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674:. Curious about the manner of imposition of Nazi rule he started to gather Nazi decrees and ordinances, believing official documents often reflected underlying objectives without stating them explicitly. He spent much time in the central library of Stockholm, gathering, translating and analysing the documents he collected, looking for patterns of German behaviour. Lemkin's work led him to see the wholesale destruction of the nations over which Germans took control as an overall aim. Some documents Lemkin analysed had been signed by Hitler, implementing ideas of
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Although Lemkin was a
Zionist through his entire life, during this period he downplayed his Zionist sympathies in order to convince the Arab and Muslim delegates in the UN to support the UN genocide convention. Between 1953 and 1957, Lemkin worked directly with representatives of several governments,
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gave governments the right to conduct internal affairs as they saw fit: "Consider the case of a farmer who owns a flock of chickens. He kills them, and this is his business. If you interfere, you are trespassing." Lemkin replied, "But the
Armenians are not chickens". His eventual conclusion was that
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Lemkin himself had fled to the United States, where he struggled to draw attention to what Nazi
Germany was doing to European Jews—massacres that British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called "a crime without a name." In 1944, Lemkin made up a new word to describe these crimes: genocide. Lemkin
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during his lifetime. He believed that his efforts to prevent genocide had failed. "The fact is that the rain of my work fell on a fallow plain," he wrote, "only this rain was a mixture of the blood and tears of eight million innocent people throughout the world. Included also were the tears of my
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Lemkin also applied the term 'genocide' in his 1953 article "Soviet
Genocide in Ukraine", which he presented as a speech in New York City. Although the speech itself does not use the word "Holodomor", Lemkin asserts that an intentional program of starvation was the "third prong" of Soviet
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Lemkin's memoirs detail early exposure to the history of
Ottoman attacks against Armenians (which most scholars believe constitute genocide), antisemitic pogroms, and other histories of group-targeted violence as key to forming his beliefs about the need for legal protection of
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On 15 September 2018 the
Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Foundation (www.ucclf.ca) and its supporters in the US unveiled the world's first Ukrainian/English/Hebrew/Yiddish plaque honouring Lemkin for his recognition of the tragic famine of 1932–1933 in the Soviet Union, the
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Lemkin presented a draft resolution for a
Genocide Convention treaty to a number of countries, in an effort to persuade them to sponsor the resolution. With the support of the United States, the resolution was placed before the General Assembly for consideration. The
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parents and my friends." Lemkin was not widely known until the 1990s, when international prosecutions of genocide began in response to atrocities in the former
Yugoslavia and Rwanda, and "genocide" began to be understood as the worst crime of all crimes.
443:. The family buried their books and valuables before taking shelter in a nearby forest. During the fighting, artillery fire destroyed their home and German troops seized their crops, horses and livestock. Lemkin's brother Samuel eventually died of
1803:"Indignant that the perpetrators of the Armenian genocide had largely escaped prosecution, Lemkin, who was a young state prosecutor in Poland, began lobbying in the early 1930s for international law to criminalize the destruction of such groups."
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such as Egypt, to outlaw genocide under the domestic penal codes of these countries. Lemkin also worked with a team of lawyers from Arab delegations at the United
Nations to build a case to prosecute French officials for genocide in Algeria.
576:(since 1945 Berezhany, Ukraine) and Warsaw, followed by a private legal practice in Warsaw. From 1929 to 1934, Lemkin was the Public Prosecutor for the district court of Warsaw. In 1930 he was promoted to Deputy Prosecutor in a local court in
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why Talat Pasha could not have been tried for his crimes in a German court. Makarewicz, a national-conservative who believed that Jews and
Ukrainians should be expelled from Poland if they refused to assimilate, answered that the doctrine of
580:. While Public Prosecutor, Lemkin was also secretary of the Committee on Codification of the Laws of the Republic of Poland, which codified the penal codes of Poland. During this period Lemkin also taught law at the religious-Zionist
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in Newark. Lemkin also continued his campaign for international laws defining and forbidding genocide, which he had championed ever since the Madrid conference of 1933. He proposed a similar ban on crimes against humanity during the
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Pomeranz. His father was a farmer and his mother an intellectual, painter, linguist, and philosophy student with a large collection of books on literature and history. Lemkin and his two brothers (Eliasz and Samuel) were
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He moved to Washington, DC, in the summer of 1942, to join the War Department as an analyst and went on to document Nazi atrocities in his 1944 book, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. In this text, he introduced the word
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In 1944, Polish Jewish lawyer Raphael Lemkin coined the term "genocide" in a book documenting Nazi policies of systematically destroying national and ethnic groups, including the mass murder of European
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866:, also embraced what may be considered as non-physical, namely, psychological acts of genocide. The book also detailed the various techniques which had been employed to achieve genocide.
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of Ukraine, and disagrees that the deaths were simply a matter of disastrous economic policy because of the substantially Ukrainian ethnic profile of small farms in Ukraine at the time.
634:, where he also introduced the possibility of defending peace through criminal law. Among the most important of his works of that period are a compendium of Polish criminal fiscal law,
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Lemkin's interest in the subject dates to his days as a student at Lvov University, when he intently followed attempts to prosecute the perpetration of the massacres of the Armenians
325:" was non-existent in any international laws at the time, and this became one of the reasons for Lemkin's view that the trial did not serve complete justice on prosecuting
697:; The only members of Lemkin's family in Europe who survived the Holocaust were his brother, Elias, and his brother's wife and two sons, who had been sent to a Soviet
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658:. He was caught between the invaders, the Germans in the west, and the Soviets who then approached from the east. Poland's independence was extinguished by terms of
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Rafał Lemkin, warszawski adwokat (1934–1939), twórca pojęcia "genocyd" i główny architekt konwencji z 9 grudnia 1948 r. ("Konwencji Lemkina"). W 55-lecie śmierci
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3445:". All genocides are crimes against humanity, but not all crimes against humanity are genocides; genocides require a higher standard of proof, as they entail
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786:. Lemkin's idea of genocide as an offence against international law was widely accepted by the international community and was one of the legal bases of the
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Kornat, Marek (2010), "Rafal Lemkin's Formative Years and the Beginning of International Career in Inter-war Poland (1918-1939)", in Zbiorowa, Praca (ed.),
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La réglementation des paiements internationaux; traité de droit comparé sur les devises, le clearing et les accords de paiements, les conflits des lois
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Acts Constituting a General (Transnational) Danger Considered as Offences Against the Law of Nations (5th Conference for the Unification of Penal Law)
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conference, resigned his position and became a private solicitor in Warsaw. While in Warsaw, Lemkin attended numerous lectures organized by the
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1003:, at the Ukrainian Institute of America, in New York City, marking the 75th anniversary of Lemkin's address, "Soviet Genocide in the Ukraine".
