Zionism - Knowledge

7175:, p. 109: "The 'defensive ethos' was never the operative ideology of mainstream Zionism. From beginning to end, Zionism was a conquest movement. The subtitle of Shapira's study is 'The Zionist Resort to Force'. Yet, Zionism did not 'resort' to force. Force was – to use Shapira's apt phrase in her conclusion – 'inherent in the situation' (p. 357). Gripped by messianism after the issuance of the Balfour Declaration, the Zionist movement sought to conquer Palestine with a Jewish Legion under the slogan 'In blood and fire shall Judea rise again' (pp. 83–98). When these apocalyptic hopes were dispelled and displaced by the mundane reality of the British Mandate, mainstream Zionism made a virtue of necessity and exalted labor as it proceeded to conquer Palestine 'dunum by dunum, goat by goat'. Force had not been abandoned, however. Shapira falsely counterposes settlement ('by virtue of labor') to force ('by dint of conquest'). Yet, settlement was force by other means. Its purpose, in Shapira's words, was to build a 'Jewish infrastructure in Palestine' so that 'the balance of power between Jews and Arabs had shifted in favor of the former' (pp. 121, 133; cf. p. 211). To the call of a Zionist leader on the morrow of Tel Hai that 'we must be a force in the land', Shapira adds the caveat: 'He was not referring to military might but, rather, to power in the sense of demography and colonization' (p. 113). Yet, Shapira willfully misses the basic point that 'demography and colonization' were equally force. Moreover, without the 'foreign bayonets' of the British Mandate, the Zionist movement could not have established even a toehold, let alone struck deep roots, in Palestine. Toward the end of the 1930s and especially after World War II, a concatenation of events – Britain's waning commitment to the Balfour Declaration, the escalation of Arab resistance, the strengthening of the Yishuv, etc. – caused a consensus to crystallize within the Zionist movement that the time was ripe to return to the original strategy of conquering Palestine 'by blood and fire'." 1683: 8253:

their basic convictions in, and practical application of the ancient particularism of the Torah and the other books of the Old Testament. They are biblical in putting their national goals on a level that goes beyond historical, humanistic or moral considerations… We can summarize these beliefs, based on the Bible, as follows. 1. The Jews are a separate and exclusive people chosen by God to fulfil a destiny. The Jews of the twentieth century have inherited the covenant of divine election and historical destiny from the Hebrew tribes that existed more than 3000 years ago. 2. The covenant included a definite ownership of the Land of Canaan (Palestine) as patrimony of the Israelites and their descendants forever. By no name, and under no other conditions, can any other people lay a rightful claim to that land. 3. The occupation and settlement of this land is a duty placed collectively on the Jews to establish a state for the Jews. The purity of the Jewishness of the land is derived from a divine command and is thus a sacred mission. Accordingly, settling in Palestine, in addition to its economic and political motivations, acquires a romantic and mythical character. That the Bible is at the root of Zionism is recognized by religious, secular, non-observant, and agnostic Zionists… The Bible, which has been generally considered as a holy book whose basic tenets and whose historical contents are not commonly challenged by Christians and Jews, is usually referred to as the Jewish national record. As a "sacrosanct title-deed to Palestine," it has caused a fossilization of history in Zionist thinking… Modern Jews, accordingly, are the direct descendants of the ancient Israelites, hence the only possible citizens of the Land of Palestine.

7975:, pp. 592–609 "The work of Jewish race scientists has been the subject of several recent studies (Efron 1994; R. Falk 2006; Hart 2000; Kiefer 1991; Lipphardt 2007; Y. Weiss 2002; see also Doron 1980). As these studies suggest, among Jewish physicians, anthropologists, and other 'men of science' in Central Europe, proponents of the idea that the Jews were a race were found mainly in the ranks of Zionists, as the idea implied a common biological nature of the otherwise geographically, linguistically, and culturally divided Jewish people, and offered scientific 'proof' of the ethno-nationalist myth of common descent (Doron 1980: 404; Y. Weiss 2002: 155). At the same time, many of these proponents agreed that the Jews were suffering a process of 'degeneration, and so their writings advanced the national project as a means of 'regeneration' and 'racial improvement' (R. Falk 2006; Hart 2000: 17)... In the Zionist case, the nation-building project was fused with a cultural project of Westernization. 'Race' was an integral concept in certain versions of nationalist thinking, and in Western identity (Bonnett 2003), albeit in different ways. In the discourse of Zionist men of science, 'race' served different purposes, according to the context in question. In some contexts 'race' was mainly used to establish Jewish unity, while in others it was used to establish diversity and hierarchy among Jews. The latter use was more common in texts which appeared in Palestine. It resulted from the encounter of European Zionists with Eastern Jews, and from the tension between the projects of nation-building and of Westernization in the context of Zionist settlement in the East." 4265: 8355:, p. 18: "What is evident in the work in Israeli population genetics is a desire to identify biological evidence for the presumption of a common Jewish peoplehood whose truth was hard to "see," especially in the face of the arrival of oriental Jews whose presumably visible civilizational and phenotypic differences from the Ashkenazi elite strained the nationalist ideology upon which the state was founded. Testament to the legacy of racial thought in giving form to a Zionist vision of Jewish peoplehood by the mid-twentieth century, Israeli population researchers never doubted that biological facts of a shared origin did indeed exist, even as finding those facts remained forever elusive… Looking at the history of Zionism through the lens of work in the biological sciences brings into focus a story long sidelined in histories of the Jewish state: Jewish thinkers and Zionist activists invested in race science as they forged an understanding of the Jewish people and fought to found the Jewish state. By the mid-twentieth century, a biological self-definition—even if not seamlessly a racial one, at least not as race was imagined at the turn of the twentieth century—had become common-sensical for many Jewish nationalists, and, in significant ways, it framed membership and shaped the contours of national belonging in the Jewish state." 8129:, p. 98: "There is a "problem" regarding the origins of the Ashkenazim, which needs resolution: Ashkenazi Jews, who seem European—phenotypically, that is—are the normative center of world Jewry. No less, they are the political and cultural elite of the newly founded Jewish state. Given their central symbolic and political capital in the Jewish state and given simultaneously the scientific and social persistence of racial logics as ways of categorizing and understanding human groups, it was essential to find other evidence that Israel's European Jews were not in truth Europeans. The normative Jew had to have his/her origins in ancient Palestine or else the fundamental tenet of Zionism, the entire edifice of Jewish history and nationalist ideology, would come tumbling down. In short, the Ashkenazi Jew is the Jew—the Jew in relation to whose values and cultural practices the oriental Jew in Israel must assimilate. Simultaneously, however, the Ashkenazi Jew is the most dubious Jew, the Jew whose historical and genealogical roots in ancient Palestine are most difficult to see and perhaps thus to believe—in practice, although clearly not by definition." 7951:: "Zionism is both a struggle for land and a demographic race; in essence, the aspiration for a territory with a Jewish majority...Zionist democratic diversity did not mean that there was no commonground between the major segments of the movement. Initially, Ben-Gurion preferred an 'iron wall of workers', namely settlements and Jewish infrastructure, on Jabotinsky's call for an iron wall of military might and deterrence... he even lashed out against what he defined as Jabotinsky's 'perverted national fanaticism', and against the Revisionists 'worthless prattle of sham heroes, whose lips becloud the moral purity of our national movement. . .' Eventually, however, under the growing chal-lenge of Arab nationalism and especially with the growth in the Yishuv of a collective mood of sacred Jewish nationalism following the Holocaust, the Labour Zionists, chief among them David Ben-Gurion, accepted forall practical purposes Jabotinsky's iron-wall strategy. The Jewish State could only emerge, and force the Arabs to accept it, if it erected around it an impregnable wall of Jewish might and deterrence." 1483: 8343:, p. (c.f. p.218-219 of PhD): "The biobank stands for unmarked global modernity and secular technoscientific progress. It is within the other pole of the Israeli cultural spectrum that one finds right-wingers appropriating genetics as a way of imagining the tribal particularity of Jews, as a way of proving the occupation is legitimate, of authenticating the ethnos as a natural fact, and of defending Zionism as a return. It is across this political spectrum that the natural facts of genetics research discursively migrate and transform into the mythologized ethnonationalism of the bio-nation. However, Israel has also moved towards a market-based society, and as the majority of the biomedical research is moving to private biotech companies, the Israeli biobank is becoming underused and outmoded. The epistemics of Jewish genetics fall short of its mythic circulatory semiotics. This is the ultimate lesson from my ethnographic work in Israel." 2076: 7555:

State I am proposing would, of course, harm Jewish Frenchmen no more than it would harm the "assimilated" of other countries. It would, on the contrary, be distinctly to their advantage. For they would no longer be disturbed in their "chromatic function," as Darwin puts it, but would be able to assimilate in peace, because the present Anti-Semitism would have been stopped for ever. They would certainly be credited with being assimilated to the very depths of their souls, if they stayed where they were after the new Jewish State, with its superior institutions, had become a reality. The "assimilated" would profit even more than Christian citizens by the departure of faithful Jews; for they would be rid of the disquieting, incalculable, and unavoidable rivalry of a Jewish proletariat, driven by poverty and political pressure from place to place, from land to land. This floating proletariat would become stationary.

11953:, p. 247: "On several occasions, resolutions were passed to limit immigration from European and Arab countries alike. However, these limits were never put into practice, mainly due to the opposition of Ben-Gurion. As a driving force in the emergency of the state, Ben-Gurion—both prime minister and minister of defense—carried enormous weight with his veto. His insistence on the right of every Jew to immigrate proved victorious. He would not allow himself to be swayed by financial or other considerations. It was he who orchestrated the large-scale action that enabled the Jews to leave Eastern Europe and Islamic countries, and it was he who effectively forged Israel's foreign policy. Through a series of clandestine activities carried out overseas by the Foreign Office, the Jewish Agency, the Mossad le-Aliyah, and the Joint Distribution Committee, the road was paved for mass immigration." 8117:, p. 35 (c.f. p.52-53 of PhD): "Here, the ethnic composition of Israel is crucial. Despite the ambiguity in respect of the legal, biological, and social 'nature' of 'Jewish genes' and their intermittent role in the reproduction of Jewish identity, Israel is an ethnically diverse country. Many Jewish immigrants have arrived from Eastern Europe, North Africa, France, India, Latin America, Yemen, Iraq, Ethiopia, the US, Zimbabwe, South Africa, and the ex-Soviet Union, not to mention Israel's indigenous Arab minority of close to 2 million people. And while Jewishness has often been imagined as a biological race – most notably, and to horrific ends, by the Nazis, but also later by Zionists and early Israelis for state-building purposes – the initial origins of the Ashkenazi Jews who began the Zionist movement in turn-of-the-century Europe remain highly debated and enigmatic." 5174:"His Majesty's Government have been faced with an irreconcilable conflict of principles. There are in Palestine about 1,200,000 Arabs and 600,000 Jews. For the Jews the essential point of principle is the creation of a sovereign Jewish State. For the Arabs, the essential point of principle is to resist to the last establishment of Jewish sovereignty in any part of Palestine. The discussions of the last month have quite clearly shown that there is no prospect of resolving this conflict by any settlement negotiated between the parties. But if the conflict has to be resolved by an arbitrary decision, that is not a decision which His Majesty's Government are empowered, as Mandatory, to take. His Majesty's Government have of themselves no power, under the terms of the Mandate, to award the country either to the Arabs or to the Jews, or even to partition it between them." 11213:

territory in East Africa; and (3) that only those Jews who declare their allegiance to the Basel Program may become members of the Zionist Organization." Zangwill objected... When Nordau insisted on the Congress's right to pass the resolutions regardless, Zangwill was outraged. "You will be charged before the bar of history," he challenged Nordau... From approximately 1:30 p.m. on Sunday, July 30, 1905, a Zionist would henceforth he defined as someone who adhered to the Basel Program and the only "authentic interpretation" of that program restricted settlement activity exclusively to Palestine. Zangwill and his supporters could not accept Nordau's "authentic interpretation" which they believed would lead to an abandonment of the Jewish masses and of Herzl's vision. One territorialist claimed that Ussishkin's voting bloc had in fact "buried political Zionism".

8270:, p. 36 (c.f. p.54 of PhD): "The stakes in the debate over Jewish origins are high, however, since the founding narrative of the Israeli state is based on exilic 'return.' If European Jews have descended from converts, the Zionist project falls prey to the pejorative categorization as 'settler colonialism' pursued under false assumptions, playing into the hands of Israel's critics and fueling the indignation of the displaced and stateless Palestinian people. The politics of 'Jewish genetics' is consequently fierce. But irrespective of philosophical questions of the indexical power or validity of genetic tests for Jewishness, and indeed the historical basis of a Jewish population 'returning' to the Levant, the Realpolitik of Jewishness as a measurable biological category could also impinge on access to basic rights and citizenship within Israel." 4614: 4444: 6008:, p. 76: "The Nakba represented a watershed in the history of Palestine and the Middle East. It transformed most of Palestine from what it had been for well over a millennium—a majority Arab country—into a new state that had a substantial Jewish majority. This transformation was the result of two processes: the systematic ethnic cleansing of the Arab-inhabited areas of the country seized during the war; and the theft of Palestinian land and property left behind by the refugees as well as much of that owned by those Arabs who remained in Israel. There would have been no other way to achieve a Jewish majority, the explicit aim of political Zionism from its inception. Nor would it have been possible to dominate the country without the seizures of land."; 4582:, who replied to his request of support for a Jewish return to Israel in the same terms, saying that "we are unable to favor this movement. We cannot prevent the Jews from going to Jerusalem, but we could never sanction it ... The Jews have not recognized our Lord, therefore we cannot recognize the Jewish people." In 1922, the same periodical published a piece by its Viennese correspondent, "anti-Semitism is nothing but the absolutely necessary and natural reaction to the Jews' arrogance... Catholic anti-Semitism—while never going beyond the moral law—adopts all necessary means to emancipate the Christian people from the abuse they suffer from their sworn enemy". This initial attitude changed over the next 50 years, until 1997, when at the 11929:, p. 246–247: "Both the immigrants' dependence and the circumstances of their arrival shaped the attitude of the host society. The great wave of immigration in 1948 did not occur spontaneously: it was the result of a clear-cut foreign policy decision that taxed the country financially and necessitated a major organizational effort. Many absorption activists, Jewish Agency executives, and government officials opposed unlimited, nonselective immigration; they favored a gradual process geared to the country's absorptive capacity. Throughout this period, two charges resurfaced at every public debate: one, that the absorption process caused undue hardship; two, that Israel's immigration policy was misguided." 1642:

exacerbate their circumstances rather than integrate them into European societies. Religious Jews such as Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum viewed in Zionism a desecration of their sacred beliefs and a Satanic plot, while others hardly thought it deserved serious attention. For them, Zionism was seen as an attempt to defy the divine order to await the coming of the Messiah. However, many of these religious Jews still believed in the Messiah coming soon. For example, Rabbi Israel Meir Kahan "was so convinced of the imminent arrival of the Messiah that he urged his students to study the laws of the priesthood so that the priests would be prepared to carry out their duties when the Temple in Jerusalem was rebuilt."

4873: 15044:".. the Zionist movement, which claims to be secular, found it necessary to embrace the idea of 'the promised land' of Old Testament prophecy, to justify the confiscation of land and the expulsion of the Palestinians. For example, the speeches and letter of Chaim Weizman, the secular Zionist leader, are filled with references to the biblical origins of the Jewish claim to Palestine, which he often mixes liberally with more pragmatic and nationalistic claims. By the use of this premise, embraced in 1937, Zionists alleged that the Palestinians were usurpers in the Promised Land, and therefore their expulsion and death was justified. The Jewish-American writer Dan Kurzman, in his book 11941:, p. 47: "But as head of the government, entrusted with choosing the cabinet and steering its activities, Ben-Gurion had tremendous power over the country's social development. His prestige soared to new heights after the founding of the state and the impressive victory of the IDF in the War of Independence. As prime minister and minister of defense in Israel's first administration, as well as the uncontested leader of the country's largest political party, his opinions carried enormous weight. Thus, despite resistance from some of his cabinet members, he remained unflagging in his enthusiasm for unrestricted mass immigration and resolved to put this policy into effect." 4773:

to me. The sanction for it is sought in the Bible and the tenacity with which the Jews have hankered after return to Palestine. Why should they not, like other peoples of the earth, make that country their home where they are born and where they earn their livelihood?" and warned them against violence: "It is wrong and inhuman to impose the Jews on the Arabs ... Surely it would be a crime against humanity to reduce the proud Arabs so that Palestine can be restored to the Jews partly or wholly as their national home ... They can settle in Palestine only by the goodwill of the Arabs. They should seek to convert the Arab heart". Gandhi later told American journalist

2176:. This planned to end Jewish immigration by 1944 and to allow no more than 75,000 additional Jewish migrants. At the end of the five-year period in 1944, only 51,000 of the 75,000 immigration certificates provided for had been utilized, and the British offered to allow immigration to continue beyond cutoff date of 1944, at a rate of 1500 per month, until the remaining quota was filled. According to Arieh Kochavi, at the end of the war, the Mandatory Government had 10,938 certificates remaining and gives more details about government policy at the time. The British maintained the policies of the 1939 White Paper until the end of the Mandate. 2579:

but also as an ideal solution by the Zionist leadership. The notion of forcible transfer was so appealing to this leadership that it was considered the most attractive provision in the Peel Commission. Indeed, this sentiment was deeply ingrained to the extent that Ben Gurion's acceptance of partition was contingent upon the removal of the Palestinian population. He would go as far as to say that transfer was such an ideal solution that it "must happen some day". It was the right wing of the Zionist movement that put forward the main arguments against transfer, their objections being primarily on practical rather than moral grounds.

804: 1578: 11917:, p. 46: "After independence, the government presented the Knesset with a plan to double the Jewish population within four years. This meant bringing in 600,000 immigrants in a four-year period. or 150,000 per year. Absorbing 150,000 newcomers annually under the trying conditions facing the new state was a heavy burden indeed. Opponents in the Jewish Agency and the government of mass immigration argued that there was no justification for organizing large-scale emigration among Jews whose lives were not in danger, particularly when the desire and motivation were not their own." 2427: 11069: 6072:, p. 588, "But the displacement of Arabs from Palestine or from the areas of Palestine that would become the Jewish State was inherent in Zionist ideology and, in microcosm, in Zionist praxis from the start of the enterprise. The piecemeal eviction of tenant farmers, albeit in relatively small numbers, during the first five decades of Zionist land purchase and settlement naturally stemmed from, and in a sense hinted at, the underlying thrust of the ideology, which was to turn an Arab-populated land into a State with an overwhelming Jewish majority." 4975:

discredit any charges by claiming the person is an anti-Semite. It's to turn Jews into the victims, so that the victims are not the Palestinians any longer. As people like Abraham Foxman of the ADL put it, the Jews are being threatened by a new holocaust. It's a role reversal—the Jews are now the victims, not the Palestinians. So it serves the function of discrediting the people leveling the charge. It's no longer Israel that needs to leave the Occupied Territories; it's the Arabs who need to free themselves of the anti-Semitism."

