Linguistic discrimination

3170:: A linguistic ideology that undoubtedly plays a prominent role within the German language community in Germany. This ideology includes the conviction that the best High German is spoken in Northern Germany, respectively in and around Hannover, and is of fundamental importance in the Assessment or evaluation of language use among linguistic laypersons in Germany. From the perspective of professional linguists, the fact that linguistic Hanoverism is also held by people who may never have been to Hanover themselves or heard a Hanoverian speak, and ironically even by people who live in the south of Germany and whose language use is judged and stigmatised as deficient precisely in the light of this ideology, is decisive here.(Maitz 2014, König 2013) Linguistic ideologies can be explicit and implicit. Explicit: In the first case, they are consciously represented and appear, for example, in the form of assertions on the linguistic surface. Implicit: In the second case, they are either hidden between the lines, i.e. recognisable in the form of implicatures behind meta-linguistic statements, or can only be inferred from what is (consciously) not said but could be said.(Pollak 2002) Implicit linguistic ideologies are thus not directly accessible to the observer, often they are not even conscious to those who represent them. 2985:: For most of its existence, the Kingdom of Hungary had been a linguistically-inclusionary state, but with the rise of ethnic nationalism in the early 19th century, this tradition was completely reversed due to a gradual adoption of nationalist and anti-minority policies by Hungary's ruling elites. The policy of Magyarisation (sometimes also "Hungarianisation") emerged in the 19th-century Kingdom of Hungary, and was practiced until the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1918. Magyarization saw efforts to marginalize and erase the use of minority languages in culture, education, politics, placenames and even everyday use. Targets included a number of Slavic languages (Slovak, Rusyn, Ukrainian, etc.), Romanian, and others. During the 1890s, hundreds of villages and towns throughout the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary were forcibly renamed to more Hungarian forms. This included the renaming of already existing Hungarian placenames, previously in use for centuries, largely to promote the exclusionary nationalist ideology of the era. The strictest pro-Magyarization policies were adopted as legislation in 1907, known as the Apponyi Laws (Lex Apponyi), spearheaded by 3423:) despite local opposition. However, Anglophones in Cameroon are not all those who have English as their first official language, as opposed to those who speak French as their first official language. As stated by Professor Simo Bobda (2001), Anglophony in Cameroon is more an ethnic, cultural and regional concept than a linguistic one. This definition excludes Francophones who have been settled for a long time in the English-speaking area, even if they have property and ties there. This analysis also excludes Francophones who master English because they have acquired an Anglo-Saxon education, or studied in establishments of the Anglophone subsystem which proliferate in the Francophone zone. Clearly, the Anglophones of Cameroon are indeed a very particular cultural identity, a limited geographical space and a specific historical course, before being a simple linguistic community. With this preliminary clarification, we can better understand the nature and contours of the English-speaking problem which today is raising socio-political tension in the South-West and North-West regions of the country. 3176:: Of several variants of a dependent linguistic variable, only one tends to be accepted as correct, usually the one that corresponds to the written or formal language use of a northern German educated elite.(Maitz/Elspass 2007) In this sense, linguistic ideologies are latent instruments of power, characterised as "naturalised power, as power which no longer looks like power".(Blommaert 1997) The German linguistic community of Germany, for example, is very much influenced by the ideology of standardism. Learning and using the homogeneous standard language are thus usually presented as the common interests of every speaker of German. The suspicion arises that standardism serves less the common good than the interests of certain social groups who are interested in maintaining the status quo, for instance because they perceive linguistic diversity as problematic and/or simply because their own language use is aligned with the standard and they enjoy social privileges as a result. 3390:, ASL is not always recognized as a language. Its recognition is crucial both for those learning ASL as an additional language, and for prelingually-deaf children who learn ASL as their first language. Linguist Sherman Wilcox concludes that given that it has a body of literature and international scope, to single ASL out as unsuitable for a foreign language curriculum is inaccurate. Russel S. Rosen also writes about government and academic resistance to acknowledging ASL as a foreign language at the high school or college level, which Rosen believes often resulted from a lack of understanding about the language. Rosen and Wilcox's conclusions both point to discrimination ASL users face regarding its status as a language, that although decreasing over time is still present. 2823: 2718:

minority of the province. The law also seeks to protect French against the growing social and economic dominance of English. Though the English-speaking population had been shrinking since the 1960s, it was hastened by the law, and the 2006 census showed a net loss of 180,000 native English-speakers. Despite this, speaking English at work continues to be strongly correlated with higher earnings, with French-only speakers earning significantly less. The law is credited with successfully raising the status of French in a predominantly English-speaking economy, and it has been influential in countries facing similar circumstances. However, amendments have made it less powerful under the pressure from society and thus less effective than it was in the past.

3315:. Americans would speak Spanish in exaggerated American accent. Although short training will allow Americans to speak in a more original accent, people refuse to do so, and instead intentionally maintain this attitude toward Spanish. Furthermore, people would mix English with Spanish and modify standard Spanish to create jokes. For example, "hasta mañana" is modified to "hasta banana." Another example is "No problemo." while "problemo" is not a word in Spanish. This is considered an inappropriate joke that shows linguistic racism to Spanish. Many Spanish speaker reflect that mock Spanish is offensive. 2470: 2227: 2497: 2385: 3382:

mental capacity. The misconception that ASL users are incapable of complex thought was prevalent, although this has decreased as further studies about its recognition of a language have taken place. For example, ASL users faced overwhelming discrimination for the supposedly "lesser" language that they use and were met with condescension especially when using their language in public. Another way discrimination against ASL is evident is how, despite research conducted by linguists like Stokoe or

2254:. Linguist Carmen Fought explains how an individual's use of language may allow another person to categorize them into a specific social group that may otherwise be less apparent. For example, in the United States it is common to perceive Southerners as less intelligent. Belonging to a social group such as the South may be less salient than membership to other groups that are defined by ethnicity or gender. Language provides a bridge for prejudice to occur for these less salient social groups. 2292:, being a language that most countries speak in the world, experiences a lot of linguistic discrimination when people from different linguistic backgrounds meet. Regional differences and native languages may have an impact on how people speak the language. For example, many non-native speakers in other countries fail to pronounce the “th” sound. Instead, they use the "s" sound, which is more common in other languages, to replace it. “Thank” becomes “sank,” and “mother” becomes “mozer.” In 2177:

States, where people from the North are typically perceived as being less likable in character, and Southerners are perceived as being less intelligent. As sociolinguist, Lippi-Green, argues, "It has been widely observed that when histories are written, they focus on the dominant class... Generally studies of the development of language over time are very narrowly focused on the smallest portion of speakers: those with power and resources to control the distribution of information."

3403:

ASL to their deaf kid to avoid compromising their English although research shows that learning ASL does not interfere with a child's ability to learn English. In fact, the early acquisition of ASL proves to be useful to the child in learning English later on. When making a decision about cochlear implantation, parents are not properly educated about the benefits of ASL or the Deaf Community. This is seen by many members of the Deaf Community as cultural and linguistic genocide.

2624: 2457:, while members of the local bourgeoise are able to speak both French and Creole. Members of this local elite frequently conduct business and politics in French, thereby excluding many of the working-class from such activities. In addition, D. L. Sheath, an advocate for the use of indigenous languages in India, also writes that the Indian elite associates nationalism with a unitary identity, and in this context, "uses English as a means of exclusion and an instrument of 9295: 2297:

in the worst case. However, linguistic discrimination may not always be bad bias or cause superiority. A mixed pronunciation of different languages may also lead to mixed reactions. Some people who are native to the language may find these mixes to be special and good, while some others are unfriendly with these speakers. Nonetheless, all these are stereotypes of certain languages and may lead to cognition bias. Former president Donald Trump’s wife,

3103:, with other related laws guaranteeing rights to the country's minority languages (e.g. in bureaucracy, education, cultural venues, multilingual street and road signs). The law was subsequently amended in 1999, to guarantee further protection to minority language use and comply with EU standards. The law saw controversial amendments in 2009. Slovakia's 2006-2010 government passed a controversial amendment to aspects of the language law in 2009. 49: 2517:. However, by the post-war period, English was increasingly viewed as necessary skill for accessing professional employment and better economic opportunities. As a result, there was increasing support amongst the populace for English-based education, which Kenya's Ministry of Education adopted post-independence, and Uganda following their civil war. Later on, members of the Ominde Commission in Kenya expressed the need for 2352: 3258:. Currently, AAVE is unique and organized enough to be a new language that derives from English but becomes its own new language. It shares many similar characteristics with standard English, but it has its own complexity with African American culture and history. Nonetheless, AAVE is only used in non-formal situations. It is not uncommon for AAVE speakers to speak in formal and standard English under formal situations. 9305: 3283:". Accent has two parts, the speaker and the listener. Thus, some people may perceive an accent as strong because they are not used to hearing them and the emphasis is on an unexpected syllable or as soft and imperceptible. The bias and discrimination that ensues is tied to the difficulty the listener has in understanding that accent. The fact that the person uses a very broad vocabulary creates even more 3338:

speak English. Among Asian immigrants, 60% are able to speak English fluently. The proportion is much lower for new immigrants. However, this low English literacy level and lack of translation discourages many Asian immigrants to obtain access social services, such as health care. Asian immigrants, especially younger students, experience a language barrier. They are forced to learn a new language.

3254:

standard English, not a degenerate form of it. A listener may misjudge the user of such a sentence to be unintellectual or uneducated. The speaker may be intellectually capable, educated, and proficient in standard English, but chose to say the sentence in AAVE for social and sociolinguistic reasons such as the intended audience of the sentence, a phenomenon known as

3374:, instruction conducted exclusively in spoken language, as the preferred education method for Deaf individuals. These ideas were outlined in eight resolutions which ultimately resulted in the removal of Deaf individuals from their own educational institutions, leaving generations of Deaf persons to be educated single-handedly by hearing individuals. 3493:. Until 2002, Turkey placed severe restrictions on the use of Kurdish, including a ban on its use in education and broadcast media. Many mayors were tried for issuing public documents in the Kurdish language. The Kurdish alphabet is not recognized in Turkey, and prior to 2013 the use of Kurdish names containing the letters 2485:. Scholars such as Hebblethwaite argue that Creole-based education will improve learning, literacy and socioeconomic mobility in a country where 95% of the population are monolingual in Creole. However, resultant disparities in colonial language fluency and educational quality can impede social mobility. 3815:

protects non-native speakers from discrimination in the workplace based on their national origin or use of dialect. There are state laws which also address the protection of non-native speakers, such as the California Fair Employment and Housing Act. However, industries often argue in retrospect that

3261:

Reports have shown that black workers who sound more "black" earn on average 12% less than their peers (data in 2009). In education, students who speak in AAVE are educated by their teachers that AAVE is not proper or is not correct. According to a survey, when a person speaks in AAVE, listeners tend

2391:

Mufwene also draws a distinction between settler colonies and exploitation colonies. In the latter, the process of colonization was focused on the extraction of raw materials needed in Europe. As a result, Europeans were less invested in their exploitation colonies, and few colonists planned to build

2274:

and health care since they do not understand the language. Mentally, they may be ashamed or feel guilty to speak their home language. People who speak another language that is not the mainstream language does not feel social acceptance. Researches show that countries with assimilation policies result

2731:

The linguistic disenfranchisement rate in the EU can significantly vary across countries. For residents in two EU-countries that are either native speakers of English or proficient in English as a foreign language the disenfranchisement rate is equal to zero. In his study "Multilingual communication

2372:

and the Andean states, indigenous cultures were lost as aboriginal tribes mixed with colonists. In these countries, the establishment of new European orders led to the adoption of colonial languages in governance and industry. In addition, European colonists also viewed the dissolution of indigenous

2205:

of the elite class. Elites reveal strong racism through writing, speaking, and other communication methods, providing a basis for discrimination. Their way of speaking the language is considered the higher class, emphasizing the idea that how one speaks a language is related to social, economic, and

6846:

Kurds have been officially allowed since September 2003 to take Kurdish names, but cannot use the letters x, w, or q, which are common in Kurdish but do not exist in Turkey's version of the Latin alphabet. Those letters, however, are used in Turkey in the names of companies, TV and radio channels,

2911:

after its independence in 1830. French was for a long time the only official language and the only language of education, administration, law and justice despite Dutch being the most common language because it was rejected in the ruling class since it was identified with the Dutch rule between 1815

2717:

of Quebec and mandates its use (with exceptions) in government offices and communiques, schools, and in commercial public relations. The law is a way of preventing linguistic discrimination against the majority francophone population of Quebec who were for a very long time controlled by the English

2537:

within the education system appears to contravene this treaty. In addition, children who speak indigenous languages can also be disadvantaged when educated in foreign languages, and often have high illiteracy rates. For example, when the French arrived to "civilize" Algeria, which included imposing

2492:

have chosen to teach colonial languages in all schools, often to the exclusion of local indigenous languages. As colonial languages were viewed by many as the "civilized" tongues, being "educated" often meant being able to speak and write in these colonial tongues. Indigenous language education was

2296:

pronunciation, “Hi, where were you” may be pronounced like “Hi, veir ver you” since it is closer to Russian. It may be considered an inappropriate ways to speak the language and be ridiculed by native speakers. Research has shown that this linguistic discrimination may lead to bullying and violence

2176:

is associated with being of higher class and thus more likable. In addition to prestige, research has shown that certain accents may also be associated with less intelligence, and having poorer social skills. An example can be seen in the difference between Southerners and Northerners in the United

2111:

in linguicism, with some asserting that speakers of dominant languages gravitate towards discrimination against speakers of other, less dominant languages, while disadvantaging themselves linguistically by remaining monolingual. According to scholar Carolyn McKinley, this phenomenon is most present

3590:

is spoken. Cantonese is a regional dialect in Guangdong, Hong Kong and nearby regions, and Mandarin is the major language spoken in majority of China. Chinese government intended to advocate inter-regional communication by educating Mandarin rather than in Cantonese throughout the country. In 2010

3402:

for their deaf child in order for the child to use spoken language. Research shows, however, that deaf kids without cochlear implants acquire ASL with much greater ease than deaf kids with cochlear implants acquire spoken English. In addition, medical professionals discourage parents from teaching

3337:

is still a topic understudied. A scholar in paper includes a short story that an Asian reporter was asked whether she can speak English every time she meets a stranger. Everyone was assuming that she may not understand English because she has an Asian appearance. Most Americans assume Asian cannot

3249:

court case, AAVE was compared against standard English to determine how much of an education barrier existed for children that had been primarily raised with AAVE. The assigned linguists determined that the differences, stemming from a history of racial segregation, were significant enough for the

3225:

also differs from standard English. Some phrases require sufficient cultural background to understand. From the grammatic aspect, AAVE shows more complex structures that allow speaker to express a wider range with more specificity. However, since the majority of AAVE speakers is African Americans,

2164:, is that it depends on the location and the speaker. Research has determined however that some sounds in languages may be determined to sound less pleasant naturally. Also, certain accents tend to carry more prestige in some societies over other accents. For example, in the United States speaking 3217:

is often perceived by members of mainstream American society as indicative of low intelligence or limited education, and as with many other non-standard dialects and especially creoles, it is usually called "lazy" or "bad" English. According to researches, AAVE was initially a language that black

2359:

Trader colonization was often followed by settler colonization, where European colonizers settled in these colonies to build new homes. Hamel, a Mexican linguist, argues that "segregation" and "integration" were two primary ways through which settler colonists engaged with aboriginal cultures. In

3381:

proved ASL to be its own language based on its unique structure and grammar, separate from that of English. Before this, ASL was thought to be merely a collection of gestures used to represent English. Because of its use of visual space, it was mistakenly believed that its users are of a lesser

3253:

For example, a black American who uses a typical AAVE sentence such as "He be comin' in every day and sayin' he ain't done nothing" may be judged as having a deficient command of grammar, whereas, in fact, such a sentence is constructed based on a complex grammar which is different from that of

2551:

region in what is now modern-day Canada, the local returning officer only accepted the votes of individuals who were enfranchised, which required indigenous peoples to "read and write fluently... own and another language, either English or French". This caused political parties to increasingly

3622:

and other native languages as part of a deliberate political repression, especially in schools and broadcast media. In 1964 use of Taiwanese in schools or official settings was forbidden, and transgression in schools punished with beatings, fines and humiliation. This discrimination started to

3348:

and English. It is considered a confusion of Chinese and English grammar, accompanied by Chinese accent. An example would be "Open the light," since "open" and "turn on" are the same word ("开") in Chinese. Another example would be "Yes, I have." This is the literal translation from Chinese to

2555:

It is a common approach for colonizers to set language limitations. Japanese government in 1910 enacted decrees in colony Korea to completely eliminate existing Korean culture and language. All schools must teach Japanese and Hanja. By doing so, Japanese government was able to make Korea more

2546:

As colonial languages are used as the languages of governance and commerce in many colonial and postcolonial states, locals who only speak indigenous languages can be disenfranchised. By forcing the locals to speak the colonizers' language, colonizers assimilate the indigenous people and hold

2103:

captured the idea of language-based discrimination as linguicism, which was defined as "ideologies and structures which are used to legitimize, effectuate, and reproduce unequal divisions of power and resources (both material and non-material) between groups which are defined on the basis of

3806:

In contrast to the previous examples of linguistic prejudice, linguistic discrimination involves the actual treatment of individuals based on use of language. Examples may be clearly seen in the workplace, in marketing, and in education systems. For example, some workplaces enforce an

3205:(among others) as a discipline-internal lack of consistency which undermines progress; if linguists themselves cannot move beyond the ideological underpinnings of 'right' and 'wrong' in language, there is little hope of advancing a more nuanced understanding in the general population. 2700:

population, low francophone graduation rates as a result of the outlawing of francophone schools across Canada, differences in average earnings between francophones and anglophones in the same positions, fewer chances of being hired or promoted for francophones, and many other things.

