 3683: 3666: 3383:

The highest civilization and culture, apart from the ancient

3221: 3217: 3210: 2914: 2338: 1584: 402: 8631:"Conclusion: Anthropology and the Peculiarities of the East" 6275:

French introduction by France Bhattacharya to an edition of

6207: 6205: 6100: 4999:

to push its restrictive and discriminatory social policies.

4218:. Ripley even made a map of Europe according to the alleged 3151:

and a physician, proposed that being black was a hereditary

9863:"How race becomes biology: Embodiment of social inequality" 8250:. Nobel Museum Occasional Papers. p. 4. Archived from 8035:

Davis, Bernard (1983). "Neo-Lysenkoism, IQ and the Press".

5595: 5529: 5349:

One such post-World War II scientific racism researcher is

5146:

Scientific racism was also used as a justification for the

4193: 3523:

these puerilities and compare together not men, but groups.

3129: 3046: 2342: 2218: 2047: 8538:[Women Who May Not Be Allowed to become Mothers]. 5919: 5849:"Can the Sciences Help Us to Make Wise Ethical Judgments?" 5735: 4826:

Early intelligence testing and the Immigration Act of 1924

4324:), a generic, racial-stock descriptor, which the American 3407:

of nature, and out of it all came their high civilization.

2988:, non-biological features, such as customs or traditions. 2658:(1688–1732) was an English naturalist. In his book titled 2558:

The third race consisted of the east- and northeast Asians

10873: 10527:

Race, Racism, and Psychology: Towards a Reflexive History

10147:

Typecasting: On the Arts and Sciences of Human Inequality

9433: 8840: 7042:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

6202: 5540:. It also indicates that the idea of "races" is based on 5133:

programs. Such programs, promoted by eugenicists such as

5047:

Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring

3674:

As an exponent of "race science", colonial administrator

3225:

sick people in ovens, then making them roll in the snow.

2926: 2843:

The sub-species included: the "four-footed, mute, hairy"

10420:

La Force du préjugé. Essai sur le racisme et ses doubles

10265:

Race, Racism, and Science: Social Impact and Interaction

8677:. Die Naturwissenschaften. Vol. 68. New Brunswick: 8429:

Race and Soul: An Introduction to the Contemporary World

7382:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 43. 7335: 6368:

Initially, Linnaeus had only described four categories:

6000:

Race in the American South: From Slavery to Civil Rights

5922:"Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics" 5405:

publisher and he was dismissed from his position at the

3824: 3506:

white supremacist American pro-slavery thinkers such as

2384:

Scientific racism misapplies, misconstrues, or distorts

9421:

The g Factor: General Intelligence and Its Implications

6983:

Tableau elementaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux

6381:

Linnaeus did not use the term "race". He used the term

5401:

The g Factor: General Intelligence and Its Implications

4900:

in 1921. By 1922 the institute was built and opened in

4691:. He was also the first to study human differences and 4214:(1899), a book which had a large influence on American 3904:, hence a large skull denoted a large brain, thus high 3756:

and events. Such institutional racism was effected via

3740:

At the 19th century's end, scientific racism conflated

8400:

Picture Imperfect: Photography and Eugenics, 1870–1940

7478: 5787:"How Scientific Taxonomy Constructed the Myth of Race" 5279:

which desegregated the American public school system.

5163:

The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy

5045:

showed conflict in nature in order to legitimize the

3459:

and from the 1820s to the 1850s was often used in the

10538:(9th ed.). Belmont CA: Thomson Higher Education. 10481: 8896:. New York: New York University Press. p. 148–. 8061: 5228:

decision—which upheld the constitutional legality of

4890:

in 1905—a Swedish society was founded in 1909 as the

4139:

used to classify various human races was invented by

2544:

In the essay, he distinguished four different races:

10680:"Race Science: When Racial Categories Make No Sense" 10220:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 171. 8783:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 55, 59. 8548: 8503:"The Nature of Science and the Nature of Philosophy" 7347: 7089:

Parerga and Paralipomena: Short Philosophical Essays

7032: 6657:

The Linnaean Legacy: Three Centuries after his birth

6312: 4404:(mania of the runaway slave) derives from the Greek 4281:", which later prominently featured in the works of 3735: 3627:

The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

3463:

Southern United States, by writers such as the Rev.

3427:

Racial theories in physical anthropology (1850–1918)

10713:(2nd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. 8602:

Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web

6016:. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. 4786:became a new source for racial comparisons. Before 4748:(1866–1944) was briefly involved in the review. In 4695:with statistical methods. He introduced the use of 4314:Joseph Deniker's contribution to racist theory was 4206:Vacher de Lapouge's classification was mirrored in 3795:theory, thereby developing the first conception of 3706:(1834–1919) put forward a doctrine of evolutionary 10852:"How Can We Curb the Spread of Scientific Racism?" 10562: 10351: 10055: 9607:"Skin Color and Intelligence in African Americans" 8724: 8722: 7824: 6998:Translated from the French by H.M. Murtrie, p. 50. 5884:Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences 3787:(1854–1936) who proposed "anthroposociology"; and 3710:based on the ideas of the linguist and polygenist 2515:(an era from the 1650s to the 1780s), concepts of 11592:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 10822:Institute for the study of academic racism (ISAR) 10790:from the National Human Genome Research Institute 8806:"Scientific Racism and North American Psychology" 8425:Rasse und Seele: Eine Einführung in die Gegenwart 7957:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 66. 7952: 7917: 6248:31, París, Éditions de l'EHESSS, 2013, pp. 53–78. 4711:, the science of measuring mental faculties, and 3682:into Aryan and Dravidian races, as well as seven 3093:; and that the Chinese had fairer skins than the 2182:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 12851: 10693:Race, Evolution and the Science of Human Origins 7920:Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 7779:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 42. 7658: 6819: 6075: 5971:American Association of Physical Anthropologists 5963:American Association of Physical Anthropologists 5616:History of the race and intelligence controversy 5186:American Association of Physical Anthropologists 5096:, etc.) to be racially inferior to the Germanic 5018:and Nazi abuses of scientific research (such as 4790:(1939–45), scientific racism remained common to 4533:Scientific racism played a role in establishing 4428:, 'madness, frenzy'). Cartwright also described 3998:(1859), found the same pattern of measures—that 3261:", Jefferson described black people as follows: 9018:, Columbia University Press, January 31, 2014, 8891: 8719: 8675:The Structure & Measurement of Intelligence 8189: 7407:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 73–75. 7377: 7181: 7179: 6352: 6350: 4392:(1793–1863) wrote of slave escape attempts as " 1826:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 10262: 10256:The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity 9414: 9412: 9296: 8728: 8034: 7745:"Diseases and Peculiarities of the Negro Race" 7365: 7201: 7007: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6689:Man's Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race 6356: 6297: 6052:"Race Is a Social Construct, Scientists Argue" 5823: 5821: 5505:had published in 2012 in the Elsevier journal 5209:Man's Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race 5060:social policies placed the improvement of the 4777: 3779:, was displayed as the "Missing Link", in the 3540:Gobineau's works were also influential to the 2971:Man's Most Dangerous Myth: the Fallacy of Race 1302:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 11723:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience 11698: 10889: 10263:Jackson, John P.; Weidman, Nadine M. (2005). 10201:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 9254:"Outstanding Synthesis of Current Work on IQ" 9078: 8778: 8661: 8016: 7858: 7757: 7443: 7426: 7424: 6691:. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 69. 4891: 4372:Justification of slavery in the United States 4349: 3768:, were displayed between apes and white men. 3498:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 2307: 301: 10788:Fact Sheet on Eugenics and Scientific Racism 10533: 10095:Detterman, Douglas K. 2006. "Intelligence". 9117: 8892:Jackson, John; McCarthy, John P. Jr (2005). 8671:"Intelligence: The Development of a Concept" 8128: 8022: 7999: 7882: 7880: 7728:Alexander Thomas and Samuell Sillen (1972). 7533:, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 7402: 7176: 6654:Mary J. Morris & Leonie Berwick (2008), 6347: 5900: 5842: 5840: 5784: 4967: 4955: 4627: 4336: 4315: 4148: 4082:modern human multiregional origin hypothesis 4049: 3909:interpretations of the bible indicated that 3715: 3532: 3216:Meiners wrote that the noblest race was the 2756: 2660:Philosophical Account of the Works of Nature 10643: 10554:The Science and Politics of Racial Research 10258:. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. 10246:The Science and Politics of Racial Research 10187: 9840:Nachrichten Informationsdienst Wissenschaft 9409: 8975:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society 8887: 8885: 8879:, University of Illinois Press, 2002, p. 2. 8480:Von Seele und Antlitz der Rassen und Völker 8336: 8334: 8072: 7819: 7592:("Colour and Blood – Racist doctrines 6731: 6683: 6681: 6385:, as can be seen in Systema naturae, p. 34. 6258: 6256: 6254: 6193: 6191: 5818: 5356:The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability 5188:from 1930 to 1961. Coon was a proponent of 4962:("Racial Science of the German People") by 4292: 4072:(1809–1857), extended Dr Morton's ideas in 1518:List of people killed for being transgender 11705: 11691: 10896: 10882: 10123: 9924: 8810:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology 8749:(Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. 9–10. 8507:Nature, Human Nature, and Human Difference 8240: 7772: 7421: 7258: 7233: 6822:Race and Racialization: Essential Readings 6815: 6813: 6811: 6621: 5626:Institute for the Study of Academic Racism 4522: 4253:. At the same time, several Jews, such as 2314: 2300: 308: 294: 12831:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience 12772:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science 11562:Interminority racism in the United States 10867:—The Asian/Pacific/American Institute at 10542: 10130:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 9998: 9867:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 9700: 9641: 9577: 9392: 9132: 9094: 9046:Sussman, Robert Wald (January 31, 2014). 8533: 8289: 7877: 7831:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7815: 7813: 7811: 7713: 7506: 7496: 7437: 7341: 7326: 7283: 7122:"The Mis-portrayal of Darwin as a Racist" 7061: 6903: 6315:The Cultural Politics of Blood, 1500–1900 6240: 6238: 6236: 6167: 5996:Cultural studies: a critical introduction 5945: 5926:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5837: 5785:Kenyon-Flatt, Britanny (March 19, 2021). 5753: 5712: 4764:. In 1939 he wrote a contribution to the 4064:Samuel Morton's followers, especially Dr 3633:The historian Richard Hofstadter wrote: 2506: 16:Pseudoscientific justification for racism 10524: 10414: 10381: 10354:Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis 10334: 10280: 10144: 10099:DVD. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation. 9331: 9277: 8928: 8916: 8882: 8774: 8772: 8596: 8536:"Frauen, die nicht Mutter werden dürfen" 8331: 8275: 7988: 7946: 7887:Slater, David; Taylor, Peter J. (1999). 7854: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7827:Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa 7630: 7628: 7616: 7614: 7542: 7288:. Temple University Press. p. 184. 7169:, "Aryan" became, partly because of the 7115: 7113: 6678: 6671:, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London. 6251: 6188: 5454: 5117: 4933: 4869: 4589: 4375: 4296: 4237:Furthermore, according to John Efron of 4228: 4116: 4038:of Spain, who descended ultimately from 4002:reported—by weighing specimen brains at 3932: 3879: 3838: 3817:" extant for millennia, to advocate for 3693: 3665: 3587: 3559: 3495:(1816–1882), is best known for his book 3478: 3430: 3366: 3302: 3283: 3166: 3060: 3056: 3012: 2995: 2763:Voyage to the South Pole, and in Oceania 2747: 2669: 2607:An early scientist who studied race was 2596: 2415:During the 20th century, anthropologist 617:Social determinants of health in poverty 12736:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union 10794:The Mis-portrayal of Darwin as a Racist 10556:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 10468: 10346: 10109:. New Haven CT: Yale University Press. 10053: 10049:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 9951:The Journal of African American History 9860: 9814:Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology 9782: 9440:Science, Technology, & Human Values 9045: 8803: 8397: 8365: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8152: 7695: 7405:Human Evolution: A Guide to the Debates 7308: 6808: 6702:Natural History, General and Particular 6473: 6396:"Race: Social Concept, Biological Idea" 4442:, it became a political weapon against 4434:, called "rascality" by overseers. The 3892:In the 19th century, an early American 3875: 3039:Account of the Regular Gradation in Man 12852: 11634:Sociology of race and ethnic relations 10802:Race: The Reality of Human Differences 10717: 10627:The University of South Carolina Press 10620: 10551: 10440: 10358:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 10314: 10145:Ewen, Stuart; Ewen, Elizabeth (2007). 10066: 10044: 9979:The American Journal of Human Genetics 9953:, vol. 94, no. 1, , 2009, pp. 101–03, 9724:"Letters: "A Troublesome Inheritance"" 9712:from the original on November 4, 2021. 9521: 9190: 9147: 9135:"Is 'Race Science' Making A Comeback?" 8972: 8852:Measured Lies: The Bell Curve Examined 8818:10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.516 8628: 8402:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 150. 8192:Notes and Records of the Royal Society 8166:"En meningslös sortering av människor" 8066: 8028: 7808: 7799: 6969: 6885: 6752: 6725: 6233: 6197: 6149: 6078:The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence 6049: 5881: 5694: 5507:Personality and Individual Differences 4744:and statistical analysis of heredity. 4514:from 1869 to 1906, published the book 3760:, telling character from physiognomy; 3661: 3362: 3071:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 3043:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 2909:), or humanoid creatures, such as the 2887:giant; the Dwarf of the Alps; and the 2341:is divided into biologically distinct 11686: 10877: 10761: 10736: 10560: 10305: 10253: 10215: 10163: 10102: 9899: 9556: 9418: 9374: 9209: 9150:American Educational Research Journal 9014:"9. Challenges to the Race Concept", 8951: 8769: 8554: 8497: 8422: 8131:Journal of Counseling and Development 8011: 7845: 7652: 7625: 7620: 7611: 7572: 7560: 7353: 7119: 7110: 6802: 6781:Race and the Enlightenment: A Reader, 6627: 6606: 6101:Diana Smay, George Armelagos (2000). 5846: 5827: 5190:multiregional origin of modern humans 4810:in Europe and the United States. The 4679:. Galton, a statistician, introduced 4164:" (Teutonic, Protestant, etc.), the " 3825:Craniometry and physical anthropology 3821:borders parallel to the racial ones. 3474: 3411: 3073:(1707–1788) and the German anatomist 2551:The second race consisted of the sub- 11657: 10856:Superior: The Return of Race Science 10740:Superior: The Return of Race Science 10707:"Box D. Brain Size and Intelligence" 10605: 10362: 10276:. New York: Oxford University Press. 10271: 9663: 9653:from the original on April 17, 2021. 9604: 9488: 8954:"Interview: George Lincoln Rockwell" 8449: 8149: 8055: 7977: 7800:Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate (1905). 7236:Social Darwinism in American Thought 6926:Paul Finkelman (November 12, 2012). 6628:Gould, Stephen Jay (November 1994). 6541: 6277:Voyage dans les Etats du Grand Mogol 5536:that match with conventional racial 5343:Superior: The Return of Race Science 4794:, and was used as justification for 4101:(1871), Charles Darwin proposed the 3994:In 1873, Paul Broca, founder of the 3531:" to describe the Germanic peoples ( 3162: 3149:Founding Father of the United States 2758:Voyage au pole sud et dans l'Océanie 2699: 1324:Capital punishment for homosexuality 622:Social determinants of mental health 11047:Discrimination based on nationality 10808:RaceSci: History of Race in Science 10534:Shultz, D.P.; Shultz, S.E. (2008). 10484:"Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns" 10367:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9003:. France: UNESCO publication. 1950. 