6030:, p. 6, "It was obvious to most approaches within the Zionist movement – certainly to the mainstream as represented by Labor Zionism and its leadership headed by Ben Gurion, that a Jewish state would entail getting rid of as many of the Palestinian inhabitants of the land as possible ... Following Wolfe, we argue that the logic of demographic elimination is an inherent component of the Zionist project as a settler-colonial project, although it has taken different manifestations since the founding of the Zionist movement."; 2530: 4629:, throughout its history up to present day, Zionism "is replete with manifestations of deep hostility and contempt towards the indigenous population." Shlaim balances this by pointing out that there have always been individuals within the Zionist movement that have criticized such attitudes. He cites the example of Ahad Ha'am, who after visiting Palestine in 1891, published a series of articles criticizing the aggressive behaviour and political ethnocentrism of Zionist settlers. Ha'am reportedly wrote that the 454: 2049: 7755:: "Modern Zionism was a phenomenon of the late nineteenth-century Europe. It had its roots in the failure of Jewish efforts to become assimilated in Western society, in the intensification of antisemitism in Europe, and in the parallel and not unrelated upsurge of nationalism. If nationalism posed a problem to the Jews by identifying them as an alien and unwanted minority, it also suggested a solution: self-determination for the Jews in a state of their own in which they would constitute a majority." 2355: 686:" of the Jewish community as a nation-race, in contrast to centuries-old conceptions of the Jewish people as a religious socio-cultural grouping. The Jewish historians Heinrich Graetz and Simon Dubnow are largely credited with this creation of Zionism as a nationalist project. They drew on religious Jewish sources and non-Jewish texts in reconstructing a national identity and consciousness. This new Jewish historiography divorced from and, at times at odds with, traditional Jewish collective memory. 6365:

defined by what they oppose. As we have seen, Zionism itself arose in reaction to anti-Semitic and exclusionary nationalist movements in Europe. It would be perverse to judge Zionism as somehow less valid than European anti-Semitism or those nationalisms. Furthermore, Zionism itself was also defined by its opposition to the indigenous Palestinian inhabitants of the region. Both the "conquest of land" and the "conquest of labor" slogans that became central to the dominant strain of Zionism in the

4077: 779:, considered one of the most important religious Zionist thinkers, characterized the diaspora as a flawed and alienated existence marked by decline, narrowness, displacement, solitude, and frailty. He believed that the diasporan way of life is diametrically opposed to a "national renaissance," which manifests itself not only in the return to Zion but also in the return to nature and creativity, revival of heroic and aesthetic values, and the resurgence of individual and societal power. 24286: 2842:. In following with policies laid out by Ben-Gurion, the prevalent method among field squads was that if an Arab gang had used a village as a hideout, it was considered acceptable to hold the entire village collectively responsible. The lines delineating what was acceptable and unacceptable while dealing with these villagers were "vague and intentionally blurred". As Shapira suggests, these ambiguous limits practically did not differ from those of the openly terrorist group, Irgun. 3932: 17924: 2554:

immigration policy had some opposition within the new Israeli government, such as those who argued that there was "no justification for organizing large-scale emigration among Jews whose lives were not in danger, particularly when the desire and motivation were not their own" as well as those who argued that the absorption process caused "undue hardship". However, the force of Ben-Gurion's influence and insistence ensured that his immigration policy was carried out.

5211:(2004) "Transfer was inevitable and inbuilt into Zionism – because it sought to transform a land which was 'Arab' into a 'Jewish' state and a Jewish state could not have arisen without a major displacement of Arab popu- lation; and because this aim automatically produced resistance among the Arabs which, in turn, persuaded the Yishuv's leaders that a hostile Arab majority or large minority could not remain in place if a Jewish state was to arise or safely endure." 25031: 20117: 25019: 6002:, pp. 2 ("the principal objective of the Zionist leadership to keep as few Arabs as possible in the Jewish state"), 4 ("in the 1948 war, when it became clear that the objective that enjoyed the unanimous support of Zionists of all inclinations was to establish a Jewish state with the smallest possible number of Palestinians"), and 33 ("The Zionists had two cherished objectives: fewer Arabs in the country and more land in the hands of the settlers."); 2775: 753:. She describes this as a relationship of contempt towards the previous identity of the Jewish Diaspora viewed as unable to resist antisemitism and the Holocaust. Lentin argues that Zionism's rejection of this "feminised" identity and its obsession with constructing a nation is reflected in the nature of the symbolism of the movement, which are drawn from modern sources and appropriated as Zionist, instancing the fact that the melody of the 3079: 17710: 17698: 1352: 24995: 3944: 737:

whilst right-wing Israelis look for "a way of proving the occupation is legitimate, of authenticating the ethnos as a natural fact, and of defending Zionism as a return". A Jewish "biological self-definition" has become a standard belief for many Jewish nationalists, and most Israeli population researchers have never doubted that evidence will one day be found, even though so far proof for the claim has "remained forever elusive".

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good reasons. That does not mean any want of interest in the question, but it does mean that I do not consider myself sufficiently equipped with knowledge for the purpose". He concluded: "If they were to adopt the matchless weapon of non-violence ... their case would be the world's and I have no doubt that among the many things that the Jews have given to the world, this would be the best and the brightest".

1662: 24193: 24983: 4820:, South Africa, which caused the United States and Israel to walk away from the conference as a response. The final text of the conference did not connect Zionism with racism. A human rights forum arranged in connection with the conference, on the other hand, did equate Zionism with racism and censured Israel for what it called "racist crimes, including acts of genocide and ethnic cleansing". 7437:, pp. 247, 249, 251–252, 350, 365: "It is doubtful whether external differences in framework and patterns of behavior were sufficient to create a different attitude toward fighting or to develop "civilian" barriers to military callousness and insensitivity...if a village had served as a hiding place for an Arab gang, it was permissible to place collective responsibility on the village." 2970: 15254:"the important point is a growing consensus among Israeli and Palestinian historians about the Israeli expulsion of the Palestinians in 1948 (expulsion and the destruction of villages and towns)" (...) "The gist of the common ground is a consensus between the 'new historians' in Israel and many Palestinian historians that Israel bore the main responsibility for the making of the problem." 518:

Zionism drew in particular from a German version of European enlightenment thought, with German nationalistic principles becoming key features of Zionist nationalism. The Jewish historian of nationalism Hans Kohn argued that Zionism nationalism "had nothing to do with Jewish traditions; it was in many ways opposed to them". Starting early on, Zionism had its critics, the cultural Zionist

7743:, pp. 6–7: "It does not matter at all which phraseology we employ in explaining our colonising aims, Herzl's or Sir Herbert Samuel's. Colonisation carries its own explanation, the only possible explanation, unalterable and as clear as daylight to every ordinary Jew and every ordinary Arab... Zionist colonisation must either stop, or else proceed regardless of the native population." 7157:, pp. 6–7: "It does not matter at all which phraseology we employ in explaining our colonising aims, Herzl's or Sir Herbert Samuel's. Colonisation carries its own explanation, the only possible explanation, unalterable and as clear as daylight to every ordinary Jew and every ordinary Arab... Zionist colonisation must either stop, or else proceed regardless of the native population." 2884: 2912:, the main centrist party during the 2000s that split from Likud and is now defunct, however, did identify with many of the fundamental policies of Liberal Zionist ideology, advocating among other things the need for Palestinian statehood in order to form a more democratic society in Israel, affirming the free market, and calling for equal rights for Arab citizens of Israel. In 2013, 47: 15048:... describes the view of one of the Deir Yassin's killers: 'The Sternists followed the instructions of the Bible more rigidly than others. They honored the passage (Exodus 22:2): 'If a thief be found ...' This meant, of course, that killing a thief was not really murder. And were not the enemies of Zionism thieves, who wanted to steal from the Jews what God had granted them?'" 4633:"behave towards the Arabs with hostility and cruelty, trespass unjustly upon their boundaries, beat them shamefully without reason and even brag about it, and nobody stands to check this contemptible and dangerous tendency" and that they believed that "the only language that the Arabs understand is that of force." Some criticisms of Zionism claim that Judaism's notion of the " 6760: 639:

minority. Unlike other forms of nationalism, the Zionist claim to Palestine was aspirational and required a mechanism by which the claim could be realized. The territorial concentration of Jews in Palestine and the subsequent goal of establishing a Jewish majority there was the main mechanism by which Zionist groups sought to realize this claim. By the time of the

643:, the political differences between the various Zionist groups had shrunk further, with almost all Zionist groups seeking a Jewish state in Palestine. While not every Zionist group openly called for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, every group in the Zionist mainstream was wedded to the idea of establishing a Jewish demographic majority there. 14657:"… This identity is often explicitly worded by its spokespersons. Thus, Yakov Malik, the Soviet ambassador to the UN, declared in 1973: "The Zionists have come forward with the theory of the Chosen People, an absurd ideology." (As it is well known, the biblical concept of "Chosen People" is part of Judaism; Zionism has nothing to do with it). " 4356:. The purpose of the visit was to promote meaningful debate about the status of Israel in the eyes of Muslims worldwide and to strengthen the relationship between India and Israel. It is suggested that the visit could "open Muslim minds across the world to understand the democratic nature of the state of Israel, especially in the Middle East". 9483:. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name—one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus—Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." 6036:, p. 38, "From the late nineteenth century and throughout the Mandatory period the demographic and land policies of the Zionist Yishuv in Palestine continued to evolve. But its demographic and land battles with the indigenous inhabitants of Palestine were always a battle for 'maximum land and minimum Arabs' (Masalha 1992, 1997, 2000)."; 1410:, then owned by the Republic of Venice, and later to resettle in Tiberias. Nasi—who never converted to Islam—eventually obtained the highest medical position in the empire, and actively participated in court life. He convinced Suleiman I to intervene with the Pope on behalf of Ottoman-subject Portuguese Jews imprisoned in Ancona. 9325:

Samaria and Galilee and the consolidation of Jewish settlement in Trans-Jordan was completed. Alexander Jannai, continuing the work of his predecessors, expanded Judean rule to the entire coastal plain, from the Carmel to the Egyptian border... and to additional areas in Trans-Jordan, including some of the Greek cities there.

11030: 1682: 9602:, the priestly caste that served in the Temple, moved there. Since then, the only known break in the Jewish presence was during two years in the late 1930s, when the town's Jews fled the Arab riots of 1936–39. Most of them went to what they called the Hadera diaspora. But one family, Zinati's, returned home in 1940. 4801:

Palestine, Zimbabwe, and South Africa as examples of racist regimes. Resolution 3379 was pioneered by the Soviet Union and passed with numerical support from Arab and African states amidst accusations that Israel was supportive of the apartheid regime in South Africa. In 1991 the resolution was repealed with

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land of Israel. Of these three, Canaan is the Promised Land, while the land of Israel, despite its partial territorial divergence, is the realization of this promise. The patriarchal boundaries, however, although closely linked with the promise of the land, patently differ from the other two delineations.

7731:, p. 3: "But once there, the settlers could not avoid noticing the majority native population. It was from them, as two of the first settlers put it, that 'we shall... take away the country... through stratagems, without drawing upon us their hostility before we become the strong and populous ones.'" 7151:, p. 3: "But once there, the settlers could not avoid noticing the majority native population. It was from them, as two of the first settlers put it, that 'we shall... take away the country... through stratagems, without drawing upon us their hostility before we become the strong and populous ones.'" 6300:, or Jewish Enlightenment. This engendered a permanent split in the Jewish world, between those who held to a halachic or religious-centric vision of their identity and those who adopted in part the racial rhetoric of the time and made the Jewish people into a nation. This was helped along by the wave of 11593:

No, Sir. We have not found a substitute yet for that White Paper, and up to the moment, whether it is right or wrong, the House is committed to it. That is the legal position. We did, by arrangement and agreement, extend the period of immigration which would have terminated in December, 1945. Whether

11166:

The suggestion that Uganda might be suitable for Jewish colonization was first put forward by Joseph Chamberlain, the British colonial secretary, who said that he had thought about Herzl during a recent visit to the interior of British East Africa. Herzl, who at that time had been discussing with the

9324:

The expansion of Hasmonean Judea took place gradually. Under Jonathan, Judea annexed southern Samaria and began to expand in the direction of the coast plain... The main ethnic changes were the work of John Hyrcanus... it was in his days and those of his son Aristobulus that the annexation of Idumea,

8035:

At the same time, the idea that Jews are a people connected to each other on a 'biological' level has been promoted by Zionist ideologues. This racialisation of Jewish identity in the rhetoric of the founders of Zionism was a response to the shift from Christian anti-Semitism to racial anti-Semitism,

6502:

European Jews swayed and prayed for Zion for nearly two millennia, and by the end of the nineteenth century their descendants had transformed liturgical longing into a political movement to create a Jewish national entity somewhere in the world. Zionism's prophet, Theodor Herzl, considered Argentina,

4800:

passed Resolution 3379, which said "Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination". According to the resolution, "any doctrine of racial differentiation of superiority is scientifically false, morally condemnable, socially unjust, and dangerous." The resolution named the occupied territory of

4740:

state that most of the Arabs who fled left of their own accord or were pressured to leave by their fellow Arabs (and that Israel attempted to convince them to stay) the scholarly consensus now dismisses this claim, and as such, Benny Morris concurs that Arab instigation was not the major cause of the

2578:

In fact, the concept of forcibly removing the non-Jewish population from Palestine was a notion that garnered support across the entire spectrum of Zionist groups, including its farthest left factions, from early on in the movement's development. The concept of transfer was not only seen as desirable

2405:

committee, was tasked to examine political, economic and social conditions in Mandatory Palestine and the well-being of the peoples now living there; to consult representatives of Arabs and Jews, and to make other recommendations 'as necessary' for an interim handling of these problems as well as for

2070:

His Majesty's government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights

1534:

bequeathed money to fund Jewish residential settlement in Palestine. Montefiore was appointed executor of his will, and used the funds for a variety of projects, including building in 1860 the first Jewish residential settlement and almshouse outside of the old walled city of Jerusalem—today known as

605:

and in some cases to abandon traditional views and opinions in an attempt at modernization and assimilation into the modern world. A less extreme form of assimilation was called cultural synthesis. Those in favor of cultural synthesis desired continuity and only moderate evolution, and were concerned

9901:

A number of factors motivated Israel's open immigration policy. First of all, open immigration—the ingathering of the exiles in the historic Jewish homeland—had always been a central component of Zionist ideology and constituted the raison d'etre of the State of Israel. The ingathering of the exiles

6592:

he Zionist claim to Palestine on behalf of world Jewry as an extra-territorial population was unique, and not supported (as admitted at the time) by established interpretations of the principle of national self-determination, expressed in the Covenant of the League of later versions), and as applied

6364:

developed later than Zionism and indeed in response to it does not in any way diminish the legitimacy of Palestinian nationalism or make it less valid than Zionism. All nationalisms arise in opposition to some "other". Why else would there be the need to specify who you are? And all nationalisms are

4777:

in 1946 that "Jews have a good case in Palestine. If the Arabs have a claim to Palestine, the Jews have a prior claim". He expressed himself again in 1946, nuancing his views: "Hitherto I have refrained practically from saying anything in public regarding the Jew-Arab controversy. I have done so for

2903:

General Zionism (or Liberal Zionism) was initially the dominant trend within the Zionist movement from the First Zionist Congress in 1897 until after the First World War. General Zionists identified with the liberal European middle class to which many Zionist leaders such as Herzl and Chaim Weizmann

2540:

Since the creation of the State of Israel, the World Zionist Organization has functioned mainly as an organization dedicated to assisting and encouraging Jews to migrate to Israel. It has provided political support for Israel in other countries but plays little role in internal Israeli politics. The

2446:

told the United Nations that the USSR supported the partition of Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state. The USSR formally voted that way in the UN in November 1947. However once Israel was established, Stalin reversed positions, favoured the Arabs, arrested the leaders of the Jewish Anti-Fascist

1637:

Before World War I, although led by Austrian and German Jews, Zionism was primarily composed of Russian Jews. Initially, Zionists were a minority, both in Russia and worldwide. Russian Zionism quickly became a major force within the movement, making up about half the delegates at Zionist Congresses.

278:

have been dissident factions within the movement. Differences within the mainstream Zionist groups lie primarily in their presentation and ethos, having adopted similar strategies to achieve their political goals, in particular in the use of violence and compulsory transfer to deal with the presence

12136:

Nur Masalha, Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of "Transfer" in Zionist Political Thought, 1882-1948 (1992), "It should not be imagined that the concept of transfer was held only by maximalists or extremists within the Zionist movement. On the contrary, it was embraced by almost all shades

11212:

On the afternoon of the fourth day of the Congress a weary Nordau brought three resolutions before the delegates: (1) that the Zionist Organization direct all future settlement efforts solely to Palestine; (2) that the Zionist Organization thank the British government for its other of an autonomous

10115:

Hatice Turhan's insistence on conversion mitigated any educational edge Jewish physicians had over others. In contrast to the mid-sixteenth century, when Jews such as Joseph Nasi rose to the highest medical post in the empire and played an active role at the Ottoman court while remaining practicing

9755:

The major problem is the intimate relationship of these boundaries to those of the Promised Land, notwithstanding an indubitable territorial disparity between them. A clear territorial distinction must be drawn between three concepts: 1) the patriarchal boundaries; 2) the land of Canaan; and 3) the

9295:

The ensuing power struggle left Hyrcanus with a free hand in Judea, and he quickly reasserted Jewish sovereignty... Hyrcanus then engaged in a series of military campaigns aimed at territorial expansion. He first conquered areas in the Transjordan. He then turned his attention to Samaria, which had

7874:

It is a belief that Jews have a moral right and historic need for self- determination within his-toric Palestine...Zionism, in turn, is the belief that Jews constitute a nation that has a right and need to pursue collec-tive self- determination within historic Palestine...Unlike other nationalisms,

7554:

if all or any of the French Jews protest against this scheme on account of their own "assimilation," my answer is simple: The whole thing does not concern them at all. They are Jewish Frenchmen, well and good! This is a private affair for the Jews alone. The movement towards the organization of the

5904:

Unlike the earlier literature that dealt with Palestine's delimitation, the boundaries were not presented according to their historical traditional meaning, but according to the boundaries of the Jewish Eretz Israel that was about to be established there. This approach characterizes all the Zionist

4772:

into Hindu and Muslim countries. He proposed to the Jews to "offer themselves to be shot or thrown into the Dead Sea without raising a little finger against them". He expressed his "sympathy" for the Jewish aspirations, but said: "The cry for the national home for the Jews does not make much appeal

4708:

claim that the notion of expelling the Palestinians was an early component of Zionism, citing Herzl's diary from 1895 which states "we shall endeavour to expel the poor population across the border unnoticed—the process of expropriation and the removal of the poor must be carried out discreetly and

4570:

Jews should not be permitted to return to Palestine with sovereignty: "According to the Sacred Scriptures, the Jewish people must always live dispersed and vagabondo among the other nations, so that they may render witness to Christ not only by the Scriptures ... but by their very existence".