3237:

has described this particular form of linguicism as particularly problematic in the United States, where non-standard linguistic structures are often deemed "incorrect" by teachers and potential employers in contrast to other countries such as Morocco, Finland and Italy where

2270:, and then to extinction of a language. Victims of linguistic discrimination may experience physical bullying in school and a decrease in earnings in job. In countries where a variety of languages exist, it is hard for people to obtain basic social service such as 2953:

served as a lingua franca in the North and Baltic Sea areas from around the 12th/13th century until the early 16th century, but the nobility, institutions of authority and influential people in the 16th century started to force writers in Northern Germany to use

2404:

a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions who govern... a class of persons, Indian in blood and color, but English in taste, in my opinion, in morals and in intellect" in his now-famous "Macaulay minutes", which were written in support of the

2392:

homes in these colonies. As a result, indigenous languages were able to survive to a greater extent in these colonies compared to settler colonies. In exploitation colonies, colonial languages were often only taught to a small local elite. During the period of

3393:

In the medical community, there is immense bias against deafness and ASL. This stems from the belief that spoken languages are superior to sign languages. Because 90% of deaf babies are born to hearing parents, who are usually unaware of the existence of the

2744:

would exclude 51% to 90% of adult residents. A language regime based on English, French and German would disenfranchise 30% to 56% of residents, whereas a regime based on six languages would bring the shares of excluded population down to 9–22%. After

2588:

can be seen as the acts towards them. The difference between the two should be recognized because prejudice may be held against someone, but it may not be acted on. The following are examples of linguistic prejudice which may result in discrimination.

5321: 3599:, which is located in the general area where Cantonese is spoken. Cantonese has become a means of asserting Hong Kong's political identity as separate from mainland China. Later, this movement of abolishing this regional dialect was proven to be fake. 2450:, for example, sought to create an "elite class of colonial auxiliaries" who could serve as intermediaries between the colonial government and local populace. As a result, fluency in colonial languages became a signifier of class in colonized lands. 2331:

describes trader colonization as one of the earliest forms of European colonization. In regions such as the western coast of Africa as well as the Americas, trade relations between European colonizers and indigenous peoples led to the development of

3265:

Furthermore, the legal system in the United States has been found to produce worse outcomes for speakers of AAVE. Court reporters are less accurate at transcribing black speakers, and judges can misinterpret the meaning of black speech in cases.

2736:

comes to the conclusion that the current multilingual policy of the EU is not in the absolute the most effective way to inform Europeans about the EU; in certain countries, additional languages may be useful to minimize linguistic exclusion.

2104:

language". Although different names have been given to this form of discrimination, they all hold the same definition. Linguistic discrimination is culturally and socially determined due to preference for one use of language over others.

8321: 1009: 3307:. It include the English accent of speaking Spanish and the modification of Spanish phrases. For a majority of instances, Mock Spanish intentionally changes the original meaning in order to create a sense of mocking and derogation. The 3192:

Here and elsewhere the terms 'standard' and 'non-standard' make analysis of linguicism difficult. These terms are used widely by linguists and non-linguists when discussing varieties of American English that engender strong opinions, a

2213:

is introduced to sociolinguistics to address linguistic discrimination directly rather than under the category of racism. Linguistic ideology is defined as the conception or feeling that how a person speaks a certain language can imply

2900:

to declare it unconstitutional. This led to the law being constitutionally struck down on 21 May 2021. This decision recognizes the right of central administration to oppose the spelling of Basque and Breton names when they contain an

3509:, was not allowed. Turkey began to allow private television channels to broadcast in Kurdish on a limited basis in 2006, with most restrictions lifted by 2009. The state-run Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) started its 2432:

that language is both a medium of communication, as well as a carrier of culture. As a result, linguistic discrimination resulting from colonization has facilitated the erasure of pre-colonial histories and identities. For example,

3365:

of 1880 which set precedence for public opinion of manual forms of communication, including ASL, creating lasting consequences for members of the Deaf community. The conference almost unanimously (save a handful of allies such as

3274:

Another form of linguicism is evidenced by the following: in some parts of the United States, a person who has a strong Spanish accent and uses only simple English words may be thought of as poor, poorly educated, and possibly an

3262:

to believe that the speaker is an African American from North America and is more related to adjectives such as poor, uneducated, and unintelligent. By merely sounding like black, a person may be assumed to be in certain image.

4678:

Szasz, Margaret Connell (April 2009). "Colin G. Calloway. White People, Indians, and Highlanders: Tribal People and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Pp. 368. $ 35.00 (cloth)".

2348:, were based on European ones. As trader colonization proceeded mainly via these hybrid languages, rather than the languages of the colonizers, scholars like Mufwene contend that it posed little threat to indigenous languages. 2136:, conversely disadvantaging the majority of Africa's population who hold varying level of fluency in the European languages spoken across the continent. Scholars have also noted impact of the linguistic dominance of English on 2275:

in higher stress. They are forced to accept this mainstream language and foreign culture. According to statistics, every two weeks an endangered language will be extinct. This is because, on the country level, linguistically

2958:

as their written language. This caused a change first in the written language and later on in the spoken language through a strong social stigmatization by what this process has been called an inner colonization by linguist

3279:. However, if the same person has a diluted accent or no noticeable accent at all and can use a myriad of words in complex sentences, they are likely to be perceived as more successful, better educated, and a "legitimate 2445:

In contrast to settler colonies, in exploitation colonies, education in colonial tongues was only accessible to a small indigenous elite. Both the British Macaulay Doctrine, as well as French and Portuguese systems of

2579:

Linguistic discrimination is often defined in terms of prejudice of language. It is important to note that although there is a relationship between prejudice and discrimination, they are not always directly related.

2521:

in promoting a national and pan-African identity. Kenya therefore began to offer Kiswahili as a compulsory, non-examinable subject in primary school, but it remained secondary to English as a medium of instruction.

2672:, and they have favored the members of the more powerful English-speaking population. This form of discrimination has resulted in or contributed to many developments in Canadian history, including the rise of the 2481:, schools attended by the bourgeoisie are usually of higher quality and use colonial languages as their means of instruction. On the other hand, schools attended by the rest of the population are often taught in 7122: 3775:. The quality of a book or article may be judged by the language in which it is written. In the scientific community, for example, those who evaluated a text in two language versions, English and the national 3242:(the ability to switch between two or more dialects or languages) is an accepted norm, and non-standard usage in conversation is seen as a mark of regional origin, not of intellectual capacity or achievement. 5318: 2409:. The linguistic differences between the local elite and other locals exacerbated class stratification, and also increased inequality in access to education, industry and civic society in postcolonial states. 3323:

and disrecpectful accent and modification represents "elevation of whiteness" and direct racism. Since white people consider Spanish-speaking people to be lower in social status, they refuse to respect the

2655:

Canada was first colonized by French settlers. Later, the British took control of Canada, while the influence of French culture and languages were still enormous. Historically, the Canadian government and

2508:

such as Uganda and Kenya have historically had a policy of teaching in indigenous languages and only introducing English in the upper grades. This policy was a legacy of the "dual mandate" as conceived by

2160:

than others depending on the cultural context. However, with so many dialects, it can be difficult to determine which is the most preferable. The best answer linguists can give, such as the authors of

2559:

Even today, many postcolonial states continue to use colonial languages in their public institutions, even though these languages are not spoken by the majority of their residents. For example, the

2538:

French on local Algerians, the literacy rate in Algeria was over 40%, higher than that in France at the time. However, when the French left in 1962, the literacy rate in Algiers was at best 10-15%.

7225: 2868:, became the only official language in the country although it was spoken by only a minority of the population. In education and administration, it was forbidden to use regional languages, such as 5579: 2799:

was not taught in the educational system due to being "one of the chief, principal causes of barbarity and incivility" in the words of one statute. Scottish Gaelic has no official status in

3349:

English, and it is hard for Chinese people to learn this quickly. Speaking Chinglish may result in racial discrimination, while this is only the nuance between Chinese and English grammar.

2185:

Linguistic discrimination appeared before the term was established. During the 1980s, scholars explored the connection between racism and languages. Linguistic discrimination was a part of

8295: 6737: 6305: 975: 4142:

Bradac, J. J. (1990). Language attitudes and impression formation. In H. Giles & W. P. Robinson (Eds.), Handbook of language and social psychology (pp. 387–412). London: John Wiley.

4107:

Bresnahan, M. J., Ohashi, R., Nebashi, R., Liu, W. Y., & Shearman, S. M. (2002). Attitudinal and effective response toward accented English. Language and Communication, 22, 171–185.

3811:

policy, which is part of an American political movement that pushes for English to be accepted as the official language. In the United States, the federal law, Titles VI and VII of the

2377:. This led to efforts to destroy tribal languages and cultures: in Canada and the United States, for example, Native children were sent to boarding schools such as Col. Richard Pratt's 3695:'s racist slurs and attack by Marathi goons who prided on their 'Marathi Manoos' status. Subsequently Bihari, Gujarati and other North Indian communities were targeted and attacked 7048:

Sandel, Todd L. (2003). "Linguistic capital in Taiwan: The KMT's Mandarin language policy and its perceived impact on language practices of bilingual Mandarin and Tai-gi speakers".

3696: 3541:

price tags in Kurdish. In 2012, Kurdish-language lessons became an elective subject in public schools. Previously, Kurdish education had only been possible in private institutions.

3419:

in the English-speaking regions of the country despite constitutional stipulations on bilingualism. Measures include appointing French-speaking teachers and judges (in regions with

3361:(ASL) have faced linguistic discrimination based on the perception of the legitimacy of signed languages compared to spoken languages. This attitude was explicitly expressed in the 7000: 2381:. Today, in countries such as the United States, Canada and Australia, which were once settler colonies, indigenous languages are spoken by only a small minority of the populace. 3563:

is interpreted to have the purpose of obliterating all Korean cultural and spiritual independence to keep Koreans colonized forever. Japanese was required to teach in schools.

3398:, they often turn to the medical community for guidance. Medical and audiological professionals, who are typically biased against sign languages, encourage parents to get a 4509:"Where does a 'foreign' accent matter? German, Spanish and Singaporean listeners' reactions to Dutch-accented English, and standard British and American English accents" 6921: 5593: 3720:

In south Asia, more than 800 languages are spoken, while only about 40% of them have language education. Linguistic minorities do not have same education opportunities.

3246: 2327:

The impacts of colonization on linguistic traditions vary based on the form of colonization experienced: trader, settler or exploitation. Congolese-American linguist

7148: 6872: 3556: 3429:: Carolyn McKinley is highly critical of the language policy in the South African educational system, which she describes as 'anglonormatif', because the increasing 2601:

social minorities are often the most consistent targets, due to the fact that the speech varieties that come to be associated with such groups have a tendency to be

2279:

populations must learn the common language to obtain resources. Their opportunities are very limited when they cannot communicate in a way everyone else understands.

6700:

Associate professor in the education department of the University of Cape Town and author of 'Language and Power in Post-Colonial Schooling: Ideologies in Practice'

8784: 2148:

being "locked in a conceptual framework grounded in English" which prevents academia as a whole from reaching a "more universal, culture-independent perspective".

1478: 5494: 3218:

people in America used to clearly express the life of oppression. People reflect that it is usually more difficult and understand and respond to an AAVE speaker.

2896:, and this law was passed by the French Parliament in Paris. However, the French Minister of Education, opposed to the teaching in minority languages, asked the 3595:. Guangzhou Television once proposed that all television program were to be in Mandarin rather than in Cantonese. This has also been a point of contention with 7852: 3362: 524: 2916:. Discrimination slowly faded over the decades and formally ended in the 1960s, when the Dutch version of the constitution became equal to the French version. 6901: 2453:

In postcolonial states, linguistic discrimination continues to reinforce notions of class. In Haiti, for example, working-class Haitians predominantly speak

7199: 4914:

Hebblethwaite, Benjamin (2012). "French and underdevelopment, Haitian Creole and development: Educational language policy problems and solutions in Haiti".

3555:, Japanese government forced Korean people to learn and speak Japanese. They are forced to take Japanese names and the order of names in Japanese. In 1911, 2218:. This concept further demonstrates that linguistic discrimination derives from the stereotype and cognition of how certain populations speak the language. 6662: 5410: 3474:

as the administrative language of the empire. Coptic gradually declined within a few hundred years and suffered violent persecutions, especially under the

3311:

are concerned whether they have an accent in speaking Spanish. However, Americans may concern less or does not concern their accent when they are speaking

2689: 3213:

Because some black Americans speak a particular non-standard variety of English which is often seen as substandard, they are often targets of linguicism.

8055: 2885: 735: 3287:

on the part of the listener who will immediately think of the speaker as either undocumented, poor, uneducated or even insulting to their intelligence.

3994: 9179: 8562: 2775: 2733: 1889: 1250: 2713:, first established in 1977 and amended several times since, has been accused of being discriminatory by English-speakers. The law makes French the 2364:, segregation and genocide decimated indigenous societies. Widespread death due to war and illness caused many indigenous populations to lose their 8006: 6977: 2301:, was harshly mocked and insulted on the internet due to her Slovenian accent of speaking English. In fact, in many countries where English is the 2021: 686: 5561: 7250: 6733: 2437:

were taught English and forbidden to use their indigenous languages. This severed the slaves' linguistic and thus cultural connection to Africa.

2418:

Several postcolonial literary theorists have drawn a link between linguistic discrimination and the oppression of indigenous cultures. Prominent

2749:, the rates of linguistic exclusion associated with a monolingual policy and with a trilingual and a hexalingual regime are likely to increase. 7927: 6787: 5931:"From African American Vernacular English to African American Language: Rethinking the Study of Race and Language in African Americans' Speech" 2571:, speak indigenous languages. In these situations, the use of colonial languages can present barriers to participation in public institutions. 2526: 599: 5743:

Coupland, N. (1999). "Sociolinguistic Prevarication About 'Standard English'" Review article appearing in Tony Bex and Richard J. Watts (eds)

3571:

The brutality and linguicism against Tamils in Sri Lanka which took thousands of Tamil lives because of their language. This was rooted from "

6819:"Submission to the Sub-Commission on Promotion and Protection of Human Rights: Working Group of Minorities; Tenth Session, Agenda Item 3 (a)" 3798:

post, or chat session may be more inclined to take the author seriously if the language is written in accordance with the standard language.

