4283:
4252:
79:
25:
4262:
2091:
Some conceptualizations of structural discrimination focus on past forms of discrimination that have resulted in present-day inequality, while others focus on policies that still exist today and can have disproportionately negative effects on
3278:
1039:
2083:
or unintentional, and it may involve either public or private institutional policies. Such discrimination occurs when these policies have disproportionately negative effects on the opportunities of certain
2167:
Angermeyer, Matthias C.; Matschinger, Herbert; Link, Bruce G.; Schomerus, Georg (2014). "Public attitudes regarding individual and structural discrimination: Two sides of the same coin?".
3252:
1005:
2240:
Corrigan, Patrick W.; Watson, Amy C.; Heyrman, Mark L.; Warpinski, Amy; Gracia, Gabriela; Slopen, Natalie; Hall, Laura L. (2005-05-01). "Structural Stigma in State
Legislation".
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2020:
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284:
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915:
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1397:
853:
743:
2140:
PINCUS, F. L. (1 November 1996). "Discrimination Comes in Many Forms: Individual, Institutional, and
Structural".
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1250:
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514:
299:
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369:
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519:
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2612:
2285:"The Sociology of Discrimination: Racial Discrimination in Employment, Housing, Credit, and Consumer Markets"
1951:
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349:
4348:
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2373:
2343:
2068:
1208:
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96:
38:
2079:, Caste (social stratification) which has the effect of restricting their opportunities. It may be either
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1971:
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8:
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1981:
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622:
429:
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2013:
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1362:
1270:
1161:
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920:
198:
33:
2180:
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1976:
1961:
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696:
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534:
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1991:
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1986:
1944:
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70:
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1998:
1605:
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2008:
2003:
1884:
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389:
220:
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419:
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339:
225:
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78:
2071:
against individuals of a given protected characteristic such as
3551:
2582:
2481:
2459:
2454:
2404:
2076:
1312:
319:
210:
188:
183:
133:
2239:
3561:
2409:
1322:
138:
4173:
4002:
1956:
1785:
2096:. One overt past example of structural discrimination was
2104:, which were explicitly aimed at limiting the rights of
2108:
in education, employment, and other areas of society.
4137:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
1920:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
4335:
3797:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
1564:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
3279:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
1040:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
4318:
2344:
2282:
2045:
2208:. National Academy of Sciences. p. 63.
3495:List of people killed for being transgender
1256:List of people killed for being transgender
32:It has been suggested that this article be
4325:
4311:
2351:
2337:
2052:
2038:
2308:
2618:Social determinants of health in poverty
2283:Pager, D; Shepherd, H (1 January 2008).
2135:
2133:
2118:Structural discrimination in New Zealand
355:Social determinants of health in poverty
4336:
2139:
2332:
2201:
2130:
4277:
4261:
3301:Capital punishment for homosexuality
2623:Social determinants of mental health
2301:10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131740
2235:
2233:
1062:Capital punishment for homosexuality
360:Social determinants of mental health
18:
16:Form of institutional discrimination
3421:Genital modification and mutilation
1182:Genital modification and mutilation
13:
2358:
14:
4365:
2230:
4281:
4260:
4251:
4250:
3900:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
3737:Law for Protection of the Nation
3637:White genocide conspiracy theory
1675:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1504:Law for Protection of the Nation
1398:White genocide conspiracy theory
77:
23:
3742:MSM blood donation restrictions
3490:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
2205:Measuring Racial Discrimination
2202:Blank, Rebecca M., ed. (2004).
2181:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.11.014
1509:MSM blood donation restrictions
1251:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
3755:(as religious or racial quota)
2276:
2195:
2160:
1522:(as religious or racial quota)
1:
4169:Second-generation gender bias
3885:Constitutional colorblindness
2613:Social determinants of health
2169:Social Science & Medicine
2142:American Behavioral Scientist
2123:
1952:Second-generation gender bias
1660:Constitutional colorblindness
350:Social determinants of health
4297:. You can help Knowledge by
2069:institutional discrimination
39:Institutional discrimination
7:
4080:Medical model of disability
3932:Hate speech laws by country
2154:10.1177/0002764296040002009
2111:
1863:Medical model of disability
1707:Hate speech laws by country
49:Proposed since August 2024.