4466:

found that the subjection of Palestinians to Zionist rule was a violation of the principle of self-determination. The report stated that "The initial claim, often submitted by Zionist representatives, that they have a 'right' to Palestine based on occupation of two thousand years ago, can barely be

3021:

Although the Jews originated in the East, they belonged to the West culturally, morally, and spiritually. Zionism was conceived by Jabotinsky not as the return of the Jews to their spiritual homeland but as an offshoot or implant of Western civilization in the East. This worldview translated into a

2582:

According to Morris, the idea of ethnically cleansing the land of Palestine was to play a large role in Zionist ideology from the inception of the movement. He explains that "transfer" was "inevitable and inbuilt into Zionism" and that a land which was primarily Arab could not be transformed into a

2349:

A people which fights against the usurpation of its land will not tire so easily. ... When we say that the Arabs are the aggressors and we defend ourselves — this is only half the truth. ... olitically we are the aggressors and they defend themselves. The country is theirs, because they inhabit it,

1974:

to the Holy Land". It was decided to send a commission to investigate the proposed land by 295 to 177 votes, with 132 abstaining. The following year, Congress sent a delegation to inspect the plateau. A temperate climate due to its high elevation, was thought to be suitable for European settlement.

1478:

reiterated this interpretation of the Messianic idea of Reform Judaism, expressing in a resolution that "we consider ourselves no longer a nation, but a religious community; and we therefore expect neither a return to Palestine, nor a sacrificial worship under the sons of Aaron, nor the restoration

1179:, and on the edges of Judea, and some converted. By the fourth century CE, the Jews, who had previously constituted the majority of Palestine, had become a minority. A small presence of Jews has been attested for almost all of the period. For example, according to tradition, the Jewish community of 638:

Fundamental to Zionism is the belief that Jews constitute a nation and have a moral and historic right and need for self-determination in Palestine. This belief developed out of the experiences of European Jewry which the early Zionists believed demonstrated the danger inherent to their status as a

555:

and securing support for some years for Jewish emigration to Palestine, Zionists also recruited European Jews to immigrate there, especially Jews who lived in areas of the Russian Empire where antisemitism was raging. The alliance with Britain was strained as the latter realized the implications of

9964:

Central to Zionist thinking was the concept of Kibbutz Galuiot—the "ingathering of the exiles." Following two millennia of homelessness and living presumably "outside of history," Jews could once again "enter history" as subjects, as "normal" actors on the world stage by returning to their ancient

9361:

From the beginning of the Second Temple period until the Muslim conquest—the land was part of imperial space. This was true from the early Persian period, as well as the time of Ptolemy and the Seleucids. The only exception was the Hasmonean Kingdom, with its sovereign Jewish rule—first over Judah

8252:

The Zionist moveinent remains firmly anchored on the basic principle of the exclusive right of the Jews to Palestine that is found in the Torah and in other Jewish religious literature. Zionists who are not religious, in the sense of following the ritual practices of Judaism, are still biblical in

5197:

On this topic, Ben-Ami writes: "This is how a Brit-Shalom Ihud, non-Zionist member of the Jewish Agency, Werner Senator, put it: 'If I weigh the catastrophe of five million Jews against the transfer of one million Arabs, then with a clean and easy conscience I can state that even more drastic acts

2570:

says, "Ben-Gurion, of course, was right. Zionism was a colonizing and expansionist ideology and movement", and that "Zionist ideology and practice were necessarily and elementally expansionist." Morris describes the Zionist goal of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine as necessarily displacing

2441:

in 1941, Stalin reversed his long-standing opposition to Zionism, and tried to mobilize worldwide Jewish support for the Soviet war effort. A Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee was set up in Moscow. Many thousands of Jewish refugees fled the Nazis and entered the Soviet Union during the war, where they

2340:

The growth of the Jewish community in Palestine and the devastation of European Jewish life sidelined the World Zionist Organization (WZO). The Jewish Agency for Palestine under the leadership of David Ben-Gurion increasingly dictated policy with support from American Zionists who provided funding

1473:

over July 15–28, 1845, deleted from the ritual all prayers for a return to Zion and a restoration of a Jewish state. The Philadelphia Conference, 1869, followed the lead of the German rabbis and decreed that the Messianic hope of Israel is "the union of all the children of God in the confession of

206:

From 1897 to 1948, the primary goal of the Zionist movement was to establish the basis for a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and thereafter to consolidate it. The movement itself recognized that Zionism's position that an extra-territorial population had the strongest claim to Palestine went against

16148:

To most Arabs the terms Jew or Jewish and Zionist are interchangeable. After the introduction of European anti-Semitism into the Arab world in the thirties and forties through the Axis powers, Arab propaganda has displayed many classic Nazi anti-Semitic claims about the Jews. For public relations

4966:

Philosopher Michael Marder argues: "To deconstruct Zionism is ... to demand justice for its victims—not only for the Palestinians, who are suffering from it, but also for the anti-Zionist Jews, 'erased' from the officially consecrated account of Zionist history. By deconstructing its ideology, we

4569:

gave its biblical-theological judgement on political Zionism: "1827 years have passed since the prediction of Jesus of Nazareth was fulfilled ... that the Jews would be led away to be slaves among all the nations and that they would remain in the dispersion until the end of the world." The

7350:

Zionism was founded as a nationalist movement to establish an independent Jewish state; it began in the 1890s, and roughly fifty years later, in 1948, the movement's activism resulted in the proclamation of the state of Israel. Since that time, Zionism has focused its efforts on building bridges

4378:

government opposed Zionism. Some writers have claimed that this was done in order to get more Muslim votes in India (where Muslims numbered over 30 million at the time). Zionism, seen as a national liberation movement for the repatriation of the Jewish people to their homeland then under British

736:

alike, as in the absence of this biblical primacy, "the Zionist project falls prey to the pejorative categorization as 'settler colonialism' pursued under false assumptions, playing into the hands of Israel's critics and fueling the indignation of the displaced and stateless Palestinian people,"

591:

Modern Zionism emerged in late nineteenth-century Europe, originating from unsuccessful attempts of Jews to integrate into Western society as well as the increasing antisemitism in Europe. Zionism viewed nationalism as a problem for Jews, which excluded them as an "unwanted" or "alien" minority.

4974:

for political gain: "Whenever Israel faces a public relations débâcle such as the Intifada or international pressure to resolve the Israel-Palestine conflict, American Jewish organizations orchestrate this extravaganza called the 'new anti-Semitism.' The purpose is several-fold. First, it is to

4534:

of Saudi Arabia. Ibn Saud pointed out that it was Germany who had committed crimes against the Jews and so Germany should be punished. Palestinian Arabs had done no harm to European Jews and did not deserve to be punished by losing their land. Roosevelt on return to the US concluded that Israel

2946:

of the ultra-Orthodox. It is marked by a concern for democratic values and human rights, freedom to criticize government policies without accusations of disloyalty, and rejection of excessive religious influence in public life. "Liberal Zionism celebrates the most authentic traits of the Jewish

2553:

to foreign officials as being the "primary goal and top priority of the Zionist movement." The immigration restrictions of the British White Paper of 1939 meant that such a plan could not be put into large scale effect until the Israeli Declaration of Independence in May 1948. The new country's

1657:

saw potential value in Zionism promoting Jewish identity but fundamentally rejected a Jewish state as messianic and unfeasible. They provided alternative emancipatory solutions, such as assimilation, emigration, and Diaspora nationalism. The opposition to Zionism, rooted in the intelligentsia's

517:

and whose 'floating' presence caused disquiet, would be beneficial to assimilated European Jews and Christians. Political Zionism was in some respects a dramatic break from the two thousand years of Jewish and rabbinical tradition. Deriving inspiration from other European nationalist movements,

14135:

The article examines the influence of Nazi Germany's radio propaganda in the Arabic language that – from April 1939 to April 1945 – urged their listeners to prevent the birth of a Jewish state and exterminate the Jews living in Palestine. It shows how Nazi officials co-operated with the Muslim

7303:

Nathan Birnbaum wird immer wieder als derjenige erwähnt, der die Begriffe "Zionismus" und "zionistisch" eingeführt habe, auch sieht er es selbst so, obwohl er es später bereut und Bedauern darüber äußert, wie die von ihm geprägten Begriffe verwendet werden. Das Wort "zionistisch" erscheint bei

4959:

argued, in a typical expression of this intellectually and morally disreputable position (Eban, Congress Bi-Weekly, March 30, 1973). But that no longer suffices. It is now necessary to identify criticism of Israeli policies as anti-Semitism—or in the case of Jews, as 'self-hatred,' so that all

4351:

and mosques led by its president Maulana Jamil Ilyas visited Israel. The meeting led to a joint statement expressing "peace and goodwill from Indian Muslims", developing dialogue between Indian Muslims and Israeli Jews, and rejecting the perception that the Israeli–Palestinian conflict is of a

1628:

to be an eternal feature of all societies in which Jews lived as minorities, and that only a sovereignty could allow Jews to escape eternal persecution: "Let them give us sovereignty over a piece of the Earth's surface, just sufficient for the needs of our people, then we will do the rest!" he

14088:

First, Hitler despised Zionism. In fact he ridiculed the idea as he was convinced that the Jews would be incapable of establishing and then defending a state. More importantly, he and his government viewed the prospect of a Jewish state in Palestine as part of the broader international Jewish

2926:

writes that the traditional positions of the General Zionists—"liberal positions based on social justice, on law and order, on pluralism in matters of State and Religion, and on moderation and flexibility in the domain of foreign policy and security"—are still favored by important circles and

1641:

Despite its success in attracting followers, Russian Zionism faced fierce opposition from the Russian intelligentsia across the political spectrum and socioeconomic classes. It was condemned by different groups as reactionary, messianic, and unrealistic, arguing that it would isolate Jews and

5220:

The settler colonial paradigm, linked to Israeli critical sociology, post-Zionism, and postcolonialism, reemerged following changes in the political landscape from the mid-1990s that reframed the history of the Nakba as enduring, challenged the Jewish definition of the state, and legitimated

13039:

Highlighting and infusing the unsolved tension between religion and nationality rooted in Israeli Jewish identity, the father of religious Zionism Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook (1865-1935), and his son and most influential interpreter Rabbi Zvi Yehuda Kook (1891–1982), assigned primary religious

4914:

Critics of anti-Zionism have argued that opposition to Zionism can be hard to distinguish from antisemitism, and that criticism of Israel may be used as an excuse to express viewpoints that might otherwise be considered antisemitic. In discussion of the relationship between antisemitism and

4954:

argues: "There have long been efforts to identify anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism in an effort to exploit anti-racist sentiment for political ends; 'one of the chief tasks of any dialogue with the Gentile world is to prove that the distinction between anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism is not a

2837:

engaged in the "uninhibited use of terror", "mass indiscriminate killings of the aged, women and children", "attacks against British without any consideration of possible injuries to innocent bystanders, and the murder of British in cold blood". Shapira argues that there were only marginal

5688:

further sharpened the issue when he tried to make diplomacy precede settlement, precluding any possibility of preemptive and unplanned settlement in the Land of Israel: "Should the powers show themselves willing to grant us sovereignty over a neutral land, then the Society will enter into

10982:, p. 150: "Recalling his views when he had written "The Jewish State" eight years earlier, he pointed out that at the time, he had openly been willing to consider building on Baron de Hirsch's beginning and establishing the Jewish state in Argentina. But those days were long gone." 12890:: "Zionist colonisation must either stop, or else proceed regardless of the native population. Which means that it can proceed and develop only under the protection of a power that is independent of the native population – behind an iron wall, which the native population cannot breach." 4761:, he responded "There are circumstances in history that justify ethnic cleansing. I know that this term is completely negative in the discourse of the 21st century, but when the choice is between ethnic cleansing and genocide—the annihilation of your people—I prefer ethnic cleansing." 11587:

Pending the remitting of this question to the United Nations, are we to understand that the Mandate stands. and that we shall deal with the situation of immigration and land restrictions on the basis of the terms of the Mandate, and that the White Paper of 1939 will be abolished? ...

2816:

to a certain extent. Furthermore, they stressed self-sufficiency, which became an essential aspect of Labor Zionism. Though socialist Zionism draws its inspiration and is philosophically founded on the fundamental values and spirituality of Judaism, its progressive expression of that

2029:

According to Elaine Hagopian, in the early decades it foresaw the homeland of the Jews as extending not only over the region of Palestine, but into Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Egypt, with its borders more or less coinciding with the major riverine and water-rich areas of the Levant.

2583:

Jewish state without displacing the Arab population. Further, the stability of the Jewish state could not be ensured given the Arab population's fear of displacement. He explains that this would be the primary source of conflict between the Zionist movement and the Arab population.

4793:, although the two countries would develop a close relationship during the 1970s. Parallels have also been drawn between aspects of South Africa's apartheid regime and certain Israeli policies toward the Palestinians, which are seen as manifestations of racism in Zionist thinking. 5055:. Busbridge writes that while a settler colonial analysis "offers a far more accurate portrayal of the conflict than...has conventionally been painted", Wolfe's zero-sum approach is limited in practical application because almost all Israeli Jews naturally reject it, as a form of 531:

and the destruction of Jewish life in Central and Eastern Europe where these alternative movements were rooted, it became dominant in the thinking about a Jewish national state. During this period, Zionism would develop a discourse in which the religious, non-Zionist Jews of the

6042:, p. 7, "'the Zionist leadership was always determined to increase the Jewish space ... Both land purchases in and around the villages, and military preparations, were all designed to dispossess the Palestinians from the area of the future Jewish state' (Pappe 2008: 94)."; 5689:

negotiations for the possession of this land. Here two regions come to mind: Palestine and Argentina. Significant experiments in colonization have been made in both countries, though on the mistaken principle of gradual infiltration of Jews. Infiltration is bound to end badly."

1658:

rationalist worldview, weakened its appeal among potential adherents like the Jewish working class and intelligentsia. Ultimately, the Russian intelligentsia was united in the view that Zionism was an aberrant ideology that ran counter to their beliefs in Jewish assimilation.

1454:

grew in popularity, particularly in Europe, where antisemitism and hostility toward Jews were growing. The idea of returning to Palestine was rejected by the conferences of rabbis held in that epoch. Individual efforts supported the emigration of groups of Jews to Palestine,

526:

Although initially one of several Jewish political movements offering alternative responses to Jewish assimilation and antisemitism, Zionism expanded rapidly. In its early stages, supporters considered setting up a Jewish state in the historic territory of Palestine. After

7304:

Birnbaum zuerst in einem Artikel der "Selbst-Emancipation" vom 1 April 1890: "Es ist zu hoffen, dass die Erkenntnis der Richtigkeit und Durchführbarkeit der zionistischen Idee stets weitere Kreise ziehen und in der Assimilationsepoche anerzogene Vorurteile beseitigen wird"

2904:

aspired. Liberal Zionism, although not associated with any single party in modern Israel, remains a strong trend in Israeli politics advocating free market principles, democracy and adherence to human rights. Their political arm was one of the ancestors of the modern-day

11053: 4915:

anti-Zionism, "one theory holds that anti-Zionism is no more than veiled anti-Semitism". This is contrasted with the theory "that criticism of Israeli politics has been discredited as anti-Zionism, and thus linked with anti-Semitism, in order to prevent such criticism".

5700:'Colonisation can have only one aim, and Palestine Arabs cannot accept this aim. It lies in the very nature of things, and in this particular regard nature cannot be changed.. .Zionist colonisation must either stop, or else proceed regardless of the native population'. 4498:

Jews. Reasons for opposing Zionism have been varied, and they include: fundamental disagreement that foreign born Jews have rights of resettlement, the perception that land confiscations are unfair; expulsions of Palestinians; violence against Palestinians; and alleged

4918:

According to Thomas Mitchell, the terms Jewish and Zionist are at times used interchangeably by some Arab leadership, a perspective that has been influenced by the introduction of European antisemitism into the Arab world in the 1930s and 1940s by the Axis powers. The

2794:

societies had reduced Jews to a meek, vulnerable, despairing existence that invited further antisemitism, a view originally stipulated by Theodor Herzl. They argued that a revolution of the Jewish soul and society was necessary and achievable in part by Jews moving to

10116:

Jews, and even convinced Suleiman to intervene with the pope on behalf of Portuguese Jews who were Ottoman subjects imprisoned in Ancona, the leading physicians at court in the mid-to late seventeenth century such as Hayatizade and Nuh Efendi had to be converted Jews.

4328:, rejected the values of the Palestinian Arab national movement and was opposed to the anti-Zionist movement. He met routinely with Zionist officials and had a part in every pro-Zionist Arab organization from the beginning of the British Mandate, publicly rejecting 4590:

rejected the Christian roots of antisemitism, stating that "... the wrong and unjust interpretations of the New Testament relating to the Jewish people and their supposed guilt circulated for too long, engendering sentiments of hostility toward this people."

2465:

was adopted on November 29, 1947, with UN GA Resolution 181, 33 votes in favor, 13 against, and 10 abstentions. The vote led to celebrations in Jewish communities and protests in Arab communities throughout Palestine. Violence throughout the country, previously an

9296:

long separated Judea from the northern Jewish settlements in Lower Galilee. In the south, Adora and Marisa were conquered; (Aristobulus') primary accomplishment was annexing and Judaizing the region of Iturea, located between the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains

6020:, pp. 47–48, "As Ben-Gurion told one Palestinian leader in the early 1930s, 'Our final goal is the independence of the Jewish people in Palestine, on both sides of the Jordan River, not as a minority, but as a community numbering millions" (Teveth 1985:130). 3026:

In 1935 the Revisionists left the WZO because it refused to state that the creation of a Jewish state was an objective of Zionism. The Revisionists advocated the formation of a Jewish Army in Palestine to force the Arab population to accept mass Jewish migration.

2799:

and becoming farmers, workers, and soldiers in a country of their own. Most socialist Zionists rejected the observance of traditional religious Judaism as perpetuating a "Diaspora mentality" among the Jewish people, and established rural communes in Israel called

5905:

publications at the time ... when they came to indicate borders, they preferred the realistic condition and strategic economic needs over an unrealistic dream based on the historic past.' This meant that planners envisaged a future Palestine that controlled all

3002:

Zionism is a colonising adventure and it therefore stands or falls by the question of armed force. It is important to build, it is important to speak Hebrew, but, unfortunately, it is even more important to be able to shoot—or else I am through with playing at

17495: 6014:, p. 78, "As was suggested by Masalha (1992), Morris (1987), and other scholars, many preferred a state without Arabs or with as small a minority as possible, and plans for population transfers were considered by Zionist leaders and activists for years."; 724:" in Zionism, particularly to secular Jews, requires the belief that modern Jews are the primary descendants of biblical Jews and Israelites. This is considered important to the State of Israel, because its founding narrative centers around the concept of an " 4967:

shed light on the context it strives to repress and on the violence it legitimises with a mix of theological or metaphysical reasoning and affective appeals to historical guilt for the undeniably horrific persecution of Jewish people in Europe and elsewhere."