8804:Winston, Andrew S. (May 29, 2020). 8560:"Ethnic Revival and Racist Anxiety" 8377:Racial Science of the German People 7804:. New York: Duffield & Company. 7734:. New York: Carol Publishing Group. 7261:Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution 5967:"AAPA Statement on Race and Racism" 5875: 5813:A History of Anthropological Theory 5695:Garros, Joel Z. (January 9, 2006). 4740:scientific journal, which promoted 4009: 3868:(1772–1844) and the anthropologist 3791:(1744–1803), who applied "race" to 3233: 2527: 1444:Genital modification and mutilation 13: 12785:James Randi Educational Foundation 10836:"Race, Science, and Social Policy" 10584: 9082:Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 8314:"Kapitel 3: Rasbiologin i Sverige" 8276:Ericsson, Martin (June 30, 2020). 8143:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1985.tb01101.x 7238:. Beacon Press. pp. 172–173. 7153:The Cambridge Companion to Tacitus 6840:Journal of the American Revolution 6050:Gannon, Megan (February 5, 2016). 5886:. SAGE Publications. p. 779. 5579:American Society of Human Genetics 4898:State Institute for Racial Biology 4876:State Institute for Racial Biology 4346:State Institute for Racial Biology 3702:Like most of Darwin's supporters, 3612:, uses the general terminology of 2984:and erroneous for having included 2650: 14: 12896: 12880:Race and intelligence controversy 11712: 10781: 10149:. New York: Seven Stories Press. 10062:. New York: Weybright and Talley. 9118:Angela Saini (January 22, 2018). 7311:"Sexual selection as race making" 6014:Racism: A Very Short Introduction 5742:Evolution: Education and Outreach 5110:(IQ) testing for being "Jewish". 4888:German Society for Racial Hygiene 4638:German Society for Racial Hygiene 3736:Nationalism of Lapouge and Herder 3583: 3491:The French aristocrat and writer 3338:Regarding Negroes, Cuvier wrote: 3298: 3228: 3192:The Outline of History of Mankind 2949:In a 2008 essay published by the 12182:Strauss–Howe generational theory 12160:Moon landing conspiracy theories 11957:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity 11666: 11656: 11647: 11646: 10244:"Scientific Racism: A Review of 10216:Hecht, Jennifer Michael (2003). 10028:From "race science" to the camps 9964: 9943: 9918: 9893: 9854: 9828: 9802: 9776: 9746: 9716: 9657: 9598: 9579:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2008.00296.x 9550: 9515: 9482: 9427: 9419:Brand, Christopher (1996). "3". 9368: 9325: 9290: 9271: 9246: 9203: 9184: 9141: 9126: 9111: 9072: 9039: 9007: 8991: 8966: 8945: 8922: 8910: 8869: 8834: 8797: 8752: 8734: 8655: 8622: 8590: 8527: 8491: 8443: 8423:Clauß, Ludwig Ferdinand (1926). 8416: 8391: 8372:Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes 8359: 8306: 8269: 8234: 8183: 8122: 8093: 8005: 7993: 7982: 7971: 7911: 7608:, La Découverte, 1987, 644 pages 5113: 5022:'s ethical violations and other 4958:Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes 4893:Svenska sällskapet för rashygien 4663:—what philosopher and historian 4640:in 1905. The movement advocated 4440:American Statistical Association 4125:'s European cephalic index map, 3996:Anthropological Society of Paris 3689: 3487:by the Comtesse de la Tour, 1876 3139: 3021: 2875:); the agile, but faint-hearted 2704: 2695: 1937:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1766:Law for Protection of the Nation 1660:White genocide conspiracy theory 339: 12810:The Natural History of Quackery 12752:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 11667: 10766:. University of Vermont Press. 10644:Fredrickson, George M. (2002). 10173:. New York: W W Norton and Co. 10018: 9842:(in German). September 10, 2019 9783:Sapunar, Leto (June 17, 2020). 8282:Scandinavian Journal of History 7793: 7773:Washington, Harriet A. (2008). 7766: 7737: 7722: 7689: 7578: 7566: 7554: 7550:(in Spanish), Editorial Chilena 7536: 7523: 7472: 7396: 7371: 7359: 7302: 7277: 7252: 7227: 7207: 7195: 7145: 7136: 7094: 7078: 7026: 7013: 7001: 6988: 6975: 6963: 6954: 6937: 6920: 6879: 6854: 6828: 6796: 6786: 6773: 6719: 6707: 6694: 6648: 6612: 6600: 6588: 6579: 6570: 6535: 6510: 6485: 6467: 6454: 6442: 6430: 6418: 6408:diurnus, varians cultura, loco: 6400: 6388: 6375: 6362: 6306: 6291: 6282: 6269: 6214: 6143: 6094: 6069: 6043: 6030: 6005: 5801:The Social Science Encyclopedia 5174:An influential publication was 4923: 4351:Statens Institut för Rasbiologi 4143:(1854–1936), a theoretician of 3602:Darwin's influential 1859 book 3077:(1752–1840) were proponents of 2965:". However, the anthropologist 2898:(1763), Linnaeus presented the 2592: 1771:MSM blood donation restrictions 1513:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 11552:Go back to where you came from 10841:Race: The Power of an Illusion 10650:. Princeton University Press. 10536:A History of Modern Psychology 8079:. W. W. Norton & Company. 7754:, Volume XI, New Orleans, 1851 6949:Notes on the State of Virginia 6406:Linnaeus used the Latin term: 5984: 5847:Kurtz, Paul (September 2004). 5793: 5778: 5729: 5688: 5218:In the late 19th century, the 4966:(first published in 1922) and 4938:Nazi poster promoting eugenics 4301:Madison Grant, creator of the 3866:Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 3527:Gobineau later used the term " 3259:Notes on the State of Virginia 2991: 2690:Sketches on the History of Man 2501: 1784:(as religious or racial quota) 205:Race and ethnicity in censuses 1: 10865:Timeline of Scientific Racism 10665:Scientific racism, history of 10606:Ball, Philip (June 9, 2021). 10590:Alexander, Nathan G. (2019). 10543:Trautmann, Thomas R. (1997), 9861:Gravlee, Clarence C. (2009). 9212:American Journal of Education 9056:10.4159/harvard.9780674736160 8977:. Sage. pp. 1096, 1098. 8931:"The Psychology of the Negro" 8929:Ferguson, G.O. (April 1916). 8462:. pp. 273–332, 393–396. 8291:10.1080/03468755.2020.1778520 7893:. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 7752:– Southern and Western States 7309:Sheldon, Myrna Perez (2021). 7284:Bannister, Robert C. (1979). 7259:Himmelfarb, Gertrude (1959). 7120:Price, R.G. (June 24, 2006). 7033:Tiedemann, Friedrich (1836). 6836:"Thomas Jefferson, Scientist" 6222:"A New Division of the Earth" 6011: 5682: 5656:Racial policy of Nazi Germany 5384:) and a defender of Jensen's 5381:Race, Evolution, and Behavior 5353:. His most prominent work is 5307:International bodies such as 5254: 4995:scientific rhetoric based on 4930:Racial policy of Nazi Germany 4756:. Davenport was connected to 4707:studies. Galton also founded 4611:The Passing of the Great Race 4365:The Passing of the Great Race 4335:race name, he transliterated 4112: 3323:, influenced both scientific 2755:, or Patagonian giants, from 2665: 2561:The fourth race consisted of 2353:exists to support or justify 2214:Second-generation gender bias 1922:Constitutional colorblindness 612:Social determinants of health 58:Biblical terminology for race 12817:The Psychology of the Occult 12072:Traditional Chinese medicine 11947:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills 11804:Superseded scientific theory 10722:. Harvard University Press. 10452:University of Illinois Press 10054:Biddiss, Michael D. (1970). 9985:(5): 636. November 1, 2018. 9925:Washington, Harriet (2007). 9836:"'Human races' do not exist" 9524:European Sociological Review 9491:IQ and the wealth of nations 9199:: 250–254 – via JSTOR. 8460:Wayne State University Press 7498:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001071 7234:Hofstadter, Richard (1992). 6700:Buffon, trans. Barr, (1807) 5809:The myth of the noble savage 5480:IQ and the Wealth of Nations 5473:IQ and the Wealth of Nations 5436:series, used arguments from 5259:By 1954, 58 years after the 4882:and was closed down in 1958. 4626:(1860–1940) coined the term 4424: 4412: 4309: 4022:argued for the existence of 3555: 2925:, incorrectly identified as 2727:or discuss the issue on the 2611:(1627–1691), an Anglo-Irish 7: 12885:Social problems in medicine 12428:Electronic voice phenomenon 12285:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 12145:Chemtrail conspiracy theory 10762:Spiro, Jonathan P. (2009). 10621:Condit, Celeste M. (2010). 10388:Journal of American Studies 10267:. Rutgers University Press. 10254:Isaac, Benjamin H. (2004). 9133:Jess Kung (July 10, 2019). 6928:"The Monster of Monticello" 6687:Montagu, A. (2001 edition) 6476:"Taxonomy for Human Beings" 6150:Rotimi, Charles N. (2004). 5990:Cf. Patricia Hill Collins, 5882:Kaldis, Byron, ed. (2013). 5588: 5276:Brown v. Board of Education 5239:Brown v. Board of Education 5226:United States Supreme Court 5148:Emergency Quota Act of 1921 5094:Poles, Russians, Ukrainians 4778:Interbellum to World War II 4693:inheritance of intelligence 4648:, and a close alignment of 4579: 4510:, a prominent geologist at 4453:(1861–1865), the matter of 3925:, his claims were based on 3896:, physician and polygenist 3642:According to the historian 3065:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 2445:human evolutionary genetics 2125:Medical model of disability 1969:Hate speech laws by country 10: 12901: 12824:The Ragged Edge of Science 12555:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff 12498:Pseudoscientific metrology 12022:Miracle Mineral Supplement 10903: 10814:February 11, 2021, at the 10718:Redman, Samuel J. (2016). 10281:Lombardo, Paul A. (2002). 10069:Journal of Negro Education 9991:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.011 9673:Population and Environment 9614:Population and Environment 9452:10.1177/016224399802300202 9299:Population and Environment 9105:10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.328 8952:Haley, Alex (April 1966). 8729:Jackson & Weidman 2005 8511:Princeton University Press 8318:Forum för levande historia 8116:10.1037/0003-066x.38.9.986 8062:American Psychologist 1996 7953:Stoler, Ann Laura (2006). 7932:10.1177/096100068601800102 7366:Jackson & Weidman 2005 7202:Jackson & Weidman 2005 7008:Jackson & Weidman 2005 6892:McGill Journal of Medicine 6357:Jackson & Weidman 2005 5701:McGill Journal of Medicine 5631:Italian Fascism and racism 4927: 4689:regression toward the mean 4618:movement embraced Grant's 4583: 4526: 4418: 4406: 4178:, etc.), and finally the " 4150:L'Aryen et son rôle social 4053: 3828: 3243:McGill Journal of Medicine 2719:towards certain viewpoints 2639:about color and light via 2406:classify human populations 2234:Social model of disability 667:Discrimination against men 25: 18: 12744: 12708: 12535: 12438:Facilitated communication 12368: 12298: 12102: 11837: 11824: 11729: 11720: 11642: 11519: 11352: 11120: 11022: 10911: 10828:January 17, 2022, at the 10561:Walsh, Judith E. (2011), 10503:10.1037/0003-066X.51.2.77 10400:10.1017/S0021875807003477 10310:. Westport CT: Greenwood. 10124:Ehrenreich, Eric (2007). 9162:10.3102/00028312005001001 8849:, eds. (March 14, 1997). 8450:Gray, Richard T. (2004). 8241:Ambrosiani, Aron (2009). 7675:10.1007/s10835-005-4358-7 7636:Review of John M. Efron, 6820:Das Gupta, Tania (2007). 6669:Linnean Society of London 6110:Transforming Anthropology 5755:10.1186/s12052-019-0109-y 5606:Environmental determinism 5518:German Zoological Society 5491:A Troublesome Inheritance 5243:(1954) decision rejected 5215:as late as in the 1970s. 5131:involuntary sterilization 4865: 4436:1840 United States Census 4261:also attempted to define 4141:Georges Vacher de Lapouge 4088:challenged the Christian 4050:Monogenism and polygenism 3785:Georges Vacher de Lapouge 3445:scientific classification 3178:(1747–1810) was a German 2951:Linnean Society of London 2853:Juvenis lupinus hessensis 2789:(1767), he labeled five " 2357:, racial inferiority, or 1565:Opposition to immigration 453:Race / Ethnicity 246:Nakedness and colonialism 12838:The Skeptic's Dictionary 12396:Biological transmutation 12316:Faster-than-light travel 12290:Enneagram of Personality 12256:Recovered-memory therapy 12140:9/11 conspiracy theories 10565:A Brief History of India 10545:Aryans and British India 10473:. In Winston, A. (ed.). 10342:. New York: Basic Books. 10306:Mintz, Frank P. (1985). 9904:(1st ed.). Polity. 9900:Marks, Jonathan (2017). 9436:Cunningham-Burley, Sarah 8570:Harvard University Press 8170:Forskning & Framsteg 8023:Shultz & Shultz 2008 8000:Shultz & Shultz 2008 7378:Palmer, Douglas (2006). 7124:. rationalrevolution.net 6886:Garrod, Joel Z. (2006). 6866:www.realclearscience.com 6753:Harris, Marvin (2001) . 