10:
4370:
4276:
4189:Social model of disability
2668:Discrimination against men
2289:Annual Review of Sociology
1972:Social model of disability
405:Discrimination against men
4246:
3985:
3862:
3655:
3542:Opposition to immigration
3266:
2913:
2760:
2510:
2460:Race / Ethnicity
2397:
2366:
2065:Structural discrimination
1303:Opposition to immigration
189:Race / Ethnicity
3537:Occupational segregation
3306:Compulsory sterilization
2254:10.1176/appi.ps.56.5.557
1298:Occupational segregation
1067:Compulsory sterilization
4065:Internalized oppression
3927:Fighting Discrimination
3917:Fat acceptance movement
3875:Anti-discrimination law
3515:Native American mascots
1848:Internalized oppression
1702:Fighting Discrimination
1692:Fat acceptance movement
1650:Anti-discrimination law
1276:Native American mascots
4293:-related article is a
4184:Social identity threat
4157:Reverse discrimination
4147:Racial color blindness
3627:Violence against women
3607:Sex-selective abortion
2102:Southern United States
1967:Social identity threat
1940:Reverse discrimination
1930:Racial color blindness
1388:Violence against women
1368:Sex-selective abortion
4152:Religious intolerance
4112:Political correctness
3942:Intersex human rights
3890:Cultural assimilation
3572:Religious persecution
3336:Disability hate crime
1935:Religious intolerance
1895:Political correctness
1717:Intersex human rights
1665:Cultural assimilation
1333:Religious persecution
1097:Disability hate crime
3557:Political repression
2563:Anti-left handedness
2553:Anti-intellectualism
2242:Psychiatric Services
1318:Political repression
300:Anti-left handedness
290:Anti-intellectualism
4349:Institutional abuse
4060:Historical eugenics
3597:Segregation academy
3577:Religious terrorism
3366:Enemy of the people
3274:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
2800:Jehovah's Witnesses
2693:Perpetual foreigner
1843:Historical eugenics
1358:Segregation academy
1338:Religious terrorism
1127:Enemy of the people
1035:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
545:Jehovah's Witnesses
430:Perpetual foreigner
3972:Social integration
3967:Self-determination
3957:Racial integration
3905:Diversity training
3895:Cultural pluralism
3870:Affirmative action
3770:Racial segregation
3680:Crime of apartheid
3582:Religious violence
3092:Indigenous people
2487:Sexual orientation
1747:Social integration
1742:Self-determination
1732:Racial integration
1680:Diversity training
1670:Cultural pluralism
1645:Affirmative action
1537:Racial segregation
1447:Crime of apartheid
1343:Religious violence
845:Indigenous people
216:Sexual orientation
4306:
4305:
4274:
4273:
4142:Racism by country
4070:Intersectionality
4055:Heteronormativity
3854:Voter suppression
3602:Sexual harassment
3401:Forced conversion
3321:Cultural genocide
2991:African Americans
2810:post–Cold War era
2795:Eastern Orthodoxy
2548:Anti-drug addicts
2543:Anti-homelessness
2470:Scientific racism
2223:978-0-309-09126-8
2062:
2061:
1925:Racism by country
1853:Intersectionality
1838:Heteronormativity
1621:Voter suppression
1363:Sexual harassment
1162:Forced conversion
1082:Cultural genocide
744:African Americans
555:post–Cold War era
540:Eastern Orthodoxy
285:Anti-drug addicts
280:Anti-homelessness
199:Scientific racism
56:
55:
51:
4361:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4285:
4278:
4264:
4263:
4254:
4253:
4194:Social privilege
4179:Social exclusion
4107:Police brutality
4028:Multiculturalism
3998:Amatonormativity
3829:Social exclusion
3665:Age of candidacy
3465:Homeless dumping
3371:Ethnic cleansing
2353:
2346:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2312:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2137:
2054:
2047:
2040:
1977:Social privilege
1962:Social exclusion
1890:Police brutality
1811:Multiculturalism
1781:Amatonormativity
1596:Social exclusion
1432:Age of candidacy
1226:Homeless dumping
1132:Ethnic cleansing
81:
58:
57:
47:
27:
26:
19:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4354:Sociology stubs
4334:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4275:
4270:
4242:
4117:Polyculturalism
4013:Civil liberties
3981:
3962:Reappropriation
3863:Countermeasures
3858:
3787:Racial steering
3753:Numerus clausus
3657:
3651:
3376:Ethnic conflict
3311:Corrective rape
3262:
2909:
2756:
2648:HIV/AIDS stigma
2506:
2455:Mental disorder
2393:
2362:
2357:
2327:
2326:
2281:
2277:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2200:
2196:
2165:
2161:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2114:
2106:black Americans
2094:minority groups
2058:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2025:
1900:Polyculturalism
1796:Civil liberties
1768:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1737:Reappropriation
1637:
1636:Countermeasures
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1554:Racial steering
1520:Numerus clausus
1424:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1137:Ethnic conflict
1072:Corrective rape