713:, considered the "father of Israeli sociology". Jabotinsky wrote that Jewish national integrity relies on "racial purity", whereas Nordau asserted the need for an "exact anthropological, biological, economic, and intellectual statistic of the Jewish people". 2566:. Zionists wanted to create a Jewish state in Palestine with as much land, as many Jews, and as few Palestinian Arabs as possible. In response to Ben-Gurion's 1938 quote that "politically we are the aggressors and they defend themselves", Israeli historian 11281: 4669:

has called Israelis the 'Prussians of the Middle East', who have achieved a 'totsieg', a 'victorious rush into the grave' as a result of dispossessing 1.5 million Palestinians. Israel had become the 'last remaining colonial power' of the twentieth century.

1609:, Herzl was explicit in mentioning that the "state of the Jews" could be established only with the support of a European power. He described the Jewish state as an "outpost of civilization against Barbarism". In separate writing, Herzl compared himself to 250:, is a movement made up of diverse political groups whose strategies and tactics have changed over time. The common ideology among mainstream Zionist factions is support for territorial concentration and a Jewish demographic majority in Palestine, through 5603:

wrote that the group of Zionists who imagined themselves colonialists inclined to that persona "because sucha representation was pivotal to the entire project of becoming 'white men'." Colonization was seen as a sign of belonging to western and modern

2571:

and dispossessing the Arab population. The practical issue of establishing a Jewish state in a majority non-Jewish and Arab region was a fundamental issue for the Zionist movement. Zionists used the term "transfer" as a euphemism for the removal, or

11167:

British a scheme for Jewish settlement in Sinai, responded positively to Chamberlain's proposal, in part because of a desire to deepen Zionist-British cooperaion and, more generally to show that his diplomatic efforts were capable of bearing fruit.

606:

that Jews should not lose their identity as a people. "Cultural synthesists" emphasized both a need to maintain traditional Jewish values and faith and a need to conform to a modernist society, for instance, in complying with work days and rules.

7963:: "Within the Zionist ideological consensus there coexisted three relatively distinct tendencies – political Zionism, labor Zionism and cultural Zionism. Each was wedded to the demand for a Jewish majority, but not for entirely the same reasons." 522:

in the early 20th century wrote that there was no creativity in Herzl's Zionist movement, and that its culture was European and specifically German. He viewed the movement as depicting Jews as simple transmitters of imperialist European culture.

2828:

Traditionalist Israeli historian Anita Shapira describes labor Zionism's use of violence against Palestinians for political means as essentially the same as that of radical conservative Zionist groups. For example, Shapira notes that during the

564:. The proportion of the world's Jews living in Israel has steadily grown since the movement emerged. A Zionist consensus then became known as an ideological umbrella typically attributed to two main factors: a shared tragic history (such as the 4578:. According to Herzl's private diary notes, the Cardinal's interpretation of the history of Israel was the same as that of the Catholic Church, but he also asked for the conversion of the Jews to Catholicism. Three days later, Herzl met Pope 4091:, a history professor emerita at Tel Aviv University, suggests that evangelical Christian restorationists of the 1840s "passed this notion on to Jewish circles". Evangelical Christian anticipation of and political lobbying within the UK for 665:

that people of common descent should seek separation and pursue the formation of their own state. In the words of Yulia Egorova, this "racialisation of Jewish identity in the rhetoric of the founders of Zionism" was originally a reaction to

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In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves descendants of the Hebrews of the Old

15748: 11905:, p. 262 #2:"In meetings with foreign officials at the end of 1944 and during 1945, Ben-Gurion cited the plan to enable one million refugees to enter Palestine immediately as the primary goal and top priority of the Zionist movement. 10518:

Jeffery, Keith (1982). Monroe, Elizabeth; Hardie, Frank; Herrman, Irwin; Andrew, Christopher M.; Kanya-Forstner, A. S.; Dockrill, Michael L.; Goold, J. Douglas; Darwin, John; Kenez, Peter (eds.). "Great Power Rivalry in the Middle East".

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Nonetheless, Theodor Herzl travelled to Rome in late January 1904, after the sixth Zionist Congress (August 1903) and six months before his death, looking for support. On January 22, Herzl first met the Papal Secretary of State, Cardinal

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The Mandate will secure the establishment of the Jewish national home ... and the development of self-governing institutions, and also safeguard the civil and religious rights of all the inhabitants of Palestine, irrespective of race and

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was a German sociologist and political economist. As a worldwide expert on colonization he became Herzl's advisor and formulated the first program for Zionist colonization, which he presented at the 6th Zionist Congress (Basel 1903) …..

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2012 p. 28: "In the 1930s and 1940s the Zionist leadership found it expedient to euphemise, using the term 'transfer' or ha'avarah — the Hebrew euphemism for ethnic cleansing — one of the most enduring themes of Zionist colonisation of

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Zionism had always looked to the day when a Jewish majority would enable the movement to gain control over the country: The Zionist leadership had never posited Jewish statehood with a minority of Jews ruling over a majority of Arabs,

3042:, and takes a hard-line approach in the Arab–Israeli conflict. In 2005, the Likud split over the issue of creation of a Palestinian state in the occupied territories. Party members advocating peace talks helped form the Kadima Party. 11242: 11003:, p. 369: "Herzl decided to explore the East Africa proposal in the wake of the pogrom, writing to Nordau: "We must give an answer to Kishinev, and this is the only one...We must, in a word, play the politics of the hour."" 9841:"Sound the great shofar for our freedom, raise the banner to gather our exiles and gather us together from the four corners of the earth (Isaiah 11:12) Blessed are you, O Lord, Who gathers in the dispersed of His people Israel." 9652:...the small community of Peki'in in the mountains of the Galilee, not far from Safed, whose present-day residents could demonstrate that they were direct descendants of inhabitants of the village who had never gone into exile. 12137:

of opinion, from the Revisionist right to the Labor left. Virtually every member of the Zionist pantheon of founding fathers and important leaders supported it and advocated it in one form or another, from Chaim Weizmann and

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An international opinion survey has shown that India is the most pro-Israel country in the world. In more current times, conservative Indian parties and organizations tend to support Zionism. This has invited attacks on the

7262: 4264: 2119:, Austria, in May 1923. One of the main resolutions was: "It appears ... to be the duty of all Jews to co-operate in the social-economic reconstruction of Palestine and to assist in the settlement of Jews in that country." 1748:), and the settlers themselves. The movement established a bank for administering its finances, the Jewish Colonial Trust (est. 1888, incorporated in London in 1899). A local subsidiary was formed in 1902 in Palestine, the 592:

Zionism also saw nationalism as a solution for the plight of European Jews, by establishing a state in which Jews would be a majority. Zionism did not seek to solve antisemitism, but rather saw it as an inevitable reality.

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Cyprus, Mesopotamia, Mozambique, and the Sinai Peninsula as potential Jewish homelands. It took nearly a decade for Zionism to exclusively concentrate its spiritual yearning on the spatial coordinates of Ottoman Palestine.

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Zinati, who was born in 1931, is the last link in the chain of a Jewish community that apparently maintained a continuous presence in Peki'in since the time of the Second Temple, when three families from the ranks of the

1986:

After Herzl died in 1904, the Congress decided on the fourth day of its seventh session in July 1905 to decline the British offer and, according to Adam Rovner, "direct all future settlement efforts solely to Palestine".

600:

that "a people without a territory is like a man without a shadow: something unnatural, spectral". So-called "assimilationist" Jews desired complete integration into European society. They were willing to downplay their

13994: 15760: 9470:, p. 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Iudaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature." 2760:, though different perceptions of Zionism continue to play roles in Israeli and Jewish political discussion. After the state's establishment, Zionism has come to be described as Israel's national or state ideology. 2701:

principles. Congresses are held every four years (they were held every two years before the Second World War) and delegates to the congress are elected by the membership. Members are required to pay dues known as a

1367:

Pre-Zionist resettlement in Palestine met with various degrees of success. In late antiquity, many Babylonian Jews immigrated to centers of religious study in the Land of Israel. In the 10th century, leaders of the

1569:

and state-led persecution in what are now Ukraine and Poland. They founded a number of agricultural settlements with financial support from Jewish philanthropists in Western Europe. Additional Aliyahs followed the

4179:, whose activities in support of Zionism led the British Army to ban him from ever serving in Palestine. According to Charles Merkley of Carleton University, Christian Zionism strengthened significantly after the 4044:

The French government, through Minister M. Cambon, formally committed itself to "... the renaissance of the Jewish nationality in that Land from which the people of Israel were exiled so many centuries ago."

2575:, of the Arab Palestinian population. According to Benny Morris, "the idea of transferring the Arabs out... was seen as the chief means of assuring the stability of the 'Jewishness' of the proposed Jewish State". 16149:

purposes the PLO has never wanted to be accused of being anti-Semitic but rather only of being anti-Zionist. Occasionally its leaders slip, as Arafat did when he referred to the "Jewish invasion" in his speech.

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for Jewish settlement in Great Britain's East African colonies. Herzl accepted to evaluate Joseph Chamberlain's proposal, and it was introduced the same year to the World Zionist Organization's Congress at its

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Brotherhood in secrecy before WW II and deals with the mobilisation of the Muslim Brotherhood after WW II that dragged Egypt and other Arab states into a full-scale war against the Jews of Mandatory Palestine.

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and as subsequent work (Finkelstein 1995; Massad 2005; Pappe 2006; Said 1992; Shafir 1989) has definitively established, the architects of Zionism were conscious and often unapologetic about their status as

2869:(general organisation of labor unions), which began by providing strikebreakers against a Palestinian worker's strike in 1920 and until 1970s was the largest employer in Israel after the Israeli government. 873:. Hebrew was preferred not only for ideological reasons, but also because it allowed all citizens of the new state to have a common language, thus furthering the political and cultural bonds among Zionists. 12673: 7373:

Zionism - the nationalist movement calling for the establishment and support of an independent state for the Jewish people in its ancient homeland - is today one of the most controversial ideologies in the

1995:

aimed for a Jewish state anywhere, having been established in 1903 in response to the Uganda Scheme. It was supported by a number of the Congress's delegates. Following the vote, which had been proposed by

425:

Zionism originated as a nationalist movement aimed at creating an independent Jewish state. The common denominator among all modern Zionists is a claim to Palestine, a land known in Jewish tradition as the

15890:

vigorously and we continue our prayers for the dismantlement of the Zionist 'state' and peace to the world." Rabbi E Weissfish, Neturei Karta, Representatives of Orthodox Jewry, US, London, Palestine and

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however, pre-1948 Zionism's claim on territory was aspirational, based in ancient memories and future hopes. Until well into the twentieth century, a negligible number of Jews lived in the Land of Israel.

4854:, are opposing its ideology for religious reasons. They number in the tens of thousands in Jerusalem, and hundreds of thousands worldwide. One of the best known Hasidic opponents of political Zionism was 9584: 4457:

newspaper featuring a caricature on its June 18, 1936, edition showing Zionism as a crocodile under the protection of a British officer telling Palestinian Arabs: "Don't be afraid!!! I will swallow you

2598:

Members and delegates at the 1939 Zionist congress, by country/region (Zionism was banned in the Soviet Union). 70,000 Polish Jews supported the Revisionist Zionism movement, which was not represented.

2951:; the refusal to bow to authoritarianism." Liberal Zionists see that "Jewish history shows that Jews need and are entitled to a nation-state of their own. But they also think that this state must be a 9139: 377:. Throughout eastern Europe in the late 19th century, numerous grassroots groups promoted the national resettlement of the Jews in their homeland, as well as the revitalization and cultivation of the 12323: 9797: 14492: 13040:

significance to settling the (Greater) Land of Israel, sacralising Israel's national symbols, and, more generally, perceiving the contemporary historical period of statehood as Atchalta De'Geulah

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is without question intensive and constant. It is no wonder that this literature offers historians of the Land of Israel a wealth of information for the clarification of a wide variety of topics."

5048:, an influential theorist of settler colonial studies who has defined settler colonialism as an ongoing "structure, not an event" aimed at replacing a native population rather than exploiting it. 10853: 1927:. It is unclear if Herzl seriously considered this alternative plan, however he later reaffirmed that Palestine would have greater attraction because of the historic ties of Jews with that area. 8809:"The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" 1379:

The number of Jews migrating to the land of Israel rose significantly between the 13th and 19th centuries, mainly due to a general decline in the status of Jews across Europe and an increase in

682:, "the Zionists-to-be stressed that Jews were not merely members of a cultural or a religious entity, but were an integral biological entity". This re-conceptualization of Jewishness cast the " 4888:, an Orthodox Haredi sect viewed as a cult on the "farthest fringes of Judaism" by most mainstream Jews, reject Zionism. Some have said that Israel is a "racist regime", compared Zionists to 4741:

refugees' flight, and state that the major cause of Palestinian flight was instead military actions by the Israeli Defence Force and fear of them and that Arab instigation can only explain a

1891:

Throughout the first decade of the Zionist movement, there were several instances where some Zionist figures, including Herzl, considered a Jewish state in places outside Palestine, such as

2706:. At the congress, delegates elect a 30-man executive council, which in turn elects the movement's leader. The movement was democratic from its inception and women had the right to vote. 5172:

The reasons for this decision were explained by His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in a speech to the House of Commons on February 18, 1947, in which he said:

7801: 15517: 9902:(kibbutz galuyot) was nurtured by the government and other agents as a national ethos, the consensual and prime focus that united Jewish Israeli society after the War of Independence 13995:

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/426CFAED43417B3652E2359A2967B2EA/9781316519240c22_181-193.pdf/was_the_declaration_of_a_jewish_state_valid.pdf

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Jewish American political scientist Norman Finkelstein argues that anti-Zionism and often just criticism of Israeli policies have been conflated with antisemitism, sometimes called

4736:' in Israel and Palestinian historians, expulsion and destruction of villages played a major role in creating the Palestinian refugee problem. While traditionalist scholars such as 7834: 7228: 1156:

and burned the Second Temple. Of the 600,000 (Tacitus) or 1,000,000 (Josephus) Jews of Jerusalem, all of them either died of starvation, were killed or were sold into slavery. The

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massacre, and the resulting need for quick resettlement in a safer place. However, other Zionists emphasized the memory, emotion and tradition linking Jews to the Land of Israel.

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Weizmann's role in obtaining the Balfour Declaration led to his election as the Zionist movement's leader. He remained in that role until 1948, and then was elected as the first

1242:

between God and Abraham for his descendants. The belief that God had assigned Canaan to the Israelites as a Promised Land is also conserved in Christian and Islamic traditions.

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were among a number of prominent proponents of both the importance and significance of a Jewish return, who were not dispensationalist. Pro-Zionist views were embraced by many

1417:(1626–1676) announced himself as the Messiah and gained many Jews to his side, forming a base in Salonika. He first tried to establish a settlement in Gaza, but moved later to 772:

is a central assumption in Zionism. Some supporters of Zionism believed that Jews in the Diaspora were prevented from their full growth in Jewish individual and national life.

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there will be any further change, my right hon. Friend the Colonial Secretary, who, of course, is responsible for the administration of the policy, will be considering later.

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Selbst-Emancipation: Zeitschrift für die nationalen, socialen und politischen Interessen des jüdischen Stammes; Organ der Zionisten: (1.4.1890). 1890 Heft 1 (1.4.1890). Wien

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General Progress Report and Supplementary Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, Covering the period from December 11, 1949 to October 23, 1950

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was sent to Palestine for the first time in 1907 by the heads of the German Zionist Organization in order to make a pilot study of the possibilities for colonization. . .

24937: 12436:היהודי החדש במחשבה הציונית: לאומיות, אידאולוגיה והיסטוריוגרפיה יצחק קונפורטי 2009 The new Jew in Zionist thought: nationalism, ideology and historiography Yitzhak Conforti 12429: 11569: 9805: 5051:

Rachel Busbridge says the framework's subsequent popularity is inseparable from frustration at the stagnation of that process and resulting Western left-wing sympathy for

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the Jewish movement for Arabs in Palestine, but the Zionists persisted. The movement was eventually successful in establishing Israel on May 14, 1948 (5 Iyyar 5708 in the

6981: 10849: 246:

The term "Zionism" has been applied to various approaches to addressing issues faced by European Jews in the late 19th century. Modern political Zionism, different from

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The Zionist enterprise was mainly funded by major benefactors who made large contributions, sympathisers from Jewish communities across the world (see for instance the

1245:

Among Jews in the diaspora, the Land of Israel was revered in a cultural, national, ethnic, historical, and religious sense. They thought of a return to it in a future

617:, which designated Zionism as "a form of racism and racial discrimination". Resolution 3379 was repealed in 1991 with Israel's conditioning of its participation in the 14332: 4990:

Beyond characterizing it as a colonial movement, Zionism has been more recently described as a form of settler colonialism, with proponents of this paradigm including

13232: 12780: 10022:, "Aliya from Babylonia During the Amoraic Period (200–500 AD)", Joshua Schwartz, pp.58–69, ed. Lee Levine, 1983, Yad Izhak Ben Zvi & Wayne State University Press 6133:: "The ethos of Zionism was twofold; it was about demography – ingathering the exiles in a viable Jewish state with as small an Arab minority as possible – and land." 4768:

said in the letter "The Jews", that the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine must be performed by non-violence against the Arabs, comparing it to the

15165: 14466: 11744: 10153: 10102: 9681: 9532:

David Goodblatt, 'The political and social history of the Jewish community in the Land of Israel,' in William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.)

8796: 8485: 732:", on the assumption that all modern Jews are the direct lineal descendants of the biblical Jews. The question has thus been focused on by supporters of Zionism and 15730: 14347:

Ardi Imseis, "Zionism, Racism, and the Palestinian People: Fifty Years of Human Rights Violations in Israel and the Occupied Territories" (1999) 8 Dal J Leg Stud 1.

8840: 8676: 8407: 7541: 6536: 6048:, p. 56, "That most Zionist leaders wanted the largest possible Jewish state in Palestine with as few Arabs inside it as possible is hardly open to question."; 24021: 23387: 12665: 11014: 8756: 8716: 16680: 11980: 9772: 4923:(PLO) has always positioned itself as being anti-Zionist rather than antisemitic, although its leadership have in a few instances used the terms interchangeably. 13668: 13324: 12593: 12393: 749:

has argued that the construction of Zionist identity as a militarized nationalism arose in contrast to the imputed identity of the Diaspora Jew as a "feminised"

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Quigley, John. The Legality of a Jewish State: A Century of Debate over Rights in Palestine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021, page 181, Chapter 22:

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of 1967, and many dispensationalist and non-dispensationalist evangelical Christians, especially Christians in the United States, now strongly support Zionism.

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Zionism, in turn, is the belief that Jews constitute a nation that has a right and need to pursue collec-tive self- determination within historic Palestine.

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newspaper attacked Zionism for distracting from class struggle and blocking the path to Jewish emancipation in Russia, respectively. Figures like historian

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in addition to all of Palestine. The movement developed what became known as Nationalist Zionism, whose guiding principles were outlined in the 1923 essay

438:. Historically, the consensus in Zionist ideology has been that a Jewish national home requires a Jewish majority. Zionism is based on historical ties and 10186: 775:

The rejection of life in the diaspora was not limited to secular Zionism; many religious Zionists shared this opinion, but not all religious Zionism did.