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The Armenian genocide (1915–1923) was the first of the 20th century to capture world-wide attention; in fact, Raphael Lemkin coined his term
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and was deeply disturbed by the absence of international provisions to charge Ottoman officials who carried out war crimes. Following the
686:, new living space to be inhabited by Germans. With the help of his pre-war associate McDermott, Lemkin received permission to enter the
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3466:"The Complicated Cases of Soghomon Tehlirian and Sholem Schwartzbard and Their Influences on Raphaël Lemkin's Thinking About Genocide"
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Szawłowski, Ryszard (2005). "Diplomatic File: Raphael Lemkin (1900–1959) – The Polish Lawyer Who Created the Concept of 'Genocide'".
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1758:...when Raphael Lemkin coined the word genocide in 1944 he cited the 1915 annihilation of Armenians as a seminal example of genocide
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The Lost History of Christianity: The Thousand-Year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia—and How It Died
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988:) gives the Raphael Lemkin Human Rights Award to a layperson who draws on his or her Jewish values to be a human rights leader.
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to the lions. About these stories, Lemkin wrote, "a line of blood led from the Roman arena through the gallows of France to the
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as a crime against international law. In 1934 Lemkin, under pressure from the Polish Foreign Minister for comments made at the
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In the last years of his life, Lemkin was living in poverty in a New York apartment. In 1959, at the age of 59, he died of a
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During the 1920s Lemkin was involved in Zionist activities. He was a columnist in the Warsaw based Yiddish Zionist newspaper
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As a youth, Lemkin was fascinated by the subject of atrocities and would often question his mother about such events as the
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432:." In his writings, Lemkin demonstrated a belief central to his thinking throughout his life: the suffering of Jews in
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For his work on international law and the prevention of war crimes, Lemkin received a number of awards, including the
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A study guide on Lemkin and his contributions to human rights law and activism, downloadable pdf at facinghistory.org
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2448:"Sec. II of Chap. IX from "Axis Rule in Occupied Europe," by Raphael Lemkin, 1944 – – Prevent Genocide International"
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3626:. Biography with main publications including journalistic contributions. Posted 15 June 2017, accessed 10 July 2022.
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D. Irvin-Erickson, "Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide", University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017, pp. 1, 229
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After the war, Lemkin chose to remain in the United States. Starting in 1948, he gave lectures on criminal law at
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The Lemkin family farm was located in an area in which fighting between Russian and German troops occurred during
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D. Irvin-Erickson, "Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide", University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017, pp. 1, 2
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was formally presented and adopted on 9 December 1948. In 1951, Lemkin only partially achieved his goal when the
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was part of a larger pattern of injustice and violence that stretched back through history and around the world.
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D. Irvin-Erickson, "Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide", University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017, p. 216
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D. Irvin-Erickson, "Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide", University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017, p. 229
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D. Irvin-Erickson, "Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide", University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017, p.217
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D. Irvin-Erickson, "Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide", University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017, p.112
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3363:"What you see before your eyes: Documenting Raphael Lemkin's life by exploring his archival Papers,1900–1959"
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D. Irvin-Erickson, "Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide", University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017, p.69
1723:. Quote: "Noyekh un marinke (Noah and Marinka) (Warsaw, 1921)". Posted 7 January 2015, accessed 10 July 2022.
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D. Irvin-Erickson, "Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide", University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017, p.24
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and later became a special adviser on foreign affairs to the War Department, largely due to his expertise in
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D. Irvin-Erickson, "Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide", University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017, p.1
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Bieńczyk-Missala, A. (2020). "Raphael Lemkin's Legacy in International Law", in: M. Odello, P. Łubiński,
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1016:. Translated by McDermott, Malcolm; Lemkin, Raphael. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. 1939.
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474:, fluent in nine languages and reading fourteen. His first published book was a 1926 translation of the
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in reference to the mass murder of ethnic Armenians by the Young Turk government of the Ottoman Empire.
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was added to the Russian index of "extremist publications", whose distribution in Russia is forbidden.
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in 1955. On the 50th anniversary of the Convention entering into force, Lemkin was also honored by the
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Cooper, John (2008). Raphael Lemkin and the Struggle for the Genocide Convention. Palgrave/Macmallin.
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After arriving in the United States, at the invitation of McDermott, Lemkin joined the law faculty at
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1992:
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Axis rule in occupied Europe : laws of occupation, analysis of government, proposals for redress
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as "an inspiring example of moral engagement." He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize ten times.
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that contained seventy proposed chapters and a book-length analysis of Nazi war crimes at Nuremberg.
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Acts Constituting a General (Transnational) Danger Considered as Offenses Against the Law of Nations
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Genocide and settler society: frontier violence and stolen indigenous children in Australian history
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In 1937, Lemkin was appointed a member of the Polish mission to the 4th Congress on Criminal Law in
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1956:
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3169:. "Rafał Lemkin (1900–1959) – co-creator of international criminal law. Short biography". p. 70,
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Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation – Analysis of Government – Proposals for Redress
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410:. Lemkin apparently came across the concept of mass atrocities while, at the age of 12, reading
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in 1941. During the Summer of 1942 Lemkin lectured at the School of Military Government at the
531:"Sovereignty, I argued, cannot be conceived as the right to kill millions of innocent people".
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targeting ethnic and religious groups. Lemkin committed the rest of his life to push for an
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Yudkin, Leon I. (2001). Bialik, Hayim Nahman; Patterson, David; Spicehandler, Ezra (eds.).
1057:. Washington: Board of Economic Warfare, Blockade and Supply Branch, Reoccupation Division.