1027:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
669:
658:
657:
656:
655:
654:
507:
497:
496:
495:
494:
493:
385:HIV/AIDS stigma
247:
239:
238:
237:
236:
235:
184:Mental disorder
126:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
89:
52:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4367:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4344:Discrimination
4330:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4286:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4258:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4162:Reverse racism
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4132:Prisoner abuse
4129:
4124:
4122:Power distance
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4040:Ethnic penalty
4037:
4036:
4035:
4033:Neurodiversity
4030:
4020:
4018:Dehumanization
4015:
4010:
4008:Cisnormativity
4005:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3986:Related topics
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3844:State religion
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3780:Nuremberg Laws
3777:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3722:Ghetto benches
3719:
3717:Gerrymandering
3714:
3709:
3704:
3702:Gender pay gap
3699:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3656:Discriminatory
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3485:Lavender scare
3482:
3480:Kill Haole Day
3477:
3475:Indian rolling
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3361:Eliminationism
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3296:Cancel culture
3293:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3270:
3268:
3267:Manifestations
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3163:Middle Eastern
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2905:Zoroastrianism
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2832:Untouchability
2829:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2658:Leprosy stigma
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2360:Discrimination
2356:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2324:
2275:
2248:(5): 557–563.
2229:
2222:
2214:10.17226/10887
2194:
2159:
2148:(2): 186–194.
2128:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1945:Reverse racism
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1915:Prisoner abuse
1912:
1907:
1905:Power distance
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1823:Ethnic penalty
1820:
1819:
1818:
1816:Neurodiversity
1813:
1803:
1801:Dehumanization
1798:
1793:
1791:Cisnormativity
1788:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1767:Related topics
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1611:State religion
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1547:Nuremberg Laws
1544:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1489:Ghetto benches
1486:
1484:Gerrymandering
1481:
1476:
1471:
1469:Gender pay gap
1466:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1246:Lavender scare
1243:
1241:Kill Haole Day
1238:
1236:Indian rolling
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1122:Eliminationism
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1057:Cancel culture
1054:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1026:Manifestations
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
916:Middle Eastern
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
862:
861:
856:
851:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
757:
756:
751:
746:
736:
731:
726:
725:
724:
719:
714:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
673:
672:
671:
670:
664:
663:
660:
659:
653:
652:
650:Zoroastrianism
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
626:
625:
615:
614:
613:
612:
611:
606:
601:
596:
581:
580:
579:
577:Untouchability
574:
564:
559:
558:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
527:
522:
517:
511:
510:
509:
508:
503:
502:
499:
498:
492:
491:
486:
481:
480:
479:
474:
469:
459:
458:
457:
452:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
395:Leprosy stigma
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
251:
250:
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
240:
234:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
202:
201:
196:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
130:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
120:
119:
113:
112:
107:
102:
99:
93:
92:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
74:
73:
71:Discrimination
67:
66:
54:
53:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4366:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4328:
4323:
4321:
4316:
4314:
4309:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4267:
4259:
4257:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4216:Social stigma
4214:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3839:State atheism
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3775:Jim Crow laws