543:

From the beginning of the development of the Zionism movement, the support of the European powers was seen as necessary by the Zionist leadership (Herzl,

21418: 18173: 15625: 10208: 9794: 6422: 4641:, that being a religious concept unrelated to Zionism. This characterization of Zionism as a colonialism has been made by, among others, Gershon Shafir, 2087:

was sent to Palestine to assess the views of the local population; the report summarized the arguments received from petitioners for and against Zionism.

1160:(132–136 CE) led to the destruction of large parts of Judea, and many Jews were killed, exiled, or sold into slavery. The province of Judaea was renamed 12351: 11464: 10838: 10380: 2511: 1923:. Herzl, the founder of political Zionism, was initially content with any Jewish self-governed state. Jewish settlement of Argentina was the project of 2345:. In 1938, Ben-Gurion argued that a significant source of fear for Zionists was the defensive political strength of the Palestinian position, stating: 1712: 1372:

Jewish community, mostly living under Persian rule, urged their followers to settle in the Land of Israel, where they established their own quarter in

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tracts, insisted in 1911 that Russian Jews should be "helped" to move to Palestine "as their rightful place is in their former kingdom of Palestine".

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in Judea. It later expanded over much of modern Israel, and into some parts of Jordan and Lebanon. The Hasmonean Kingdom became a client state of the

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describes a modern-day version of Liberal Zionism (supporting his vision of "Knowledge-Nation Israel"), rooted in the original ideology of Herzl and

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linking the Jewish people to the Land of Israel. Zionism does not have a uniform ideology, but modern political Zionism is typically associated with

13650:"Islam, Islam, Laїcité, and Amazigh Activism in France and North Africa" (2004 paper), Paul A. Silverstein, Department of Anthropology, Reed College 12696: 12367: 10428: 9533: 1199:(132–135 CE). Front shows trumpets surrounded by "To the freedom of Jerusalem". Back shows a lyre surrounded by "Year two to the freedom of Israel". 19621: 18262: 16356: 16021: 6153: 4507:, which has been ratified by 53 African countries as of 2014, includes an undertaking to eliminate Zionism together with other practices including 4003:. One of the core ideas in Religious Zionism is the belief that the ingathering of exiles in the Land of Israel and the establishment of Israel is 3974: 3022:

geostrategic conception in which Zionism was to be permanently allied with European colonialism against all the Arabs in the eastern Mediterranean.

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We have, therefore, reached the conclusion that the only course now open to us is to submit the problem to the judgment of the United Nations ...

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became the name of the movement, after the place where King David established his kingdom, following his conquest of the Jebusite fortress there (

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in small boats in defiance of British rules. The Holocaust united much of the rest of world Jewry behind the Zionist project. The British either

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Preservation of the identity of the Jewish People through fostering of Jewish and Hebrew education, and of Jewish spiritual and cultural values

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meeting, where a fierce debate ensued. Some groups felt that accepting the scheme would make it more difficult to establish a Jewish state in

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movement's major success since 1948 was in providing logistical support for Jewish migrants and refugees and, most importantly, in assisting

1545:

failed in a like attempt to bring to Palestine the Jewish proletariat of Poland, Lithuania, Romania, and the Turkish Empire (1879 and 1882).

16265:

Calling Israel a settler colonial regime is an argument increasingly gaining purchase in activist and, to a lesser extent, academic circles.

14075: 11265: 4757:, such as Benny Morris, who place the Palestinian exodus in the context of war, not ethnic cleansing. When Benny Morris was asked about the 4713:

says that Herzl may have been considering either South America or Palestine when he wrote the diary entry about expropriation. According to

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Sabbagh-Khoury, Areej (2022). "Tracing Settler Colonialism: A Genealogy of a Paradigm in the Sociology of Knowledge Production in Israel".

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Kallai, Zecharia (1997). "The Patriarchal Boundaries, Canaan and the Land of Israel: Patterns and Application in Biblical Historiography".

4028:, right-wing components of the Religious Zionist movement integrated nationalist revindication and evolved into what is sometimes known as 1950:' was published in 1896, but even then he was hesitant to focus efforts solely on resettlement in Palestine when speed was of the essence. 16299: 10308: 7816: 2063:

would encourage the US to support Germany in the war against Russia, culminated in the British government's Balfour Declaration of 1917.

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Butenschøn, Nils A. (2006). "Accommodating Conflicting Claims to National Self-determination. The Intractable Case of Israel/Palestine".

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is the core of Zionism in a slightly different garb: to take over as much of Palestine as possible with as few Palestinians as possible."

5636:, "has the white man undertaken colonization with that sense of justice and social progress which fills the Jew who comes to Palestine." 2462: 16135: 15655:

Israel and Black Africa: A Rapprochement? Ethan A. Nadelmann. Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2 (June 1981), pp. 183–219

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Sundquist, Eric J. (2005). Strangers in the land: Blacks, Jews, post-Holocaust America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 110.

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Goldstein, J. (October 1986). "The Attitude of the Jewish and the Russian Intelligentsia to Zionism in the Initial Period (1897–1904)".

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In December 1973, the UN passed a series of resolutions condemning South Africa and included a reference to an "unholy alliance between

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In the 1890s, Theodor Herzl (the father of political Zionism) infused Zionism with a new ideology and practical urgency, leading to the

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Helyer, Larry R.; McDonald, Lee Martin (2013). "The Hasmoneans and the Hasmonean Era". In Green, Joel B.; McDonald, Lee Martin (eds.).

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lived in Israel, more than in any other country. In some academic studies, Zionism has been analyzed both within the larger context of

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Postcolonial Theory and the Arab-Israel Conflict – De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine

3850: 1860: 486: 385:" and were seen as countering a growing Jewish movement toward assimilation. The first use of the term is attributed to the Austrian 17714: 16837: 14584: 14122: 13922: 13819: 13480: 4717:, although many Zionists proposed transfer, it was never official Zionist policy and in 1918 Ben-Gurion "emphatically rejected" it. 2000:, Zangwill charged Nordau that he "will be charged before the bar of history," and his supporters blamed the Russian voting bloc of 18518: 16321: 14552: 13351: 12946: 10034:, "Aliya and Pilgrimage in the Early Arab Period (634–1009)", Moshe Gil, 1983, Yad Izhak Ben Zvi & Wayne State University Press 5918: 4287:, an Islamist militant group that is designated as a terrorist organization by the European Union and United Kingdom, Sheikh Prof. 2471: 689:

It was particularly important in early nation building in Israel, because Jews in Israel are ethnically diverse and the origins of

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LaBelle, Maurice (February 4, 2024). ""The Only Thorn": Early Saudi-American Relations and the Question of Palestine, 1945–1949".

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Friedman, M. (Motti) (2021). Theodor Herzl's Zionist Journey – Exodus and Return. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 239–240

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movement. Proponents of Zionism do not necessarily reject the characterization of Zionism as settler-colonial or exceptionalist.

15809: 15708: 12426: 11662: 6978: 73: 20779: 20500: 19117: 18571: 13896: 11226: 7322: 5335:(2012) "For decades Zionists themselves used terms such as 'colonisation' (hityashvut) to describe their project in Palestine." 5322:(2012) "For decades Zionists themselves used terms such as 'colonisation' (hityashvut) to describe their project in Palestine." 4087:

Some Christians actively supported the return of Jews to Palestine even prior to the rise of Zionism, as well as subsequently.

2467: 2161: 15246: 2729:, the movement included for the first time an express objective of the establishment of a Jewish state in the Land of Israel. 674:, as early as the 1870s, contrary to largely cultural perspectives among integrated and assimilated Jewish communities in the 24379: 24231: 23633: 23603: 22705: 21542: 20589: 20259: 19112: 18272: 17583: 17412: 17389: 17361: 17312: 17198: 17170: 17148: 17113: 17049: 17012: 16984: 16948: 16914: 16874: 16816: 16755: 16732: 16709: 16674: 16634: 16606: 16530: 16493: 16458: 16426: 16174: 16129: 16086: 15786: 15463: 15324: 15026: 15003: 14924: 14901: 14878: 14848: 14816: 14797: 14752: 14718: 14680: 14533: 14460: 13691: 13386: 13271: 13202: 13186: 13161: 13136: 12645: 12525: 12317: 12261: 12222: 12109: 12053: 11974: 11777: 11738: 11684:

Ravndal, Ellen Jenny (2010). "Exit Britain: British Withdrawal From the Palestine Mandate in the Early Cold War, 1947–1948".

11413: 11330: 11275: 11236: 11193: 11152: 11107: 11063: 11024: 10952: 10779: 10630: 10459: 10242: 10139: 10088: 9675: 9633: 9559: 9509: 9488: 9467: 9443: 9410: 9385: 9346: 9317: 9280: 9235: 9086: 8979: 8942: 8834: 8790: 8750: 8710: 8670: 8640: 8605: 8559: 8479: 8401: 8373: 7933: 7902: 7867: 7780: 7686: 7649: 7600: 7535: 7248: 7091: 7058: 7021: 6715: 6673: 6620: 6530: 6483: 6432: 6408: 6341: 6265: 6225: 6103: 6061: 5963: 5897: 5842: 5806: 5722: 5625: 5583: 5549: 5493: 5451: 5041: 657:

Early Zionists were the primary Jewish supporters of the idea that Jews are a race, as it "offered scientific 'proof' of the

16640: 16092: 15901: 15749:"260 General Assembly Resolution 46–86 – Revocation of Resolution 3379 – 16 December 1991 and statement by President Herzog" 14329: 10942: 7290: 4880:

holding Palestinian flags and placards saying that "Judaism condemns the state of Israel and its atrocities" in London, 2022

1313: 942: 24119: 23628: 23553: 22345: 22309: 21061: 18242: 17778: 15841: 13240: 12154: 5969: 4813: 4802: 4209: 3967: 2736:, meeting in Jerusalem in 1968, adopted the five points of the "Jerusalem Program" as the aims of Zionism today. They are: 2545:

in their struggle with the authorities over the right to leave the USSR and to practice their religion in freedom, and the

2454:

recommended that western Palestine should be partitioned into a Jewish state, an Arab state and a UN-controlled territory,

2112: 271: 19021: 15883: 15155: 6244:(Zionism) arose in response to and in imitation of the current national movements of Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe 465:

For approximately 1,700 years after the last recorded Jewish majority in the region, most Jews lived in various countries

24257: 24212: 24085: 24052: 21216: 20845: 20407: 20242: 20198: 19132: 19127: 18551: 17520:

The Formation of the Jewish National Movement Through Transnational Exchange: Zionism in Europe up to the First World War

15734: 12293: 8870: 6024:, this meant Zionism's success would produce an Arab minority in Palestine, no matter what its geographical dimensions."; 4790: 4613: 4434: 2499: 2071:

of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.

1774:(1784–1885), British Jewish banker and philanthropist in Britain and the Levant, initiator and financier of Proto-Zionism 1019: 312: 200: 15961: 13633: 10795:

Wiemer, Reinhard (April 1987). "The Theories of Nationalism and of Zionism in the First Decade of the State of Israel".

5834:

Seeking out the Land: Land of Israel Traditions in Ancient Jewish, Christian and Samaritan Literature (200 BCE – 400 CE)

23794: 20759: 19944: 18821: 16190: 15756: 10924: 10044: 9768: 9704:"Exodus 6:4 I also established my covenant with them to give them the land of Canaan, where they resided as foreigners" 5913:

in Lebanon, the large cultivatable area east of the Jordan, including the Houran and Gil'ad wheat zone, Mt Hermon, the

2394: 1992: 1519:, on Grand Isle, 1825. These early Jewish nation building efforts of Cresson, Benisch, Steinschneider and Noah failed. 21886: 15229: 13660: 13334: 12583: 12385: 12157:, a movement advocating equal rights for Arabs and Jews. More importantly, transfer proposals were put forward by the 11881: 9795:

http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/otesources/01-genesis/text/articles-books/kaiser_promisedland_bsac.pdf

7628:

Gutmann, Emanuel (1988). "The Politics of the Second Generation". In Chelkowski, Peter J.; Pranger, Robert J. (eds.).

5742: 1946:). The name Zion was synonymous with Jerusalem. Palestine only became Herzl's main focus after his Zionist manifesto ' 25076: 24806: 23330: 21511: 18972: 18826: 17805: 14408: 13717: 13526: 13449: 12560: 10893: 8904: 8286: 5273: 4920: 4617:

Pro-Palestinian protest with placards demanding the US to stop funding of "Israeli apartheid" in Washington, DC, 2017

2854: 2451: 1338: 967: 15477: 15188: 13797: 13001:"Exporting political theology to the diaspora: translating Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook for Modern Orthodox consumption" 10735: 4946:'s policies and actions, and that it is used as a political ploy in order to stifle legitimate criticism of Israel. 2401:

for subsequent restrictions on Jewish immigration. In January 1946 the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, a joint

24226: 22121: 21556: 20926: 20889: 20805: 20564: 20254: 20182: 18881: 18789: 18198: 14642: 14229: 14149: 8209: 7894: 5367: 4686:, and John Rose have criticized Zionism for having been responsible for violence against Palestinians, such as the 4190: 3877: 3708: 3034:

Party in Israel, which has dominated most governments since 1977. It advocates Israel's maintaining control of the

2861:

was defeated. The Israeli Labor Party continues the tradition, although the most popular party in the kibbutzim is

2563: 2407: 144: 13304:

Sermon preached November 17, 1839, after returning from a "Mission of Inquiry into the State of the Jewish People"

2518:

from claiming private property or returning on the state's territories. They and many of their descendants remain

24269: 23879: 23734: 22983: 22790: 21041: 20046: 19240: 18063: 17873: 15863: 15583: 15035:

Saleh Abdel Jawad (2007) "Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War" in

14825:

Saleh Abdel Jawad (2007) "Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War" in

9362:

and later, in Alexander Jannaeus's prime, extending to the coast, the north, and the eastern banks of the Jordan.

7479: 5775: 4695: 3960: 3060: 2008: 1553:

The official beginning of the construction of the New Yishuv in Palestine is usually dated to the arrival of the

610: 24942: 17720: 14189: 12307: 11539: 9951: 5657:

Alroey, Gur (Fall 2011). ""Zionism without Zion"? Territorialist Ideology and the Zionist Movement, 1882–1956".

2998:, a term denoting the force needed to prevent Palestinian resistance against colonization. Jabotinsky wrote that 2442:

reinvigorated Jewish religious activities and opened new synagogues. In May 1947 Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister

1930:

A major concern and driving reason for considering other territories was the Russian pogroms, in particular the

1745: 568:), and the common threat posed by Israel's neighboring enemies. By the early 21st century, more than 40% of the 24877: 24616: 24235: 23583: 23538: 22795: 22616: 21984: 21104: 20838: 20468: 20266: 18922: 18482: 18413: 18068: 18025: 17898: 17848: 16968: 16231:

Tawil-Souri, Helga (2016). "Response to Elia Zureik's Israel's Colonial Project in Palestine: Brutal Pursuit".

13969: 11437: 10377: 10178: 8769:

Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites"

8223: 6257: 5443: 5026: 4985: 4173: 2955:, which means that there must be strict equality before the law independent of religion, ethnicity or gender." 2534: 1388: 889: 877: 811: 788: 561: 183:, but this was rejected by most of the movement. The process of Jews moving or 'returning' to the land (around 85: 16587:"The First Israeli Government (1948–1950) and the Arab Citizens: Equality in Discourse, Exclusion in Practice" 15731:"UN General Assembly Resolution 3379, Racial Discrimination (Council on Foreign Relations, November 10, 1975)" 15617: 13339:

Russia would make any sacrifice to help the Jews settle in Palestine and form an autonomous state of their own

10212: 4403:

movement by parts of the Indian left opposed to Zionism, and allegations that Hindus are conspiring with the "

2373:, a reduction from Ben-Gurion's previous target of two million immigrants. Following the end of the war, many 1574:

and its eruption of violent pogroms. At the end of the 19th century, Jews were a small minority in Palestine.

24577: 24080: 23984:

are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of

23673: 23668: 23598: 23558: 23543: 23325: 23280: 22900: 22548: 20512: 20023: 19344: 18148: 18073: 18058: 17622: 17528: 17404: 13849: 12348: 11460: 4552: 4544: 3713: 2804:". The kibbutz began as a variation on a "national farm" scheme, a form of cooperative agriculture where the 2756:

Since the creation of modern Israel, the role of the movement has declined. It is now a peripheral factor in

2546: 2350:

whereas we want to come here and settle down, and in their view we want to take away from them their country.

1755:

A list of pre-state large contributors to Pre-Zionist and Zionist enterprises would include, alphabetically,

1496:

Jewish settlements were proposed for establishment in the upper Mississippi region by W.D. Robinson in 1819.

390: 17217:"Settler-colonial citizenship: conceptualizing the relationship between Israel and its Palestinian citizens" 17184: 15991:

Marcus, Kenneth L. (2007). "Anti-Zionism as Racism: Campus Anti-Semitism and the Civil Rights Act of 1964".

10839:"The Israeli Flag (definitive stamp), 11/2010. Four Milestones in the History of the Flag: Nezz Ziona, 1891" 10032:

The Jerusalem Cathedra: Studies in the History, Archaeology, Geography and Ethnography of the Land of Israel

10020:

The Jerusalem Cathedra: Studies in the History, Archaeology, Geography and Ethnography of the Land of Israel

9707: 8022: 6284:

The parents of Zionism were not Judaism and tradition, but anti-Semitism and nationalism. The ideals of the

2172:. The Arabs opposed the partition plan and Britain later rejected this solution and instead implemented the 1979:, who did not seem to favour an influx of Europeans. Furthermore, the delegation found it to be filled with 300: 25066: 23839: 23784: 23754: 23663: 23638: 23623: 23548: 23528: 22626: 22538: 22314: 22045: 21413: 21236: 21222: 20691: 20436: 20086: 19954: 19949: 19137: 19122: 18886: 18841: 18586: 18408: 17852: 17428: 14209: 11584: 10131:

The Sultan's Renegades: Christian-European Converts to Islam and the Making of the Ottoman Elite: 1575–1610

9853:"Zionist Immigration Policy Put to the Test: Historical analysis of Israel's immigration policy, 1948–1951" 9167: 8214: 7678: 5077: 4384: 4243: 3867: 3799: 2455: 2398: 2342: 2053: 1886: 1392: 831: 23658: 17753: 17740:– PBS Documentary Film focusing on the secret American involvement in Aliyah Bet, narrated by Morley Safer 11605:

Survey of Palestine (1946), Vol I, Chapter VI, p. 141 and Supplement to Survey of Palestine (1947), p. 10.

4872: 4114:

is credited with promoting Zionism, following his 11 lectures on the hopes of the church, the Jew and the

2743:

Ingathering of the Jewish People in its historic homeland, Eretz Israel, through Aliyah from all countries

1671:, January 17, 1896, showing an article by Theodor Herzl, a month prior to the publication of his pamphlet 1164:

These actions are seen by many scholars as an attempt to disconnect the Jewish people from their homeland.