6323:10.1057/9781137338211_10 6264:History Workshop Journal 6122:10.1525/tran.2000.9.2.19 5577:A 2018 statement by the 4910:compulsory sterilization 4808:immigration restrictions 4800:compulsory sterilization 4750:Race Crossing in Jamaica 4734:(1860–1906) founded the 4646:compulsory sterilization 4636:(1895), and founded the 4293:Ideological applications 4147:, who published in 1899 4103:single-origin hypothesis 3748:'s concept of voluntary 3605:On the Origin of Species 3453:Western European culture 3399:, and the rulers of the 3355:One of Cuvier's pupils, 3352:separately as a result. 3315:(1769–1832), the French 1560:Occupational segregation 1329:Compulsory sterilization 12803:The Demon-Haunted World 12721:Bourgeois pseudoscience 12155:COVID-19 misinformation 12094:Young blood transfusion 11865:Anthroposophic medicine 11582:Psychometrics of racism 11032:Anti-miscegenation laws 10647:Racism: A Short History 10103:Efron, John M. (1994). 10045:Barkan, Elazar (1992). 9685:10.1023/a:1020704322510 9626:10.1023/a:1014572602343 9557:Morse, Stephen (2008). 9311:10.1023/a:1016335501805 9280:Behavior and Philosophy 8534:Rodenfels, H. (2007) . 7696:Lindsay, J. A. (1917). 7600:, 2002, 203 pages, and 7091:, Volume II, Section 92 6779:Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze, 6298:Palmeri, Frank (2006). 5438:evolutionary psychology 5407:University of Edinburgh 5292:George Lincoln Rockwell 5232:under the doctrine of " 5152:Immigration Act of 1924 4847:Immigration Act of 1924 4816:crimes against humanity 4804:anti-miscegenation laws 4713:differential psychology 4523:South African apartheid 4431:dysaesthesia aethiopica 4380:Samuel Cartwright, M.D. 4273:(1852–1918) was one of 4092:espoused in the Bible. 3894:physical anthropologist 3789:Johann Gottfried Herder 3616:as an alternative for " 3375:The German philosopher 2110:Internalized oppression 1964:Fighting Discrimination 1954:Fat acceptance movement 1912:Anti-discrimination law 1538:Native American mascots 12635:Corentin Louis Kervran 12503:Rapid prompting method 12391:Biodynamic agriculture 12381:Aquatic ape hypothesis 12239:Historical negationism 11942:Doctrine of signatures 11809:True-believer syndrome 11547:Ethnic plastic surgery 11042:Biological determinism 10737:Saini, Angela (2019). 10529:. New York: Routledge. 10416:Taguieff, Pierre-André 10330:on September 24, 2005. 10320:"The Inequality Taboo" 10097:Microsoft Student 2007 9664:Hill, Mark E. (2002). 9605:Lynn, Richard (2002). 9489:Lynn, Richard (2002). 9394:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800226 8935:Archives of Psychology 8779:Sarat, Austin (1997). 8766:, 2015), pp. 190, 198. 8679:Transaction Publishers 8629:Mineau, André (2004). 8398:Maxwell, Anne (2010). 8204:10.1098/rsnr.2010.0009 7859:Füredi, Frank (1998). 7743:Samual A. Cartwright, 7063:10.1098/rstl.1836.0025 6673:Was Linnaeus a racist? 6630:"The Geometer of Race" 6518:"The Geometer of Race" 6279:(Paris: Fayard, 1981). 6012:Rattansi, Ali (2007). 5916:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26 5870:to affirmative action. 5676:Scientific imperialism 5601:Biological determinism 5463: 5126: 5081: 4974:Ludwig Ferdinand Clauß 4968: 4956: 4939: 4892: 4883: 4628: 4598: 4504: 4381: 4350: 4337: 4316: 4306: 4234: 4149: 4132: 3976:evolutionary biologist 3965: 3941:(1854), whose authors 3889: 3844: 3716: 3699: 3671: 3640: 3593: 3592:Charles Darwin in 1868 3565: 3533: 3525: 3488: 3440: 3409: 3372: 3345: 3308: 3281: 3268: 3190:". In his book titled 3172: 3069:The French naturalist 3066: 3018: 3004: 2896:Amoenitates academicae 2873:Wild-girl of Champagne 2769: 2767:Jules Dumont d'Urville 2757: 2682:Henry Home, Lord Kames 2677: 2675:Henry Home, Lord Kames 2604: 2507:Enlightenment thinkers 2229:Social identity threat 2202:Reverse discrimination 2192:Racial color blindness 1650:Violence against women 1630:Sex-selective abortion 12640:The Light (newspaper) 12625:William Donald Kelley 12518:Voice stress analysis 12150:Climate change denial 12089:Wind turbine syndrome 12084:Vertebral subluxation 11977:Germ theory denialism 11467:In Jewish communities 11445:Hispanic & Latino 10695:" by Allison Hopper, 10552:Tucker, W.H. (1994). 10525:Richards, G. (1997). 10491:American Psychologist 10272:Kühl, Stefan (1994). 10248:by William H. Tucker" 10170:The Mismeasure of Man 9375:Brand, Chris (2003). 9024:10.7312/yude16874-011 8847:Steinberg, Shirley R. 8103:American Psychologist 8076:The Mismeasure of Man 7731:Racism and Psychiatry 7586:Pierre-André Taguieff 7403:Regal, Brian (2004). 7151:A. J. Woodman, 2009, 6394:Gloria Ramon (2002), 5671:Race and intelligence 5458: 5266:In 1960, the journal 5121: 5108:intelligence quotient 5078:life unworthy of life 4972:("Race and Soul") by 4937: 4873: 4853:, after studying the 4851:Richard J. Herrnstein 4842:The Mismeasure of Man 4634:Racial Hygiene Basics 4593: 4584:Further information: 4499: 4475:George Robins Gliddon 4379: 4360:Ural-Altaic languages 4300: 4247:pathological hysteria 4232: 4120: 4054:Further information: 3971:The Mismeasure of Man 3947:George Robins Gliddon 3936: 3883: 3842: 3835:physical anthropology 3829:Further information: 3697: 3669: 3635: 3591: 3563: 3520: 3482: 3434: 3381: 3370: 3340: 3306: 3289:Samuel Stanhope Smith 3284:Samuel Stanhope Smith 3276: 3263: 3170: 3064: 3057:Buffon and Blumenbach 3016: 2999: 2936:Kenneth A. R. Kennedy 2851:); the animal-reared 2781:binomial nomenclature 2751: 2673: 2600: 2466:race and intelligence 2449:physical anthropology 2390:physical anthropology 2365:, is referred to as 2355:racial discrimination 2197:Religious intolerance 2157:Political correctness 1979:Intersex human rights 1927:Cultural assimilation 1595:Religious persecution 1359:Disability hate crime 261:Social stratification 12630:Robert F. Kennedy Jr 12590:Ignatius L. Donnelly 12261:Past life regression 12120:Arabian Judah theory 12067:Traditional medicine 11860:Alternative medicine 11789:Pathological science 11557:Herrenvolk democracy 10469:Jackson, J. (2004). 10422:(in French). Paris: 9816:. September 10, 2019 9566:Geographical Journal 9536:10.1093/esr/19.4.411 9193:The Phi Delta Kappan 8663:Eysenck, Hans Jürgen 8641:. pp. 180–182. 8073:Gould, S.J. (1996). 7446:Current Anthropology 7430:David Hurst Thomas, 6474:Schiebinger, Londa. 6317:. pp. 191–209. 5859:on November 23, 2007 5572:adequate health care 5082:Lebensunwertes Leben 4855:Congressional Record 4784:intelligence testing 4720:Nazi racial policies 4573:institutional racism 4554:Carnegie Corporation 4483:Samuel George Morton 4416:, 'a runaway ') and 4390:Samuel A. Cartwright 4386:Atlantic slave trade 4201:Nazi racist ideology 3980:historian of science 3898:Samuel George Morton 3886:Samuel George Morton 3876:Samuel George Morton 3031:Great Chain of Being 2861:Juvenis hannoveranus 2680:The Scottish lawyer 2569:A product of French 2513:Age of Enlightenment 2398:evolutionary biology 1580:Political repression 562:Anti-left handedness 552:Anti-intellectualism 28:Critical race theory 12726:Demarcation problem 12560:Brigitte Boisselier 12189:Hollow Earth theory 12172:Generational theory 11870:Applied kinesiology 11577:Perpetual foreigner 10869:New York University 10698:Scientific American 10688:, October 27, 1995. 10324:Commentary Magazine 10242:Higgins, A.C. n.d. 8875:William H. Tucker, 8565:The Nazi Conscience 8499:Smith, Justin E. H. 8379:] (in German). 8367:Günther, Hans F. K. 8257:on January 16, 2017 8037:The Public Interest 8002:, pp. 233, 236 7702:The Eugenics Review 7054:1836RSPT..126..497T 6985:(Paris, 1798) p. 71 6497:The Linnean Society 6493:"Linnaeus and Race" 6414:13th edition, p. 29 6227:Journal des Scavans 6162:(11 Suppl): 43–47. 6056:Scientific American 5636:Italian racial laws 5553:social inequalities 5516:, published by the 5499:J. Philippe Rushton 5450:conspiracy theories 5434:Culture of Critique 5374:, president of the 5372:J. Philippe Rushton 5288:American Nazi Party 5213:John Lawrence Angel 5184:, president of the 5177:The Races of Europe 4732:Walter F. R. Weldon 4726:. In 1901, Galton, 4685:regression analysis 4449:At the time of the 4354:) and its director 4212:The Races of Europe 4128:The Races of Europe 3676:Herbert Hope Risley 3670:Herbert Hope Risley 3662:Herbert Hope Risley 3644:Gertrude Himmelfarb 3449:unilineal evolution 3377:Arthur Schopenhauer 3371:Arthur Schopenhauer 3363:Arthur Schopenhauer 3357:Friedrich Tiedemann 2907:Anthropomorphic man 2903:Homo anthropomorpha 2725:improve the article 2613:natural philosopher 2538:Journal des Savants 2329:, sometimes termed 2105:Historical eugenics 1620:Segregation academy 1600:Religious terrorism 1389:Enemy of the people 1297:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 807:Jehovah's Witnesses 692:Perpetual foreigner 53:Historical concepts 12796:Skeptical Inquirer 12695:Paul Joseph Watson 12670:Hans Alfred Nieper 12508:Statement analysis 12458:Intelligent design 12333:Reactionless drive 12167:Conversion therapy 12115:Ancient astronauts 12002:Leaky gut syndrome 11982:HIV/AIDS denialism 11737:Cargo cult science 11607:Racial integration 11587:Race and sexuality 11392:Japanese Americans 11112:Racial segregation 11102:Racial nationalism 10685:The Globe and Mail 10512:on August 16, 2010 10442:Tucker, William H. 10363:Sapp, Jan (1987). 10348:Proctor, Robert N. 10318:(September 2005). 10193:Levitt, Norman Jay 10165:Gould, Stephen Jay 9902:Is Science Racist? 9879:10.1002/ajpa.20983 9810:"Jenaer Erklärung" 9321:– via JSTOR. 8687:10.1007/bf00365371 8513:. pp. 10–15. 7646:Reviews, May 1996 7598:Mille et une nuits 7328:10.1017/bjt.2021.2 7220:The Descent of Man 7161:was originally an 6932:The New York Times 6662:2013-05-13 at the 6636:. pp. 65–69. 6556:10.1002/tax.581005 6220:François Bernier, 6131:on August 18, 2018 5965:(March 27, 2019). 5938:10.1002/ajpa.23120 5853:Skeptical Inquirer 5464: 5418:Richard Herrnstein 5261:Plessy v. Ferguson 5234:separate but equal 5230:racial segregation 5221:Plessy v. Ferguson 5127: 5049:by sterilization. 4940: 4884: 4760:before and during 4642:selective breeding 4599: 4597:in his later years 4565:racial segregation 4512:Harvard University 4451:American Civil War 4382: 4307: 4239:Indiana University 4235: 4181:Homo mediterraneus 4133: 4098:The Descent of Man 4016:War of the Pacific 3966: 3937:Illustration from 3890: 3847:The Dutch scholar 3845: 3797:ethnic nationalism 3722:out of Asia theory 3700: 3672: 3652:The Descent of Man 3594: 3566: 3534:la race germanique 3493:Arthur de Gobineau 3489: 3485:Arthur de Gobineau 3475:Arthur de Gobineau 3441: 3417:Franz Ignaz Pruner 3412:Franz Ignaz Pruner 3373: 3311:Racial studies by 3309: 3248:The New York Times 3173: 3067: 3019: 3005: 2770: 2684:(1696–1782) was a 2678: 2641:optical dispersion 2605: 2363:explanatory models 2359:racial superiority 2351:empirical evidence 2009:Social integration 2004:Self-determination 1994:Racial integration 1942:Diversity training 1932:Cultural pluralism 1907:Affirmative action 1799:Racial segregation 1709:Crime of apartheid 1605:Religious violence 1107:Indigenous people 478:Sexual orientation 12870:Pseudoarchaeology 12860:Scientific racism 12847: 12846: 12758:Cults of Unreason 12731:Scientific method 12660:Ministry of Ayush 12605:Nicholas Gonzalez 12531: 12530: 12468:Law of attraction 12448:Flat Earth theory 12328:Quantum mysticism 12268:Scientific racism 12224:Pseudoarchaeology 12130:Conspiracy theory 11828:characterized as 11772:Pseudomathematics 11762:Pseudoarchaeology 11680: 11679: 11428:African Americans 11375:Chinese Americans 11072:Ethnic stereotype 10657:978-0-691-00899-8 10569:, Facts On File, 10426:, La Découverte. 10384:Mankind Quarterly 10287:Albany Law Review 10208:978-0-8018-4766-0 10180:978-0-393-01489-1 10156:978-1-58322-776-3 9065:978-0-674-73616-0 9033:978-0-231-53799-5 9000:The Race Question 8919:, pp. 253–78 8862:978-0-312-17228-2 8843:Kincheloe, Joe L. 8827:978-0-19-023655-7 8681:. pp. 8–31. 8598:Nicholas, Lynn H. 7802:Man and the Earth 7575:, pp. 171–72 7544:Palacios, Nicolás 7434:, 2001, pp. 38–41 6842:. August 20, 2015 6824:. pp. 25–26. 6766:978-0-7591-1699-3 6704:, volume 4, p.191 6522:Discover Magazine 6340:978-1-349-46395-4 6302:. pp. 49–67. 