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3760:One-drop rule
3758:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3675:Blood quantum
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:Victimisation
3620:
3618:
3617:Trans bashing
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3587:Religious war
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:Racialization
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:Glass ceiling
3436:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:Ethnic hatred
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:Counter-jihad
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3106:United States
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2969:United States
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:Protestantism
2888:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:LDS or Mormon
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:Transmisogyny
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Gerontophobia
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:Anti-intersex
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:Anti-albinism
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2374:Institutional
2372:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2234:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:Jim Crow laws
2095:
2089:
2087:
2086:social groups
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2067:is a form of
2066:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:Social stigma
1997:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:State atheism
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1542:Jim Crow laws
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1527:One-drop rule
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1442:Blood quantum
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1383:Victimisation
1381:
1379:
1378:Trans bashing
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:Religious war
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:Racialization
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1199:Glass ceiling
1197:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1142:Ethnic hatred
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1077:Counter-jihad
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
860:
859:United States
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
723:
722:United States
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
668:
662:
661:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
635:Protestantism
633:
631:
628:
624:
621:
620:
619:
616:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
591:
590:
587:
586:
585:
582:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
568:
565:
563:
560:
556:
553:
551:
550:LDS or Mormon
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
506:
501:
500:
490:
487:
485:
482:
478:
475:
473:
472:Transmisogyny
470:
468:
465:
464:
463:
460:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
375:Gerontophobia
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
295:Anti-intersex
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
270:Anti-albinism
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
243:
242:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
122:
121:
111:
108:
106:
103:
100:
98:
97:Institutional
95:
94:
85:
84:
80:
76:
75:
72:
69:
68:
64:
60:
59:
50:
45:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
4299:expanding it
4288:
4050:Gender-blind
3937:Human rights
3765:Racial quota
3752:
3732:Jewish quota
3712:Gerontocracy
3707:Gender roles
3685:Disabilities
3670:Blood purity
3642:Wife selling
3632:White flight
3612:Slut-shaming
3592:Scapegoating
3510:Murder music
3183:Palestinians
3001:South Africa
2986:Black people
2964:South Africa
2785:Christianity
2775:Baháʼí Faith
2703:Sectarianism
2643:Heterosexism
2608:Ephebiphobia
2573:Antisemitism
2568:Anti-Masonry
2435:Hair texture
2378:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2245:
2241:
2204:
2197:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2145:
2141:
2090:
2064:
2063:
1833:Gender-blind
1712:Human rights
1532:Racial quota
1519:
1499:Jewish quota
1479:Gerontocracy
1474:Gender roles
1452:Disabilities
1437:Blood purity
1403:Wife selling
1393:White flight
1373:Slut-shaming
1353:Scapegoating
1271:Murder music
936:Palestinians
754:South Africa
739:Black people
717:South Africa
530:Christianity
520:Baháʼí Faith
440:Sectarianism
380:Heterosexism
345:Ephebiphobia
310:Antisemitism
305:Anti-Masonry
164:Hair texture
48:
37:
3952:Nonviolence
3947:LGBT rights
3912:Empowerment
3880:Anti-racism
3802:Segregation
3747:No kid zone
3547:Persecution
3460:Hate speech
3411:Gay bashing
3386:Ethnic joke
3341:Dog whistle
3286:Blood libel
2981:Azerbaijani
2885:Neopaganism
2878:Persecution
2844:Persecution
2827:Persecution
2790:Catholicism
2725:Transphobia
2708:Supremacism
2663:Lesbophobia
2578:Aporophobia
2538:Anti-autism
2389:Taste-based
2384:Statistical
2295:: 181–209.