25091: 25086: 24882: 24303: 23295: 22518: 22468: 22114: 22074: 21964: 21696: 21584: 21348: 21327: 20549: 20397: 20271: 20162: 20051: 20036: 18917: 18777: 18403: 17774: 17733: 16906: 16418: 14916: 13552: 12705: 12371: 10420: 9261:

Max Mallowan (1972) Cyrus the Great (558–529 B.C.), Iran, 10:1, 1–17, DOI: 10.1080/05786967.1972.11834152

5435:

Studies in Contemporary Jewry: XI: Values, Interests, and Identity: Jews and Politics in a Changing World

4905: 4725: 4259: 4236: 3662: 2920:

party (representing secular, middle-class interests) embodied the success of "the new General Zionists."

2562:

The arrival of Zionist settlers to Palestine in the late 19th century is widely seen as the start of the

2479: 2418:

being rejected by all parties, the British decided to refer the question to the UN on February 14, 1947.

2111:

A number of high-level representatives of the international Jewish women's community participated in the

2080: 1051: 577: 16011: 11844: 7046:

Militarization and Violence Against Women in Conflict Zones in the Middle East: A Palestinian Case-Study

6761:"Settlement in Eretz Israel – A Colonialist Enterprise? "Critical" Scholarship and Historical Geography" 6143: 584:. Some prominent figures in the early Zionist movement referred to the movement as colonialist, such as 147:. Throughout the first decade of the Zionist movement, some Zionist figures, including movement founder 24973: 24104: 23653: 23533: 22564: 21740: 21480: 21437: 21028: 20921: 20603: 20554: 20005: 19899: 19550: 19444: 19152: 19085: 18646: 18536: 18423: 18388: 18158: 18098: 18048: 17913: 17105: 16940: 16598: 14995: 14766: 11817:

United Nations Special Committee on Palestine; report to the General Assembly, A/364, September 3, 1947

9223: 8934: 7050: 6396: 6333: 4705: 4691: 4679: 4642: 4365: 3889: 2710: 2180:

Population of Palestine by ethno-religious groups, excluding nomads, from the 1946 Survey of Palestine

1777: 1768:(1831–1896), German Jewish financier and philanthropist, founder of the Jewish Colonization Association 1700: 1646: 1602: 1598: 1542: 1153: 1149: 136: 17647: 16929:"Zionist Theories of Peace in the Pre-state Era: Legacies of Dissimulation and Israel's Arab Minority" 16698:

Studies in Contemporary Jewry: Volume VII: Jews and Messianism in the Modern Era: Metaphor and Meaning

15539: 14013: 13481:"He was the head of Christians United for Israel. Now he's running as a Jewish candidate for Congress" 10771: 7130: 4106:

teachers who promoted the biblical doctrine that the Jews would return to their national homeland was

1939: 25081: 25071: 25056: 24827: 24770: 24756: 24729: 24661: 24537: 24372: 24239: 24222: 22827: 22523: 21891: 21151: 20764: 20674: 20517: 20249: 20121: 20061: 19959: 19939: 19809: 19734: 19594: 19461: 19147: 19107: 18475: 18302: 18183: 17381: 16724: 16522: 15941: 14706: 14040: 13827: 11304:

In Harness: Yiddish Writers' Romance with Communism. Judaic traditions in literature, music, and art.

8393: 8281: 8051: 5617: 4806: 4463: 4353: 4284: 4197: 4131: 3594: 3502: 3285: 3242: 2892: 2507: 2503: 2084: 1943: 1571: 1196: 717: 671: 618: 219:

was organized. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a large number of Jews immigrated first to

143:. The arrival of Zionist settlers to Palestine during this period is widely seen as the start of the 104:. Zionists wanted to create a Jewish state in Palestine with as much land, as many Jews, and as few 23613: 23335: 21821: 15348: 14357:

Renton, James (2013). "The Age of Nationality and the Origins of the Zionist-Palestinian Conflict".

13749:, Volume 4, Reeva S. Simon, Philip Mattar, Richard W. Bulliet. Macmillan Reference US, 1996. p. 1661 13286:

Sermon preached in June 1864 to the British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Jews

10334:"Mordecai Noah and St. Paul's Cathedral: An American Proto-Zionist Solution to the "Jewish Problem"" 5221:

Palestinians as agents of history. Palestinian scholars in Israel lead the paradigm's reformulation.

4239:, urges Americans to "fearlessly speak out in defense of America, Israel and Western civilization". 536:

who lived in mixed Arab-Jewish cities were viewed as backwards in comparison to the secular Zionist

24572: 24567: 24329: 24192: 24076: 23930: 23588: 23392: 22304: 22069: 22051: 22040: 21303: 21211: 21183: 20385: 20342: 20305: 20041: 19872: 19171: 19046: 18088: 17903: 17893: 17216: 16804: 16765:

Hirsch, Dafna (2009). "Zionist eugenics, mixed marriage, and the creation of a 'new Jewish type'".

16450: 15666: 15512: 14270: 13434: 12810:

Zouplna, Jan (2008), "Revisionist Zionism: Image, Reality and the Quest for Historical Narrative",

8163: 7133: 6774: 6612: 6178: 5092: 4847: 4548: 4462:

Zionism has been opposed by a wide variety of organizations and individuals. In 1919, the US-based

4420: 4375: 4329: 3882: 3624: 2698: 2023: 1798: 1406:, with the support of the Ottoman Empire, tried to gather the Portuguese Jews, first to migrate to 1114: 870: 861:

Zionists worked to modernize Hebrew and adapt it for everyday use. They sometimes refused to speak

798: 769: 279:

of the local Palestinian, non-Jewish population. Advocates of Zionism have viewed it as a national

31: 24285: 20992: 17702: 13820:"India–Israel Relations: The Imperatives for Enhanced Strategic Cooperation – Subhash Kapila" 13606: 11831: 5485: 25061: 24775: 23372: 22844: 22748: 22659: 22574: 22453: 22035: 21257: 20749: 20574: 20463: 20450: 20315: 20276: 19994: 19983: 19577: 19498: 19203: 19102: 19041: 18927: 18900: 18093: 18053: 17618: 17524: 17304: 17000:

The Bible and Zionism: Invented Traditions, Archaeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine- Israel

16701: 16485: 15390:

Morris, Benny (1986): "The Harvest of 1948 and the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem".

14169: 14067: 11322:

Where the Jews Aren't: The Sad and Absurd Story of Birobidzhan, Russia's Jewish Autonomous Region

9625: 8971: 8826: 7368: 6665: 6522: 6361: 5439: 5102: 5052: 4782: 4634: 4479: 4146: 4032:. Their ideology revolves around three pillars: the Land of Israel, the People of Israel and the 3657: 3652: 3629: 2487: 2411: 2386: 1924: 1537: 1526:, famous for his intervention in favor of Jews around the world, including the attempt to rescue 1309: 1142: 938: 869:. Once they moved to Israel, many Zionists refused to speak their (diasporic) mother tongues and 17: 23950: 22905: 17066:

Medoff, Rafael (1998). "Review Essay: Recent Trends in the Historiography of American Zionism".

15405:

The Crystallization of Israeli Policy Against a Return of the Arab Refugees: April–December 1948

14870: 14710: 14700: 13950:"Anatomy of the 1936–39 Revolt: Images of the Body in Political Cartoons of Mandatory Palestine" 13154:

The Origins of Christian Zionism: Lord Shaftesbury And Evangelical Support For A Jewish Homeland

9852: 9375: 7121:"After two thousand years of struggle for survival, the reality of Israel is a colonial state.' 24872: 24606: 24318: 23320: 23210: 22988: 22952: 22834: 22679: 22528: 21712: 21677: 21442: 20997: 20724: 20647: 20620: 20495: 20155: 20030: 20000: 19063: 18438: 18153: 16862:

The Hundred Years' War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017

16289: 16260: 14575: 12915: 11381: 11144: 7675:

New Beginnings: Holocaust Survivors in Bergen-Belsen and the British Zone in Germany, 1945-1950

6932:

Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1987, Volume 17; Volume 1987, Yoram Dinstein, Mala Tabory (Eds)

6826:

Bareli, Avi, "Forgetting Europe: Perspectives on the Debate about Zionism and Colonialism", in

5291: 4558: 4344: 4186: 4150: 4080: 3614: 3557: 3175: 3113: 3068: 2694: 2198: 1963: 1706: 1590: 1460: 866: 355: 227:. At the same time, some international recognition and support was gained, notably in the 1917 216: 16998: 16964:

Nakba and Survival: The Story of Palestinians Who Remained in Haifa and the Galilee, 1948-1956

16721:

Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions in the 1950s and After

16354:(2007). "De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine". 14840: 14834: 14744: 14450: 13100:

Goldstein, Jonathan (1999), "The Republic of China and Israel", in Goldstein, Jonathan (ed.),

11767: 11728: 11097: 10129: 10078: 9665: 9619: 9224:"Reassessing the Historical and Sociological Impact of the Babylonian Exile (597/587–539 BCE)" 8780: 8465: 7011: 6400: 6251: 5792: 1789:

A list of Jewish pre-state paramilitary and defense organisations in Palestine would include:

24902: 24780: 24683: 24678: 24594: 24542: 24493: 24175: 23643: 23608: 23593: 23472: 23300: 23290: 23255: 23250: 23235: 23215: 23179: 22962: 22932: 22922: 22912: 22807: 22586: 22543: 22513: 22491: 22438: 22361: 22272: 22079: 21595: 21549: 21308: 21250: 21046: 21017: 20774: 20719: 20652: 20539: 20490: 20056: 19977: 19759: 19466: 19349: 19090: 19080: 19073: 19058: 18944: 18188: 18143: 17798: 17190: 17140: 16928: 16586: 16115: 15314: 15224: 14789: 14783: 14009: 12969: 12637: 12427:

http://humanities1.tau.ac.il/zionism/templates/ol_similu/files/israel16/Israel16_conforti.pdf

11183: 10885: 10879: 9978:

Reprinted in Pastor Russell's Sermons. Brooklyn, NY: International Bible Students Association

9549: 8917:

Hebrew, any member of an ancient northern Semitic people that were the ancestors of the Jews.

8820: 8660: 8387: 8060: 7633: 7525: 7081: 6516: 6473: 6327: 6215: 5941: 5883: 5659: 5525: 5433: 4527: 4392: 4004: 3589: 3584: 3103: 2830: 2431: 2043: 1882: 1837: 1508: 1380: 1258: 1176: 1086: 1047: 834:

during the period from about 1200 to 586 BCE, and continued to be used in some parts of

667: 17375: 16886:

A History of Zionism: From the French Revolution to the Establishment of the State of Israel

14732: 13874: 12753: 11405: 11399: 10255: 9990: 8740: 8700: 7044: 5832: 4503:. Arab states in particular have historically strongly opposed Zionism. The preamble of the 4204:, declared, "the time for Jews to return to the land of Israel is now." In 1842, Smith sent 2168:

to investigate the situation. The commission called for a two-state solution and compulsory

24847: 24765: 24739: 24724: 24688: 24589: 24557: 24515: 24498: 24365: 23849: 23648: 23497: 23457: 23432: 23275: 23245: 23230: 23220: 23189: 23184: 23174: 23148: 23109: 23003: 22880: 22875: 22854: 22817: 22785: 22753: 22743: 22722: 22649: 22533: 22448: 22408: 22235: 22182: 21786: 21656: 21243: 20977: 20936: 20861: 20744: 20642: 20458: 20419: 20203: 20091: 20081: 19584: 18556: 18443: 18418: 18128: 18078: 17298: 17212: 17134: 16660: 16479: 12251: 12208: 12099: 12043: 11964: 8630: 7923: 7888: 7857: 7766: 7584: 6705: 6659: 6606: 6089: 5680: 5156: 4687: 4665:

have criticized Zionism, saying that it unfairly confiscates land and expels Palestinians.

4604: 4600: 4575: 3909: 3718: 3667: 3380: 3280: 3093: 2989: 2939: 2805: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2519: 2515: 2438: 2374: 2011:

was also an organization that favored the idea of a Jewish territorial autonomy outside of

1749: 1718: 1667: 1577: 1512: 1486:"Memorandum to the Protestant Powers of the North of Europe and America", published in the 1184: 1059: 1003: 989: 839: 803: 705:, the prominent architect of early statist Zionism and the founder of what became Israel's 698: 675: 16962: 16696:

Hacohen, Dvorah (1991). "BenGurion and the Second World War". In Frankel, Jonathan (ed.).

16043: 14269:

Nadler, Allan. 2010. Satmar Hasidic Dynasty. YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe.

12698:

A Liberal Upheaval: From the General Zionists to the Liberal Party (pre-book dissertation)

4566: 4056:, expressed their sympathy with the aspirations of the Jewish people for a National Home. 662: 61:, he envisioned the founding of a future independent Jewish state during the 20th century. 8: 24922: 24705: 24693: 24631: 24478: 24442: 24339: 24293: 24265: 24179: 24171: 24163: 23899: 23779: 23573: 23512: 23477: 23382: 23285: 23240: 23205: 23169: 23164: 23104: 23099: 23094: 23073: 23019: 22967: 22957: 22890: 22859: 22812: 22717: 22633: 22606: 22569: 22496: 22463: 22443: 22413: 22299: 22199: 22002: 21944: 21683: 21491: 21386: 21342: 21206: 21196: 21172: 21167: 21056: 21002: 20987: 20962: 20664: 20637: 20584: 20431: 20424: 20392: 20310: 20288: 20237: 19739: 19707: 19633: 19542: 19488: 19095: 18895: 18629: 18594: 18383: 18267: 18252: 18010: 17950: 17883: 16826: 16549:"Israel-Palestine and the Settler Colonial 'Turn': From Interpretation to Decolonization" 16166: 14570: 14330:

https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190420-why-zionism-has-always-been-a-racist-ideology/

14102: 13926: 13407: 12936: 12138: 9804:'The Promised Land: A Biblical–Historical View,' Biblioteca Sacra 138 (1981) pp. 302–312 5862: 5701: 5376: 5082: 4943: 4942:

have argued that the characterization of anti-Zionism as antisemitic obscures legitimate

4829: 4797: 4608: 3995:, Religious Zionists were mainly observant Jews who supported Zionist efforts to build a 3936: 3916: 3787: 3355: 3168: 3133: 3098: 2981: 2973: 2964: 2858: 2850: 2726: 2426: 2378: 2173: 2169: 2105: 2039: 2007:

The subsequent departure of the JTO from the Zionist Organization had little impact. The

1958: 1896: 1759: 1475: 1266: 1055: 907: 725: 702: 633: 585: 581: 514: 447: 328: 280: 263: 228: 224: 188: 156: 17770: 17482: 16830: 16414:

The Genealogical Science: The Search for Jewish Origins and the Politics of Epistemology

14549: 13355: 12518:

The Founding Myths of Israel: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State

9820:

Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam 17, (Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1999), 57 f.

9438:(First Vintage books ed.). New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 11. 2746:

Strengthening of the State of Israel, based on the prophetic vision of justice and peace

2354: 239:

in 1948, Zionism has continued primarily to advocate on behalf of Israel and to address

187:

and Israel) they had been exiled from, was seen by the emerging Zionist movement as an "

24641: 24611: 24599: 24562: 24532: 24520: 24503: 24483: 24298: 24159: 23985: 23935: 23688: 23568: 23442: 23417: 23225: 23143: 23114: 23063: 23053: 22998: 22993: 22927: 22917: 22895: 22849: 22727: 22695: 22611: 22596: 22591: 22458: 22366: 22324: 22230: 22220: 22215: 22194: 22177: 22137: 22064: 21992: 21959: 21916: 21911: 21618: 21458: 21432: 21332: 21313: 21279: 21265: 21071: 21022: 21007: 20982: 20739: 20701: 20686: 20569: 20368: 20354: 20071: 20066: 19877: 19599: 19476: 19471: 19456: 19426: 19379: 19302: 19208: 19068: 18641: 18546: 18513: 18247: 18208: 17888: 17641: 17608:, Yoram Hazony, and Michael B. Oren, eds., "New Essays on Zionism," Shalem Press, 2007. 17447: 17399:

Taylor, A. R. (1971). "Vision and intent in Zionist Thought". In Abu-Lughod, I. (ed.).

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Russell, C. T., Gordon, H. L., & America, P. P. F. O. (1917). Zionism in Prophecy.

9943: 9880: 9746: 9192: 9162: 9131: 9051: 8532: 8446: 8311: 8243: 8191: 8183: 8092: 8055: 8014: 7821: 7655: 7471: 7254: 6583: 6289: 5955: 5676: 5533: 5414: 5152: 5148: 5064: 5038: 5015: 4931: 4769: 4388: 4348: 4288: 4161: 4009: 3904: 3899: 3826: 3552: 3443: 3370: 3345: 3237: 2491: 2188: 2012: 2001: 1967: 1954: 1384: 1239: 1118: 901: 885: 807: 776: 750: 679: 435: 288: 208: 184: 89: 23578: 21319: 21201: 19354: 19230: 16081:. Translated by Cooper, Belinda; Brown, Allison. Transaction Publishers. p. 182. 15909: 14035: 13695: 11804:

Gabriel Gorodetsky, "The Soviet Union's role in the creation of the state of Israel."

11654: 758: 24907: 24867: 24852: 24842: 24811: 24710: 24666: 24656: 24636: 24547: 24525: 24510: 24488: 24462: 24437: 24432: 24202: 24148: 24132: 24124: 23960: 23945: 23739: 23427: 23119: 23068: 23024: 22885: 22822: 22654: 22621: 22426: 22418: 22319: 22256: 21949: 21896: 21841: 21779: 21750: 21691: 21637: 21574: 21564: 21521: 21506: 21391: 21371: 21361: 21230: 21191: 20972: 20954: 20941: 20798: 20711: 20579: 20544: 20527: 20380: 20300: 20190: 19855: 19786: 19668: 19653: 19436: 19307: 19272: 18561: 18378: 18237: 18213: 18015: 18000: 17960: 17612: 17579: 17518: 17451: 17408: 17385: 17357: 17308: 17289: 17236: 17194: 17166: 17144: 17109: 17087: 17045: 17037:

Genomic Citizenship: The Molecularization of Identity in the Contemporary Middle East

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Sermon preached June 1864 to London Society for promoting Christianity among the Jews

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Shlaim, Avi (1996). "The Likud in Power: The Historiography of Revisionist Zionism".

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movement, which worked from 1882 to develop a Hebrew identity that was distinct from

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The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising History, Narrating the Subaltern, Reclaiming Memory

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The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising History, Narrating the Subaltern, Reclaiming Memory

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Teveth, Shabtai (April 1990). "The Palestine Arab Refugee Problem and Its Origins".

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Report of the American Section of the International Commission on Mandates in Turkey

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Near, Henry (1986). "Paths to Utopia: The Kibbutz as a Movement for Social Change".