6038:The Race Question 5661:Race and genetics 5568:Medical Apartheid 5557:Is Science Racist 5526:human populations 5522:genetic variation 5396:Christopher Brand 5313:The Race Question 5269:Mankind Quarterly 5135:Harry H. Laughlin 4746:Charles Davenport 4602:Stephen Jay Gould 4516:Man and the Earth 4495:Medical Apartheid 4471:Josiah Clark Nott 4275:William Z. Ripley 4243:male menstruation 4216:white supremacism 4208:William Z. Ripley 4135:One of the first 4123:William Z. Ripley 4030:: the indigenous 3983:Stephen Jay Gould 3943:Josiah Clark Nott 3913:had washed up on 3805:Civic nationalism 3712:August Schleicher 3572:evolutionist was 3564:Carl Vogt in 1870 3401:South Sea Islands 3272:Benjamin Banneker 3176:Christoph Meiners 3171:Christoph Meiners 3163:Christoph Meiners 3134:Ussher chronology 3075:Johann Blumenbach 2940:Stephen Jay Gould 2746: 2745: 2583:Cape of Good Hope 2471:Mankind Quarterly 2456:scientific racism 2441:The Race Question 2331:biological racism 2327:Scientific racism 2324: 2323: 2187:Racism by country 2115:Intersectionality 2100:Heteronormativity 1883:Voter suppression 1625:Sexual harassment 1424:Forced conversion 1344:Cultural genocide 1006:African Americans 817:post–Cold War era 802:Eastern Orthodoxy 547:Anti-drug addicts 542:Anti-homelessness 462:Scientific racism 318: 317: 109:Sociology of race 93:scientific racism 74:Color terminology 12892: 12700:Andrew Wakefield 12401:Creation science 12360:Water-fueled car 12322:Perpetual motion 12244:Holocaust denial 12214:Nibiru cataclysm 12209:Nazi archaeology 12012:Macrobiotic diet 11835: 11834: 11707: 11700: 11693: 11684: 11683: 11670: 11669: 11660: 11659: 11650: 11649: 11504:Racial supremacy 11462:Jewish Americans 11440:Native Americans 11409:Zainichi Koreans 11397:Japanese Koreans 11380:Zainichi Chinese 11353:Racism by target 11130:Global apartheid 11122:Racism by region 11107:Racial profiling 11097:Racial hierarchy 10898: 10891: 10884: 10875: 10874: 10777: 10758: 10733: 10714: 10669:Encyclopedia.com 10661: 10640: 10617: 10579: 10568: 10557: 10548: 10539: 10530: 10521: 10519: 10517: 10511: 10505:. 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Archived from 9750: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9734:on June 20, 2020 9720: 9714: 9713: 9711: 9704: 9670: 9661: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9645: 9611: 9602: 9596: 9595: 9581: 9563: 9554: 9548: 9547: 9519: 9513: 9512: 9486: 9480: 9479: 9431: 9425: 9424: 9416: 9407: 9406: 9396: 9372: 9366: 9365: 9329: 9323: 9322: 9294: 9288: 9287: 9275: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9250: 9244: 9243: 9207: 9201: 9200: 9188: 9182: 9181: 9145: 9139: 9138: 9130: 9124: 9123: 9115: 9109: 9108: 9098: 9076: 9070: 9069: 9048:The Myth of Race 9043: 9037: 9036: 9011: 9005: 9004: 8995: 8989: 8988: 8970: 8964: 8963: 8949: 8943: 8942: 8926: 8920: 8914: 8908: 8907: 8889: 8880: 8873: 8867: 8866: 8841:Gresson, Aaron; 8838: 8832: 8831: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8776: 8767: 8764:Brill Publishers 8756: 8750: 8738: 8732: 8726: 8717: 8716: 8667:Fulker, David W. 8659: 8653: 8652: 8626: 8620: 8619: 8594: 8588: 8587: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8531: 8525: 8524: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8447: 8441: 8440: 8420: 8414: 8413: 8395: 8389: 8388: 8363: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8352: 8338: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8293: 8273: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8256: 8249: 8238: 8232: 8231: 8187: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8176: 8162: 8147: 8146: 8126: 8120: 8119: 8097: 8091: 8090: 8070: 8064: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8032: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7986: 7980: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7950: 7944: 7943: 7915: 7909: 7908: 7884: 7875: 7874: 7856: 7843: 7842: 7830: 7817: 7806: 7805: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7770: 7764: 7761: 7755: 7741: 7735: 7726: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7656: 7650: 7649: 7634:Richard Bodek. " 7632: 7623: 7618: 7609: 7582: 7576: 7570: 7564: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7540: 7534: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7510: 7500: 7491:(6): e1001071+. 7476: 7470: 7469: 7441: 7435: 7428: 7419: 7418: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7342:Trautmann (1997) 7339: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7231: 7225: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7183: 7174: 7149: 7143: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7117: 7108: 7098: 7092: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7065: 7039: 7030: 7024: 7017: 7011: 7010:, pp. 41–42 7005: 6999: 6994:Georges Cuvier, 6992: 6986: 6981:Georges Cuvier, 6979: 6973: 6967: 6961: 6958: 6952: 6944:Thomas Jefferson 6941: 6935: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6907: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6817: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6750: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6711: 6705: 6698: 6692: 6685: 6676: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6625: 6619: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6583: 6577: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6471: 6465: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6412:Systema Naturae, 6404: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6379: 6373: 6366: 6360: 6359:, pp. 39–41 6354: 6345: 6344: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6295: 6289: 6286: 6280: 6273: 6267: 6260: 6249: 6242: 6231: 6218: 6212: 6209: 6200: 6195: 6186: 6185: 6171: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6130: 6124:. Archived from 6107: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6073: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6047: 6041: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6009: 6003: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5959: 5949: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5866: 5864: 5855:. Archived from 5844: 5835: 5825: 5816: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5757: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5716: 5692: 5544:rather than any 5514:Jena Declaration 5182:Carleton S. Coon 5158:Lothrop Stoddard 5123:Lothrop Stoddard 5028:Nuremberg Trials 5026:revealed at the 4997:social Darwinism 4982: 4971: 4961: 4895: 4730:(1857–1936) and 4631: 4508:Nathaniel Shaler 4427: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4353: 4340: 4338:la race nordique 4319: 4317:La Race nordique 4287:Alfred C. Haddon 4259:Chaim Zhitlovsky 4158:identified the " 4152: 4121:Cephalic Index. 4074:Types of Mankind 4068:(1804–1873) and 4020:Nicolás Palacios 4010:Nicolás Palacios 4000:Crania Americana 3939:Types of Mankind 3923:Crania Americana 3902:cranial capacity 3744:eugenicism with 3719: 3614:biological races 3536: 3239:Thomas Jefferson 3234:Thomas Jefferson 3186:" and the "ugly 2944:theory of humors 2894:(Hottentot). In 2869:Puella campanica 2841:Systema Naturae. 2760: 2741: 2738: 2732: 2708: 2707: 2700: 2533:François Bernier 2528:François Bernier 2379:genetic research 2337:belief that the 2335:pseudoscientific 2316: 2309: 2302: 2239:Social privilege 2224:Social exclusion 2152:Police brutality 2073:Multiculturalism 2043:Amatonormativity 1858:Social exclusion 1694:Age of candidacy 1488:Homeless dumping 1394:Ethnic cleansing 343: 320: 319: 310: 303: 296: 256:Human skin color 35: 34: 12900: 12899: 12895: 12894: 12893: 12891: 12890: 12889: 12850: 12849: 12848: 12843: 12740: 12716:Bogdanov affair 12704: 12684:Claude Vorilhon 12570:Robert Charroux 12545:Sucharit Bhakdi 12537: 12527: 12364: 12294: 12234:Genocide denial 12199:Japhetic theory 12194:Indigo children 12110:2012 phenomenon 12098: 12042:Patent medicine 11962:Energy medicine 11935:Colon cleansing 11920:Crystal healing 11855:Adrenal fatigue 11829: 11827: 11820: 11725: 11716: 11711: 11681: 11676: 11638: 11617:Racism in sport 11515: 11509:White supremacy 11348: 11116: 11052:Ethnic conflict 11024: 11018: 10912:Types of racism 10907: 10902: 10830:Wayback Machine 10816:Wayback Machine 10784: 10774: 10755: 10730: 10701:(July 5, 2021). 10658: 10637: 10587: 10585:Further reading 10582: 10577: 10515: 10513: 10509: 10486: 10462: 10434: 10375: 10316:Murray, Charles 10228: 10209: 10181: 10157: 10138: 10117: 10081:10.2307/2967206 10038: 10021: 10016: 9974: 9970: 9969: 9965: 9948: 9944: 9937: 9923: 9919: 9912: 9898: 9894: 9859: 9855: 9845: 9843: 9834: 9833: 9829: 9819: 9817: 9808: 9807: 9803: 9793: 9791: 9781: 9777: 9767: 9765: 9752: 9751: 9747: 9737: 9735: 9722: 9721: 9717: 9709: 9668: 9662: 9658: 9650: 9609: 9603: 9599: 9561: 9555: 9551: 9520: 9516: 9501: 9487: 9483: 9432: 9428: 9417: 9410: 9373: 9369: 9346:10.2307/1312648 9330: 9326: 9295: 9291: 9276: 9272: 9262: 9260: 9252: 9251: 9247: 9208: 9204: 9189: 9185: 9146: 9142: 9131: 9127: 9116: 9112: 9096:10.1.1.521.5570 9077: 9073: 9066: 9044: 9040: 9034: 9013: 9012: 9008: 8997: 8996: 8992: 8985: 8971: 8967: 8950: 8946: 8927: 8923: 8915: 8911: 8904: 8890: 8883: 8874: 8870: 8863: 8839: 8835: 8828: 8802: 8798: 8791: 8777: 8770: 8758:Christa Wirth, 8757: 8753: 8739: 8735: 8727: 8720: 8697: 8660: 8656: 8649: 8627: 8623: 8616: 8595: 8591: 8584: 8553: 8549: 8532: 8528: 8521: 8496: 8492: 8484:Rasse und Seele 8475:Rasse und Seele 8470: 8448: 8444: 8421: 8417: 8410: 8396: 8392: 8364: 8360: 8350: 8348: 8340: 8339: 8332: 8322: 8320: 8312: 8311: 8307: 8274: 8270: 8260: 8258: 8254: 8247: 8239: 8235: 8188: 8184: 8174: 8172: 8164: 8163: 8150: 8127: 8123: 8098: 8094: 8087: 8071: 8067: 8060: 8056: 8033: 8029: 8021: 8017: 8010: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7987: 7983: 7976: 7972: 7965: 7951: 7947: 7916: 7912: 7905: 7885: 7878: 7871: 7857: 7846: 7839: 7818: 7809: 7798: 7794: 7787: 7771: 7767: 7762: 7758: 7742: 7738: 7727: 7723: 7694: 7690: 7657: 7653: 7647: 7633: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7583: 7579: 7571: 7567: 7559: 7555: 7541: 7537: 7529:Ericka Beckman 7528: 7524: 7477: 7473: 7442: 7438: 7429: 7422: 7415: 7401: 7397: 7390: 7376: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7352: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7307: 7303: 7296: 7282: 7278: 7271: 7257: 7253: 7246: 7232: 7228: 7212: 7208: 7200: 7196: 7184: 7177: 7150: 7146: 7141: 7137: 7127: 7125: 7118: 7111: 7099: 7095: 7083: 7079: 7037: 7031: 7027: 7018: 7014: 7006: 7002: 6993: 6989: 6980: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6959: 6955: 6942: 6938: 6925: 6921: 6884: 6880: 6870: 6868: 6860: 6859: 6855: 6845: 6843: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6818: 6809: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6787: 6778: 6774: 6767: 6751: 6732: 6724: 6720: 6712: 6708: 6699: 6695: 6686: 6679: 6664:Wayback Machine 6653: 6649: 6626: 6622: 6617: 6613: 6605: 6601: 6593: 6589: 6584: 6580: 6575: 6571: 6540: 6536: 6526: 6524: 6516: 6515: 6511: 6501: 6499: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6478: 6472: 6468: 6459: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6405: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6380: 6376: 6367: 6363: 6355: 6348: 6341: 6311: 6307: 6296: 6292: 6287: 6283: 6274: 6270: 6266:, 50, pp. 1–21. 6261: 6252: 6243: 6234: 6219: 6215: 6210: 6203: 6196: 6189: 6156:Nature Genetics 6148: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6128: 6105: 6099: 6095: 6088: 6074: 6070: 6060: 6058: 6048: 6044: 6035: 6031: 6024: 6010: 6006: 5989: 5985: 5975: 5973: 5905: 5901: 5894: 5880: 5876: 5862: 5860: 5845: 5838: 5826: 5819: 5798: 5794: 5783: 5779: 5734: 5730: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5680: 5666:Race and health 5646:Objectification 5641:Nazism and race 5591: 5583:white supremacy 5538:categorizations 5534:genetic markers 5430:Kevin MacDonald 5282:In April 1966, 5257: 5116: 4976: 4969:Rasse und Seele 4932: 4926: 4914:Gunnar Dahlberg 4868: 4828: 4780: 4687:and discovered 4665:Michel Foucault 4588: 4582: 4531: 4525: 4467:anthropologists 4396:", a treatable 4374: 4356:Herman Lundborg 4312: 4295: 4115: 4062: 4052: 4012: 3878: 3837: 3827: 3738: 3692: 3664: 3586: 3578:Lectures of Man 3558: 3477: 3429: 3414: 3365: 3301: 3286: 3236: 3231: 3165: 3147:(1745–1813), a 3142: 3059: 3024: 2994: 2986:anthropological 2877:Homo monstrosus 2865:Hannoverian boy 2830:elongated labia 2786:Systema Naturae 2753:Homo monstrosus 2742: 2736: 2733: 2722: 2709: 2705: 2698: 2668: 2656:Richard Bradley 2653: 2651:Richard Bradley 2595: 2530: 2509: 2504: 2476:human evolution 2429:interwar period 2425:Lancelot Hogben 2419:and biologists 2320: 2291: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2162:Polyculturalism 2058:Civil liberties 2030: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2018: 1999:Reappropriation 1899: 1898:Countermeasures 1891: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1816:Racial steering 1782:Numerus clausus 1686: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1399:Ethnic conflict 1334:Corrective rape 1289: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1277: 931: 920: 919: 918: 917: 916: 769: 759: 758: 757: 756: 755: 647:HIV/AIDS stigma 509: 501: 500: 499: 498: 497: 448:Mental disorder 390: 382: 381: 380: 379: 378: 351: 314: 266:White supremacy 104:Racial politics 99:Racial equality 