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8:
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1950:
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772:. This book included an extensive legal analysis of German rule in countries occupied by
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39:
3104:, with a French translation of "The legal case against Hitler" released in 1945. Paris:
2545:"Legal Accountability for the Holodomor-Genocide of 1932–1933 (Great Famine) in Ukraine"
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THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RAPHAEL LEMKIN: A POLITICAL HISTORY OF GENOCIDE IN THEORY AND LAW
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1649:"NAPF Programs: Youth Outreach: Peace Heroes: Raphael Lemkin, by Holly A. Lukasiewicz"
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2012:
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by Robert Skloot (2006). He was also profiled in the 2014 American documentary film,
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2004:
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3349:(24 November 2016). "The Two Different Ways of Looking at Nazi Murder" (review of
2008:
1525:"Raphael Lemkin and the Genocide Convention | Facing History & Ourselves"
1469:"Raphael Lemkin and the Genocide Convention | Facing History & Ourselves"
1279:"Raphael Lemkin and the Genocide Convention | Facing History & Ourselves"
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The Holocaust, Fascism, and memory : essays in the history of ideas (Chapt 2)
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The Concept of Genocide in International Criminal Law. Developments After Lemkin.
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2426:
Chapter IX: Genocide, by Raphael Lemkin, 1944 – – Prevent Genocide International"
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Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
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2403:"United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect"
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3155:& Zeman, Ihor. "Masters of Rafał Lemkin: Lwów school of law". pp. 235–240,
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906:. At the time of his death, Lemkin left several unfinished works, including an
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The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression
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The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression
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3515:(December 2005). "Hostage of politics: Raphael Lemkin on "Soviet genocide"".
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2124:
2016:
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701:. Lemkin did however successfully help his brother and family to emigrate to
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192:, he campaigned vigorously to raise international awareness of atrocities in
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East West Street: On the Origins of "Genocide" and "Crimes Against Humanity"
2593:
2504:
Moses, A. Dirk (18 September 2012). Bloxham, Donald; Moses, A. Dirk (eds.).
2211:
East West Street: On the Origins of "Genocide" and "Crimes Against Humanity"
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1946:
1817:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), Holocaust Encyclopedia.
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557:
507:
494:, then later the experience of Assyrians massacred in Iraq during the 1933
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When Lemkin was born, the town was part of the Russian Empire. During the
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2008 plaque commemorating Lemkin's pre-war residence, 6 Kredytowa Street,
455:
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3323:
3278:
3166:
3152:
2120:
2071:, Human Rights in History, Cambridge University Press, pp. 169–200,
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Korey, William (June–July 1989). "Raphael Lemkin: 'The Unofficial Man'".
806:, and the study of totalitarianism, mass violence, and genocide studies.
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440:
286:
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212:
3287:(for definitions of "barbarity" and "vandalism"), at preventgenocide.org
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The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era
1699:
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573:
3579:
3046:
The Origins of Genocide: Raphael Lemkin as a Historian of Mass Violence
2286:"IX: Genocide—A New Term and New Conception for Destruction of Nations"
2132:
2119:
1747:
1055:
Key laws, decrees and regulations issued by the Axis in occupied Europe
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676:
654:
He left Warsaw on 6 September 1939 and made his way north-east towards
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in Warsaw, and took part in Zionist fund raising. Lemkin, working with
425:
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If The Whole Body Dies: Raphael Lemkin and the Treaty Against Genocide
1952:
Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler
1131:
973:
If The Whole Body Dies: Raphael Lemkin and the Treaty Against Genocide
3497:
Marrus, Michael R. (20 November 2015). "Three Roads from Nuremberg".
2259:"Coining a Word and Championing a Cause: The Story of Raphael Lemkin"
1815:"Coining a Word and Championing a Cause: The Story of Raphael Lemkin"
1495:"Coining a Word and Championing a Cause: The Story of Raphael Lemkin"
1482:
defined genocide as "the destruction of a nation or an ethnic group."
1401:"Coining a Word and Championing a Cause: The Story of Raphael Lemkin"
1304:"Coining a Word and Championing a Cause: The Story of Raphael Lemkin"
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Lemkin Discusses Armenian Genocide In Newly-Found 1949 CBS Interview
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Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
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Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
853:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
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Civilians in contemporary armed conflicts: Rafał Lemkin's heritage
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Although he managed to save his own life, he lost 49 relatives in
572:
Lemkin worked as an Assistant Prosecutor in the District Court of
482:
It was in Białystok that Lemkin became interested in laws against
333:, which in his view, was essential to prevent the rise of "future
3306:"Raphael Lemkin, Cultural Destruction, and the Armenian Genocide"
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Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection
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The United States, Lemkin's adopted country, did not ratify the
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came into force, after the 20th nation had ratified the treaty.
739:, a preliminary version of what would become, in two years, his
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2865:"Федеральный список экстремистских материалов дорос до п. 3152"
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In 1933 Lemkin made a presentation to the Legal Council of the
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276:, 'killing'). The term was included in the 1944 research-work "
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Totally Unofficial: Raphael Lemkin and the Genocide Convention
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to study philosophy, returning to Lwów to study law in 1926.
517:, the main perpetrator of the Armenian genocide, in Berlin by
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Hebrew novella "Behind the Fence" into Polish, with the title
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Totally Unofficial: Rafael Lemkin and the Genocide Convention
1993:"Becoming Cleopatra: the forgotten Zionism of Raphael Lemkin"
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and was one of three children born to Józef Lemkin and Bella
259:
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3217:: On the Origins of "Genocide" and "Crimes Against Humanity"
1717:"Khayim-Nakhmen Byalik (Chaim Nachman, Hayim Nahman Bialik)"
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Lemkin, Raphael, author; Frieze, Donna-Lee, editor (2013).
2586:
Raphael Lemkin and the Struggle for the Genocide Convention
2471:
Raphael Lemkin and the Struggle for the Genocide Convention
1081:
Lemkin, Raphael (April 1945). "Genocide - A Modern Crime".
1014:
The Polish Penal Code of 1932 and The Law of Minor Offenses
931:
862:
Lemkin's broader concerns over genocide, as set out in his
421:
299:
1143:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
712:
Dedication by Lemkin in "Axis Rule in Occupied Europe" to
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1586:
1501:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from
1441:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from
1407:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from
1380:
1310:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from
827:
2383:
Winter, Jay (2017). "Citation The Genesis Of Genocide".