11364: 11347: 8018: 7475: 1853:, 'Judah's Camp', a mounted guards company founded by Michael Halperin in 1891 (see 315:. Similarly, anti-Zionism has many aspects, which include criticism of Zionism as a 25051: 25023: 24932: 24912: 24837: 24790: 24785: 24646: 24407: 24261: 23874: 23683: 23563: 23078: 23058: 22674: 22669: 22601: 22581: 22475: 22403: 22371: 22251: 22167: 22086: 22007: 21997: 21881: 21876: 21755: 21672: 21569: 21531: 21295: 21162: 21097: 21066: 21036: 20913: 20883: 20729: 20681: 20559: 19921: 19889: 19850: 19821: 19804: 19754: 19555: 19364: 19297: 19250: 19198: 19166: 19157: 19142: 19016: 18991: 18967: 18851: 18782: 18699: 18566: 18428: 18398: 18368: 18348: 18113: 17965: 17940: 17932: 17791: 17549:), Navajeevana Publications, Vijayanagar Colony, Hyderabad, 1984, pp. 121–126. 17534: 17437: 17277: 17228: 17075: 16972: 16776: 16560: 16408: 16365: 16240: 15287: 15243: 14858: 14809:

Fateful Triangle: the United States, Israel, and the Palestinians (2nd Ed, revised)

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Gerson, Allan, "The United Nations and Racism: the Case of Zionism and Racism", in

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hired Jewish workers under trained supervision. The kibbutzim were a symbol of the

2757: 2733: 2592: 2572: 2550: 2494:, outside of Israel's territories. More than a quarter had already fled during the 2370: 2358: 1771: 1561:. In the following years, Jewish immigration to Palestine started in earnest. Most 1523: 1356: 1249:. The Return to Zion remained a recurring theme among generations, particularly in 1122: 1078: 1058:, which was at the center of ancient Judean worship. The Judeans were subsequently 1031: 640: 597: 548: 466: 420: 267: 21516: 17744:

Reverend William H. Hechler – The Christian minister who legitimized Theodor Herzl

13519:[Herzl and hope in celebrating 30 (years of the) Druze Zionist movement]. 13210: 11504:

Kochavi, Arieh J. (1998). "The Struggle against Jewish Immigration to Palestine".

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Zissu, Boaz (2018). "Interbellum Judea 70–132 CE: An Archaeological Perspective".

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The Revival of Classical Tongue: Eliezer Ben Yehuda and the Modern Hebrew Language

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Labor Zionism became the dominant force in the political and economic life of the

2717:

through persistent small-scale immigration and the founding of such bodies as the

127:

as a nationalist movement in the late 19th century, in reaction to newer waves of

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Finkelstein, Israel (2001). "The Rise of Jerusalem and Judah: the Missing Link".

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Lustick, Ian S. (2003). "Zionist Ideology and Its Discontents: A Research Note".

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originated as a result of the Zionist confrontation with the Palestinian "other".

6095: 5945: 5709: 5637: 5611: 5306: 5282: 5019: 5011: 4866: 4843: 4666: 4512: 4313:, today, tens of thousands of Israeli Druze belong to "Druze Zionist" movements. 4216: 3609: 3418: 3413: 3307: 2853:

and was the dominant ideology of the political establishment in Israel until the

2165: 1988: 1931: 1920: 1562: 1554: 1527: 1504: 1426: 1396: 1369: 1219: 1168: 1126: 1102: 1094: 1063: 1023: 855: 823: 614: 602: 557: 490: 470: 458: 386: 378: 346: 255: 236: 180: 23904: 16443:

Baker, Cynthia M. (2017). "Zionism's New Jew and the Birth of the Genomic Jew".

15831: 11874:"United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East" 9931: 9405:. Joshua Schwartz, Peter J. Tomson. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 19. 9403:

Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE

5672: 2812:

in that they put great emphasis on communalism and egalitarianism, representing

2725:(1903 – provided loans for Jewish businesses and farmers). In 1942, at the 2410:, at which the United States refused to support the British leading to both the 2048: 1613:, who was a strong supporter of British colonialist and imperialist ideologies. 596:

described antisemitism as a hereditary and incurable disease, concluding in his

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conspiracy which his fevered imagination presented as a dire threat to Germany.

13379:

Viva Israele: Dall'ideologia della morte alla civiltà della vita: La mia storia

12417:

By Roger Friedland, Richard Hecht, University of California Press, 2000, p. 203

10052: 7410: 7400:

Yosef Gorny, Zionism and the Arabs, 1882–1948: A Study of Ideology, Oxford 1987

6765: 6655: 6571: 6305: 6293: 5866: 5632:"Never before", wrote Berl Katznelson, founding editor of the Histadrut daily, 5613:

Citizen Strangers: Palestinians and the Birth of Israel's Liberal Settler State

5600: 5117: 4995: 4935: 4765: 4754: 4733: 4714: 4520: 4448: 4340: 4325: 4292: 4169: 4165: 4139: 4123: 4000: 3872: 3855: 3845: 3819: 3527: 3458: 3408: 3375: 3266: 3259: 3230: 3220: 3213: 3039: 2931: 2923: 2888: 2787: 2443: 2153: 2129: 1947: 1854: 1674: 1619: 1606: 1488: 1466: 1451: 1223: 1211: 1207: 1134: 1110: 981: 729: 690: 552: 544: 500: 482: 478: 474: 427: 393:

nationalist Jewish students' movement; he used the term in 1890 in his journal

382: 373:, widely symbolizing the Land of Israel. Mount Zion is also a term used in the 324: 320: 232: 212: 196: 140: 124: 120: 113: 101: 93: 56: 22059: 17442: 17423: 16369: 15781:

Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York: Basic Books. p. 320.

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The history of the Jews: from the destruction of Jerusalem to the present time

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A Short History of the Jewish People: From Legendary Times to Modern Statehood

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said that Zionism resulted in ethnic cleansing. This view diverges from other

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Gold, Dore (2017). "The Historical Significance of the Balfour Declaration".

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Fading Corporatism: Israel's Labor Law and Industrial Relations in Transition

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Israeli Identity: In Search of a Successor to the Pioneer, Tsabar and Settler

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Waxman, Chaim I. (May 1987). "Messianism, Zionism, and the State of Israel".

10666: 10591: 10540: 10496: 10416: 10149: 10098: 9939: 9876: 9742: 9615: 9420: 9290: 9188: 9127: 9047: 9012: 8989: 8952: 8689:"The Jews are a nation and were so before there was a Jewish state of Israel" 8528: 8442: 8307: 8239: 8179: 8108: 8083: 8074: 8010: 7830: 7521: 6579: 6309: 5937: 5922: 5914: 5685: 5591: 5541: 5410: 5394: 5045: 5034: 4885: 4877: 4774: 4710: 4495: 4303: 4268: 4220: 4103: 4088: 3948: 3894: 3562: 3532: 3453: 3249: 3180: 2935: 2809: 2769: 2366: 2060: 2059:

Lobbying by Russian Jewish immigrant Chaim Weizmann, together with fear that

1976: 1892: 1730: 1724: 1582: 1414: 1106: 1082: 881: 815: 794: 721: 710: 519: 494: 443: 259: 195:), an effort to put a stop to the exoduses and persecutions that have marked 152: 148: 84:

of a land outside of Europe. It eventually focused on the establishment of a

50: 21826: 18454: 17180: 16194: 13772:"American Jewish group takes Indian Muslims to Israel | Indian Muslims" 10921:

Conflict and Military Terminology: The Language of the Israel Defense Forces

8729:"Jews are a people, a nation (in the original sense of the word), an ethnos" 8569: 8334: 8171: 5363:"Zionism and the Hebrew Bible: from religious holiness to national sanctity" 4812:

Arab countries sought to associate Zionism with racism in connection with a

4271:

Scouts march to Jethro's tomb. Today, thousands of Israeli Druze belong to '

4099:

to anticipate and frequently to pray for a Jewish return to their homeland.

2549:

from the Arab world, mostly to Israel. In 1944–45, Ben-Gurion described the

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Resolution 3151 G (XXVIII) of December 14, 1973, by the UN General Assembly

15219: 15160: 14696: 14260:"Holocaust Victims Accuse" by Reb. Moshe Shonfeld; Bnei Yeshivos NY; (1977) 11873: 11614: 11590: 11395: 9818:

Between Bible and Qurʾān: The Children of Israel and the Islamic Self-Image

9007:. Sold at the London Society House and by Duncan and Malcom, and Wertheim. 8101: 7419:

Nationalism, Zionism and Ethnic Mobilization of the Jews in 1900 and Beyond

7122: 6518:

Human Geopolitics: States, Emigrants, and the Rise of Diaspora Institutions

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was widespread in the 1820s and common beforehand. It was common among the

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proclaiming Israel's independence beneath a large portrait of Theodor Herzl

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In the following centuries, many Jews emigrated to thriving centers in the

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According to Hassan S. Haddad, the application of the Biblical concepts of

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Israel and its Palestinian Citizens: Ethnic Privileges in the Jewish State

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Israel and its Palestinian Citizens: Ethnic Privileges in the Jewish State

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Morris, Benny (1986): "Yosef Weitz and the Transfer Committees, 1948–49",

14401:"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights / Legal Instruments / ACHPR" 14400: 13514: 12552: 12535: 10454:(1st ed.). New York: Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 151. 9535:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

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Don-Yehiya, Eliezer (1992). "The Negation of Galut in Religious Zionism".

5954:]. Translated by Sylvie d'Avigdor (republication ed.). New York: 4291:, Director of the Cultural Institute of the Italian Islamic Community and 1548: 434:"), as a national homeland of the Jews and as a focus for Jewish national 24887: 24388: 23940: 23909: 23889: 23769: 23724: 23678: 23507: 23492: 23487: 23422: 23362: 22839: 22712: 21977: 21836: 21730: 21613: 21403: 21381: 21366: 20931: 20907: 20414: 19894: 19409: 19334: 19312: 19215: 18809: 18738: 18733: 18721: 18711: 17990: 17985: 17908: 17353: 16994: 16924: 16747: 16666: 16626: 16294: 15196: 14982:

Tessler, Mark, "Religion and Politics in the Jewish State of Israel", in

14740: 14728: 10845: 10704: 10166:(Nasi) settled in the Ottoman Empire where he openly returned to Judaism. 9273:

The World of the New Testament: Cultural, Social, and Historical Contexts

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to the other territories with the same status as Palestine ('A' mandate).

5025:

The current form of this conceptual framework emerged in the 1990s among

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tradition: the willingness for incisive debate; the contrarian spirit of

2838:

differences in military behavior between the Irgun and the labor Zionist

2791: 2542: 2157: 1971: 1912: 1531: 1469:

rejected this idea of a return to Zion. The conference of rabbis held at

1403: 593: 316: 292: 172: 69: 25030: 17595:

Friedman, Isaiah. "Theodor Herzl: Political Activity and Achievements,"

16976: 16796: 16209: 14378: 14311: 14237: 14153: 13086: 12874: 12467: 12145:. Supporters of transfer included such moderates as the "Arab appeaser" 10599: 10080:

Honored by the Glory of Islam: Conversion and Conquest in Ottoman Europe

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Barnett, Michael (2020), Phillips, Andrew; Reus-Smit, Christian (eds.),

6587: 2397:. The British, having faced Arab revolts, were now facing opposition by 2066:

It endorsed the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, as follows:

1780:(1845–1934), French Jewish banker and major donor of the Zionist project 457:

The flag of the Zionist Movement adopted in 1891 became the flag of the

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Co-memory and melancholia: Israelis memorialising the Palestinian Nakba

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The Dark Side of Zionism: Israel's Quest for Security Through Dominance

6833: 6799:"Zionism and British imperialism II: Imperial financing in Palestine", 5112: 5003: 4834:

Some Haredi Orthodox organizations reject Zionism as they view it as a

4750: 4646: 4626: 4247: 4205: 4135: 4049: 3781: 3428: 3302: 3254: 3014: 2913: 2721:(1901 – a charity that bought land for Jewish settlement) and the 2415: 2382: 2095:

adopted the declaration, and granted to Britain the Palestine Mandate:

2026:

in 1934, which remains extant as the only autonomous oblast of Russia.

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A Jewish state: an attempt at a modern solution of the Jewish question

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The Gun and the Olive Branch: The Roots of Violence in the Middle East

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Jews and Muslims in the Arab World: Haunted by Pasts Real and Imagined

6927:, Abdul Wahhab Kayyali, ʻAbd al-Wahhāb Kayyālī (Eds), Croom Helm, 1979 4470:

Among those opposing Zionism before their dissolution were the former

2740:

Unity of the Jewish People and the centrality of Israel in Jewish life

2052:

Palestine as claimed by the World Zionist Organization in 1919 at the

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Claim to a Jewish demographic majority and a Jewish state in Palestine

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Genetic Crossroads: The Middle East and the Science of Human Heredity

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Hertzberg, Arthur (1998). "The Meaning of Zionism for the Diaspora".

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Religious Zionism is an ideology that combines Zionism and observant

3738: 3703: 3327: 3317: 3192: 3035: 2917: 2866: 2774: 2390: 2133: 1904: 1624:

his views on "the restoration of the Jewish state". Herzl considered

1373: 1271:, the ingathering of exiles in the Land of Israel as foretold by the 1039: 565: 370: 164: 53:

was the founder of the modern Zionist movement. In his 1896 pamphlet

18745: 17614:

The Development of Zionism Until the Founding of the State of Israel

15478:"Survival of the Fittest (an interview with Historian Benny Morris)" 14641:. The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism. Archived from 14193: 13949: 12023:

Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001

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The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem Part I: 1917–1947

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Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001

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Israeli Exceptionalism: The Destabilizing Logic of Zionism Paperback

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The Walls of Jerusalem: Preserving the Past, Controlling the Future,

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Notable early supporters of Zionism include British Prime Ministers

2033: 1863:, 'The Guard' (1912–1913), distinct from the British Mandate-period 1351: 854:. Hebrew was largely preserved throughout later history as the main 24892: 24715: 23819: 23744: 23618: 23502: 21847: 21705: 21608: 21589: 21132: 20967: 20947: 20630: 20483: 20320: 19628: 19570: 19515: 19510: 19181: 18467: 15836: 15804: 15703: 15039:, Eyal Benvenistî, Chaim Gans, Sari Hanafi (Eds.), Springer, p. 78: 14829:, Eyal Benvenistî, Chaim Gans, Sari Hanafi (Eds.), Springer, p. 78. 14014:

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Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917–1948

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Penslar, Derek J., "Zionism, Colonialism and Postcolonialism", in

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The Holocaust and Israel Reborn: From Catastrophe to Sovereignty

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Identity and Territory: Jewish Perceptions of Space in Antiquity

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Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice

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Safrai, Zeʾev (May 2, 2018). "The Land in Rabbinic Literature".

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in 1897, the year considered as the start of practical Zionism.

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and the Committee of the Hebrew Language (later replaced by the

740: 693:

were not known. Notable proponents of this racial idea included

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Imperial Israel and the Palestinians: The Politics of Expansion

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to reflect the plight of the Jews, calling for a "last stand".

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Israel in History: The Jewish State in Comparative Perspective

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Israel in History: The Jewish State in Comparative Perspective

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The Edge of the Sword: Israel's War of Independence, 1947–1949

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The Holy Land in Transit: Colonialism and the Quest for Canaan

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Tom Segev, One Palestine, Complete (New York: 2001), pp. 404–5

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Hasidim, as well as the larger movement they are part of, the

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Zionism is often considered to be an example of a colonial or

4007:("the beginning of the redemption"), the initial stage of the 2790:. Socialist Zionists believed that centuries of oppression in 76:

in the late 19th century and aimed for the establishment of a

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Legacy of empire: Britain, Zionism and the creation of Israel

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The Jewish State: A Century Later, Updated With a New Preface

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Zionism: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions)

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One Land, Two States: Israel and Palestine as Parallel States

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Community and conscience: the Jews in apartheid South Africa

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The Iron Wall: Zionist Revisionism from Jabotinsky to Shamir

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Jewish History and the Emergence of Modern Political Zionism

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in 63 BCE, and in 6 CE, was incorporated into the

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Deconstructing Zionism: A Critique of Political Metaphysics

15135: 14984:

Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World

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The Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihad and Modernity

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Chosen: the history of an idea, the anatomy of an obsession

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Russian antisemitism, Pamyat, and the demonology of Zionism

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Israelis in Conflict: Hegemonies, Identities and Challenges

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Mandel, George (2005). "Ben-Yehuda, Eliezer (1858–1922)".

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Chosen: the history of an idea, the anatomy of an obsession

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The Palestinians in Israel: A Study in Internal Colonialism

5526:"A Dream Deterred: Palestine from Total War to Total Peace" 5253: 5247: 4892:, claimed that Zionism is contrary to the teachings of the 4310: 4189:

was a strong supporter of Israel and Zionism, although the

3567: 2557: 1980: 1402:

In the middle of the 16th century, the Portuguese Sephardi

1171:. Others continued living in the region, especially in the 999: 683: 646: 341: 275: 151:, considered alternatives to Palestine, such as under the " 17783: 17349:

Israel and Palestine: Reappraisals, Revisions, Refutations

15156:"Memories and maps keep alive Palestinian hopes of return" 14230:"Charter of the International Jewish anti-Zionist Network" 13661:"Why not a Kurdish-Israeli Alliance? (Iran Press Service)" 13233:"John MacArthur, Israel, Calvinism, and Postmillennialism" 12704:. Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Liberty. Archived from 11896: 11228:

The Dream of Zion: The Story of the First Zionist Congress

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anthem drew on the version composed by the Czech composer

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The Settlers and the Struggle over the Meaning of Zionism

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A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time

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offered Herzl 5,000 square miles (13,000 km) in the

509:). At that time, Herzl believed that Jewish migration to 489:. The political movement was formally established by the 207:

the commonly accepted interpretation of the principle of

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John Vause; Guy Raz; Shira Medding (November 22, 2005).

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which occurred in Europe in the late nineteenth century.

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1445: 1432:

In the early 19th century, a group of Jews known as the

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Reckless rites: Purim and the legacy of Jewish violence

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China and Israel, 1948–1998: A Fifty Year Retrospective

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Exile: Old Testament, Jewish, and Christian Conceptions

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The Israel–Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War

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The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War

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Arthur Ruppin and the Production of Pre-Israeli Culture

4519:, "aggressive foreign military bases" and all forms of 1784: 1733:, est. 1929 as the worldwide operative branch of the ZO 1549:

Theodor Herzl and the birth of modern political Zionism

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In the 19th century, a current in Judaism supporting a

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myth of common descent". Zionist nationalism drew from

625:, which " revoke the determination contained in" 3379. 17101:

The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited

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Journal of Israeli History: Politics, Society, Culture

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that set two million Jews to flight; most wound up in

5209:

The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited

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their eventual solution. Following the failure of the

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History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel

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Living Without a Constitution: Civil Rights in Israel

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Zionism and the Arabs, 1882-1948: A Study of Ideology

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Zionism and the Arabs, 1882-1948: A Study of Ideology

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Zionism and the Arabs, 1882-1948: A Study of Ideology

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has often fostered an antagonistic relationship with

2447:

Committee, and launched attacks on Jews in the USSR.