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12898: 12888: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12845: 12844: 12842: 12841: 12834: 12827: 12820: 12813: 12806: 12799: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12775: 12768: 12761: 12754: 12748: 12746: 12742: 12741: 12739: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12712: 12710: 12709:Related topics 12706: 12705: 12703: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12690:Randolph Stone 12687: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12665:Theodor Morell 12662: 12657: 12655:Joseph Mercola 12652: 12650:Jenny McCarthy 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12615:Graham Hancock 12612: 12610:Goop (company) 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12585:Vernon Coleman 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12541: 12539: 12533: 12532: 12529: 12528: 12526: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12419: 12418: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12372: 12370: 12366: 12365: 12363: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12350:Teleportation‎ 12347: 12346: 12345: 12340: 12330: 12325: 12319: 12313: 12308: 12302: 12300: 12296: 12295: 12293: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12281: 12280: 12278:Melanin theory 12275: 12265: 12264: 12263: 12253: 12248: 12247: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12226: 12221: 12219:Parapsychology 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12185: 12184: 12179: 12169: 12164: 12163: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12106: 12104: 12103:Social science 12100: 12099: 12097: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12075: 12074: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12052:Primal therapy 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12017:Magnet therapy 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11938: 11937: 11930:Detoxification 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11841: 11839: 11832: 11822: 11821: 11819: 11818: 11815:Voodoo Science 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11775: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11757:Fringe science 11749: 11744: 11739: 11733: 11731: 11727: 11726: 11721: 11718: 11717: 11710: 11709: 11702: 11695: 11687: 11678: 11677: 11675: 11674: 11664: 11654: 11643: 11640: 11639: 11637: 11636: 11631: 11629:Reverse racism 11626: 11625: 11624: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11602:Racial figleaf 11599: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11523: 11521: 11520:Related topics 11517: 11516: 11514: 11513: 11512: 11511: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11479:Middle Eastern 11476: 11471: 11470: 11469: 11464: 11454: 11453: 11452: 11442: 11437: 11436: 11435: 11430: 11420: 11419: 11418: 11413: 11412: 11411: 11401: 11400: 11399: 11394: 11384: 11383: 11382: 11377: 11362: 11356: 11354: 11350: 11349: 11347: 11346: 11345: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11324: 11323: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11302: 11301: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11275: 11274: 11273: 11271:United Kingdom 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11213: 11208: 11207: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11186: 11185: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11149: 11148: 11147: 11142: 11132: 11126: 11124: 11118: 11117: 11115: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11028: 11026: 11023:Manifestations 11020: 11019: 11017: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10915: 10913: 10909: 10908: 10901: 10900: 10893: 10886: 10878: 10872: 10871: 10862: 10849: 10833: 10819: 10805: 10797: 10791: 10783: 10782:External links 10780: 10779: 10778: 10773:978-1584657156 10772: 10759: 10754:978-0008341008 10753: 10734: 10729:978-0674660410 10728: 10715: 10702: 10689: 10678:Gardner, Dan. 10676: 10662: 10656: 10641: 10636:978-1299241091 10635: 10618: 10603: 10600:978-1526142375 10586: 10583: 10581: 10580: 10576:978-0816081431 10575: 10558: 10549: 10540: 10531: 10522: 10479: 10466: 10460: 10438: 10433:978-2070719778 10432: 10412: 10379: 10374:978-0195042061 10373: 10360: 10344: 10336:Poliakov, Leon 10332: 10312: 10303: 10293:(3): 743–830. 10278: 10269: 10260: 10251: 10240: 10227:978-0231128469 10226: 10213: 10207: 10189:Gross, Paul R. 10185: 10179: 10161: 10155: 10142: 10137:978-0253349453 10136: 10121: 10116:978-0300054408 10115: 10100: 10093: 10064: 10051: 10042: 10037:978-0900458781 10036: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10014: 9963: 9942: 9936:978-0767915472 9935: 9917: 9911:978-0745689227 9910: 9892: 9853: 9827: 9801: 9775: 9745: 9715: 9679:(2): 209–214. 9656: 9620:(4): 365–375. 9597: 9572:(3): 195–206. 9549: 9530:(4): 411–412. 9514: 9499: 9481: 9446:(2): 175–198. 9426: 9408: 9387:(5): 346–347. 9367: 9324: 9305:(6): 501–511. 9289: 9270: 9258:www.amazon.com 9245: 9224:10.1086/443584 9218:(3): 330–338. 9202: 9183: 9140: 9125: 9110: 9071: 9064: 9038: 9032: 9006: 8990: 8984:978-1412926942 8983: 8965: 8944: 8921: 8909: 8903:978-0814742716 8902: 8881: 8868: 8861: 8833: 8826: 8796: 8790:978-0195106220 8789: 8768: 8751: 8733: 8718: 8695: 8654: 8647: 8621: 8614: 8589: 8582: 8556:Koonz, Claudia 8547: 8526: 8520:978-1400866311 8519: 8490: 8468: 8442: 8415: 8408: 8390: 8358: 8330: 8305: 8268: 8233: 8198:(4): 379–400. 8182: 8148: 8121: 8092: 8086:978-0393314250 8085: 8065: 8054: 8027: 8015: 8004: 7992: 7981: 7970: 7964:978-0822337249 7963: 7945: 7910: 7904:978-0631212225 7903: 7876: 7870:978-0813526126 7869: 7844: 7838:978-0521479073 7837: 7807: 7792: 7786:978-0767929394 7785: 7765: 7756: 7750:DeBow's Review 7736: 7721: 7708:(2): 139–141. 7688: 7662:Jewish History 7651: 7624: 7610: 7594:à la française 7577: 7565: 7553: 7535: 7522: 7471: 7458:10.1086/203646 7436: 7420: 7414:978-1851094189 7413: 7395: 7389:978-0520248274 7388: 7370: 7358: 7346: 7334: 7301: 7295:978-0877221555 7294: 7276: 7270:978-1566631068 7269: 7251: 7245:978-0807055038 7244: 7226: 7222:p. 225 onwards 7215:Charles Darwin 7206: 7194: 7175: 7144: 7135: 7109: 7093: 7077: 7025: 7012: 7000: 6987: 6974: 6962: 6953: 6936: 6919: 6878: 6853: 6827: 6807: 6795: 6785: 6772: 6765: 6730: 6718: 6706: 6693: 6677: 6647: 6620: 6611: 6599: 6587: 6578: 6569: 6534: 6509: 6484: 6466: 6453: 6441: 6429: 6417: 6399: 6387: 6374: 6361: 6346: 6339: 6305: 6290: 6281: 6268: 6250: 6232: 6213: 6201: 6187: 6169:10.1038/ng1439 6142: 6093: 6086: 6068: 6042: 6029: 6023:978-0192805904 6022: 6004: 5983: 5932:(2): 318–327. 5899: 5892: 5874: 5836: 5817: 5792: 5777: 5728: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5503:Donald Templer 5423:The Bell Curve 5414:Charles Murray 5390:Glayde Whitney 5256: 5253: 5249:public schools 5205:Ashley Montagu 5115: 5112: 5058:racially based 4928:Main article: 4925: 4922: 4867: 4864: 4827: 4824: 4779: 4776: 4705:anthropometric 4697:questionnaires 4673:Francis Galton 4616:racial hygiene 4595:Francis Galton 4581: 4578: 4539:The essential 4524: 4521: 4398:mental illness 4373: 4370: 4311: 4308: 4294: 4291: 4271:Joseph Deniker 4233:Joseph Deniker 4220:cephalic index 4161:Homo europaeus 4114: 4111: 4070:George Gliddon 4066:Josiah C. Nott 4051: 4048: 4011: 4008: 3988:anthropologist 3957:rank between " 3949:implied that " 3877: 3874: 3826: 3823: 3746:Francis Galton 3737: 3734: 3691: 3688: 3663: 3660: 3597:Charles Darwin 3585: 3584:Charles Darwin 3582: 3557: 3554: 3508:Josiah C. Nott 3476: 3473: 3469:Thomas R. Cobb 3465:Richard Furman 3428: 3425: 3413: 3410: 3364: 3361: 3313:Georges Cuvier 3307:Georges Cuvier 3300: 3299:Georges Cuvier 3297: 3285: 3282: 3254:Paul Finkelman 3235: 3232: 3230: 3229:Later thinkers 3227: 3164: 3161: 3141: 3138: 3058: 3055: 3023: 3020: 2993: 2990: 2969:, in his book 2967:Ashley Montagu 2931: 2930: 2833: 2818: 2811: 2802: 2744: 2743: 2712: 2710: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2667: 2664: 2652: 2649: 2594: 2591: 2567: 2566: 2559: 2556: 2549: 2529: 2526: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2461:The Bell Curve 2322: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2311: 2304: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2279: 2278: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2207:Reverse racism 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2177:Prisoner abuse 2174: 2169: 2167:Power distance 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2085:Ethnic penalty 2082: 2081: 2080: 2078:Neurodiversity 2075: 2065: 2063:Dehumanization 2060: 2055: 2053:Cisnormativity 2050: 2045: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2029:Related topics 2028: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1873:State religion 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1809:Nuremberg Laws 1806: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1751:Ghetto benches 1748: 1746:Gerrymandering 1743: 1738: 1733: 1731:Gender pay gap 1728: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1508:Lavender scare 1505: 1503:Kill Haole Day 1500: 1498:Indian rolling 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1463: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1384:Eliminationism 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1319:Cancel culture 1316: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1288:Manifestations 1287: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1178:Middle Eastern 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1008: 998: 993: 988: 987: 986: 981: 976: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 935: 934: 933: 932: 926: 925: 922: 921: 915: 914: 912:Zoroastrianism 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 888: 887: 877: 876: 875: 874: 873: 868: 863: 858: 843: 842: 841: 839:Untouchability 836: 826: 821: 820: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 789: 784: 779: 773: 772: 771: 770: 765: 764: 761: 760: 754: 753: 748: 743: 742: 741: 736: 731: 721: 720: 719: 714: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 657:Leprosy stigma 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 513: 512: 511: 510: 507: 506: 503: 502: 496: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 464: 463: 460: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 394: 393: 392: 391: 388: 387: 384: 383: 377: 376: 371: 366: 361: 355: 354: 353: 352: 349: 348: 345: 344: 336: 335: 333:Discrimination 329: 328: 316: 315: 313: 312: 305: 298: 290: 287: 286: 285: 284: 279: 271: 270: 269: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 235: 234: 233:Related topics 230: 229: 228: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 199: 198: 194: 193: 192: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 156: 151: 141: 136: 129:United Kingdom 119: 118: 114: 113: 112: 111: 106: 101: 96: 86: 81: 79:Race relations 76: 68: 67: 63: 62: 61: 60: 55: 47: 46: 42: 41: 21:Race (biology) 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12897: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12875:Pseudoscience 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12857: 12855: 12840: 12839: 12835: 12833: 12832: 12828: 12826: 12825: 12821: 12819: 12818: 12814: 12812: 12811: 12807: 12805: 12804: 12800: 12798: 12797: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12780: 12779:Fortean Times 12776: 12774: 12773: 12769: 12767: 12766: 12762: 12760: 12759: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12749: 12747: 12743: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12707: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12685: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12575:Deepak Chopra 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12542: 12540: 12538:pseudoscience 12534: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12417: 12414: 12413: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12406:Cryptozoology 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12373: 12371: 12367: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12335: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12323: 12320: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12306:Anti-gravity‎ 12304: 12303: 12301: 12297: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12270: 12269: 12266: 12262: 12259: 12258: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12231: 12230: 12229:Pseudohistory 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12177:Generationism 12175: 12174: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12135:5G conspiracy 12133: 12132: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12125:Catastrophism 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12101: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12073: 