1752:
The Banality of Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide
662:. He barely evaded German capture, and traveled through
345:, with many of its clauses based on Lemkin's proposals.
174:; 24 June 1900 – 28 August 1959) was a Polish lawyer of
16:
Polish lawyer who coined the term "genocide" (1900–1959)
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3141:
Bieńczyk-Missala, Agnieszka, scientific editor (2017).
3085:
Totally Unofficial: The Autobiography of Raphael Lemkin
1546:
1544:
1542:
1094:
Lemkin, Raphael (April 1946). "The Crime of Genocide".
196:. It was during this time that Lemkin coined the term "
2506:"Raphael Lemkin, Culture, and the Concept of Genocide"
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1576:
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3441:", contrasted with Rafael Lemkin's legal concept of "
3279:
Key writings of Raphael Lemkin on Genocide, 1933–1947
1354:
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Grand Cross of the Order of Carlos Manuel de Cespedes
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3021:
A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide
2093:"Raphael Lemkin and the Protection of Small Nations"
1925:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 36–37.
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1376:
Polish Jew gave his life defining, fighting genocide
894:. Only several close people attended his funeral at
749:. In 1943 Lemkin was appointed consultant to the US
1776:
Genocide in international law: the crimes of crimes
1622:
1571:
802:. The book became one of the foundational texts in
670:by early spring of 1940. There he lectured at the
3642:, held by the Manuscripts and Archives Division,
2897:The Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation
2765:"Four Freedoms Awards | Roosevelt Institute"
2588:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 76–87,
947:Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
3746:Burials at Mount Hebron Cemetery (New York City)
3682:
3663:Auschwitz Institute for Peace and Reconciliation
3433:, vol. LXIII, no. 18, pp. 56–58. Discusses
3043:
1607:
1342:
984:Every year, The Rabbinic Call for Human Rights (
358:Lemkin was born Rafał Lemkin on 24 June 1900 in
3300:
3208:
2971:, Berkeley (CA): University of California Press
2298:Division of International Law. pp. 79–95.
790:. In 1945 to 1946, Lemkin became an advisor to
264:, 'family, clan, tribe, race, stock, kin') and
2947:
2892:"ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ СПИСОК ЭКСТРЕМИСТСКИХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ"
2683:
2385:MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History
2345:
1917:
1778:. — Cambridge University Press, 2000. — p. 25:
643:La réglementation des paiements internationaux
454:After graduating from a local trade school in
231:, Lemkin fled Europe and sought asylum in the
3659:Raphael Lemkin Center for Genocide Prevention
3001:, Polish Institute of International Affairs,
2294:. 700 Jackson Place, N. W. Washington, D.C.:
2036:The Biographical Landscapes of Raphael Lemkin
552:
458:Lemkin began the study of linguistics at the
3668:Raphael Lemkin and the Quest to End Genocide
3044:Schaller, Dominik; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2009).
1427:
646:, regarding international trade law (1939).
641:
635:
603:conference on international criminal law in
3511:
3195:Raphaël Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide.
2582:"The United Nations Resolution on Genocide"
2099:. Cambridge University Press. p. 140.
1858:
847:of 1945, but his proposal was turned down.
838:. In 1955, he became a Professor of Law at
211:As a young law student deeply conscious of
3726:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
3454:" Raphael Lemkin: The Constant Negotiator"
3062:
2950:Raphaël Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide
2687:Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide
2542:
2296:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
2213:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 169.
2176:
2174:
2172:
1923:Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide
1754:. — Transaction Publishers, 2004. — p. 9:
1592:
1108:"Genocide: A Commentary on the Convention"
1035:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
956:In 1989 he was awarded, posthumously, the
766:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
38:
3483:
3417:. The Center for Jewish History, New York
3136:Polish Institute of International Affairs
3065:Polish Quarterly of International Affairs
2651:"'In the Beginning, There Was No Word …'"
2556:
2543:Antonovych, Myroslava (3 November 2015).
2265:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2233:For more information on this period, see
2187:. Vol. I. ABC-CLIO. 2014. pp. 1301–1302.
2139:(in Hebrew). Van Leer Jerusalem Institute
2032:
451:while the family remained in the forest.
2870:SOVA Center for Information and Analysis
2346:Irvin-Erickson, Douglas (October 2014).
2166:Philippe Sands, East West Street, p. 159
1990:
1911:
1706:
813:
780:, along with the definition of the term
718:International Committee of the Red Cross
707:
607:, for which he prepared an essay on the
556:
2975:
2684:Irvin-Erickson, Douglas (23 May 2017).
2518:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.013.0002
2391:(3). Vienna, Virginia: History.Net: 19.
2169:
1360:
3683:
3543:
3425:The Extermination of the European Jews
2996:
2739:"Nomination Database – Raphael Lemkin"
2579:
2467:
2382:
2283:
1673:
1550:
1335:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1246:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
1093:
1080:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1020:
991:On 20 November 2015, Lemkin's article
649:
502:upon learning about the 1921 trial of
215:persecution, Lemkin learned about the
3761:Polish emigrants to the United States
3736:Duke University School of Law faculty
3414:Guide to the Papers of Raphael Lemkin
3360:
3014:
2966:
2503:
2367:
2205:
2090:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2028:
2026:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1945:
1876:
1807:
1788:
1765:
1732:
1635:
1580:
1348:
1138:
908:Introduction to the Study of Genocide
547:Tsienistishe velt (The Zionist world)
313:, Lemkin worked on the legal team of
3731:Rutgers School of Law–Newark faculty
2952:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2690:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2549:Kyiv-Mohyla Law and Politics Journal
2376:
2312:from the original on 29 August 2019.
2039:. Taylor & Francis. p. 68.
1835:. Jewish World Watch. Archived from
1676:"Bialik's Prose, and His Poetry Too"
1372:
1298:
1296:
3776:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
3771:International criminal law scholars
2445:
2419:
2237:"The Man Who Criminalized Genocide"
2234:
1825:
1741:
1562:
963:Lemkin is the subject of the plays
881:
826:"The origin of the word genocide" (
640:(1938) and a French-language work,
13:
3653:American Jewish Historical Society
3636:, Rare Book and Manuscript Library
3197:University of Pennsylvania Press.