3167: 6388: 4054: 2989:. The laws, as adopted, intentionally discriminated all minority languages, in an effort to completely exclude them from use in public life. 8567: 3173: 3147: 3042: 1255: 4414: 8537: 8148: 7690: 6574:

Crouch, Robert A. (1 January 1997). "Letting the Deaf Be Deaf Reconsidering the Use of Cochlear Implants in Prelingually Deaf Children".

1225: 828: 354: 5609:

Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. Band 1, Einführung, Grundbegriffe, Deutsch in der frühbürgerlichen Zeit

7837: 3592: 509: 6822: 4080: 3377:

Due to misconceptions about ASL, it was not recognized as its own, fully functioning language until recently. In the 1960s, linguist

3111:

in the country. The 2010-2012 Slovak government opened the law again in 2011, voting to remove the previous controversial amendments.

2250:. While some groups are often assumed to be readily noticeable (such as those defined by ethnicity or gender), other groups are less 6818: 3107:

and politicians in Hungary accused the law of being discriminatory to their language group, claiming it endangers the rights to use

7772: 7660: 7393: 5679: 5305:

Whitley, B.E., & Kite, M.E. (2010) The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination. Ed 2. pp.379-383. Cencage Learning: Belmont.

436: 324: 4117: 5343:"The Economic Returns to the Knowledge and Use of a Second Official Language: English in Quebec and French in the Rest-of-Canada" 4439: 6753: 6259:""Why Should I Not Speak My Own Language (Chinese) in Public in America?": Linguistic Racism, Symbolic Violence, and Resistance" 2246:

It is natural for human beings to want to identify with others. One way we do this is by categorizing individuals into specific

9280: 8011: 7782: 7600: 7585: 7580: 7426: 1990: 691: 446: 264: 249: 244: 76: 9308: 7842: 7565: 6917: 5987: 5434: 5214: 5150: 5084: 5009: 4662: 4260: 4161: 3566: 2530: 514: 229: 6943: 2822: 8343: 7665: 7477: 6484:

Rosen, Russell S. (1 January 2008). "American Sign Language as a Foreign Language in U.S. High Schools: State of the Art".

6365: 5279:

Schütz, H.; Six, B. (1996). "How strong is the relationship between prejudice and discrimination? A meta-analytic answer".

3125: 2963:

that was similar to the Germanisation of Slavic peoples. This was also the time when the name of the language changed from

2835: 2014: 1031: 329: 135: 6687: 5258: 5230:

Brock-Utne, Birgit (2003). "The language question in Africa in the light of globalisation, social justice and democracy".

4762:

Kamoche, Jidlaph G.; Thiong'o, Ngũugĩ wa (1987). "Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature".

3931:

The controversy concerning the reductions of Finnish autonomy is considered to already have begun in the early 1890s, see

3717:. The prioritization of Hindi in non-Hindi speaking states has led to discrimination towards people who do not know Hindi. 2826:

Lines assigned as punishment to a student during Franco's dictatorial regime, reading "I must not speak Basque at school".

8989: 8659: 8572: 8463: 8138: 7958: 7590: 7575: 6712: 4094:

for speakers of different languages and a global means for clarifying, elucidating, storing, and comparing ideas" (194) (

3714: 3214: 1691: 1347: 1260: 1151: 818: 636: 254: 239: 2597:

While, theoretically, any speaker may be the victim of linguicism regardless of social and ethnic status, oppressed and

9329: 8557: 8038: 6331: 6132:"Testifying while black: An experimental study of court reporter accuracy in transcription of African American English" 5551:

Primary education: a report of the Advisory Council on Education in Scotland, Scottish Education Department 1946, p. 75

3221:

AAVE usually contains words and phrases that have a different meaning from their original meaning in standard English.

2510: 1245: 718: 3750:. All of them have a ethnolinguistic group. Currently, these large ethnolinguistic groups are demaning for a separate 3533:, as well as emergency, social and cultural notices in Kurdish alongside Turkish. Also, Imams began to deliver Friday 8205: 8043: 7529: 7507: 7353: 7338: 7313: 6637: 6011: 5616: 5504: 5480: 5117: 5050: 4847: 4483: 4034: 2447: 2378: 885: 723: 185: 163: 3072:(late 1930s to late 1980s), Russian was called "the language of friendship of nations" to the disadvantage of other 2861: 8942: 8779: 8679: 8143: 8033: 4088: 2771: 2172:

middle class) is widely preferred in many contexts such as television journalism. Also, in the United Kingdom, the

1644: 1473: 1367: 823: 713: 6898: 5165:

Mufwene, Salikoko (2002). "Colonisation, globalisation, and the future of languages in the twenty-first century".

4591:

Mufwene, Salikoko (2002). "Colonisation, globalisation, and the future of languages in the twenty-first century".

4247:, Handbook of Pragmatics Highlights, vol. 7, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 192–211, 9334: 8532: 8050: 7812: 7605: 3572: 2636: 2007: 1220: 730: 484: 269: 6771: 2493:

often seen as an impediment to achieving fluency in these colonial languages, and thus deliberately suppressed.

2124:; African states are also noted as instituting European languages as the main medium of instruction, instead of 7675: 7279: 4025:'Mother Tongue': The Theoretical and Sociopolitical Construction of a Concept". In Ammon, Ulrich (ed.) (1989). 2710: 339: 7817: 3079:

The Russification and restraining of the linguistic rights of federal subjects in Russia, most notably in the

489: 9211: 8927: 7655: 4084: 3073: 2785:, English was seen as the language of progress and, at the behest of the children's parents, the speaking of 2568: 2081:. Based on a difference in use of language, a person may automatically form judgments about another person's 1921: 1629: 319: 4871:

Parameswaran, Radhika E. (February 1997). "Colonial Interventions and the Postcolonial Situation in India".

4714:

Parameswaran, Radhika E. (February 1997). "Colonial Interventions and the Postcolonial Situation in India".

4352: 8490: 8438: 7416: 7386: 7366: 6795: 5527: 4005: 3699:. Till date, there have been sporadic attacks and discrimination towards non-Marathi communities in Mumbai. 3575:", formerly the Official Language Act No. 33 of 1956, that was passed in the Parliament of Ceylon in 1956. 3438: 2584:

can be defined as negative attitudes towards a person based on their membership of a social group, whereas

1178: 1126: 66: 6073:""Sounding Black": Speech Stereotypicality Activates Racial Stereotypes and Expectations About Appearance" 9122: 8974: 8393: 8001: 7947: 7174: 5565: 5342: 3726:

has more than 60 languages existing in its territory. There are a total of six major languages which are

2673: 2169: 2157: 1832: 1676: 1081: 681: 619: 6969: 5772:"Lexicogrammatical Analysis on African-American Vernacular English Spoken by African-Amecian You-Tubers" 5426:

An Irish-Speaking Island: State, Religion, Community, and the Linguistic Landscape in Ireland, 1770–1870

2939: 9231: 8023: 7710: 7431: 5319:"Bill 103: Collective Rights and the declining vitality of the English-speaking communities of Quebec " 3911: 3680: 3442: 3080: 2935: 2477:

Class disparities in postcolonial nations are often reproduced through education. In countries such as

2406: 2345: 2320: 1941: 703: 374: 81: 6424:

Stewart, David A.; Akamatsu, C. Tane (1 January 1988). "The Coming of Age of American Sign Language".

5829:"Flourishing African American Vernacular English and Endangered Indigenous Languages: A Common Thread" 4645:

Hamel, Rainer Enrique (1995). "Indigenous education in Latin America: Policies and legal frameworks".

4375: 3652:

and enjoys political support. It forces all residents including those from outside Karnataka to speak

2856:

is the term used for the effect of various policies of the government of France on its citizens whose

9339: 8584: 8398: 8300: 8185: 7859: 7827: 7421: 6306:"In Their Own Words: Asian Immigrants' Experiences Navigating Language Barriers in the United States" 3630: 3552: 2423: 2397: 2058: 1272: 1086: 980: 865: 531: 499: 71: 5179: 4605: 8844: 8732: 8579: 8348: 8285: 8120: 8075: 7937: 7822: 7804: 7740: 7670: 7544: 7123:"Maharashtra-Karnataka border morcha by Shiv Sena seen as an attempt to reaffirm its sagging image" 6155: 3812: 3475: 3367: 3197:

which is rarely challenged or questioned. This has been interpreted by linguists Nicolas Coupland,

3092: 3054: 2913: 1538: 1426: 1267: 1036: 965: 800: 755: 609: 494: 474: 404: 334: 200: 6524:"Coming to a Decision About Cochlear Implantation: Parents Making Choices for their Deaf Children" 5594:"Langues régionales : le Conseil constitutionnel censure partiellement la proposition de loi" 3018: 9298: 9127: 9107: 8969: 8959: 8917: 8547: 8388: 8250: 8220: 8215: 8165: 8100: 8085: 8018: 7991: 7976: 7379: 4301:

Jaspal, R. (2009). Language and social identity: a psychosocial approach. Psych-Talk, 64, 17-20.

3871: 3459: 2897: 2759: 2505: 2201:, by judging their language. Linguistic discrimination may originate from fixed institutions and 1837: 1817: 1671: 1661: 1619: 1235: 1076: 930: 900: 895: 845: 780: 765: 698: 671: 656: 32: 8195: 5654: 5206: 875: 9226: 9199: 9189: 8669: 8649: 8512: 8383: 8280: 8230: 8200: 8180: 8115: 8095: 8070: 8065: 8060: 7971: 7942: 7915: 7891: 7886: 7472: 7462: 5174: 4600: 4095: 3841: 3485:

are under pressure in many countries where they are spoken. Publishing materials in Kurdish in

3434: 3412: 3358: 3276: 3104: 2681: 2247: 2173: 2121: 2108: 1936: 1909: 1899: 1357: 1337: 1200: 1071: 960: 910: 880: 860: 795: 775: 750: 745: 740: 651: 614: 587: 563: 558: 130: 120: 5947: 5930: 9194: 9154: 9087: 8984: 8932: 8859: 8614: 8378: 8290: 8265: 8260: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8175: 8130: 8090: 7996: 7966: 7869: 7482: 7092: 6720: 5982:. United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 35. 5002:

Post-Imperial English : Status Change in Former British and American Colonies, 1940-1990

3866: 3836: 3826: 3808: 3776: 3743: 3624: 2955: 2693: 2677: 2661: 2427: 1904: 1864: 1797: 1686: 1634: 1553: 1302: 1066: 970: 945: 940: 925: 920: 915: 855: 810: 770: 676: 646: 541: 140: 5100:

Tully, Stephen (2005). Tully, Stephen (ed.). "UN: Convention on Rights of the Child, 1989".

4313:"Language as a Trigger for Racism: Language Barriers at Healthcare Institutions in Slovenia" 3966: 2156:

Speakers with certain accents may experience prejudice. For example, some accents hold more

9065: 8599: 8473: 8190: 8155: 8105: 8080: 7901: 7864: 7595: 7457: 6632:. Raising the Stakes for Human Diversity. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 492–502. 6357: 5783: 4520: 3886: 3876: 3642: 3526: 3387: 3284: 3022: 2669: 2100: 2066: 1775: 1287: 1161: 870: 835: 785: 760: 573: 536: 259: 115: 4507:

Nejjari, Warda; Gerritsen, Marinel; van Hout, Roeland; Planken, Brigitte (29 April 2020).

4087:(NSM), the universally convertible currency of communication, which can serve as a common 8: 9241: 9102: 8737: 8639: 8619: 8408: 8316: 8275: 8255: 8225: 8125: 7920: 7735: 6826: 6406: 4079:

Anna Wierzbicka, Professor of Linguistics, Australian National University and author of '

3896: 3672: 3114: 3034: 3030: 2960: 2804: 2685: 2534: 2365: 2251: 2137: 2125: 2117: 1951: 1812: 1431: 1327: 1307: 1096: 1004: 955: 935: 905: 805: 592: 399: 6258: 5787: 5450: 4524: 9014: 9009: 8999: 8947: 8937: 8912: 8854: 8812: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8624: 7932: 7073: 7065: 6643: 6607: 6591: 6545: 6501: 6441: 6286: 6160: 6107: 6072: 6053: 5960: 5911: 5856: 5809: 5726: 5411:

Multilingual communication for whom? Language policy and fairness in the European Union

5389: 5239: 4896: 4853: 4787: 4739: 4551: 4508: 4489: 4376:"Acculturative stress in Asian immigrants: The impact of social and linguistic factors" 4221: 4121: 3932: 3198: 3133: 3108: 2525:

While the mastery of colonial languages may provide better economic opportunities, the

2469: 1716: 1711: 1701: 1649: 1639: 1614: 1548: 1506: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1312: 604: 6647: 5828: 4971: 2547:

colonies longer. For example, when representative institutions were introduced to the

2230:

Linguistic discrimination is sometimes linked with belonging to a social group, as in

2189:

when it was first studied. The first case found that helped establish the term was in

2096:

Linguistic discrimination was at first considered an act of racism. In the mid-1980s,

9273: 9184: 9112: 9097: 8896: 8839: 8644: 8552: 8443: 8363: 8210: 7512: 7349: 7334: 7309: 7200:"Uddhav takes Raj's hate campaign forward, wants permit system for Biharis in Mumbai" 7103: 7077: 6750: 6633: 6599: 6553: 6497: 6290: 6278: 6239: 6195: 6112: 6094: 6045: 6007: 5983: 5964: 5952: 5903: 5895: 5860: 5848: 5844: 5813: 5801: 5612: 5580:"La proposition de loi Molac en faveur des langues régionales définitivement adoptée" 5500: 5476: 5430: 5393: 5381: 5292: 5210: 5146: 5113: 5080: 5046: 5015: 5005: 4975: 4931: 4900: 4888: 4857: 4843: 4779: 4743: 4731: 4696: 4658: 4556: 4538: 4493: 4479: 4395: 4334: 4256: 4225: 4213: 4157: 4030: 3881: 3861: 3831: 3638: 3619: 3611: 3482: 3456: 3046: 2893: 2843: 2766:

was not taught in schools and held no official status until the establishment of the

2714: 2665: 2657: 2533:

also states that minority children have the right to "use own ". The suppression of

2458: 2434: 2226: 2210: 1983: 1894: 1822: 1807: 1590: 1533: 1332: 1240: 1131: 1051: 890: 168: 6057: 4955: 3816:

clear, understandable English is often needed in specific work settings in the U.S.

3037:

in public places (1864), later (1880s), Polish was banned in schools and offices of

2752: 2384: 2368:. In contrast, in countries that pursued policies of "integration", such as Mexico, 2198: 9236: 9221: 9149: 9070: 9040: 8871: 8707: 8413: 7986: 7981: 7832: 7730: 7057: 6877: 6611: 6583: 6535: 6493: 6437: 6433: 6270: 6229: 6187: 6102: 6084: 6037: 5942: 5915: 5887: 5840: 5796: 5791: 5771: 5718: 5371: 5288: 5202: 5138: 5105: 5038: 4967: 4923: 4880: 4835: 4771: 4723: 4688: 4650: 4546: 4528: 4471: 4391: 4387: 4324: 4248: 4203: 4193: 4154:

English with an Accent: Language, ideology, and discrimination in the United States

3901: 3851: 3764: 3731: 3702: 3668: 3634: 3615: 3583: 3506: 3490: 3399: 3345: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3137: 3129: 2992: 2908: 2873: 2869: 2847: 2767: 2518: 2514: 2328: 2289: 2165: 2074: 2050: 1946: 1931: 1859: 1780: 1750: 1565: 1401: 1101: 666: 661: 504: 394: 3250:

children to receive supplementary teaching to better understand standard English.