12070: 12069: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11972:FasciaBlaster 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11936: 11933: 11932: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11910:Correactology 11908: 11906: 11905:Chromotherapy 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11842: 11840: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11830:pseudoscience 11823: 11817: 11816: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11767:Pseudohistory 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11754: 11753: 11752:Fringe theory 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11734: 11732: 11728: 11724: 11719: 11715: 11714:Pseudoscience 11708: 11703: 11701: 11696: 11694: 11689: 11688: 11685: 11673: 11665: 11663: 11655: 11653: 11645: 11644: 11641: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11623: 11620: 11619: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11524: 11522: 11518: 11510: 11507: 11506: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11499:Wine industry 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11459: 11458: 11455: 11451: 11448: 11447: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11425: 11424: 11421: 11417: 11414: 11410: 11407: 11406: 11405: 11402: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11389: 11388: 11385: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11372: 11371: 11368: 11367: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11357: 11355: 11351: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11329: 11328: 11327:South America 11325: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11315:United States 11313: 11311: 11308: 11307: 11306: 11305:North America 11303: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11280: 11279: 11276: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11218: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11191: 11190: 11187: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11154: 11153: 11150: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11137: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11127: 11125: 11123: 11119: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11092:Racialization 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11057:Ethnic hatred 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11029: 11027: 11021: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10974:Laissez-faire 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10959:Institutional 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10944:Environmental 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10899: 10894: 10892: 10887: 10885: 10880: 10879: 10876: 10870: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10857: 10854:—A review of 10853: 10850: 10847: 10843: 10842: 10837: 10834: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10820: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10803: 10798: 10795: 10792: 10789: 10786: 10785: 10775: 10769: 10765: 10760: 10756: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10741: 10735: 10731: 10725: 10721: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10703: 10700: 10699: 10694: 10690: 10687: 10686: 10681: 10677: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10659: 10653: 10649: 10648: 10642: 10638: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10619: 10615: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10601: 10597: 10593: 10589: 10588: 10578: 10572: 10567: 10566: 10559: 10555: 10550: 10546: 10541: 10537: 10532: 10528: 10523: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10497:(2): 77–101. 10496: 10492: 10485: 10480: 10476: 10472: 10467: 10463: 10461:9780252074639 10457: 10453: 10449: 10448: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10394:(2): 253–78. 10393: 10389: 10385: 10380: 10376: 10370: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10355: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10313: 10309: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10279: 10275: 10270: 10266: 10261: 10257: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10223: 10219: 10214: 10210: 10204: 10200: 10199: 10194: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10176: 10172: 10171: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10152: 10148: 10143: 10139: 10133: 10129: 10128: 10122: 10118: 10112: 10108: 10107: 10101: 10098: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10075:(3): 243–52. 10074: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10059: 10052: 10048: 10043: 10039: 10033: 10029: 10024: 10023: 10010: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9973: 9967: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9946: 9938: 9932: 9929:. Doubleday. 9928: 9921: 9913: 9907: 9903: 9896: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9857: 9841: 9837: 9831: 9815: 9811: 9805: 9790: 9786: 9779: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9749: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9719: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9667: 9660: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9608: 9601: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9560: 9553: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9518: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9500:0-275-97510-X 9496: 9492: 9485: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9430: 9422: 9415: 9413: 9404: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9371: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9328: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9293: 9285: 9281: 9274: 9259: 9255: 9249: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9206: 9198: 9194: 9187: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9144: 9136: 9129: 9121: 9114: 9106: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9089:(2): 328–36. 9088: 9084: 9083: 9075: 9067: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9042: 9035: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9016:Race Unmasked 9010: 9002: 9001: 8994: 8986: 8980: 8976: 8969: 8961: 8960: 8955: 8948: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8925: 8918: 8917:Schaffer 2007 8913: 8905: 8899: 8895: 8888: 8886: 8878: 8872: 8864: 8858: 8854: 8853: 8848: 8844: 8837: 8829: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8800: 8792: 8786: 8782: 8775: 8773: 8765: 8761: 8755: 8748: 8747: 8742: 8741:Juliet Hooker 8737: 8731:, p. 119 8730: 8725: 8723: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8696:9781412839235 8692: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8658: 8650: 8648:9789042016330 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8625: 8617: 8615:9780679776635 8611: 8608:. p. 6. 8607: 8606:Vintage Books 8603: 8599: 8593: 8585: 8583:9780674011724 8579: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8566: 8561: 8557: 8551: 8543: 8542: 8537: 8530: 8522: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8494: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8469:9780814331798 8465: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8446: 8438: 8437:J. F. Lehmann 8434: 8430: 8426: 8419: 8411: 8409:9781845194154 8405: 8401: 8394: 8386: 8385:J. F. Lehmann 8382: 8378: 8374: 8373: 8368: 8362: 8347: 8343: 8337: 8335: 8319: 8315: 8309: 8301: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8272: 8253: 8246: 8245: 8237: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8186: 8171: 8167: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8125: 8117: 8113: 8110:(9): 986–95. 8109: 8105: 8104: 8096: 8088: 8082: 8078: 8077: 8069: 8063: 8058: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8031: 8025:, p. 237 8024: 8019: 8013: 8008: 8001: 7996: 7990: 7989:Richards 1997 7985: 7979: 7974: 7966: 7960: 7956: 7949: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7914: 7906: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7891: 7883: 7881: 7872: 7866: 7862: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7840: 7834: 7829: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7803: 7796: 7788: 7782: 7778: 7777: 7769: 7763:Higgins, 1994 7760: 7753: 7751: 7746: 7740: 7733: 7732: 7725: 7716: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7692: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7663: 7655: 7645: 7641: 7639: 7631: 7629: 7622: 7617: 7615: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7581: 7574: 7569: 7563:, p. 171 7562: 7557: 7549: 7545: 7539: 7532: 7526: 7518: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7475: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7452:(2): 349–54. 7451: 7447: 7440: 7433: 7427: 7425: 7416: 7410: 7406: 7399: 7391: 7385: 7381: 7374: 7367: 7362: 7356:, p. 171 7355: 7350: 7344:, p. 203 7343: 7338: 7329: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7305: 7297: 7291: 7287: 7280: 7272: 7266: 7262: 7255: 7247: 7241: 7237: 7230: 7223: 7221: 7216: 7210: 7203: 7198: 7192:, 1999, p. 83 7191: 7187: 7186:Gustav Jahoda 7182: 7180: 7172: 7168: 7167:Indo-Iranians 7165:used only by 7164: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7148: 7139: 7123: 7116: 7114: 7107:, 1999, p. 82 7106: 7102: 7101:Gustav Jahoda 7097: 7090: 7086: 7081: 7073: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7036: 7029: 7022: 7016: 7009: 7004: 6997: 6991: 6984: 6978: 6971: 6966: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6882: 6867: 6863: 6857: 6841: 6837: 6831: 6823: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6805:, p. 150 6804: 6799: 6789: 6782: 6776: 6768: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6727: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6703: 6697: 6690: 6684: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6624: 6615: 6608: 6603: 6597: 6591: 6582: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6538: 6523: 6519: 6513: 6498: 6494: 6488: 6477: 6470: 6464: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6384: 6383:"Homo variat" 6378: 6371: 6365: 6358: 6353: 6351: 6342: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6309: 6301: 6294: 6285: 6278: 6272: 6265: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6247: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6217: 6208: 6206: 6199: 6194: 6192: 6184: 6179: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6146: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6089: 6087:9780521518062 6083: 6079: 6072: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6033: 6025: 6019: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5987: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5957: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5895: 5893:9781452276045 5889: 5885: 5878: 5871: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5843: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5822: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5788: 5781: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5691: 5687: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5562: 5561:one-drop rule 5558: 5554: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5486:Nicholas Wade 5483: 5481: 5476: 5474: 5469: 5466:Psychologist 5461: 5457: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5408: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5351:Arthur Jensen 5347: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5280: 5278: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5264: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5192:. He divided 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5114:United States 5111: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5066:"degenerates" 5063: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5037: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5020:Josef Mengele 5017: 5016:the Holocaust 5013: 5012:Ruth Benedict 5009: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4959: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4936: 4931: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4833:Henry Goddard 4823: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4754:interbreeding 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4724:Nazi eugenics 4721: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4709:psychometrics 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4650:public health 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4629:Rassenhygiene 4625: 4624:Alfred Ploetz 4621: 4620:Nordic theory 4617: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4606:Madison Grant 4603: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4577: 4574: 4569: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4503: 4498: 4496: 4491: 4488: 4487:Ancient Egypt 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4455:miscegenation 4452: 4447: 4445: 4444:abolitionists 4441: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4426: 4414: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4378: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4329:Madison Grant 4327: 4323: 4318: 4304: 4299: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4283:Julian Huxley 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4255:Joseph Jacobs 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4231: 4227: 4225: 4224:Madison Grant 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4162: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4099: 4093: 4091: 4090:creation myth 4087: 4086:theologically 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4028:martial races 4025: 4021: 4017: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3989: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3887: 3882: 3873: 3872:(1824–1880). 