3072:
2558:10.18523/kmlpj52663.2015-1.159-176
2133:"Discussion: Revision to Genocide"
2053:
2023:
1973:
1801:. — Berghahn Books, 2004. — p. 21:
1651:. 10 February 2005. Archived from
1373:Hyde, Jennifer (2 December 2008),
1366:
792:Supreme Court of the United States
660:the pact between Stalin and Hitler
420:, in particular the passage where
178:who is known for coining the term
14:
3802:
3565:
3132:Rafał Lemkin: A Hero of Humankind
2999:Rafał Lemkin: a Hero of Humankind
2355:. Rutgers University. p. 363
1567:. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 10.
1293:
1248:and has been part of independent
1244:. In 1939, it was transferred to
235:, where he became an academic at
184:and campaigning to establish the
3649:Raphael Lemkin Collection, P-154
3640:Raphael Lemkin papers, 1947–1959
3630:Raphael Lemkin papers, 1931–1947
3600:
3586:
3572:
3464:Jacobs, Stephen Leonard (2019).
3193:Irvin-Erickson, Douglas (2017).
2948:Irvin-Erickson, Douglas (2017).
2791:"Catherine Filloux – Playwright"
2532:"Soviet Genocide in the Ukraine"
1066:. Clark, N.J: Lawbook Exchange.
246:in 1943 or 1944 from two words:
3471:Genocide Studies and Prevention
2920:
2884:
2857:
2839:
2809:
2783:
2757:
2731:
2722:
2713:
2704:
2677:
2668:
2643:
2625:
2616:
2573:
2536:
2524:
2497:
2488:
2461:
2439:
2413:
2395:
2339:
2330:
2277:
2251:
2227:
2199:
2190:
2160:
2151:
2113:
2084:
2065:"The Many Types of Destruction"
1991:Loeffler, James (3 July 2017).
1939:
1885:
1870:
1726:
1667:
1641:
1613:
1556:
1517:
1487:
1230:
755:Foreign Economic Administration
3449:to destroy a particular group.
3427:, Cambridge University Press,
3361:Elder, Tanya (December 2005).
3311:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
1565:The Historiography of Genocide
1461:
1393:
1326:
1271:
1159:Soviet Genocide in the Ukraine
925:
910:and an ambitious three-volume
404:Mongol invasions and conquests
1:
3706:People from Volkovyssky Uyezd
3219:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
2424:Axis Rule in Occupied Europe,
2009:10.1080/14623528.2017.1349645
1531:. 12 May 2020. Archived from
1475:. 12 May 2020. Archived from
1285:. 12 May 2020. Archived from
1259:
737:Military Government in Europe
594:The Polish Penal Code of 1932
513:After reading about the 1921
353:
317:, Chief US prosecutor at the
280:", wherein Lemkin documented
3711:Jews from the Russian Empire
3517:Journal of Genocide Research
3504:Szawłowski, Ryszard (2015).
3430:The New York Review of Books
3370:Journal of Genocide Research
3100:Beauvallet, Olivier (2011).
2967:Ishay, Micheline R. (2008),
2934:Facing History and Ourselves
1997:Journal of Genocide Research
1608:Schaller & Zimmerer 2009
1264:
960:for the Freedom of Worship.
770:Axis Rule in Occupied Europe
746:Axis Rule in Occupied Europe
515:assassination of Talat Pasha
382:family on a large farm near
278:Axis Rule in Occupied Europe
248:
7:
3716:20th-century Polish lawyers
3544:Winter, Jay (7 June 2013).
3485:10.5038/1911-9933.13.1.1594
3336:- Published on 1 April 2013
3252:
3240:(Chapter 2). Polity Press.
3126:Bieńczyk-Missala, A. &
3115:, "Le bien commun" series,
2633:"Raphael Lemkin Collection"
1867:– EuropaWorld, 22 June 2001
1172:Outline of genocide studies
1165:
619:, including the classes of
337:". On 9 December 1948, the
10:
3807:
3701:People from Zelva District
3670:Electronic exhibit by the
2926:Eshet, Dan et al. (2007).
1188:International criminal law
1169:
1161:. Kingston: Kashtan Press.
993:Soviet genocide in Ukraine
809:
705:, Quebec, Canada in 1948.
553:Career in inter-war Poland
498:. He became interested in
260:
3676:Google Cultural Institute
3672:Center for Jewish History
3620:"Rifoel (Raphael) Lemkin"
3529:10.1080/14623520500350017
3382:10.1080/14623520500349910
3087:. Yale University Press,
3038:Available at Open Library
2700:– via Google Books.
2637:Center for Jewish History
2474:. Springer. p. 147.
2033:Madajczyk, Piotr (2023).
1118:(7): 1142–56. June 1949.
751:Board of Economic Warfare
521:, Lemkin asked Professor
506:for the assassination of
486:after learning about the
284:of ethnic groups deemed "
229:German invasion of Poland
136:
128:
118:
110:
91:
46:
37:
30:
23:
3546:"Prophet Without Honors"
3347:Browning, Christopher R.
3281:, at preventgenocide.org
3102:Lemkin: face au génocide
3077:
2322:: CS1 maint: location (
2284:Lemkin, Raphael (1944).
1957:Harvard University Press
1733:Sands, Phillipe (2016).
1223:
1157:Lemkin, Raphael (2014).
1062:Lemkin, Raphael (1943).
1053:Lemkin, Raphael (1942).
1044:Lemkin, Raphael (1939).
1021:Lemkin, Raphael (1933).
1006:
943:American Jewish Congress
621:Emil Stanisław Rappaport
596:from Polish to English.
534:Lemkin then moved on to
460:Jan Kazimierz University
331:international convention
31:
3644:New York Public Library
3439:crimes against humanity
2982:. New York: HarperOne.
2976:Jenkins, Bruce (2008).
2594:10.1057/9780230582736_6
2510:Oxford Handbooks Online
2137:HaZman HaZe (This Time)
2091:Moses, A. Dirk (2021).