2865: 9251: 9159: 9055: 9004: 8864: 8849: 8829: 8794: 8507: 8418: 8353: 8160: 8110: 7896: 7755: 6947: 6905: 6775: 6757: 6716: 6131: 5424: 5325: 4533: 3768: 3739: 3710: 3471: 3296: 3227: 3226:

they easily become target of discrimination due to the long exisiting racism and

3194: 3155: 3154:. Ukrainian was denied its right of existence by the Russian rulers based on the 3096: 3038: 3026: 3008: 2931: 2881: 2877: 2839: 2831: 2796: 2741: 2697: 2548: 2341: 2337: 2078: 1961: 1869: 1765: 1706: 1558: 1543: 1523: 1488: 1195: 1106: 1041: 840: 790: 568: 419: 6628:

Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove; Solomon, Andrew; Skuttnab-Kangas, Tove (1 January 2014).

6130:

Jones, Taylor; Rose Kalbfeld, Jessica; Hancock, Ryan; Clark, Robin (June 2019).

5875: 5632: 5109: 4884: 4727: 2496: 9246: 9204: 9174: 9164: 9082: 9075: 9060: 9050: 8886: 8822: 8764: 8759: 8744: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8403: 8338: 7874: 7847: 7700: 7402: 7026: 6831: 5891: 5142: 3891: 3856: 3795: 3684: 3683:

which labelled immigrants as 'job stealers' and 'outsiders', with South Indian

3467: 3395: 3378: 3255: 3234: 3187: 3151: 3050: 2986: 2810: 2807:

is considering legislation that would grant it alongside Scots official status.

2786: 2763: 2585: 2482: 2454: 2141: 2054: 1956: 1914: 1884: 1874: 1792: 1785: 1770: 1760: 1580: 1516: 1458: 1453: 1438: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1091: 1026: 546: 519: 364: 40: 7061: 6709: 6234: 6217: 6089: 5376: 5359: 4654: 4198: 4181: 2996: 9323: 9258: 8881: 8817: 8802: 8664: 8629: 8609: 8480: 8423: 8358: 7777: 7680: 6282: 6243: 6199: 6098: 6049: 5956: 5899: 5852: 5805: 5385: 5019: 4979: 4935: 4892: 4783: 4735: 4700: 4542: 4399: 4338: 4217: 4091: 3906: 3772: 3692: 3430: 3383: 3308: 3222: 3158:. In 1892, books were not allowed to be translated from Russian to Ukrainian. 3065: 3014: 2982: 2919: 2857: 2793:

was used in some places to help with this during the 18th and 19th centuries.

2602: 2489: 2302: 2298: 2267: 2215: 2090: 1968: 1575: 1511: 1496: 1352: 1317: 1297: 1168: 1111: 1046: 441: 344: 7107: 6540: 6523: 6459: 6175: 5000:

Fishman, Andrew W.; Rubal-Lopez, Joshua A.; Conrad, Alma (13 October 2011).

4927: 4465: 3779:, rated the English-language version as being of higher scientific content. 2635: with: explanations, examples and additional citations. You can help by 9092: 8979: 8807: 8774: 8754: 8684: 8674: 8654: 8634: 8270: 8170: 7906: 7881: 7745: 7685: 7650: 7615: 7610: 6848: 6557: 6191: 6116: 5722: 5042: 4956:"Rethinking the place of African indigenous languages in African education" 4560: 4475: 4329: 4312: 3426: 3334: 3316: 3292: 3061: 2950: 2598: 2560: 2374: 2276: 2194: 1802: 1681: 1501: 1468: 1448: 1372: 1362: 1342: 1322: 950: 850: 578: 553: 409: 349: 314: 279: 274: 7251:"Hindi imposition in the banking sector has left Kannadigas disadvantaged" 6603: 5907: 5758:

English with an Accent: Language, Ideology and Discrimination in the U.S..

4839: 4240: 3705:

by the Indian Government on non-Hindi speaking states, especially that of

3510: 3489:

is forbidden, though this prohibition is not enforced any more due to the

3299:

term,introduced by Socialinguist Jane Hill, used to describe a variety of

2132:

reports have noted that this has historically benefitted only the African

8994: 8954: 8922: 8789: 8749: 8589: 8502: 8453: 8428: 8328: 8028: 7767: 7750: 7705: 7620: 6025: 4707: 4252: 3706: 3688: 3660: 3202: 3069: 3000: 2778:. This granted official status to the Irish language in Northern Ireland. 2393: 2239: 2235: 2190: 2133: 1696: 1656: 1624: 1483: 1443: 1277: 1190: 1141: 1116: 1016: 708: 431: 414: 369: 284: 20: 6549: 6505: 5730: 5706: 5451:"Irish language and Ulster Scots bill clears final hurdle in Parliament" 5243: 4791: 2995:: Former policy carried out by the Norwegian government directed at the 2623: 2567:

as its primary languages, even though most South Africans, particularly

9268: 9263: 9144: 9139: 9035: 9019: 8876: 8769: 8727: 8689: 8497: 8485: 8458: 8448: 8368: 7794: 7789: 7760: 7695: 7534: 7069: 6595: 6445: 6041: 5133:

Canagarajah, Suresh; Said, Selim Ben (2010), "Linguistic imperialism",

5077:

Linguistic human rights: Overcoming linguistic discrimination (Vol. 67)

3846: 3603: 3576: 3420: 3118: 2946: 2927: 2889: 2813:

was in 1946 not considered "a suitable medium of education or culture".

2373:

societies and traditions as necessary for the development of a unified

2266:. Impact of linguistic discrimination ranges from physical violence to 2231: 2202: 2145: 2062: 1978: 1973: 1854: 1849: 1745: 1721: 1570: 1463: 1421: 1377: 1185: 1173: 1146: 1136: 1056: 458: 453: 424: 359: 190: 6274: 4208: 3582:

China: In the 2000s the Chinese government began promoting the use of

9169: 9117: 8834: 8433: 7560: 7226:"Shiv Sena sharpens attack on North Indians, says they are uninvited" 6768: 6627: 5633:"1899. The Collection of Decrees of the Grand Duchy of Finland. No 3" 4775: 3676: 3649: 3596: 3587: 3530: 3341: 3239: 3084: 2790: 2581: 2564: 2369: 2361: 2271: 2086: 1879: 1827: 1528: 1121: 224: 6587: 5496:

National Literacy Campaigns: Historical and Comparative Perspectives

5197:

Evans, Julie; Grimshaw, Patricia; Phillips, David (21 August 2003).

4282: 9134: 8964: 8891: 8542: 8468: 8373: 8333: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7570: 7175:"Thing Is, Thackeray Really Was As Hateful As the Trailer Suggests" 4692: 4004:. The Legal Aid Society-Employment Law Center. 2002. Archived from 3787: 3783: 3751: 3723: 3100: 2853: 2800: 2293: 2097: 1844: 1666: 1585: 1230: 1156: 1061: 1021: 389: 384: 379: 304: 299: 294: 234: 4415:"Linguistic Discrimination Still Lingers in Many Classrooms | NEA" 3525:. In 2010, Kurdish municipalities in the southeast began printing 2351: 2065:(whether or not the speaker uses complex and varied words), their 7645: 7539: 7519: 7492: 7467: 7371: 6856: 4464:

Barrett, Tyler Andrew; Dovchin, Sender, eds. (31 December 2019).

3653: 3534: 3371: 3320: 3280: 3161: 3143: 2923: 2753:

Linguistic discrimination towards languages in the Celtic nations

2340:, were based on Native American languages, while others, such as 309: 195: 175: 148: 125: 48: 7093:"Writing Taiwanese: The Development of Modern Written Taiwanese" 2552:

identify with settler perspectives rather than indigenous ones.

2093:, character or other traits, which may lead to discrimination. 8594: 7625: 7524: 7502: 7497: 7447: 6734:"After 52-year ban, Syrian Kurds now taught Kurdish in schools" 4506: 4440:"Why language matters: Endangered languages and discrimination" 3791: 3747: 3735: 3664: 3607: 3463: 2746: 2732:

for whom? Language policy and fairness in the European Union",

2360:

countries such as Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina, and those in the

2333: 2263: 2186: 2129: 2113: 2082: 2070: 1282: 289: 180: 158: 153: 105: 7274: 7272: 6522:

Hyde, Merv; Punch, Renée; Komesaroff, Linda (1 January 2010).

6129: 4830:

Chitpin, Stephanie; Portelli, John P., eds. (8 January 2019).

2860:

was one of so-called patois. In 1539, with Article 111 of the

8604: 7452: 7331:

Linguistic human rights: overcoming linguistic discrimination

5874:

Stevens, James H.; Ruder, Kenneth F.; Tew, Roy (April 1973).

4810:

Globalization and language vitality: Perspectives from Africa

4625:

Globalization and language vitality: Perspectives from Africa

4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 3538: 3486: 3004: 2934:

from secondary (1874) and primary (1886) schools, the use of

2782: 2478: 2419: 1292: 110: 5259:"The right to language use in South African criminal courts" 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4618: 4616: 4283:"Do You Speak American . What Speech Do We Like Best? | PBS" 3786:

operates a great deal using written language. Readers of a

3648:

Kannada supremacism widely known as "activism" is common in

3188:

Perpetuation of discriminatory practices through terminology

2355:

A photo of students at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School

2140:; scholar Anna Wierzbicka has described disciplines such as 9216: 9045: 7269: 6852: 4467:

Critical Inquiries in the Sociolinguistics of Globalization

4083:, The Hazards of English as a Default Language, written in 3727: 2592: 1926: 1755: 5562:"Hypocrisy? France and its regional languages - The Local" 4567: 4156:(Second ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 40. 2902: 7367:

Action Linguistic Rights: Violations of Linguistic Rights

6873:"Turkey legalizes the letters Q, W, and X. Yay Alphabet!" 5347:

Canadian Public Policy – Analyse de Politiques Vol. XXXVI

5313: 5311: 5065:

Convention against Discrimination in Education, Article 5

4631: 4613: 4287: 4021:

Quoted in Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove, and Phillipson, Robert,

2662:

discriminated against Canada's French-speaking population

2464: 2053:

and the characteristics of their speech, including their

6769:

Kurdish performers banned, Appeal from International PEN

5330:

Canadian Institute for Research on Linguistic Minorities

4999: 4353:"Preventing Linguistic Racism and Discrimination – CETL" 4029:, p. 455. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter & Co. 3478:, leading to its virtual extinction by the 17th century. 16:

Discrimination on the basis of language of an individual

6751:

Special Focus Cases: Leyla Zana, Prisoner of Conscience

6663:"Cameroon continues its oppression of English speakers" 6623: 6621: 4027:

Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties

3951:

Multilingualism and the education of minority children.

2336:. Some of these languages, such as Delaware Pidgin and 7280:"All you need to know about linguistic crisis in Asia" 5760:

Second revised, expanded edition. New York: Routledge.

5308: 3093:

Controversy over 2009 amendment to Slovak language law

2077:

in France will probably be treated differently from a

5196: 3551:

During the time when Korea was annexed by Japan from

2726: 2563:

justice system still relies primarily on English and

2221: 19:"Linguicist" redirects here. Not to be confused with 6618: 5707:"Sprachvariation, Sprachliche Ideologien und Schule" 5033:

Lin, Angel; Martin, Peter, eds. (31 December 2005).

3579:

was the peak of the violence against Tamils in 1983.

3269: 2313: 6521: 5876:"Speech Discrimination in Black and White Children" 5770:Arifin, Jose Aramando; Dewi, Ienneke Indra (2023). 5413:, European Union Politics, 2016, Vol. 17(4) 546–569 5102:

International Documents on Corporate Responsibility

4761: 4374:Lueck, Kerstin; Wilson, Machelle (1 January 2010). 2886:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