2081:intentional
1727:Nonviolence
1722:LGBT rights
1687:Empowerment
1655:Anti-racism
1569:Segregation
1514:No kid zone
1308:Persecution
1221:Hate speech
1172:Gay bashing
1147:Ethnic joke
1102:Dog whistle
1047:Blood libel
734:Azerbaijani
630:Neopaganism
623:Persecution
589:Persecution
572:Persecution
535:Catholicism
462:Transphobia
445:Supremacism
400:Lesbophobia
315:Aporophobia
275:Anti-autism
110:Taste-based
105:Statistical
4338:Categories
4226:Stereotype
4221:Speciesism
4102:Oppression
4097:Oikophobia
3993:Allophilia
3977:Toleration
3834:Sodomy law
3727:Internment
3647:Witch-hunt
3525:Blackhawks
3455:Hate group
3443:Hate crime
3416:Gendercide
3406:Freak show
3396:Excellence
3356:Employment
3326:Defamation
3258:Vietnamese
3253:Venezuelan
3143:Lithuanian
2817:Falun Gong
2752:Xenophobia
2747:Vegaphobia
2730:Non-binary
2688:Pedophobia
2653:Homophobia
2465:Skin color
2425:Disability
2398:Attributes
2379:Structural
2124:References
2009:Stereotype
2004:Speciesism
1885:Oppression
1880:Oikophobia
1776:Allophilia
1752:Toleration
1601:Sodomy law
1494:Internment
1408:Witch-hunt
1286:Blackhawks
1216:Hate group
1204:Hate crime
1177:Gendercide
1167:Freak show
1157:Excellence
1117:Employment
1087:Defamation
1011:Vietnamese
1006:Venezuelan
896:Lithuanian
562:Falun Gong
489:Xenophobia
484:Vegaphobia
467:Non-binary
425:Pedophobia
390:Homophobia
194:Skin color
154:Disability
125:Attributes
101:Structural
4291:sociology
4199:Christian
4127:Prejudice
4075:Masculism
4023:Diversity
3817:religious
3792:Redlining
3391:Ethnocide
3351:Education
3243:Ukrainian
3178:Pakistani
3168:Mongolian
3096:Australia
3078:Hungarian
3033:Colombian
3013:Bulgarian
2895:Rastafari
2849:Ahmadiyya
2762:Religious
2740:Trans men
2698:Pregnancy
2633:Gayphobia
2628:Fatphobia
2523:Acephobia
2518:Arophobia
2502:Viewpoint
2262:1075-2730
2175:: 60–66.
1982:Christian
1910:Prejudice
1858:Masculism
1806:Diversity
1584:religious
1559:Redlining
1152:Ethnocide
1112:Education
996:Ukrainian
931:Pakistani
921:Mongolian
849:Australia
831:Hungarian
786:Colombian
766:Bulgarian
640:Rastafari
594:Ahmadiyya
505:Religious
477:Trans men
435:Pregnancy
370:Gayphobia
365:Fatphobia
260:Acephobia
255:Arophobia
231:Viewpoint
4256:Category
4238:The talk
4174:Snobbery
4092:Net bias
3922:Feminism
3849:Ugly law
3690:Catholic
3658:policies
3505:Mortgage
3500:Lynching
3431:examples
3426:Genocide
3346:Economic
3331:Democide
3291:Bullying
3208:Romanian
3173:Nigerian
3123:Japanese
3058:Georgian
3043:Filipino
2976:Assyrian
2949:Armenian
2939:American
2934:Albanian
2916:National
2900:Yazidism
2822:Hinduism
2780:Buddhism
2683:Nepotism
2678:Misogyny
2673:Misandry
2598:Cronyism
2593:Clannism
2588:Biphobia
2528:Adultism
2445:Language
2319:20689680
2270:15872164
2189:24507911
2112:See also
2021:The talk
1957:Snobbery
1875:Net bias
1697:Feminism