2063:Moses, A. Dirk (2021),
1919:Irvin-Erickson, Douglas
1337:A Greek–English Lexicon
1178:Crimes against humanity
898:. Lemkin was buried in
672:University of Stockholm
406:and the persecution of
348:
3791:Jewish anti-communists
3756:Polish anti-communists
3508:(in Polish). . Warsaw.
3293:, in: armeniapedia.org
3145:(in English). Warsaw:
2847:"awards | T'ruah"
2263:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1785:
1762:
1737:. Penguin Randomhouse.
1499:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1439:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1405:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1308:Holocaust Encyclopedia
845:Paris Peace Conference
831:
764:In November 1944, the
733:University of Virginia
720:
642:
636:
617:Free Polish University
569:
273:
206:extermination policies
171:
77:(now Zelʹva District,
3452:Hartwell, L. (2021).
3437:'s legal concept of "
3048:. London: Routledge.
2745:. Nobel Media AB 2014
2580:Cooper, John (2008),
2209:(27 May 2016). "69".
1833:"Genocide Background"
1779:
1755:
1529:www.facinghistory.org
1473:www.facinghistory.org
1283:www.facinghistory.org
1089:(4). New York: 39–43.
904:Mount Hebron Cemetery
840:Rutgers School of Law
825:
776:during the course of
711:
560:
536:Heidelberg University
221:genocide of Armenians
3550:The Chronicle Review
3423:(24 November 2016).
3271:12 July 2012 at the
3147:University of Warsaw
951:UN Secretary-General
690:, arriving in 1941.
637:Prawo karne skarbowe
194:Axis-occupied Europe
3751:Philosophers of law
3721:Genocide prevention
3634:Columbia University
3458:Negotiation Journal
3399:on 11 February 2017
2468:Cooper, J. (2008).
2131:(3 February 2022).
1893:"Operation Nemesis"
1655:on 10 February 2005
1563:Dan, Stone (2008).
1435:"What is Genocide?"
1139:Stone, Dan (2013).
1048:. Paris: A. Pedone.
978:Watchers of the Sky
958:Four Freedoms Award
919:Genocide Convention
912:History of Genocide
716:, President of the
650:During World War II
476:Hayim Nahman Bialik
378:). He grew up in a
362:, a village in the
343:Genocide Convention
186:Genocide Convention
153:Genocide Convention
3513:Weiss-Wendt, Anton
3435:Hersch Lauterpacht
3421:Gerlach, Christian
3324:10.1093/hgs/dct001
2797:on 25 October 2016
1240:it was located in
1218:Hersch Lauterpacht
939:Stephen Wise Award
832:
721:
609:Crime of Barbarity
582:Tachkemoni College
570:
523:Juliusz Makarewicz
519:Soghomon Tehlirian
504:Soghomon Tehlirian
418:Henryk Sienkiewicz
368:Grodno Governorate
321:. The concept of "
319:Nuremberg Tribunal
294:. The concept of "
123:University of Lwów
69:Grodno Governorate
3238:What is Genocide?
3226:978-0-385-35071-6
3175:978-83-931111-3-8
3149:Publishing House
3106:Éditions Michalon
3008:978-83-89607-85-0
2989:978-0-06-147280-0
2942:978-0-9837870-2-0
2821:by Robert Skloot"
2603:978-1-349-35468-9
2481:978-0-230-58273-6
2235:Bliwise, Robert.
2220:978-0-385-35071-6
2106:978-1-107-10358-0
2078:978-1-107-10358-0
2046:978-1-000-99009-6
1966:978-0-674-50479-0
1932:978-0-8122-9341-8
1881:. pp. 45–48.
1479:on 20 July 2023.
1198:Armenian genocide
1193:Cultural genocide
1150:978-1-137-02952-2
1073:978-1-58477-901-8
969:Catherine Filloux
945:in 1951, and the
823:
804:Holocaust studies
800:Robert H. Jackson
759:international law
699:forced labor camp
601:League of Nations
590:Malcolm McDermott
528:state sovereignty
488:Armenian genocide
480:Noah and Marinka.
395:by their mother.
364:Volkovyssky Uyezd
315:Robert H. Jackson
161:
160:
143:Coining the term
86:
65:Volkovyssky Uyezd
3798:
3624:Yiddish Leksikon
3610:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3540:
3489:
3487:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3398:
3392:. Archived from
3367:
3335:
3230:
3215:East West Street
3114:
3068:
3059:
3036:(Chapters 2–5).
3035:
3011:
2993:
2972:
2963:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2900:. Archived from
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2827:on 13 April 2015
2823:. Archived from
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2793:. Archived from
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2771:on 25 March 2015
2767:. Archived from
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2655:academic.oup.com
2647:
2641:
2640:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2540:
2534:
2530:Raphael Lemkin,
2528:
2522:
2521:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2354:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2313:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2178:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2030:
2021:
2020:
1988:
1971:
1970:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1846:
1844:
1839:on 11 April 2015
1829:
1823:
1822:
1811:
1805:
1792:
1786:
1769:
1763:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1735:East West Street
1730:
1724:
1721:Yiddish Leksikon
1710:
1704:
1703:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1537:
1536:
1535:on 20 July 2023.
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1289:on 20 July 2023.
1275:
1253:
1234:
1154:
1135:
1112:Yale Law Journal
1103:
1096:American Scholar
1090:
1077:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1034:
1026:
1017:
900:Flushing, Queens
896:Riverside Church
882:Death and legacy
824:
788:Nuremberg Trials
735:. He also wrote
645:
639:
430:Białystok pogrom
400:Sack of Carthage
311:Second World War
263:
262:
253:
190:Second World War
98:
76:
56:
54:
42:
21:
20:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3786:Belarusian Jews
3766:Polish Zionists
3681:
3680:
3606:
3601:
3599:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3568:
3555:
3553:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3365:
3304:(Spring 2013).
3302:Balakian, Peter
3273:Wayback Machine
3255:
3227:
3210:Sands, Philippe
3130:, red. (2010).
3108:
3080:
3075:
3073:Further reading
3056:
3032:
3024:. Basic Books.