2884:. The French government still has not ratified the 5680:"Montenegrin Serbs Allege Language Discrimination" 5646: 5405: 5403: 4864: 4832:Confronting Educational Policy in Neoliberal Times 4055:"Single dominant tongue keeps inequality in place" 4053: 3344:is a common point of attack. It is the mixture of 3055:make Russian the only official language of Finland 9180:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 7346:Language policy and political issues in education 6071:Kurinec, Courtney A.; Weaver, Charles A. (2021). 3433:becomes 'normative' in the education system. The 1890:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 9321: 6389:"The International Deafness Controversy of 1880" 5493:Arnove, R. F.; Graff, H. J. (11 November 2013). 5281:International Journal of Intercultural Relations 5167:International Journal on Multicultural Societies 4960:International Journal of Educational Development 4808:Mufwene, Salikoko; Vigouroux, Cécile B. (2008). 4807: 4623:Mufwene, Salikoko; Vigouroux, Cécile B. (2008). 4622: 4593:International Journal on Multicultural Societies 4380:International Journal of Intercultural Relations 3709:has led to anti Hindi agitations in states like 3415:: the central Cameroonian government has pushed 8840:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 6423: 6211: 6209: 5873: 5400: 5132: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4829: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4803: 4801: 4757: 4755: 4753: 3948: 3352: 2838:of Basque was persecuted and restricted during 2440: 1534:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 8322:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 7146: 6569: 6567: 5360:"JFL volume 22 issue 2 Cover and Front matter" 5341:Louis N. Christofides & Robert Swidinsky, 5266:Doctoral Dissertation, University of Cape Town 4463: 4310: 4175: 4173: 2740:In the 24 countries examined, an English-only 2556:dependent on Japan and colonize Korea longer. 2527:Convention against Discrimination in Education 2116:, where the majority of the population speaks 1010:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 7387: 7306:World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students 6870: 6257:Wang, Min; Dovchin, Sender (10 August 2022). 6070: 5192: 5190: 5135:The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics 4949: 4947: 4945: 4913: 4241:"Language ideologies – Evolving perspectives" 4182:"Linguistic racism: Origins and implications" 4118:"HLW: Word Forms: Processes: English Accents" 2015: 6970:"Turkey to allow Kurdish lessons in schools" 6517: 6515: 6206: 6026:"Speech Patterns and Racial Wage Inequality" 5711:Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 4986: 4870: 4816: 4798: 4750: 4713: 3995:"Language Discrimination: Your Legal Rights" 3989: 3987: 2930:in the 19th century, such as the removal of 2776:Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act 8538:List of people killed for being transgender 7001:"Japanese Rule (1910–1945) | K12 Academics" 6918:"TRT HABER - Özel Kürtçe Kanala Yeşil Işık" 6564: 6256: 5492: 4373: 4170: 4151: 3053:, there were some attempts in 1899–1917 to 3049:were also discriminated against. Under the 1226:List of people killed for being transgender 7394: 7380: 7149:"Why no one dared to mess with Shiv Sena?" 7120: 7056:(4). Cambridge University Press: 523–551. 6944:"Kurdish TV starts broadcasting in Turkey" 6710:Repression of Kurds in Syria is widespread 6528:Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 5769: 5229: 5187: 4942: 3593:Guangzhou Television Cantonese controversy 3146:: In 1804, all Ukrainian-language schools 3021:on the territoriesthat were seized by the 2022: 2008: 6823:United Nations Commission on Human Rights 6539: 6512: 6303: 6233: 6106: 6088: 5948:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030556 5946: 5795: 5499:. Springer Science & Business Media. 5375: 5317:Richard Y. Bourhis & Pierre Foucher, 5278: 5207:10.7228/manchester/9780719060038.001.0001 5178: 5032: 4604: 4550: 4532: 4328: 4238: 4207: 4197: 3984: 2613: 2049:) is unfair treatment of people based on 7661:Social determinants of health in poverty 7024: 6329: 6310:Pew Research Center Race & Ethnicity 6218:"Language, Race, and White Public Space" 6173: 5611:. Walther de Gruyter. pp. 279–281. 4311:Lipovec Čebron, Uršula (30 March 2021). 4051: 3121:have reported discrimination of Serbian. 2821: 2704: 2593:Linguistic prejudice and minority groups 2531:UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 2495: 2468: 2383: 2350: 2225: 325:Social determinants of health in poverty 6816: 6660: 6386: 6304:Greenwood, Shannon (19 December 2022). 6023: 5977: 5652: 5164: 4649:. DE GRUYTER MOUTON. pp. 271–288. 4590: 3455:At the turn of the eighth century, the 3182: 3095:: The 1995 Slovak language law defined 2262:Linguistic discrimination is a form of 2151: 9322: 7172: 7047: 6998: 6573: 6460:"ASL as a Foreign Language Fact Sheet" 6426:Anthropology & Education Quarterly 6332:"5 Must-Know Common Chinglish Phrases" 6004:Languages in America: A Pluralist View 5980:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language 5606: 5232:International Journal of Peace Studies 5074: 4916:Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 4047: 4045: 4043: 3614:, the Nationalist government promoted 3513:in 2009, with full use of the letters 3303:-inspired phrases used by speakers of 2513:, a British colonial administrator in 2465:Linguistic discrimination in education 7375: 7121:Uday Singh, Chander (31 March 1981). 6810: 6483: 6393:Hearing Health and Technology Matters 6355: 6006:, pp. 7-8. Multilingual Matters Ltd. 5745:Standard English: the Widening Debate 5704: 5653:Tyynilä, Markku (16 September 1997). 5099: 4953: 4677: 4644: 3567:Anti-Chinese legislation in Indonesia 3449: 3128:refers to the attempted elevation of 2912:and 1830. That has led to widespread 9304: 8344:Capital punishment for homosexuality 7666:Social determinants of mental health 7027:"Remembering Sri Lanka's Black July" 6924:from the original on 18 January 2012 6688:"Le problème anglophone au Cameroun" 6215: 6174:Callahan, Laura (5 September 2014). 6152: 5928: 5826: 5422: 5256: 3126:Language policies of Francoist Spain 2789:was discouraged in schools, and the 2617: 1032:Capital punishment for homosexuality 330:Social determinants of mental health 8464:Genital modification and mutilation 7173:Rampal, Nitish (27 December 2018). 7147:Dipankar Gupta (30 November 1999). 7090: 6368:from the original on 1 January 1970 6024:Grogger, Jeffrey (1 January 2011). 5655:"Daehn, Woldemar von (1838 - 1900)" 4412: 4179: 4052:Dommisse, Ebbe (16 November 2016). 4040: 4002:ACLU Foundation of North California 2668:, they have treated its members as 2284: 2107:Scholars have analyzed the role of 1152:Genital modification and mutilation 13: 7401: 7025:Haviland, Charles (23 July 2013). 6980:from the original on 13 March 2013 6851:has company under the name of AXA 6002:Dicker, Susan J. (2nd ed., 2003). 5364:Journal of French Language Studies 3511:24-hour Kurdish television station 3333:Linguistic discrimination against 3208: 2727:Linguistic disenfranchisement rate 2426:, for example, argues in his book 2222:Language and social group saliency 14: 9351: 7360: 6999:Glavin, Chris (7 February 2017). 6871:Mark Liberman (24 October 2013). 6740:from the original on 10 May 2016. 6330:Mandarin, That's (20 July 2022). 6176:"The importance of being earnest" 5929:King, Sharese (14 January 2020). 5429:. University of Wisconsin Press. 3270:Hispanic Americans and linguicism 2888:. On 8 April 2021, the Breton MP 2817: 2488:On the other hand, areas such as 2473:Photo of school children in Haiti 2379:Carlisle Indian Industrial School 2314:History of linguistic imperialism 2305:, accent is a part of identity. 2238:. This poster is propaganda from 9303: 9294: 9293: 8943:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 8780:Law for Protection of the Nation 8680:White genocide conspiracy theory 7298: 7243: 7218: 7192: 7166: 7140: 7114: 7084: 7041: 7018: 6992: 6962: 6936: 6920:. Trt.net.tr. 28 November 2011. 6910: 6899:Turkey to get Kurdish television 6661:Foretia, Denis (21 March 2017). 6498:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2008.00684.x 6216:Hill, Jane H. (September 1998). 5845:10.1111/j.1548-7466.2010.01069.x 3633:occurred in a move to recognise 3529:, water bills, construction and 3099:as the official language of the 2772:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2622: 2321:Linguistic imperialism § History 2319:This section is an excerpt from 1645:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1474:Law for Protection of the Nation 1368:White genocide conspiracy theory 47: 8785:MSM blood donation restrictions 8533:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 7344:R. Wodak and D. Corson (eds.), 7329:Skutnabb-Kangas et al. (eds.), 6946:. Kurdmedia.com. Archived from 6892: 6864: 6788:"On trial for speaking Kurdish" 6780: 6762: 6744: 6726: 6703: 6694: 6680: 6654: 6477: 6452: 6417: 6399: 6380: 6356:Berke, Jame (30 January 2017). 6349: 6323: 6297: 6250: 6167: 6146: 6123: 6064: 6017: 5996: 5971: 5922: 5867: 5820: 5763: 5750: 5737: 5698: 5672: 5625: 5600: 5586: 5572: 5554: 5545: 5520: 5486: 5465: 5443: 5416: 5352: 5335: 5299: 5272: 5250: 5223: 5201:. Manchester University Press. 5158: 5126: 5093: 5068: 5059: 5026: 4907: 4671: 4500: 4457: 4432: 4406: 4367: 4345: 4304: 4295: 4275: 4232: 3925: 3319:believes that this intentional 2892:tried to pass a law to protect 2308: 2168:(a variety associated with the 1479:MSM blood donation restrictions 1221:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 8798:(as religious or racial quota) 6817:Karakaş, Saniye (March 2004). 6438:10.1525/aeq.1988.19.3.05x1559y 5199:Equal Subjects, Unequal Rights 4392:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.10.004 4145: 4136: 4110: 4101: 4073: 4015: 3959: 3949:Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove (1988), 3697:resulting in an exodus in 2008 3068:("indigenization") and before 2938:leading to such events as the 2864:, French, the language of the 2862:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts 2711:Charter of the French Language 2061:, the perceived size of their 1492:(as religious or racial quota) 1: 9212:Second-generation gender bias 8928:Constitutional colorblindness 7656:Social determinants of health 7323: 6859:television channel in Turkey. 6794:. 11 May 2011. Archived from 5332:, Version 3, 25 November 2010 5035:Decolonisation, Globalisation 4972:10.1016/s0738-0593(99)00034-6 4873:Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands) 4716:Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands) 4180:May, Stephen (October 2023). 4085:Natural Semantic Metalanguage 3942: 3618:and banned the public use of 3445:want to anglicise completely. 3074:languages of the Soviet Union 2905:letter and forbid such names. 2664:, during some periods in the 2541: 2407:English Education Act of 1835 2400:highlighted the need for "... 2197:judge the native population, 1922:Second-generation gender bias 1630:Constitutional colorblindness 320:Social determinants of health 7333:, Walter de Gruyter (1995), 6847:and trademarks. For example 6387:Traynor, Bob (1 June 2016). 5935:Annual Review of Linguistics 5827:HILL, JANE H. (April 2010). 5797:10.1051/e3sconf/202342601055 5293:10.1016/0147-1767(96)00028-4 4534:10.1371/journal.pone.0231089 4152:Lippi-Green, Rosina (2012). 3801: 3505:, which do not exist in the 3406: 3353:American Sign Language users 2721: 2608: 2441:Colonial languages and class 7: 9123:Medical model of disability 8975:Hate speech laws by country 6486:The Modern Language Journal 6358:"Deaf History - Milan 1880" 5110:10.4337/9781845428297.00029 4885:10.1177/0016549297059001003 4728:10.1177/0016549297059001003 4239:Kroskrity, Paul V. (2010), 3819: 3136:during the dictatorship of 2674:Quebec sovereignty movement 2574: 2500:Photo of a school in Uganda 1833:Medical model of disability 1677:Hate speech laws by country 10: 9356: 9232:Social model of disability 7711:Discrimination against men 7304:Jenkins, Jennifer (2003). 6576:The Hastings Center Report 6407:"Milan Conference of 1880" 6030:Journal of Human Resources 5892:10.1177/002383097301600203 5423:Wolf, Nicholas M. (2014). 5143:10.4324/9780203835654.ch27 4954:Bunyi, Grace (July 1999). 4681:Journal of British Studies 3912:Standard language ideology 3545: 3476:Mamluke Sultanate of Cairo 2914:language shift in Brussels 2692:, extreme poverty and low 2413: 2318: 1942:Social model of disability 375:Discrimination against men 18: 9330:Linguistic discrimination 9289: 9028: 8905: 8698: 8585:Opposition to immigration 8309: 7956: 7803: 7553: 7503:Race / Ethnicity 7440: 7409: 7062:10.1017/S0047404503324030 6235:10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.680 6090:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.785283 5833:Transforming Anthropology 5528:"Scottish Languages Bill" 5377:10.1017/s0959269512000038 5370:(2): f1–f2. 16 May 2012. 4655:10.1515/9783110866391.271 4199:10.1177/14687968231193072 3967:"Language Discrimination" 3631:Bengali language movement 3370:), reaffirmed the use of 3328: 3064:, following the phase of 2388:Portrait of Lord Macaulay 2257: 2180: 2035:Linguistic discrimination 1273:Opposition to immigration 159:Race / Ethnicity 8580:Occupational segregation 8349:Compulsory sterilization 6154: 4245:Society and Language Use 3918: 3813:Civil Rights Act of 1964 3758: 3623:decrease and ended when 3435:universities of Pretoria 3368:Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet 1268:Occupational segregation 1037:Compulsory sterilization 9108:Internalized oppression 8970:Fighting Discrimination 8960:Fat acceptance movement 8918:Anti-discrimination law 8558:Native American mascots 6715:15 October 2007 at the 6222:American Anthropologist 6077:Frontiers in Psychology 5978:Crystal, David (2010). 5756:Lippi-Green, R. (2012) 5324:29 October 2013 at the 4928:10.1075/jpcl.27.2.03heb 4647:Linguistic Human Rights 3872:Linguistic prescription 3691:becoming the target of 3561:Joseon Education Decree 3557:Joseon Education Decree 3460:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan 3413:Anglophone Cameroonians 2898:Conseil Constitutionnel 2850:have similar histories. 2760:British rule in Ireland 1818:Internalized oppression 1672:Fighting Discrimination 1662:Fat acceptance movement 1620:Anti-discrimination law 1246:Native American mascots 9335:Discrimination by type 9227:Social identity threat 9200:Reverse discrimination 9190:Racial color blindness 8670:Violence against women 8650:Sex-selective abortion 6648:10.5749/j.ctt9qh3m7.33 6192:10.1075/sic.11.2.03cal 5776:E3S Web of Conferences 5723:10.25162/zdl-2015-0007 5607:Polenz, Peter (1991). 5043:10.21832/9781853598265 4764:World Literature Today 4476:10.21832/9781788922852 4330:10.3390/socsci10040125 3842:Global language system 3763:Linguicism applies to 3659:Marathi superamacy in 3591:this gave rise to the 3359:American Sign Language 3277:undocumented immigrant 3105:Hungarians in Slovakia 2940:Września school strike 2827: 2682:Lower Canada Rebellion 2614:Francophones in Canada 2501: 2474: 2389: 2356: 2243: 2174:Received Pronunciation 2162:Do You Speak American? 2120:introduced during the 2109:linguistic imperialism 1937:Social identity threat 1910:Reverse discrimination 1900:Racial color blindness 1358:Violence against women 1338:Sex-selective abortion 9195:Religious intolerance 9155:Political correctness 8985:Intersex human rights 8933:Cultural assimilation 8615:Religious persecution 8379:Disability hate crime 7308:, p. 200. Routledge. 7284:Skillsphere Education 6721:Amnesty International 6541:10.1093/deafed/enq004 6156:Dialectal Due Process 5705:Maitz, Péter (2015). 5079:. Walter de Gruyter. 5075:Rannut, Mart (2010). 5004:. Walter de Gruyter. 4840:10.4324/9781315149875 4081:Imprisoned by English 3867:Linguistic insecurity 3837:Economics of language 3827:Cultural assimilation 3777:Scandinavian language 3527:marriage certificates 3150:in Ukraine under the 3019:19th-century policies 2956:Early New High German 2825: 2770:in 1922. In 2022 the 2758:During the period of 2705:Anglophones in Quebec 2694:socio-economic status 2678:Quebecois nationalism 2670:second-class citizens 2499: 2472: 2429:Decolonizing the Mind 2394:British rule in India 2387: 2354: 2229: 2051:their use of language 1905:Religious intolerance 1865:Political correctness 1687:Intersex human rights 1635:Cultural assimilation 1303:Religious persecution 1067:Disability hate crime 8600:Political repression 7606:Anti-left handedness 7596:Anti-intellectualism 7100:Sino-Platonic Papers 7005:www.k12academics.com 5257:Cote, David (2014). 