1616:Ugly law
1457:Catholic
1423:Policies
1266:Mortgage
1261:Lynching
1192:examples
1187:Genocide
1107:Economic
1092:Democide
1052:Bullying
961:Romanian
926:Nigerian
876:Japanese
811:Georgian
796:Filipino
729:Assyrian
702:Armenian
692:American
687:Albanian
667:national
645:Yazidism
567:Hinduism
525:Buddhism
420:Nepotism
415:Misogyny
410:Misandry
335:Cronyism
330:Clannism
325:Biphobia
265:Adultism
174:Language
63:a series
61:Part of
4266:Commons
4045:Figleaf
3470:Housing
3238:Turkish
3188:Pashtun
3158:Mexican
3138:Kurdish
3118:Italian
3068:Haitian
3053:Finnish
3028:Chinese
3023:Chechen
3018:Catalan
3008:Bengali
2929:African
2914:Ethnic/
2873:Judaism
2864:Sunnism
2854:Shi'ism
2770:Atheism
2603:Elitism
2492:Species
2430:Genetic
2420:Dialect
2310:2915460
2100:in the
1828:Figleaf
1231:Housing
991:Turkish
941:Pashtun
911:Mexican
891:Kurdish
871:Italian
821:Haitian
806:Finnish
781:Chinese
776:Chechen
771:Catalan
761:Bengali
682:African
665:Ethnic/
618:Judaism
609:Sunnism
599:Shi'ism
515:Atheism
340:Elitism
221:Species
159:Genetic
149:Dialect
44:Discuss
4231:threat
4085:autism
3822:sexual
3812:racial
3695:Jewish
3552:Pogrom
3530:Chiefs
3520:Braves
3248:Uyghur
3223:Somali
3218:Slavic
3203:Romani
3198:Quebec
3193:Polish
3133:Korean
3128:Jewish
3101:Canada
3088:Indian
3073:Hazara
3048:Fulani
2959:France
2924:Afghan
2859:Sufism
2583:Audism
2511:Social
2440:Height
2317:
2307:
2268:
2260:
2220:
2187:
2077:gender
2014:threat
1868:autism
1589:sexual
1579:racial
1462:Jewish
1313:Pogrom
1291:Chiefs
1281:Braves
1001:Uyghur
976:Somali
971:Slavic
956:Romani
951:Quebec
946:Polish
886:Korean
881:Jewish
854:Canada
841:Indian
826:Hazara
801:Fulani
712:France
677:Afghan
604:Sufism
320:Audism
246:Social
169:Height
34:merged
4289:This
4209:white
3562:Purge
3228:Tatar
3153:Māori
3148:Malay
3113:Irish
3063:Greek
3038:Croat
2996:China
2954:Asian
2839:Islam
2713:White
2450:Looks
2415:Class
2410:Caste
2367:Forms
1992:white
1323:Purge
981:Tatar
906:Māori
901:Malay
866:Irish
816:Greek
791:Croat
749:China
707:Asian
584:Islam
450:White
179:Looks
144:Class
139:Caste
88:Forms
36:into
4295:stub
4204:male
4003:Bias
3448:LGBT
3233:Thai
3213:Serb
3083:Igbo
2944:Arab
2718:Male
2497:Size
2477:Rank
2315:PMID
2266:PMID
2258:ISSN
2218:ISBN
2185:PMID
2073:race
1987:male
1786:Bias
1209:LGBT
986:Thai
966:Serb
836:Igbo
697:Arab
455:Male
226:Size
206:Rank
3807:age
2482:Sex
2405:Age
2305:PMC
2297:doi
2250:doi
2210:doi
2177:doi
2173:103
2150:doi
2075:or
1574:age
211:Sex
134:Age
42:. (
4340::
2313:.
2303:.
2293:34
2291:.
2287:.
2264:.
2256:.
2246:56
2244:.
2232:^
2216:.
2183:.
2171:.
2146:40
2144:.
2132:^
2088:.
65:on
4326:e
4319:t
4312:v
4301:.
2352:e
2345:t
2338:v
2321:.
2299::
2272:.
2252::
2226:.
2212::
2191:.
2179::
2156:.
2152::
2053:e
2046:t
2039:v
46:)
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