3016:Power, Samantha
3009:
2990:
2960:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2828:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2578:
2574:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2418:
2414:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2315:
2314:
2306:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2239:. Duke Magazine
2232:
2228:
2221:
2207:Sands, Philippe
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2181:Paul R. Bartrop
2179:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2129:Loeffler, James
2118:
2114:
2107:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2031:
2024:
1989:
1974:
1967:
1959:. p. 371.
1944:
1940:
1933:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1890:
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1772:William Schabas
1770:
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1593:Szawłowski 2005
1591:
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1549:
1540:
1523:
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1508:
1506:
1505:on 23 June 2023
1493:
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1445:on 30 June 2023
1433:
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1411:on 23 June 2023
1399:
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1314:on 23 June 2023
1302:
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1272:
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1262:
1257:
1256:
1238:Interwar period
1235:
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1226:
1174:
1168:
1151:
1106:
1074:
1028:
1027:
1012:
1009:
928:
884:
836:Yale University
814:
812:
796:Nuremberg Trial
725:Duke University
652:
625:Wacław Makowski
586:Duke University
555:
496:Simele massacre
484:mass atrocities
356:
351:
327:Nazi atrocities
237:Duke University
157:
106:
100:
96:
87:
75:
58:
52:
50:
33:
26:
17:
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3597:
3594:Judaism portal
3583:
3567:
3566:External links
3564:
3563:
3562:
3541:
3523:(4): 551–559.
3509:
3502:
3495:
3461:
3450:
3418:
3411:Elder, Tanya.
3409:
3376:(4): 469–499.
3358:
3351:Philippe Sands
3344:
3337:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3263:
3254:
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3191:
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3139:
3134:. Warsaw: The
3124:
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2919:
2916:
2915:
2904:on 16 May 2017
2883:
2856:
2838:
2808:
2782:
2756:
2743:Nobelprize.org
2730:
2721:
2712:
2703:
2696:
2676:
2667:
2642:
2624:
2615:
2602:
2572:
2551:(1): 159–176.
2535:
2523:
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2487:
2480:
2460:
2446:Fussell, Jim.
2438:
2420:Fussell, Jim.
2412:
2394:
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2353:(Dissertation)
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2022:
2003:(3): 340–360.
1972:
1965:
1938:
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1910:
1884:
1869:
1865:Raphael Lemkin
1857:
1824:
1806:
1787:
1764:
1740:
1725:
1705:
1680:Hebrew Studies
1666:
1640:
1621:
1612:
1597:
1595:, p. 102.
1585:
1570:
1555:
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1516:
1486:
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1426:
1392:
1365:
1363:, p. 140.
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1170:Main article:
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965:Lemkin's House
927:
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883:
880:
811:
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798:chief counsel
729:North Carolina
651:
648:
588:law professor
554:
551:
492:Ottoman Empire
434:eastern Poland
372:Russian Empire
355:
352:
350:
347:
339:United Nations
242:Lemkin coined
217:Ottoman empire
200:" to describe
176:Jewish descent
164:Raphael Lemkin
159:
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137:Known for
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99:(aged 59)
95:28 August 1959
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73:Russian Empire
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34:
28:
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25:Raphael Lemkin
24:
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3655:, New York NY
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3635:
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3617:
3616:Fogel, Joshua
3614:
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3608:Poland portal
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2373:Eshet (2007).
2370:
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2018:
2014:
2010:
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1998:
1994:
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1954:
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1948:
1947:Ihrig, Stefan
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1795:A. Dirk Moses
1791:
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1713:Fogel, Joshua
1709:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
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1681:
1677:
1670:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1638:, p. 21.
1637:
1632:
1630:
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1626:
1616:
1610:, p. 29.
1609:
1604:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1583:, p. 20.
1582:
1577:
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1553:, p. 55.
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1211:
1209:
1208:The Holocaust
1206:
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961:
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952:
948:
944:
940:
937:in 1950, the
936:
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923:
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
892:New York City
889:
879:
877:
876:Russification
871:
867:
865:
860:
858:
854:
848:
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747:
742:
738:
734:
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726:
719:
715:
710:
706:
704:
700:
696:
695:the Holocaust
691:
689:
688:United States
685:
684:
679:
678:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
647:
644:
638:
633:
628:
626:
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618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
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595:
592:, translated
591:
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579:
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564:
559:
550:
548:
543:
541:
537:
532:
529:
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423:
419:
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396:
394:
389:
385:
381:
380:Polish Jewish
377:
374:(present-day
373:
369:
365:
361:
346:
344:
341:approved the
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
304:the Holocaust
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:
287:untermenschen
283:
282:mass-killings
279:
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267:
257:
252:
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245:
240:
238:
234:
233:United States
230:
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214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
188:. During the
187:
183:
182:
177:
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169:
165:
154:
151:Drafting the
150:
148:
147:
142:
141:
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121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
103:New York City
94:
90:
84:
80:
79:Grodno Region
74:
70:
66:
62:
49:
45:
41:
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3651:held by the
3623:
3554:. Retrieved
3549:
3520:
3516:
3505:
3498:
3478:(1): 33–41.
3475:
3469:
3457:
3446:
3428:
3424:
3413:
3401:. Retrieved
3394:the original
3373:
3369:
3354:
3340:
3318:(1): 57–89.
3315:
3309:
3237:
3234:Shaw, Martin
3213:
3194:
3167:Redzik, Adam
3153:Redzik, Adam
3142:
3131:
3101:
3084:
3067:(2): 98–133.