4253:10.1075/hoph.7.13kro 4011:on 4 September 2012. 3887:Minoritized language 3877:Linguistic profiling 3643:Dominion of Pakistan 3573:The Sinhala Only Act 3388:Gallaudet University 3285:cognitive dissonance 3183:In the United States 3023:Partitions of Poland 2971:(Saxon language) to 2569:Black South Africans 2535:indigenous languages 2506:Commonwealth nations 2366:indigenous languages 2152:Linguistic prejudice 2126:indigenous languages 2101:Tove Skutnabb-Kangas 1288:Political repression 270:Anti-left handedness 260:Anti-intellectualism 9103:Historical eugenics 8640:Segregation academy 8620:Religious terrorism 8409:Enemy of the people 8317:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 7843:Jehovah's Witnesses 7736:Perpetual foreigner 7091:Lin, Alvin (1999). 7050:Language in Society 6904:13 May 2006 at the 6736:. 6 November 2015. 6723:Report, March 2005. 6667:The Washington Post 5880:Language and Speech 5788:2023E3SWC.42601055A 5568:on 28 January 2014. 5532:www.parliament.scot 4525:2020PLoSO..1531089N 3897:Nonstandard dialect 3754:based on languages. 3703:Imposition of Hindi 3386:and Cecil Lucas of 2936:corporal punishment 2805:Scottish Parliament 2686:Red River Rebellion 2211:linguistic ideology 2138:academic discipline 1813:Historical eugenics 1328:Segregation academy 1308:Religious terrorism 1097:Enemy of the people 1005:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 515:Jehovah's Witnesses 400:Perpetual foreigner 9015:Social integration 9010:Self-determination 9000:Racial integration 8948:Diversity training 8938:Cultural pluralism 8913:Affirmative action 8813:Racial segregation 8723:Crime of apartheid 8625:Religious violence 8135:Indigenous people 7530:Sexual orientation 7230:The Economic Times 7206:. 4 September 2012 6950:on 12 January 2012 6774:2012-01-13 at the 6756:2005-05-10 at the 6180:Spanish in Context 6042:10.3368/jhr.46.1.1 5659:Kansallisbiografia 5473:A History of Wales 3971:Workplace Fairness 3933:Woldemar von Daehn 3450:In the Middle East 3199:Rosina Lippi-Green 3140:from 1936 to 1975. 3134:languages of Spain 3025:, such as banning 2926:discrimination of 2894:minority languages 2828: 2502: 2475: 2390: 2357: 2346:Cameroonian Pidgin 2244: 2206:political status. 2118:European languages 2073:. For example, an 1717:Social integration 1712:Self-determination 1702:Racial integration 1650:Diversity training 1640:Cultural pluralism 1615:Affirmative action 1507:Racial segregation 1417:Crime of apartheid 1313:Religious violence 815:Indigenous people 186:Sexual orientation 9317: 9316: 9185:Racism by country 9113:Intersectionality 9098:Heteronormativity 8897:Voter suppression 8645:Sexual harassment 8444:Forced conversion 8364:Cultural genocide 8034:African Americans 7853:post–Cold War era 7838:Eastern Orthodoxy 7591:Anti-drug addicts 7586:Anti-homelessness 7513:Scientific racism 6275:10.1002/tesq.3179 5989:978-0-521-73650-3 5686:. 20 October 2014 5475:, Penguin, 1994, 5453:. 26 October 2022 5436:978-0-299-30274-0 5409:Michele Gazzola, 5216:978-0-7190-6003-8 5152:978-0-203-83565-4 5086:978-3-11-086639-1 5011:978-3-11-087218-7 4664:978-3-11-086639-1 4413:Álvarez, Brenda. 4355:. 4 February 2022 4262:978-90-272-0784-5 4163:978-0-415-55911-9 3882:Linguistic racism 3862:Language ideology 3832:Cultural genocide 3639:official language 3612:Chinese Civil War 3483:Kurdish languages 3417:francophonization 3117:organisations in 2715:official language 2666:history of Canada 2658:English Canadians 2653: 2652: 2459:cultural hegemony 2424:Ngugi wa Thiong'o 2032: 2031: 1895:Racism by country 1823:Intersectionality 1808:Heteronormativity 1591:Voter suppression 1333:Sexual harassment 1132:Forced conversion 1052:Cultural genocide 714:African Americans 525:post–Cold War era 510:Eastern Orthodoxy 255:Anti-drug addicts 250:Anti-homelessness 169:Scientific racism 9347: 9340:Sociolinguistics 9307: 9306: 9297: 9296: 9237:Social privilege 9222:Social exclusion 9150:Police brutality 9071:Multiculturalism 9041:Amatonormativity 8872:Social exclusion 8708:Age of candidacy 8508:Homeless dumping 8414:Ethnic cleansing 7396: 7389: 7382: 7373: 7372: 7317: 7302: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7276: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7257:. 5 October 2021 7247: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7196: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7097: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7011: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6976:. 12 June 2012. 6966: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6914: 6908: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6843: 6841: 6835: 6825:. Archived from 6814: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6784: 6778: 6766: 6760: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6730: 6724: 6707: 6701: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6625: 6616: 6615: 6571: 6562: 6561: 6543: 6519: 6510: 6509: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6269:(4): 1139–1166. 6254: 6248: 6247: 6237: 6213: 6204: 6203: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6163:1958 (2023). 6158: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6110: 6092: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6021: 6015: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5950: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5799: 5767: 5761: 5754: 5748: 5747:London:Routledge 5741: 5735: 5734: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5564:. Archived from 5558: 5552: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5490: 5484: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5420: 5414: 5407: 5398: 5397: 5379: 5356: 5350: 5339: 5333: 5315: 5306: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5287:(3–4): 441–462. 5276: 5270: 5269: 5263: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5194: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5072: 5066: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5030: 5024: 5023: 4997: 4984: 4983: 4966:(4–5): 337–350. 4951: 4940: 4939: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4827: 4814: 4813: 4805: 4796: 4795: 4776:10.2307/40143257 4759: 4748: 4747: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4642: 4629: 4628: 4620: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4588: 4565: 4564: 4554: 4536: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4444:www.newswise.com 4436: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4332: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4211: 4201: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4120:. Archived from 4114: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4060:The Business Day 4057: 4049: 4038: 4024: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 3999: 3991: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3963: 3953: 3936: 3929: 3902:Raciolinguistics 3852:Interlinguistics 3773:signed languages 3669:ultranationalist 3584:Mandarin Chinese 3507:Turkish alphabet 3491:Syrian civil war 3400:cochlear implant 3363:Milan Conference 3138:Francisco Franco 2993:Norwegianization 2969:sassesche sprâke 2961:Peter von Polenz 2909:Dutch in Belgium 2842:, 1936 to 1978. 2768:Irish Free State 2648: 2645: 2626: 2618: 2403: 2334:pidgin languages 2329:Salikoko Mufwene 2285:English language 2166:General American 2024: 2017: 2010: 1947:Social privilege 1932:Social exclusion 1860:Police brutality 1781:Multiculturalism 1751:Amatonormativity 1566:Social exclusion 1402:Age of candidacy 1196:Homeless dumping 1102:Ethnic cleansing 51: 28: 27: 9355: 9354: 9350: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9345: 9344: 9320: 9319: 9318: 9313: 9285: 9160:Polyculturalism 9056:Civil liberties 9024: 9005:Reappropriation 8906:Countermeasures 8901: 8830:Racial steering 8796:Numerus clausus 8700: 8694: 8419:Ethnic conflict 8354:Corrective rape 8305: 7952: 7799: 7691:HIV/AIDS stigma 7549: 7498:Mental disorder 7436: 7405: 7400: 7363: 7326: 7321: 7320: 7303: 7299: 7289: 7287: 7278: 7277: 7270: 7260: 7258: 7255:The News Minute 7249: 7248: 7244: 7234: 7232: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7209: 7207: 7198: 7197: 7193: 7183: 7181: 7171: 7167: 7157: 7155: 7145: 7141: 7131: 7129: 7119: 7115: 7095: 7089: 7085: 7046: 7042: 7032: 7030: 7023: 7019: 7009: 7007: 6997: 6993: 6983: 6981: 6968: 6967: 6963: 6953: 6951: 6942: 6941: 6937: 6927: 6925: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6906:Wayback Machine 6897: 6893: 6883: 6881: 6869: 6865: 6839: 6837: 6836:on 28 June 2007 6829: 6815: 6811: 6801: 6799: 6798:on 15 June 2013 6786: 6785: 6781: 6776:Wayback Machine 6767: 6763: 6758:Wayback Machine 6749: 6745: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6717:Wayback Machine 6708: 6704: 6699: 6695: 6686: 6685: 6681: 6671: 6669: 6659: 6655: 6640: 6626: 6619: 6588:10.2307/3528774 6572: 6565: 6520: 6513: 6482: 6478: 6468: 6466: 6458: 6457: 6453: 6422: 6418: 6405: 6404: 6400: 6385: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6354: 6350: 6340: 6338: 6336:That's Mandarin 6328: 6324: 6314: 6312: 6302: 6298: 6263:TESOL Quarterly 6255: 6251: 6214: 6207: 6172: 6168: 6151: 6147: 6142:(2): e216–e252. 6128: 6124: 6069: 6065: 6022: 6018: 6001: 5997: 5990: 5976: 5972: 5927: 5923: 5872: 5868: 5825: 5821: 5768: 5764: 5755: 5751: 5742: 5738: 5703: 5699: 5689: 5687: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5663: 5661: 5651: 5647: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5619: 5605: 5601: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5582:. 8 April 2021. 5578: 5577: 5573: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5491: 5487: 5470: 5466: 5456: 5454: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5437: 5421: 5417: 5408: 5401: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5340: 5336: 5326:Wayback Machine 5316: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5277: 5273: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5195: 5188: 5180:10.1.1.109.2253 5163: 5159: 5153: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5031: 5027: 5012: 4998: 4987: 4952: 4943: 4912: 4908: 4869: 4865: 4850: 4828: 4817: 4806: 4799: 4760: 4751: 4712: 4708: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4643: 4632: 4621: 4614: 4606:10.1.1.109.2253 4589: 4568: 4519:(4): e0231089. 4505: 4501: 4486: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4423: 4421: 4411: 4407: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4317:Social Sciences 4309: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4237: 4233: 4178: 4171: 4164: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4124:on 14 June 2008 4116: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4078: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4050: 4041: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4008: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3945: 3940: 3939: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3822: 3804: 3761: 3667:) perpuated by 3586:in areas where 3548: 3537:in Kurdish and 3472:Coptic language 3452: 3409: 3355: 3331: 3272: 3228:white supremacy 3211: 3209:Black Americans 3195:false dichotomy 3190: 3185: 3156:Valuev Circular 3132:over the other 3101:Slovak Republic 3081:federal subject 3039:Congress Poland 3009:Northern Norway 2840:Francoist Spain 2820: 2803:. Although the 2797:Scottish Gaelic 2755: 2742:language policy 2734:Michele Gazzola 2729: 2724: 2707: 2698:French Canadian 2690:Acadia province 2649: 2643: 2640: 2633:needs expansion 2627: 2616: 2611: 2595: 2577: 2544: 2467: 2443: 2416: 2411: 2410: 2401: 2396:, for example, 2342:Nigerian Pidgin 2338:Mobilian Jargon 2324: 2316: 2311: 2294:Russian-English 2287: 2260: 2224: 2183: 2154: 2075:Occitan speaker 2028: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1870:Polyculturalism 1766:Civil liberties 1738: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1707:Reappropriation 1607: 1606:Countermeasures 1599: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1524:Racial steering 1490:Numerus clausus 1394: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1382: 1107:Ethnic conflict 1042:Corrective rape 997: 989: 988: 987: 986: 985: 639: 628: 627: 626: 625: 624: 477: 467: 466: 465: 464: 463: 355:HIV/AIDS stigma 217: 209: 208: 207: 206: 205: 154:Mental disorder 98: 90: 89: 88: 87: 86: 59: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9353: 9343: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9311: 9301: 9290: 9287: 9286: 9284: 9283: 9278: 9277: 9276: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9255: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9208: 9207: 9205:Reverse racism 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9175:Prisoner abuse 9172: 9167: 9165:Power distance 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9131: 9130: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9083:Ethnic penalty 9080: 9079: 9078: 9076:Neurodiversity 9073: 9063: 9061:Dehumanization 9058: 9053: 9051:Cisnormativity 9048: 9043: 9038: 9032: 9030: 9029:Related topics 9026: 9025: 9023: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8909: 8907: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8887:State religion 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8868: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8823:Nuremberg Laws 8820: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8765:Ghetto benches 8762: 8760:Gerrymandering 8757: 8752: 8747: 8745:Gender pay gap 8742: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8704: 8702: 8699:Discriminatory 8696: 8695: 8693: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8576: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8528:Lavender scare 8525: 8523:Kill Haole Day 8520: 8518:Indian rolling 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8483: 8478: 8477: 8476: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8404:Eliminationism 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8339:Cancel culture 8336: 8331: 8326: 8325: 8324: 8313: 8311: 8310:Manifestations 8307: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8206:Middle Eastern 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8047: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8015: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7963: 7961: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7950: 7948:Zoroastrianism 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7924: 7923: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7879: 7878: 7877: 7875:Untouchability 7872: 7862: 7857: 7856: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7809: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7765: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7701:Leprosy stigma 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7557: 7555: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7516: 7515: 7510: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7444: 7442: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7413: 7411: 7407: 7406: 7403:Discrimination 7399: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7376: 7370: 7369: 7362: 7361:External links 7359: 7358: 7357: 7342: 7325: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7297: 7268: 7242: 7217: 7191: 7165: 7139: 7113: 7083: 7040: 7017: 6991: 6961: 6935: 6909: 6891: 6863: 6809: 6779: 6761: 6743: 6725: 6702: 6693: 6679: 6653: 6638: 6617: 6563: 6534:(2): 162–178. 6511: 6476: 6451: 6432:(3): 235–252. 6416: 6398: 6379: 6348: 6322: 6296: 6249: 6228:(3): 680–689. 6205: 6186:(2): 202–220. 6166: 6145: 6122: 6063: 6016: 5995: 5988: 5970: 5941:(1): 285–300. 5921: 5886:(2): 123–129. 5866: 5819: 5762: 5749: 5736: 5717:(2): 206–227. 5697: 5684:Balkan Insight 5671: 5645: 5624: 5617: 5599: 5596:. 21 May 2021. 5585: 5571: 5553: 5544: 5519: 5505: 5485: 5464: 5442: 5435: 5415: 5399: 5351: 5334: 5307: 5298: 5271: 5249: 5222: 5215: 5186: 5173:(2): 162–193. 5157: 5151: 5125: 5118: 5092: 5085: 5067: 5058: 5051: 5025: 5010: 4985: 4941: 4922:(2): 255–302. 4906: 4863: 4848: 4815: 4797: 4749: 4706: 4693:10.1086/598899 4687:(2): 522–524. 4670: 4663: 4630: 4612: 4599:(2): 162–193. 4566: 4499: 4484: 4456: 4431: 4405: 4366: 4344: 4303: 4294: 4274: 4261: 4231: 4192:(5): 651–661. 4169: 4162: 4144: 4135: 4109: 4100: 4092:inter-language 4072: 4039: 4014: 3983: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3892:Monolingualism 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3857:Language death 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3803: 3800: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3721: 3718: 3700: 3657: 3646: 3628: 3627:ended in 1987. 