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3849:Pieter Camper 3843:Pieter Camper 3841: 3836: 3832: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3810:Deutsche Volk 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3704:Ernst Haeckel 3698:Ernst Haeckel 3696: 3690:Ernst Haeckel 3687: 3685: 3681: 3680:Indian people 3677: 3668: 3659: 3655: 3653: 3647: 3645: 3639: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3600: 3598: 3590: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3530: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3486: 3481: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3437:Irish Iberian 3433: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3369: 3360: 3358: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3343:of barbarism. 3339: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3267: 3262: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3145:Benjamin Rush 3140:Benjamin Rush 3137: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3063: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3027:Charles White 3022:Charles White 3017:Charles White 3015: 3011: 3009: 3002: 2998: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2881:Monstrous man 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2773:Carl Linnaeus 2768: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2718: 2713:This section 2711: 2702: 2701: 2696:Carl Linnaeus 2693: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2672: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2599: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2421:Julian Huxley 2418: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339:human species 2336: 2332: 2328: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2294: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2261:Social stigma 2259: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2026: 2025: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1895: 1894: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1868:State atheism 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1804:Jim Crow laws 1802: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1789:One-drop rule 1787: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1704:Blood quantum 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1682: 1681: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1645:Victimisation 1643: 1641: 1640:Trans bashing 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1610:Religious war 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1590:Racialization 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1461:Glass ceiling 1459: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1404:Ethnic hatred 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1339:Counter-jihad 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1285: 1284: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1121:United States 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 985: 984:United States 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 971: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 936: 930: 924: 923: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 897:Protestantism 895: 893: 890: 886: 883: 882: 881: 878: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 853: 852: 849: 848: 847: 844: 840: 837: 835: 832: 831: 830: 827: 825: 822: 818: 815: 813: 812:LDS or Mormon 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 794: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 774: 768: 763: 762: 752: 749: 747: 744: 740: 737: 735: 734:Transmisogyny 732: 730: 727: 726: 725: 722: 718: 715: 713: 710: 709: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 637:Gerontophobia 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 557:Anti-intersex 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 532:Anti-albinism 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 514: 505: 504: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 461: 459: 456: 455: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 395: 386: 385: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 359:Institutional 357: 356: 347: 346: 342: 338: 337: 334: 331: 330: 326: 322: 321: 311: 306: 304: 299: 297: 292: 291: 289: 288: 283: 280: 278: 275: 274: 273: 272: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 237: 236: 232: 231: 226: 225:United States 223: 221: 220:Latin America 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 202: 201: 200: 196: 195: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 164: 160: 157: 155: 152: 149: 148:United States 145: 142: 140: 137: 134: 133:United States 130: 126: 123: 122: 121: 120: 116: 115: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 94: 90: 87: 85: 84:Racialization 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 71: 70: 69: 65: 64: 59: 56: 54: 51: 50: 49: 48: 44: 43: 40: 37: 36: 33: 29: 22: 12836: 12829: 12822: 12815: 12808: 12801: 12794: 12777: 12770: 12763: 12756: 12645:Mike Lindell 12565:Rhonda Byrne 12536:Promoters of 12523:Water memory 12463:Laundry ball 12355:Tractor beam 12311:Cold fusion‎ 12267: 12007:Lunar effect 11952:Ear candling 11900:Chiropractic 11890:Bloodletting 11880:Bates method 11850:Aromatherapy 11813: 11779:Junk science 11622:in Australia 11612:Racial quota 11256:Soviet Union 11199:Saudi Arabia 11140:South Africa 11067:Ethnic slurs 11062:Ethnic jokes 10993: 10964:Internalized 10860:Angela Saini 10855: 10839: 10801: 10763: 10745:Beacon Press 10738: 10719: 10711:Neuroscience 10710: 10696: 10683: 10646: 10622: 10613:The Guardian 10611: 10591: 10564: 10553: 10544: 10535: 10526: 10516:February 24, 10514:. 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Retrieved 5857:the original 5852: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5780: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5707:(1): 54–60. 5704: 5700: 5690: 5651:Pioneer Fund 5576: 5567: 5566:In her book 5565: 5556: 5550: 5548:factuality. 5511: 5506: 5496: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5471: 5468:Richard Lynn 5465: 5460:Richard Lynn 5446:white people 5428: 5421: 5411: 5399: 5394: 5386:The g Factor 5385: 5379: 5376:Pioneer Fund 5370: 5366:Sandra Scarr 5361: 5354: 5348: 5341: 5338:Angela Saini 5333: 5330: 5306: 5301: 5295: 5286:interviewed 5281: 5274: 5267: 5265: 5260: 5258: 5237: 5219: 5217: 5208: 5202: 5194:Homo sapiens 5193: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5161: 5156: 5145: 5140:Buck v. Bell 5138: 5128: 5104:Adolf Hitler 5102: 5070:"dissidents" 5054:Nazi Germany 5051: 5040: 5034: 5032: 5004:World War II 5001: 4964:Hans Günther 4941: 4924:Nazi Germany 4885: 4874:The Swedish 4860: 4840: 4839:In his book 4838: 4829: 4820:Nazi Germany 4792:anthropology 4788:World War II 4781: 4765: 4762:World War II 4758:Nazi Germany 4749: 4735: 4728:Karl Pearson 4717: 4676: 4669:state racism 4658: 4633: 4609: 4600: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4547: 4538: 4532: 4515: 4505: 4500: 4494: 4492: 4448: 4429: 4402:drapetomania 4401: 4394:drapetomania 4383: 4363: 4343: 4332: 4313: 4302: 4279:ethnic group 4269: 4262: 4236: 4211: 4205: 4197:antisemitism 4179: 4167:Homo alpinus 4165: 4159: 4134: 4126: 4096: 4094: 4073: 4063: 4013: 3999: 3993: 3974:(1981), the 3969: 3967: 3938: 3922: 3921:In Morton's 3920: 3915:Mount Ararat 3906:intellectual 3891: 3853:facial angle 3846: 3819:geopolitical 3808: 3801:Ernest Renan 3770: 3765: 3762:craniometric 3739: 3730: 3701: 3673: 3656: 3651: 3648: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3609: 3603: 3601: 3595: 3577: 3567: 3539: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3496: 3490: 3483:Portrait of 3442: 3415: 3382: 3374: 3354: 3349:Adam and Eve 3346: 3341: 3337: 3310: 3292: 3287: 3277: 3269: 3264: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3215: 3208: 3196: 3191: 3174: 3153:skin disease 3143: 3125:James Hutton 3122: 3099: 3087:pigmentation 3083:Adam and Eve 3068: 3038: 3025: 3006: 3000: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2954: 2948: 2932: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2845:Homo feralis 2844: 2840: 2836: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2805: 2798: 2784: 2771: 2762: 2752: 2734: 2714: 2689: 2679: 2659: 2654: 2637:Isaac Newton 2633:Robert Hooke 2625:Adam and Eve 2609:Robert Boyle 2606: 2602:Robert Boyle 2593:Robert Boyle 2576: 2568: 2543: 2536: 2531: 2510: 2498:, and race. 2480:intelligence 2469: 2459: 2455: 2453: 2439:statement, " 2414: 2410:World War II 2386:anthropology 2383: 2375:race science 2374: 2371:race realism 2370: 2366: 2349:", and that 2330: 2326: 2325: 2095:Gender-blind 1974:Human rights 1794:Racial quota 1781: 1761:Jewish quota 1741:Gerontocracy 1736:Gender roles 1714:Disabilities 1699:Blood purity 1665:Wife selling 1655:White flight 1635:Slut-shaming 1615:Scapegoating 1533:Murder music 1198:Palestinians 1016:South Africa 1001:Black people 979:South Africa 792:Christianity 782:Baháʼí Faith 702:Sectarianism 642:Heterosexism 607:Ephebiphobia 572:Antisemitism 567:Anti-Masonry 428:Hair texture 251:Ethnic group 169:Neuroscience 159:Intelligence 154:Horror films 92: 32: 12550:Del Bigtree 12037:Panchagavya 12027:Naturopathy 11895:Body memory 11845:Acupuncture 11730:Terminology 11537:Anti-racism 11278:Middle East 11172:South Korea 11167:North Korea 11082:Hate speech 11004:Substantive 10984:Neocolonial 10800:Reviews of 9493:. Praeger. 9340:(1): 7–10. 9156:(1): 1–42. 9122:. Guardian. 8572:. pp. 8351:November 7, 8323:November 7, 8261:January 24, 8175:November 7, 7821:Dubow, Saul 7596:"), Paris, 7315:BJHS Themes 7048:: 497–527. 7023:2006, p. 28 6970:Harris 2001 6783:1997, p. 84 6726:Harris 2001 6331:10871/16833 6246:Purushartha 6198:Tucker 2007 5863:December 1, 5830:, pp. 5462:(1930–2023) 5442:antisemitic 5440:to promote 5125:(1883–1950) 5098:master race 5080:" (German: 5074:homosexuals 4977: [ 4952:antisemitic 4767:festschrift 4681:correlation 4671:. In 1869, 4667:has called 4479:Robert Knox 4322:Nordic race 4303:Nordic race 4264:Yiddishkayt 4251:nymphomania 3963:chimpanzees 3927:craniometry 3831:Craniometry 3799:. In 1882, 3793:nationalist 3742:Greco-Roman 3622:human races 3546:master race 3512:Henry Hotze 3503:race mixing 3421:prognathism 3347:He thought 3008:John Hunter 3001:John Hunter 2992:John Hunter 2982:stereotyped 2959:eurocentric 2645:polygenesis 2579:Eurocentric 2563:Sámi people 2511:During the 2502:Antecedents 2496:archaeology 2484:ethnography 2394:craniometry 1989:Nonviolence 1984:LGBT rights 1949:Empowerment 1917:Anti-racism 1831:Segregation 1776:No kid zone 1570:Persecution 1483:Hate speech 1434:Gay bashing 1409:Ethnic joke 1364:Dog whistle 1309:Blood libel 996:Azerbaijani 892:Neopaganism 885:Persecution 851:Persecution 834:Persecution 797:Catholicism 724:Transphobia 707:Supremacism 662:Lesbophobia 577:Aporophobia 537:Anti-autism 374:Taste-based 369:Statistical 241:Colonialism 197:By location 189:Video games 117:Race and... 12854:Categories 12790:Quackwatch 12620:David Icke 12600:Max Gerson 12595:Gaia, Inc. 12483:Numerology 12478:Lysenkoism 12473:Levitation 12453:Graphology 12338:Dean drive 12273:Aryan race 12204:Mediumship 12079:Trepanning 12047:Phrenology 11987:Homeopathy 11885:Biorhythms 11784:Paranormal 11416:Vietnamese 11189:Arab world 11087:Hate group 11077:Hate crime 11014:Xenophobia 10994:Scientific 10979:Linguistic 9334:BioScience 8541:Neues Volk 8012:Gould 1981 7621:Efron 1994 7573:Hecht 2003 7561:Hecht 2003 7128:January 6, 6803:Isaac 2004 6607:Gould 1981 6460:In latin: 6448:In latin: 6436:In latin: 6424:In latin: 5960:See also: 5828:Gould 1981 5789:. 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