3064:
3045:
3019:
2998:
2978:
2968:
2949:
2936:Foundation,
2928:
2921:Bibliography
2906:. Retrieved
2902:the original
2895:
2886:
2874:. Retrieved
2868:
2859:
2850:
2841:
2829:. Retrieved
2825:the original
2818:
2811:
2799:. Retrieved
2795:the original
2785:
2773:. Retrieved
2769:the original
2759:
2747:. Retrieved
2742:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2686:
2679:
2670:
2658:. Retrieved
2654:
2645:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2607:, retrieved
2585:
2575:
2548:
2538:
2526:
2509:
2499:
2490:
2470:
2463:
2451:. Retrieved
2441:
2429:. Retrieved
2423:
2415:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2369:
2357:. Retrieved
2348:
2341:
2332:
2290:
2279:
2269:23 September
2267:. Retrieved
2262:
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2229:
2210:
2201:
2196:Sands, p.165
2192:
2184:
2162:
2153:
2141:. Retrieved
2136:
2125:Moses, Direk
2121:Bartov, Omer
2115:
2096:
2086:
2068:
2035:
2000:
1996:
1951:
1941:
1922:
1913:
1903:23 September
1901:. Retrieved
1899:. 6 May 2021
1887:
1878:
1872:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1841:. Retrieved
1837:the original
1827:
1818:
1809:
1802:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1743:
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1728:
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1669:
1657:. Retrieved
1653:the original
1643:
1615:
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1558:
1533:the original
1528:
1519:
1509:23 September
1507:. Retrieved
1503:the original
1498:
1489:
1480:
1477:the original
1472:
1463:
1454:
1447:. Retrieved
1443:the original
1438:
1429:
1420:
1415:23 September
1413:. Retrieved
1409:the original
1404:
1395:
1384:, retrieved
1375:
1368:
1361:Jenkins 2008
1356:
1344:
1339:, on Perseus
1336:
1328:
1318:23 September
1316:. Retrieved
1312:the original
1307:
1287:the original
1282:
1273:
1232:
1158:
1140:
1115:
1111:
1102:(2): 227–30.
1099:
1095:
1086:
1082:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1022:
1013:
997:
992:
990:
985:
983:
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964:
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955:
929:
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911:
907:
888:heart attack
885:
872:
868:
863:
861:
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833:
794:Justice and
781:
778:World War II
774:Nazi Germany
769:
763:
744:
736:
722:
692:
681:
675:
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629:
608:
598:
593:
571:
546:
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508:Talaat Pasha
479:
470:). He was a
453:
449:malnutrition
438:
412:
397:
393:homeschooled
387:
357:
322:
308:
295:
292:Nazi Germany
285:
277:
265:
243:
241:
210:
202:Nazi Germany
197:
179:
172:Rafał Lemkin
163:
162:
144:
97:(1959-08-28)
57:24 June 1900
32:Rafał Lemkin
18:
3781:Polish Jews
3696:1959 deaths
3691:1900 births
3109: [
2876:28 November
2660:24 February
1686:: 299–313.
1551:Kornat 2010
1422:"genocide."
1252:since 1991.
971:(2005) and
926:Recognition
743:, entitled
741:magnum opus
466:(now Lviv,
441:World War I
225:World War I
213:antisemitic
111:Nationality
3685:Categories
3632:, held by
3580:Law portal
3403:8 February
3343:Routledge.
3128:Dębski, S.
3093:0300186967
2609:22 October
2407:www.un.org
2359:28 October
2243:11 January
1748:Yair Auron
1636:Power 2002
1581:Power 2002
1449:7 February
1386:2 December
1349:Ishay 2008
1260:References
1083:Free World
768:published
683:Lebensraum
677:Mein Kampf
500:war crimes
426:Christians
354:Early life
309:After the
129:Occupation
53:1900-06-24
3537:144612446
3501:magazine.
3332:145008882
2567:2414-9942
2318:cite book
2017:1462-3528
1879:Midstream
1692:0146-4094
1265:Footnotes
1203:Holodomor
1183:War crime
1031:cite book
1025:. Madrid.
1001:Holodomor
864:Axis Rule
714:Max Huber
666:to reach
664:Lithuania
656:Wolkowysk
456:Białystok
445:pneumonia
413:Quo Vadis
408:Huguenots
384:Wolkowysk
119:Education
3443:genocide
3390:56537572
3357:, Knopf.
3269:Archived
3253:Articles
3236:(2007).
3212:(2016).
3018:(2002).
2908:18 April
2831:30 April
2801:30 April
2775:25 March
2749:13 April
2453:30 April
2431:30 April
2310:Archived
1949:(2016).
1921:(2016).
1851:genocide
1843:11 April
1700:27913552
1659:30 April
1213:Porajmos
1166:See also
783:genocide
703:Montreal
578:Brzeżany
574:Brzeżany
472:polyglot
360:Bezwodne
323:genocide
296:genocide
244:genocide
198:genocide
181:genocide
146:genocide
61:Bezwodne
3674:at the
3661:at the
3556:10 June
2143:23 June
1820:groups.
1250:Belarus
941:of the
810:Postwar
540:Germany
490:in the
468:Ukraine
376:Belarus
370:of the
366:of the
335:Hitlers
274:-cidium
223:during
83:Belarus
3535:
3499:Tablet
3447:intent
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1147:
1132:792930
1130:
1070:
986:T’ruah
668:Sweden
613:Madrid
605:Madrid
567:Poland
563:Warsaw
424:threw
168:Polish
132:Lawyer
114:Polish
105:, U.S.
3552:: B14
3533:S2CID
3490:Also
3397:(PDF)
3386:S2CID
3366:(PDF)
3328:S2CID
3113:]
3078:Books
1696:JSTOR
1333:γένος
1224:Notes
1128:JSTOR
1007:Works
932:Cuban
902:, at
830:News)
632:Paris
290:" by
270:Latin
266:-cide
261:γένος
256:Greek
250:genos
3558:2013
3492:here
3405:2017
3242:ISBN
3221:ISBN
3199:ISBN
3184:ISBN
3171:ISBN
3157:ISBN
3117:ISBN
3089:ISBN
3050:ISBN
3026:ISBN
3003:ISBN
2984:ISBN
2954:ISBN
2938:ISBN
2910:2017
2878:2015
2833:2017
2803:2017
2777:2015
2751:2015
2692:ISBN
2662:2023
2611:2021
2598:ISBN
2563:ISSN
2476:ISBN
2455:2017
2433:2017
2361:2021
2324:link
2300:ISBN
2271:2021
2245:2014
2215:ISBN
2145:2024
2101:ISBN
2073:ISBN
2041:ISBN
2013:ISSN
1961:ISBN
1927:ISBN
1905:2021
1845:2015
1688:ISSN
1661:2017
1511:2021
1456:Jews
1451:2017
1417:2021
1388:2008
1320:2021
1145:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1037:link
753:and
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349:Life
300:Jews
92:Died
47:Born
3525:doi
3480:doi
3378:doi
3320:doi
2590:doi
2553:doi
2514:doi
2005:doi
1897:NPR
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