3610:following the 3600: 3580: 3569: 3564: 3547: 3544: 3543: 3542: 3479: 3468:Medieval Greek 3466:would replace 3457:Umayyad caliph 3451: 3448: 3447: 3446: 3424: 3408: 3405: 3396:Deaf community 3379:William Stokoe 3354: 3351: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3325: 3291:Mock Spanish: 3271: 3268: 3256:code switching 3247:1977 Ann Arbor 3235:John McWhorter 3210: 3207: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3171: 3159: 3152:Russian Empire 3141: 3122: 3112: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3077: 3051:Russian Empire 3012: 2999:and later the 2990: 2987:Albert Apponyi 2980: 2949:) in Germany: 2943: 2917: 2906: 2851: 2819: 2818:Other examples 2816: 2815: 2814: 2808: 2794: 2779: 2764:Irish language 2754: 2751: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2706: 2703: 2651: 2650: 2630: 2628: 2621: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2594: 2591: 2586:discrimination 2576: 2573: 2543: 2540: 2483:Haitian Creole 2466: 2463: 2455:Haitian Creole 2442: 2439: 2435:African slaves 2415: 2412: 2325: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2286: 2283: 2259: 2256: 2223: 2220: 2193:, where white 2182: 2179: 2153: 2150: 2142:social science 2079:French speaker 2055:first language 2030: 2029: 2027: 2026: 2019: 2012: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1915:Reverse racism 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1885:Prisoner abuse 1882: 1877: 1875:Power distance 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1793:Ethnic penalty 1790: 1789: 1788: 1786:Neurodiversity 1783: 1773: 1771:Dehumanization 1768: 1763: 1761:Cisnormativity 1758: 1753: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1737:Related topics 1736: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1581:State religion 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1517:Nuremberg Laws 1514: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1459:Ghetto benches 1456: 1454:Gerrymandering 1451: 1446: 1441: 1439:Gender pay gap 1436: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1216:Lavender scare 1213: 1211:Kill Haole Day 1208: 1206:Indian rolling 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1171: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1092:Eliminationism 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1027:Cancel culture 1024: 1019: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1001: 1000: 999: 998: 996:Manifestations 995: 994: 991: 990: 984: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 886:Middle Eastern 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 832: 831: 826: 821: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 727: 726: 721: 716: 706: 701: 696: 695: 694: 689: 684: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 643: 642: 641: 640: 634: 633: 630: 629: 623: 622: 620:Zoroastrianism 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 596: 595: 585: 584: 583: 582: 581: 576: 571: 566: 551: 550: 549: 547:Untouchability 544: 534: 529: 528: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 497: 492: 487: 481: 480: 479: 478: 473: 472: 469: 468: 462: 461: 456: 451: 450: 449: 444: 439: 429: 428: 427: 422: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 365:Leprosy stigma 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 221: 220: 219: 218: 215: 214: 211: 210: 204: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 172: 171: 166: 156: 151: 146: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 102: 101: 100: 99: 96: 95: 92: 91: 85: 84: 79: 74: 69: 63: 62: 61: 60: 57: 56: 53: 52: 44: 43: 41:Discrimination 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9352: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9310: 9302: 9300: 9292: 9291: 9288: 9282: 9279: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9259:Social stigma 9257: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9206: 9203: 9202: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9129: 9126: 9125: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9027: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8910: 8908: 8904: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8882:State atheism 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8847: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8818:Jim Crow laws 8816: 8815: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8803:One-drop rule 8801: 8799: 8797: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8718:Blood quantum 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8697: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8665:Victimisation 8663: 8661: 8660:Trans bashing 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8630:Religious war 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8610:Racialization 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8481:Glass ceiling 8479: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8424:Ethnic hatred 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8359:Counter-jihad 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8308: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8150: 8149:United States 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8013: 8012:United States 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7960: 7955: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7933:Protestantism 7931: 7929: 7926: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7917: 7914: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7883: 7880: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7848:LDS or Mormon 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7802: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7778:Transmisogyny 7776: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7766: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7681:Gerontophobia 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7601:Anti-intersex 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7576:Anti-albinism 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7552: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7417:Institutional 7415: 7414: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7397: 7392: 7390: 7385: 7383: 7378: 7377: 7374: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7355: 7354:0-7923-4713-7 7351: 7347: 7343: 7340: 7339:3-11-014878-1 7336: 7332: 7328: 7327: 7315: 7314:0-415-25805-7 7311: 7307: 7301: 7286:. 14 May 2018 7285: 7281: 7275: 7273: 7256: 7252: 7246: 7231: 7227: 7221: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7180: 7176: 7169: 7154: 7150: 7143: 7128: 7124: 7117: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7044: 7028: 7021: 7006: 7002: 6995: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6965: 6949: 6945: 6939: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6895: 6880: 6879: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6858: 6855:and there is 6854: 6850: 6833: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6813: 6797: 6793: 6792:ANF-Firatnews 6789: 6783: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6765: 6759: 6755: 6752: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6711: 6706: 6697: 6689: 6683: 6668: 6664: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6639:9780816691227 6635: 6631: 6624: 6622: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6570: 6568: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6518: 6516: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6480: 6465: 6461: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6420: 6412: 6408: 6402: 6394: 6390: 6383: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6352: 6337: 6333: 6326: 6311: 6307: 6300: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6210: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6170: 6162: 6161:Harv. L. Rev. 6157: 6149: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6126: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6020: 6013: 6012:1-85359-651-5 6009: 6005: 5999: 5991: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5870: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5753: 5746: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5701: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5660: 5656: 5649: 5634: 5628: 5620: 5618:3-11-012458-0 5614: 5610: 5603: 5595: 5589: 5581: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5548: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5508: 5506:9781489905055 5502: 5498: 5497: 5489: 5482: 5481:0-14-014581-8 5478: 5474: 5471:John Davies, 5468: 5452: 5446: 5438: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5419: 5412: 5406: 5404: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5349:, No. 2 2010 5348: 5344: 5338: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5320: 5314: 5312: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5218: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5191: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5137:, Routledge, 5136: 5129: 5121: 5119:9781845428297 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5062: 5054: 5052:9781853598265 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4849:9781315149875 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4811: 4804: 4802: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4666: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4626: 4619: 4617: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4485:9781788922852 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4460: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4370: 4354: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4307: 4298: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4278: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4176: 4174: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4139: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4104: 4097: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4061: 4056: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4036: 4035:3-11-011299-X 4032: 4028: 4018: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3990: 3988: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3907:Schizoglossia 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3694: 3693:Bal Thackeray 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3675:parties like 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3606:retreated to 3605: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3462:decreed that 3461: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3431:anglicisation 3428: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3384:Clayton Valli 3380: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3236: 3233:The linguist 3231: 3229: 3224: 3223:Pronunciation 3219: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3066:Korenizatsiya 3063: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3015:Russification 3013: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2983:Magyarisation 2981: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2920:Germanisation 2918: 2915: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2866:Île-de-France 2863: 2859: 2858:mother tongue 2855: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2756: 2750: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2735: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2688:, a proposed 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2647: 2644:February 2021 2638: 2634: 2631:This section 2629: 2625: 2620: 2619: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2561:South African 2557: 2553: 2550: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2490:French Guiana 2486: 2484: 2480: 2471: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2438: 2436: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2408: 2399: 2398:Lord Macaulay 2395: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2353: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2322: 2306: 2304: 2303:lingua franca 2300: 2299:Melania Trump 2295: 2291: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2268:mental trauma 2265: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2248:social groups 2241: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2219: 2217: 2216:social status 2212: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2091:social status 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2037:(also called 2036: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2002: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1969:Social stigma 1967: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1734: 1733: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1603: 1602: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1576:State atheism 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1512:Jim Crow laws 1510: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1497:One-drop rule 1495: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1412:Blood quantum 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1390: 1389: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1353:Victimisation 1351: 1349: 1348:Trans bashing 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1318:Religious war 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1298:Racialization 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1169:Glass ceiling 1167: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1112:Ethnic hatred 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1047:Counter-jihad 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1002: 993: 992: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 830: 829:United States 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 816: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 711: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 693: 692:United States 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 679: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 644: 638: 632: 631: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 605:Protestantism 603: 601: 598: 594: 591: 590: 589: 586: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 561: 560: 557: 556: 555: 552: 548: 545: 543: 540: 539: 538: 535: 533: 530: 526: 523: 521: 520:LDS or Mormon 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 502: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 476: 471: 470: 460: 457: 455: 452: 448: 445: 443: 442:Transmisogyny 440: 438: 435: 434: 433: 430: 426: 423: 421: 418: 417: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 345:Gerontophobia 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 265:Anti-intersex 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 240:Anti-albinism 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 222: 213: 212: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 170: 167: 165: 162: 161: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 103: 94: 93: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 68: 67:Institutional 65: 64: 55: 54: 50: 46: 45: 42: 39: 38: 34: 30: 29: 26: 22: 9093:Gender-blind 8980:Human rights 8808:Racial quota 8795: 8775:Jewish quota 8755:Gerontocracy 8750:Gender roles 8728:Disabilities 8713:Blood purity 8685:Wife selling 8675:White flight 8655:Slut-shaming 8635:Scapegoating 8553:Murder music 8226:Palestinians 8044:South Africa 8029:Black people 8007:South Africa 7828:Christianity 7818:Baháʼí Faith 7746:Sectarianism 7686:Heterosexism 7651:Ephebiphobia 7616:Antisemitism 7611:Anti-Masonry 7487: 7478:Hair texture 7348:, Springer, 7345: 7330: 7305: 7300: 7288:. Retrieved 7283: 7259:. Retrieved 7254: 7245: 7233:. Retrieved 7229: 7220: 7208:. Retrieved 7203: 7194: 7182:. Retrieved 7178: 7168: 7156:. Retrieved 7152: 7142: 7130:. Retrieved 7126: 7116: 7099: 7086: 7053: 7049: 7043: 7031:. Retrieved 7020: 7008:. Retrieved 7004: 6994: 6982:. Retrieved 6973: 6964: 6952:. Retrieved 6948:the original 6938: 6926:. Retrieved 6912: 6894: 6882:. Retrieved 6876: 6866: 6849:Turkish Army 6845: 6838:. Retrieved 6827:the original 6812: 6800:. Retrieved 6796:the original 6791: 6782: 6764: 6746: 6728: 6705: 6696: 6682: 6670:. Retrieved 6666: 6656: 6629: 6582:(4): 14–21. 6579: 6575: 6531: 6527: 6492:(1): 10–38. 6489: 6485: 6479: 6467:. Retrieved 6463: 6454: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6410: 6401: 6392: 6382: 6370:. Retrieved 6361: 6351: 6339:. Retrieved 6335: 6325: 6313:. Retrieved 6309: 6299: 6266: 6262: 6252: 6225: 6221: 6183: 6179: 6169: 6148: 6139: 6135: 6125: 6080: 6076: 6066: 6033: 6029: 6019: 6003: 5998: 5979: 5973: 5938: 5934: 5924: 5883: 5879: 5869: 5839:(1): 42–47. 5836: 5832: 5822: 5779: 5775: 5765: 5757: 5752: 5744: 5739: 5714: 5710: 5700: 5688:. Retrieved 5683: 5674: 5662:. Retrieved 5658: 5648: 5636:. Retrieved 5627: 5608: 5602: 5588: 5574: 5566:the original 5556: 5547: 5535:. Retrieved 5531: 5522: 5510:. Retrieved 5495: 5488: 5472: 5467: 5455:. Retrieved 5445: 5425: 5418: 5367: 5363: 5354: 5346: 5337: 5329: 5301: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5265: 5252: 5238:(2): 67–87. 5235: 5231: 5225: 5198: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5134: 5128: 5101: 5095: 5076: 5070: 5061: 5034: 5028: 5001: 4963: 4959: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4879:(1): 21–41. 4876: 4872: 4866: 4831: 4809: 4767: 4763: 4722:(1): 21–41. 4719: 4715: 4709: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4646: 4624: 4596: 4592: 4516: 4512: 4502: 4466: 4459: 4447:. Retrieved 4443: 4434: 4422:. Retrieved 4418: 4408: 4386:(1): 47–57. 4383: 4379: 4369: 4357:. Retrieved 4347: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4297: 4286: 4277: 4266:, retrieved 4244: 4234: 4189: 4185: 4153: 4147: 4138: 4126:. Retrieved 4122:the original 4112: 4103: 4075: 4063:. Retrieved 4059: 4026: 4017: 4006:the original 4001: 3974:. Retrieved 3970: 3961: 3950: 3927: 3809:English-only 3805: 3781: 3762: 3641:in the then- 3560: 3559:is enacted. 3553:1910 to 1945 3522: 3518: 3514: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3427:South Africa 3416: 3392: 3376: 3356: 3340: 3332: 3309:Puerto Rican 3293:Mock Spanish 3273: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3244: 3232: 3220: 3212: 3191: 3062:Soviet Union 3005:Sapmi region 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2951:Middle Saxon 2836:Public usage 2739: 2730: 2708: 2654: 2641: 2637:adding to it 2632: 2599:marginalized 2596: 2578: 2558: 2554: 2545: 2524: 2503: 2487: 2476: 2452: 2448:assimilation 2444: 2428: 2417: 2375:nation state 2358: 2326: 2309:Colonization 2288: 2280: 2277:marginalized 2261: 2245: 2208: 2184: 2161: 2155: 2122:colonial era 2106: 2095: 2069:, and their 2046: 2042: 2039:glottophobia 2038: 2034: 2033: 1803:Gender-blind 1682:Human rights 1502:Racial quota 1489: 1469:Jewish quota 1449:Gerontocracy 1444:Gender roles 1422:Disabilities 1407:Blood purity 1373:Wife selling 1363:White flight 1343:Slut-shaming 1323:Scapegoating 1241:Murder music 906:Palestinians 724:South Africa 709:Black people 687:South Africa 500:Christianity 490:Baháʼí Faith 410:Sectarianism 350:Heterosexism 315:Ephebiphobia 280:Antisemitism 275:Anti-Masonry 136:Hair texture 25: 8995:Nonviolence 8990:LGBT rights 8955:Empowerment 8923:Anti-racism 8845:Segregation 8790:No kid zone 8590:Persecution 8503:Hate speech 8454:Gay bashing 8429:Ethnic joke 8384:Dog whistle 8329:Blood libel 8024:Azerbaijani 7928:Neopaganism 7921:Persecution 7887:Persecution 7870:Persecution 7833:Catholicism 7768:Transphobia 7751:Supremacism 7706:Lesbophobia 7621:Aporophobia 7581:Anti-autism 7432:Taste-based 7427:Statistical 7204:India Today 7153:India Today 7127:India Today 6464:www.unm.edu 6036:(1): 1–25. 4419:www.nea.org 4186:Ethnicities 4096:book review 3707:South India 3661:Maharashtra 3625:martial law 3203:Robin Queen 3168:Hannoverism 3148:were banned 3070:Perestroika 3001:Kven people 2977:Flat German 2973:Plattdütsch 2945:Low Saxon ( 2774:passed the 2603:stigmatized 2511:Lord Lugard 2240:World War I 2236:nationalism 2203:stereotypes 2191:New Zealand 2134:upper class 1697:Nonviolence 1692:LGBT rights 1657:Empowerment 1625:Anti-racism 1539:Segregation 1484:No kid zone 1278:Persecution 1191:Hate speech 1142:Gay bashing 1117:Ethnic joke 1072:Dog whistle 1017:Blood libel 704:Azerbaijani 600:Neopaganism 593:Persecution 559:Persecution 542:Persecution 505:Catholicism 432:Transphobia 415:Supremacism 370:Lesbophobia 285:Aporophobia 245:Anti-autism 82:Taste-based 77:Statistical 21:Linguistics 9324:Categories 9269:Stereotype 9264:Speciesism 9145:Oppression 9140:Oikophobia 9036:Allophilia 9020:Toleration 8877:Sodomy law 8770:Internment 8690:Witch-hunt 8568:Blackhawks 8498:Hate group 8486:Hate crime 8459:Gendercide 8449:Freak show 8439:Excellence 8399:Employment 8369:Defamation 8301:Vietnamese 8296:Venezuelan 8186:Lithuanian 7860:Falun Gong 7795:Xenophobia 7790:Vegaphobia 7773:Non-binary 7731:Pedophobia 7696:Homophobia 7508:Skin color 7468:Disability 7441:Attributes 7422:Structural 7324:Literature 7290:23 October 7261:13 January 7235:13 January 7210:13 January 7184:13 January 7158:13 January 7132:13 January 7010:23 October 6954:2 December 6928:2 December 6884:25 October 6840:7 November 6341:22 October 6315:22 October 5638:9 December 4770:(2): 339. 4449:22 October 4424:22 October 4359:22 October 4323:(4): 125. 4268:21 October 4209:2292/65715 4065:14 October 3943:References 3847:Humanitism 3715:Tamil Nadu 3685:Kannadigas 3604:Kuomintang 3602:After the 3577:Black July 3531:road signs 3439:Free State 3421:Common Law 3174:Homogenism 3119:Montenegro 3035:Belarusian 3031:Lithuanian 2947:Low German 2928:West Slavs 2890:Paul Molac 2542:Governance 2232:patriotism 2195:colonizers 2146:humanities 2063:vocabulary 2047:languagism 2043:linguicism 1979:Stereotype 1974:Speciesism 1855:Oppression 1850:Oikophobia 1746:Allophilia 1722:Toleration 1571:Sodomy law 1464:Internment 1378:Witch-hunt 1256:Blackhawks 1186:Hate group 1174:Hate crime 1147:Gendercide 1137:Freak show 1127:Excellence 1087:Employment 1057:Defamation 981:Vietnamese 976:Venezuelan 866:Lithuanian 532:Falun Gong 459:Xenophobia 454:Vegaphobia 437:Non-binary 395:Pedophobia 360:Homophobia 164:Skin color 126:Disability 97:Attributes 72:Structural 9242:Christian 9170:Prejudice 9118:Masculism 9066:Diversity 8860:religious 8835:Redlining 8434:Ethnocide 8394:Education 8286:Ukrainian 8221:Pakistani 8211:Mongolian 8139:Australia 8121:Hungarian 8076:Colombian 8056:Bulgarian 7938:Rastafari 7892:Ahmadiyya 7805:Religious 7783:Trans men 7741:Pregnancy 7676:Gayphobia 7671:Fatphobia 7566:Acephobia 7561:Arophobia 7545:Viewpoint 7078:145703339 6974:Aljazeera 6630:Deaf Gain 6362:Very Well 6291:251507824 6283:0039-8322 6244:0002-7294 6200:1571-0718 6099:1664-1078 6050:0022-166X 5965:213112590 5957:2333-9683 5900:0023-8309 5861:145679477 5853:1051-0559 5814:261977525 5806:2267-1242 5782:: 01055. 5394:232332062 5386:0959-2695 5175:CiteSeerX 5020:979587836 4980:0738-0593 4936:0920-9034 4901:145358972 4893:0016-5492 4858:213687921 4784:0196-3570 4744:145358972 4736:0016-5492 4701:0021-9371 4601:CiteSeerX 4543:1932-6203 4494:241622093 4400:0147-1767 4339:2076-0760 4226:260592292 4218:1468-7968 4089:auxiliary 3976:13 August 3802:Prejudice 3711:Karnataka 3677:Shiv Sena 3671:regional 3650:Karnataka 3620:Taiwanese 3597:Hong Kong 3588:Cantonese 3407:In Africa 3357:Users of 3342:Chinglish 3324:language. 3317:Jane Hill 3240:diglossia 3130:Castilian 3109:Hungarian 3085:Tatarstan 3043:Ukrainian 2791:Welsh Not 2722:In Europe 2609:In Canada 2582:Prejudice 2565:Afrikaans 2519:Kiswahili 2370:Guatemala 2362:Caribbean 2272:education 2087:education 1952:Christian 1880:Prejudice 1828:Masculism 1776:Diversity 1554:religious 1529:Redlining 1122:Ethnocide 1082:Education 966:Ukrainian 901:Pakistani 891:Mongolian 819:Australia 801:Hungarian 756:Colombian 736:Bulgarian 610:Rastafari 564:Ahmadiyya 475:Religious 447:Trans men 405:Pregnancy 340:Gayphobia 335:Fatphobia 230:Acephobia 225:Arophobia 201:Viewpoint 9299:Category 9281:The talk 9217:Snobbery 9135:Net bias 8965:Feminism 8892:Ugly law 8733:Catholic 8701:policies 8548:Mortgage 8543:Lynching 8474:examples 8469:Genocide 8389:Economic 8374:Democide 8334:Bullying 8251:Romanian 8216:Nigerian 8166:Japanese 8101:Georgian 8086:Filipino 8019:Assyrian 7992:Armenian 7982:American 7977:Albanian 7959:National 7943:Yazidism 7865:Hinduism 7823:Buddhism 7726:Nepotism 7721:Misogyny 7716:Misandry 7641:Cronyism 7636:Clannism 7631:Biphobia 7571:Adultism 7488:Language 7179:TheQuint 7108:41879041 6978:Archived 6922:Archived 6902:Archived 6772:Archived 6754:Archived 6738:Archived 6713:Archived 6558:20139157 6550:42659026 6506:25172990 6469:27 March 6366:Archived 6136:Language 6117:35002876 6058:12760015 5731:24770224 5690:29 March 5537:2 August 5512:19 April 5457:2 August 5322:Archived 5244:41852902 4792:40143257 4561:32348318 4513:PLOS ONE 4128:19 April 3820:See also 3788:web page 3784:Internet 3752:province 3724:Pakistan 3673:nativist 3663:(mainly 3645:of 1947. 3616:Mandarin 3470:and the 3047:Romanian 2965:sassesch 2924:Prussian 2854:Vergonha 2844:Galician 2801:Scotland 2575:Examples 2529:and the 2504:Certain 2158:prestige 2098:linguist 2067:modality 2057:, their 1991:The talk 1927:Snobbery 1845:Net bias 1667:Feminism 1586:Ugly law 1427:Catholic 1393:Policies 1236:Mortgage 1231:Lynching 1162:examples 1157:Genocide 1077:Economic 1062:Democide 1022:Bullying 931:Romanian 896:Nigerian 846:Japanese 781:Georgian 766:Filipino 699:Assyrian 672:Armenian 662:American 657:Albanian 637:national 615:Yazidism 537:Hinduism 495:Buddhism 390:Nepotism 385:Misogyny 380:Misandry 305:Cronyism 300:Clannism 295:Biphobia 235:Adultism 145:Language 33:a series 31:Part of 9309:Commons 9088:Figleaf 8513:Housing 8281:Turkish 8231:Pashtun 8201:Mexican 8181:Kurdish 8161:Italian 8111:Haitian 8096:Finnish 8071:Chinese 8066:Chechen 8061:Catalan 8051:Bengali 7972:African 7957:Ethnic/ 7916:Judaism 7907:Sunnism 7897:Shi'ism 7813:Atheism 7646:Elitism 7535:Species 7473:Genetic 7463:Dialect 7070:4169285 6984:12 June 6857:SHOW TV 6832:MS Word 6802:12 June 6612:2566163 6604:9271717 6596:3528774 6446:3195832 6108:8740186 5916:6533654 5908:4762592 5784:Bibcode 5483:, p 455 4552:7190091 4521:Bibcode 3794:group, 3765:written 3744:Balochi 3732:Punjabi 3689:Tuluvas 3654:Kannada 3635:Bengali 3546:In Asia 3535:sermons 3372:oralism 3346:Chinese 3321:jocular 3313:Spanish 3305:English 3301:Spanish 3281:citizen 3245:In the 3162:Germany 3144:Ukraine 3124:Spain: 3060:In the 3003:of the 2874:Catalan 2870:Occitan 2848:Catalan 2696:of the 2515:Nigeria 2422:author 2414:Culture 2290:English 2252:salient 2209:Later, 1798:Figleaf 1201:Housing 961:Turkish 911:Pashtun 881:Mexican 861:Kurdish 841:Italian 791:Haitian 776:Finnish 751:Chinese 746:Chechen 741:Catalan 731:Bengali 652:African 635:Ethnic/ 588:Judaism 579:Sunnism 569:Shi'ism 485:Atheism 310:Elitism 191:Species 131:Genetic 121:Dialect 9274:threat 9128:autism 8865:sexual 8855:racial 8738:Jewish 8595:Pogrom 8573:Chiefs 8563:Braves 8291:Uyghur 8266:Somali 8261:Slavic 8246:Romani 8241:Quebec 8236:Polish 8176:Korean 8171:Jewish 8144:Canada 8131:Indian 8116:Hazara 8091:Fulani 8002:France 7967:Afghan 7902:Sufism 7626:Audism 7554:Social 7483:Height 7352: 7337: 7312: 7106: 7102:(89). 7076: 7068: 6672:15 May 6646: 6636: 6610: 6602: 6594: 6556: 6548: 6504: 6444: 6411:Weebly 6372:12 May 6289: 6281: 6242: 6198: 6159:, 136 6153:Note, 6115: 6105: 6097: 6056: 6048: 6010: 5986: 5963: 5955: 5914: 5906: 5898: 5859: 5851: 5812: 5804: 5729: 5664:16 May 5615: 5503: 5479: 5433: 5392: 5384: 5242: 5213: 5177: 5149: 5116: 5083: 5049: 5018: 5008: 4978: 4934: 4899: 4891: 4856: 4846: 4790: 4782: 4742: 4734: 4699: 4661: 4603: 4559: 4549: 4541: 4492: 4482: 4398: 4337: 4259: 4224: 4216: 4160: 4033: 3792:Usenet 3769:spoken 3748:Hindko 3746:, and 3740:Sindhi 3736:Pushto 3665:Mumbai 3637:as an 3608:Taiwan 3521:, and 3501:, and 3464:Arabic 3335:Asians 3329:Asians 3297:loaded 3201:, and 3097:Slovak 3027:Polish 3017:: The 2975:(lit. 2932:Polish 2882:Breton 2878:Basque 2832:Basque 2762:, the 2747:Brexit 2684:, the 2680:, the 2549:Algoma 2420:Kenyan 2402: 2264:racism 2258:Impact 2187:racism 2181:Origin 2130:UNESCO 2114:Africa 2083:wealth 2071:syntax 2059:accent 1984:threat 1838:autism 1559:sexual 1549:racial 1432:Jewish 1283:Pogrom 1261:Chiefs 1251:Braves 971:Uyghur 946:Somali 941:Slavic 926:Romani 921:Quebec 916:Polish 856:Korean 851:Jewish 824:Canada 811:Indian 796:Hazara 771:Fulani 682:France 647:Afghan 574:Sufism 290:Audism 216:Social 141:Height 9252:white 8605:Purge 8271:Tatar 8196:Māori 8191:Malay 8156:Irish 8106:Greek 8081:Croat 8039:China 7997:Asian 7882:Islam 7756:White 7493:Looks 7458:Class 7453:Caste 7410:Forms 7096:(PDF) 7074:S2CID 7066:JSTOR 7033:7 May 7029:. BBC 6878:Slate 6644:JSTOR 6608:S2CID 6592:JSTOR 6546:JSTOR 6502:JSTOR 6442:JSTOR 6287:S2CID 6054:S2CID 5961:S2CID 5912:S2CID 5857:S2CID 5810:S2CID 5727:JSTOR 5390:S2CID 5262:(PDF) 5240:JSTOR 4897:S2CID 4854:S2CID 4788:JSTOR 4740:S2CID 4490:S2CID 4222:S2CID 4009:(PDF) 3998:(PDF) 3919:Notes 3796:forum 3771:, or 3759:Texts 3539:Esnaf 3487:Syria 3443:Unisa 3295:is a 2811:Scots 2787:Welsh 2783:Wales 2660:have 2479:Haiti 2199:Māori 2170:white 1962:white 1293:Purge 951:Tatar 876:Māori 871:Malay 836:Irish 786:Greek 761:Croat 719:China 677:Asian 554:Islam 420:White 149:Looks 116:Class 111:Caste 58:Forms 9247:male 9046:Bias 8491:LGBT 8276:Thai 8256:Serb 8126:Igbo 7987:Arab 7761:Male 7540:Size 7520:Rank 7350:ISBN 7335:ISBN 7310:ISBN 7292:2023 7263:2022 7237:2022 7212:2022 7186:2022 7160:2022 7134:2022 7104:OCLC 7035:2018 7012:2023 6986:2013 6956:2011 6930:2011 6886:2013 6853:OYAK 6842:2006 6804:2013 6674:2017 6634:ISBN 6600:PMID 6554:PMID 6471:2017 6374:2017 6343:2023 6317:2023 6279:ISSN 6240:ISSN 6196:ISSN 6113:PMID 6095:ISSN 6046:ISSN 6008:ISBN 5984:ISBN 5953:ISSN 5904:PMID 5896:ISSN 5849:ISSN 5802:ISSN 5692:2020 5666:2020 5640:2017 5613:ISBN 5539:2024 5514:2017 5501:ISBN 5477:ISBN 5459:2024 5431:ISBN 5382:ISSN 5211:ISBN 5147:ISBN 5114:ISBN 5081:ISBN 5047:ISBN 5016:OCLC 5006:ISBN 4976:ISSN 4932:ISSN 4889:ISSN 4844:ISBN 4780:ISSN 4732:ISSN 4697:ISSN 4659:ISBN 4557:PMID 4539:ISSN 4480:ISBN 4451:2023 4426:2023 4396:ISSN 4361:2023 4335:ISSN 4270:2023 4257:ISBN 4214:ISSN 4158:ISBN 4130:2012 4067:2020 4031:ISBN 3978:2021 3782:The 3728:Urdu 3713:and 3687:and 3679:and 3481:The 3441:and 3215:AAVE 3115:Serb 3045:and 3033:and 2997:Sámi 2880:and 2846:and 2709:The 2344:and 2234:and 2144:and 2045:and 1957:male 1756:Bias 1179:LGBT 956:Thai 936:Serb 806:Igbo 667:Arab 425:Male 196:Size 176:Rank 8850:age 7525:Sex 7448:Age 7058:doi 6584:doi 6536:doi 6494:doi 6434:doi 6271:doi 6230:doi 6226:100 6188:doi 6103:PMC 6085:doi 6038:doi 5943:doi 5888:doi 5841:doi 5792:doi 5780:426 5719:doi 5372:doi 5289:doi 5203:doi 5139:doi 5106:doi 5039:doi 4968:doi 4924:doi 4881:doi 4836:doi 4772:doi 4724:doi 4689:doi 4651:doi 4547:PMC 4529:doi 4472:doi 4388:doi 4325:doi 4288:PBS 4249:doi 4204:hdl 4194:doi 3681:MNS 3083:of 3007:in 2967:or 2781:In 2639:. 2461:”. 2112:in 1544:age 181:Sex 106:Age 9326:: 7282:. 7271:^ 7253:. 7228:. 7202:. 7177:. 7151:. 7125:. 7098:. 7072:. 7064:. 7054:32 7052:. 7003:. 6972:. 6875:. 6844:. 6821:. 6790:. 6719:, 6665:. 6642:. 6620:^ 6606:. 6598:. 6590:. 6580:27 6578:. 6566:^ 6552:. 6544:. 6532:15 6530:. 6526:. 6514:^ 6500:. 6490:92 6488:. 6462:. 6440:. 6430:19 6428:. 6409:. 6391:. 6364:. 6360:. 6334:. 6308:. 6285:. 6277:. 6267:57 6265:. 6261:. 6238:. 6224:. 6220:. 6208:^ 6194:. 6184:11 6182:. 6178:. 6140:95 6138:. 6134:. 6111:. 6101:. 6093:. 6083:. 6081:12 6079:. 6075:. 6052:. 6044:. 6034:46 6032:. 6028:. 5959:. 5951:. 5937:. 5933:. 5910:. 5902:. 5894:. 5884:16 5882:. 5878:. 5855:. 5847:. 5837:18 5835:. 5831:. 5808:. 5800:. 5790:. 5778:. 5774:. 5725:. 5715:82 5713:. 5709:. 5682:. 5657:. 5530:. 5402:^ 5388:. 5380:. 5368:22 5366:. 5362:. 5345:, 5328:, 5310:^ 5285:20 5283:. 5264:. 5234:. 5209:. 5189:^ 5169:. 5145:, 5112:. 5104:. 5045:. 5037:. 5014:. 4988:^ 4974:. 4964:19 4962:. 4958:. 4944:^ 4930:. 4920:27 4918:. 4895:. 4887:. 4877:59 4875:. 4852:. 4842:. 4834:. 4818:^ 4800:^ 4786:. 4778:. 4768:61 4766:. 4752:^ 4738:. 4730:. 4720:59 4718:. 4695:. 4685:48 4683:. 4657:. 4633:^ 4615:^ 4595:. 4569:^ 4555:. 4545:. 4537:. 4527:. 4517:15 4515:. 4511:. 4488:. 4478:. 4470:. 4442:. 4417:. 4394:. 4384:34 4382:. 4378:. 4333:. 4321:10 4319:. 4315:. 4285:. 4255:, 4243:, 4220:. 4212:. 4202:. 4190:23 4188:. 4184:. 4172:^ 4058:. 4042:^ 4000:. 3986:^ 3969:. 3790:, 3767:, 3742:, 3738:, 3734:, 3730:, 3517:, 3497:, 3437:, 3230:. 3164:: 3057:. 3041:. 3029:, 2979:). 2922:: 2876:, 2872:, 2834:: 2676:, 2605:. 2128:. 2089:, 2085:, 2041:, 35:on 7395:e 7388:t 7381:v 7356:. 7341:. 7316:. 7294:. 7265:. 7239:. 7214:. 7188:. 7162:. 7136:. 7110:. 7080:. 7060:: 7037:. 7014:. 6988:. 6958:. 6932:. 6888:. 6834:) 6830:( 6806:. 6690:. 6676:. 6650:. 6614:. 6586:: 6560:. 6538:: 6508:. 6496:: 6473:. 6448:. 6436:: 6413:. 6395:. 6376:. 6345:. 6319:. 6293:. 6273:: 6246:. 6232:: 6202:. 6190:: 6119:. 6087:: 6060:. 6040:: 6014:. 5992:. 5967:. 5945:: 5939:6 5918:. 5890:: 5863:. 5843:: 5816:. 5794:: 5786:: 5733:. 5721:: 5694:. 5668:. 5642:. 5621:. 5541:. 5516:. 5461:. 5439:. 5396:. 5374:: 5295:. 5291:: 5268:. 5246:. 5236:8 5219:. 5205:: 5183:. 5171:4 5141:: 5122:. 5108:: 5089:. 5055:. 5041:: 5022:. 4982:. 4970:: 4938:. 4926:: 4903:. 4883:: 4860:. 4838:: 4812:. 4794:. 4774:: 4746:. 4726:: 4703:. 4691:: 4667:. 4653:: 4627:. 4609:. 4597:4 4563:. 4531:: 4523:: 4496:. 4474:: 4453:. 4428:. 4402:. 4390:: 4363:. 4341:. 4327:: 4291:. 4251:: 4228:. 4206:: 4196:: 4166:. 4132:. 4098:) 4069:. 4037:. 4023:" 3980:. 3935:. 3656:. 3523:X 3519:W 3515:Q 3503:X 3499:W 3495:Q 3087:. 3076:. 3011:. 2942:. 2903:ñ 2646:) 2642:( 2323:. 2242:. 2023:e 2016:t 2009:v 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index