2341:

and influence in Washington, D.C., including via the

2156:

were enacted. Similar rules were applied by the many

1975:

However, the area was populated by a large number of

1721:(JNF), est. 1901 to buy and develop land in Palestine 1715:(est. 1908), the executive arm of the ZO in Palestine 1686:

The delegates at the First Zionist Congress, held in

994:

History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel

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which flourished as a spoken language in the ancient

481:

to rising antisemitism in Europe, exemplified by the

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Parting Ways: Jewishness and the Critique of Zionism

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A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples

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became known, the Zionist leadership formulated the

1565:

came from the Russian Empire, escaping the frequent

1238:'s descendants; the text is explicit that this is a 842:

and up until 200 CE. It is the language of the

360: 21419:

Relations between the Catholic Church and the state

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Jewish Studies at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

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In the Shadow of Zion: Promised Lands Before Israel

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Being Israeli: The Dynamics of Multiple Citizenship

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In the Shadow of Zion: Promised Lands Before Israel

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A Just Zionism: On the Morality of the Jewish State

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New York: Oxford University Press. p. 137. 8584:Introduction to the History of the Hebrew Language 7440: 7351:between Israel and Jewish people around the world. 6873:Israeli Historical Revisionism: From Left to Right 6854:, by Ilan Pappe, Psychology Press, 1999, pp. 72–85 6828:Israeli Historical Revisionism: From Left to Right 6560:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 6388: 6288:spread slowly across Europe, finally reaching the 4960:possible cases are covered." – Chomsky, 1989 4196:In the last years of his life, the founder of the 2927:currents within certain active political parties. 24091:Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism 13830:. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010 13325:"Ritual murder libel encouraged by Russian court" 12349:Pro-Palestine and Zionist Activities, pp. 206–214 10338:Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation 10305:Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation 10284:American Jewish Historical Society, Vol. 8, p. 80 9221: 8263: 8261: 8056:"Genetic markers cannot determine Jewish descent" 7707: 7079: 6217:Jews & the Japanese: The Successful Outsiders 4979: 4906:Anti-Zionism § Anti-Zionism and antisemitism 4352:religious nature. The visit was organized by the 2514:passed by the first Israeli government prevented 2034:Balfour Declaration and the Mandate for Palestine 1632: 782: 25043: 18174:Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America 16744:The Jewish State: The Struggle for Israel's Soul 15101:Zionism and the State of Israel: A Moral Inquiry 14025: 13322: 12161:itself, in effect the government of the Yishuv." 11726: 11499: 11497: 10877: 9538:, Cambridge University Press, 2006 pp. 404–430 . 9433: 8628: 7855: 7235:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 232–249, 7083:Shared Histories: A Palestinian-Israeli Dialogue 7013:Edward Said: The Legacy of a Public Intellectual 6905:Zionism and the State of Israel: A Moral Inquiry 6462: 6078: 5528:. In Bateman, Fiona; Pilkington, Lionel (eds.). 4309:While most Israeli Druze identify as ethnically 4298:On occasion, some non-Arab Muslims such as some 4142:and also affected international foreign policy. 4059: 3030:Supporters of Revisionist Zionism developed the 1826:Not sanctioned by central Zionist administration 1515:attempted to establish a Jewish refuge opposite 653:Racial conceptions of Jewish identity in Zionism 211:. In 1884, proto-Zionist groups established the 108:as possible. Following the establishment of the 18204:International Fellowship of Christians and Jews 18194:Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland 17657:The Labyrinth of Exile: A Life of Theodor Herzl 16161:Vattimo, Gianni; Marder, Michael, eds. (2013). 15220:"The expulsion of the Palestinians re-examined" 14763:"Essay by James M. Martin from "Atheist Nexus"" 13131:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 15. 12515: 12016: 12014: 12012: 12010: 11051: 10686: 10684: 10639: 9373: 8818: 8705:. University of California Press. pp. 3–. 8662:International Relations: A Concise Introduction 7575: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7009: 6850:Shafir, Gershon, "Zionism and Colonialism", in 5356: 5354: 5352: 5147:Zionism has been described either as a form of 5128:Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory 4899: 4439:Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory 1425:in the spring of 1666, the Jewish community of 241:threats to its continued existence and security 27:Movement supporting a Jewish state in Palestine 17267: 16923: 16768:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 16276: 16218: 14486: 14484: 13589:"Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations" 13516:הרצל והתקווה בחגיגות 30 לתנועה הדרוזית הציונית 12754:Knowledge-Nation Israel: A New Unifying Vision 12694: 11264:Paul R. Mendes-Flohr; Jehuda Reinharz (1995). 11102:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 240–242. 11096:Naomi E. Pasachoff; Robert J. Littman (2005). 10411: 10409: 10297:Major Noah: American Patriot, American Zionist 9667:River Jordan: The Mythology of a Dividing Line 9547: 9481:The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine 9380:. Harvard University Press. pp. 223–239. 9270: 9163:"Religious and Historical Pretexts of Zionism" 8968:Legacy: a Genetic History of the Jewish People 8822:Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People 8467:Encyclopedia of Modern Political Thought (set) 8258: 7497:Settings of Silver: An Introduction to Judaism 7282: 7214:An Introduction to Judaism - A Textbook Reader 6840:, Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 72–121 6249: 6017: 5037:" in response to their marginalization by the 4759:Expulsion of Palestinians from Lydda and Ramle 4538: 4118:given in Geneva in 1840. However, others like 1479:of any of the laws concerning a Jewish state". 1121:, the Jews regained their independence in the 513:, particularly among poor Jewish communities, 497:in 1897 following the publication of his book 24373: 24015: 22122: 21150: 20846: 20163: 18483: 18459: 17799: 17136:1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War 16160: 15570:Fundamental Perspectives on International Law 15407:. Studies in Zionism 6, l (1985), pp. 85–118. 14455:. University of Illinois Press. p. 225. 14326:Why Zionism has always been a racist ideology 13512: 13406:. American Congress for Truth. Archived from 13113: 13111: 12581: 12097: 11863:Kodmani-Darwish, p. 126; Féron, Féron, p. 94. 11494: 11348:"The Primacy of Water in the Zionist Project" 11139:A History of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict 10914: 10912: 10072: 10070: 9551:An Introduction to Jewish-Christian Relations 9073:. 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These groups were collectively called the " 17677:American Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust 17592:(2003). 304 pp. essays on specialized topics 15902:"The Great Gulf Between Zionism and Judaism" 15244:Were they expelled? by Pappé, Ilan (Zochrot) 14785:Palestine and Israel: A Challenge to Justice 13992:Was the Declaration of a Jewish State Valid? 13207:Herald Magazine, Christian Witness to Israel 12249: 12007: 11962: 11401:The Making of the Modern Near East 1792–1923 11318: 10681: 10362: 9613: 9222:Smith-Christopher, D. L. (January 1, 1997), 8658: 8046: 8044: 7886: 7560: 7362: 6745:. Volume 13, Issue 4, 2007 – Special Issue: 6703: 5733: 5731: 5349: 4732:. According to a growing consensus between ' 4505:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 4359: 3264: 2533:Yemenite Jews on their way to Israel during 1672: 1617: 1265:(Standing prayer). The biblical prophecy of 1105:allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem and 498: 339:The term "Zionism" is derived from the word 199:by bringing the Jewish people back to their 54: 19972:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 16655: 16615: 16417:. Chicago Studies in Practices of Meaning. 16230: 16074: 15433:, vol. 16, no. 4. (Summer, 1987), pp. 3–26. 15347:. Haaretz Friday Supplement. Archived from 14865:The Palestinians: In Search of a Just Peace 14481: 14210:"International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network" 13692:"Berbers, Where Do You Stand on Palestine?" 13354:. Signaturebookslibrary.org. Archived from 13181:. 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Before the establishment of the state of 2916:suggested that the success of the then-new 2887:Kibbutznikiyot (female Kibbutz members) in 2143: 1429:, prepared to emigrate to the new kingdom. 1183:has maintained a Jewish presence since the 24380: 24366: 24022: 24008: 23980:: Forms of nationalism based primarily on 23624:Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines) 22129: 22115: 20853: 20839: 20170: 20156: 18490: 18476: 18169:Women's International Zionist Organization 17806: 17792: 17721:Central Zionist Archives site in Jerusalem 16825: 16407: 13264:Christian Zionism: Road-map to Armageddon? 13108: 12887: 12781:"Israel Today: A Society Without a Center" 11854:, (doc.nr. A/1367/Rev.1); October 23, 1950 11828:"Extracts from Time Magazine of that time" 10909: 10768:Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions 10067: 9554:. 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The Kingdom of Judah was conquered by 948:Relevant discussion may be found on the 802: 647:Ethnic unity and common ancestry of Jews 452: 45: 20018:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 18655: 17333: 17296: 16993: 16883: 16855: 16718: 16695: 16474: 15664: 15267:(Yale University Press, 2010) pp. 1–15. 15141: 15096:, Random House, Inc., 2000, pp. 128–129 14806: 14781: 14727: 14695: 14670: 14523: 14289: 13862: 13126: 12998: 12809: 12516:Sternhell, Zeev; Maisel, David (1998). 12194: 12085: 11950: 11938: 11926: 11914: 11902: 11683: 11634: 11503: 11461:"International Council of Jewish Women" 11134: 10733: 10517: 10400: 10235:Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict 9499: 9160: 9101: 8928: 8595: 8428: 8368:, ed. by Reinharz & Shapira, 1996, 7984: 7948: 7627: 7579: 7508: 7458: 7434: 7385: 7226: 7211: 7003: 6913: 6883: 6806: 6654: 6644: 6638: 6604: 6391:The Cambridge Survey of World Migration 6130: 6033: 6005: 5523: 5431: 4846:groups in Jerusalem, most famously the 4153:, also known as the author of multiple 4072:Christian Zionism in the United Kingdom 2430:Arab offensive at the beginning of the 2365:During World War II, as the horrors of 1746:Jewish National Fund's collection boxes 450:which are not fundamentally different. 14: 25044: 23584:Galician independence movement (Spain) 22136: 21479: 17684:New Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel 17559:Brenner, Michael, and Shelley Frisch. 17398: 17370: 17342: 17129: 17094: 17065: 16895: 16764: 16741: 16514: 16332:from the original on November 25, 2021 16075:Bergmann, Werner; Erb, Rainer (1997). 15990: 15581: 15475: 15420:. 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After deposing the old rabbi 1093:Seventy years later, after the 906:For a chronological guide, see 611:United Nations General Assembly 100:, and of central importance in 24878:Historiography and nationalism 23539:Assyrian independence movement 21985:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 21105:Separation of church and state 20037:Relations with other religions 18414:Zionism as settler colonialism 18069:Zionist Organization of Canada 17899:Revival of the Hebrew language 17686:(2nd ed. 2 vol. 1994); 1521 pp 16969:University of California Press 16400: 15381:22, October 1986, pp. 522–561. 14836:Land or Peace: Whither Israel? 14491:Rosen, David (December 2015). 13448:Savage, Sean (March 9, 2021). 13239:. July 3, 2007. Archived from 12769:Winter 2010, No. 39, pp. 35–57 12520:. Princeton University Press. 9460:A History of the Jewish People 9377:A History of the Jewish People 9310:A History of the Jewish People 8739:Raymond P. 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Creating an alliance with 119:Zionism initially emerged in 24258:Exodus from the Muslim world 24227:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 23755:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 23664:Taiwan independence movement 23639:Ryukyu independence movement 23549:Champa independence movement 23529:Alsace independence movement 21237:German Christians (movement) 21223:Evangelical environmentalism 20255:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 19955:Leo Baeck Institute New York 19950:American Sephardi Federation 18409:Progressive except Palestine 17599:2004 9(3): 46–79, online in 17429:Journal of Genocide Research 17233:10.1080/2201473X.2014.947671 16935:; Huneidi, Sahar S. (eds.). 16593:; Huneidi, Sahar S. (eds.). 16114:Mitchell, Thomas G. (2000). 15864:"Neturei Karta: What is it?" 15594:(1): 169–170. Archived from 15431:Journal of Palestine Studies 15313:Matthews, Elizabeth (2011). 14890:Islam and the West Post 9/11 14569:Shlaim, Avi (June 9, 1994). 14449:Monty Noam Penkower (1994). 14371:10.1080/07075332.2013.795495 13954:Journal of Palestine Studies 13431:"Onward, Christian Zionists" 12906:, Zed Books 1984, pp. 74–75. 12253:Zionism and the Palestinians 11698:10.1080/09592296.2010.508409 11619:Zionism and the Palestinians 11346:Hagopian, Elaine C. (2016). 11225:Lawrence J. Epstein (2016). 10477:Journal of Palestine Studies 9995:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 9168:Journal of Palestine Studies 8635:. Rutgers University Press. 8215:Journal of Palestine Studies 7862:. Rutgers University Press. 7679:Wayne State University Press 5078:American Council for Judaism 4900:Anti-Zionism or antisemitism 4814:2001 UN conference on racism 4244:Christians United for Israel 3878:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 3868:Far-right politics in Israel 2851:British Mandate of Palestine 2786:Labor Zionism originated in 2564:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2343:American Palestine Committee 1887:Proposals for a Jewish state 1793:Direct precursors of the IDF 1727:, est. 1920 to collect funds 1438:left Lithuania to settle in 1218:, particularly the books of 1152:(66–73 CE), the Romans 832:Kingdoms of Israel and Judah 576:and as an example of modern 145:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 7: 24213:Declaration of Independence 23619:Mapuche separatist movement 22075:Religious aspects of Nazism 21328:Christian reconstructionism 20590:Water supply and sanitation 18778:Constantinopolitan Karaites 18404:Muslim supporters of Israel 17813: 17775:20th Century Press Archives 17163:Encyclopedia of Nationalism 16927:; Berkman, Matthew (2017). 16907:Manchester University Press 16419:University of Chicago Press 15968:. Fall 2004. Archived from 15832:"US abandons racism summit" 15800:"Anger over Zionism debate" 15015:An Understanding of Judaism 14917:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 13634:"A Muslim in a Jewish Land" 12292:, prepared in 1946 for the 12104:. Oxford University Press. 9932:10.1215/01642472-21-2_75-49 8931:A short history of the Jews 8665:. NYU Press. pp. 19–. 8366:Essential Papers on Zionism 7286:Nathan Birnbaum: Biographie 6984:September 21, 2017, at the 6415:Zionism Colonize palestine. 6296:and helping to set off the 5681:10.2979/jewisocistud.18.1.1 5673:10.2979/jewisocistud.18.1.1 5578:. pp. 2, 13, 49, 132. 5480:. Oxford University Press. 5297: 5070: 4539:Catholic Church and Zionism 4478:. Today, opponents include 4391:as national liberation for 4260:Muslim supporters of Israel 4237:American Congress for Truth 3663:Union of Right-Wing Parties 2439:German invasion of the USSR 2399:Zionist groups in Palestine 2081:1919 Paris Peace Conference 1597:in 1897, which created the 1261:", and in the thrice-daily 1030:. Jews are named after the 477:, largely as a response by 414: 361: 10: 25108: 24938:Principle of nationalities 24105:Timeline of Jewish history 23654:Silesian Autonomy Movement 23534:Assam separatist movements 22689:Northern & Middle Asia 21741:Jewish political movements 21217:Christian environmentalism 21029:Religion and peacebuilding 20267:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 20006:National Library of Israel 18647:Zionism, race and genetics 18424:Zionist political violence 18389:Jewish political movements 18159:Jewish Resistance Movement 18049:World Zionist Organization 17914:Zionism, race and genetics 17736:December 18, 2021, at the 17679:(1995), a standard history 17382:W. W. Norton & Company 17106:Cambridge University Press 17034:McGonigle, Ian V. (2021). 16941:Cambridge University Press 16746:(1st ed.). New York: 16599:Cambridge University Press 16547:Busbridge, Rachel (2018). 15947:November 24, 2010, at the 15928:November 14, 2010, at the 14996:Princeton University Press 14280:(accessed March 22, 2022). 14019:December 16, 2023, at the 12618:(London 1997), pp. 594–607 11806:Journal of Israeli History 11733:. Routledge. p. 193. 11686:Diplomacy & Statecraft 11545:November 29, 2018, at the 10774:. 2006. pp. 305–306. 10621:Thompson, Gardner (2019). 10450:Stefon, Matt, ed. (2012). 10383:November 27, 2007, at the 10260:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 10183:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 9806:Dallas Theological College 9800:February 26, 2021, at the 9731:Israel Exploration Journal 9664:Havrelock, Rachel (2011). 9337:Ben-Eliyahu, Eyal (2019). 8935:Princeton University Press 8394:W. W. Norton & Company 7051:Cambridge University Press 6605:Penslar, Derek J. (2023). 6572:10.1163/157181106777909858 6397:Cambridge University Press 6334:Cambridge University Press 6018:Lustick & Berkman 2017 5865:in all its forms with the 5837:. Brill. pp. 76–203. 5708:1923) cited Alan Balfour, 5044:. It built of the work of 4983: 4903: 4827: 4824:Haredi Judaism and Zionism 4692:Sabra and Shatila massacre 4598: 4542: 4424: 4414: 4363: 4257: 4254:Muslim support for Zionism 4069: 4063: 3890:Jewish political movements 3049: 2962: 2876: 2767: 2711:World Zionist Organization 2590: 2393:to the British-controlled 2164:. Britain established the 2037: 1880: 1872:, 'The Shield' (1915–1917) 1778:Edmond James de Rothschild 1739: 1603:World Zionist Organization 1282: 1226:, as well as on the later 979: 905: 899: 895: 812:revive the Hebrew language 792: 786: 650: 628: 418: 114:national or state ideology 36: 29: 24828:Anarchism and nationalism 24820: 24799: 24757:List of fascist movements 24538:Constitutional patriotism 24471: 24395: 24291: 24282: 24198: 24189: 24067: 24041: 23971: 23923: 23697: 23659:Székely autonomy movement 23521: 23348: 23313: 23268: 23198: 23157: 23139: 23132: 23087: 23044: 23037: 23012: 22976: 22948: 22941: 22868: 22778: 22771: 22736: 22688: 22642: 22557: 22484: 22396: 22389: 22354: 22333: 22292: 22285: 22265: 22244: 22208: 22160: 22153: 22144: 22031: 22025: 22020: 21940: 21929: 21812: 21799: 21663: 21650: 21487: 21474: 21158: 21152:Christianity and politics 21145: 20879: 20868: 20792: 20710: 20611: 20602: 20535: 20526: 20449: 20376: 20367: 20296: 20287: 20189: 20104: 19960:Yeshiva University Museum 19940:Center for Jewish History 19930: 19795: 19667: 19541: 19435: 18966: 18585: 18527: 18509: 18465: 18460:Links to related articles 18341: 18290: 18233: 18222: 18184:American Zionist Movement 18024: 17931: 17920: 17821: 17517:Armborst-Weihs, Kerstin: 17443:10.1080/14623520601056240 16725:Syracuse University Press 16719:Hakohen, Devorah (2003). 16523:Stanford University Press 16515:Burton, Elise K. (2021). 16370:10.1080/13537120701445372 15606:– via Project MUSE. 15292:10.1080/00263209008700816 14839:. Hoover Press. pp. 14782:Quigley, John B. (1990). 14707:Columbia University Press 14702:World Orders, Old and New 14618:, Macmillan, 2008, p. 139 14435:January 19, 2018, at the 14041:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 13848:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 13828:South Asia Analysis Group 12824:10.1080/00263200701711754 12345:American Jewish Year Book 12306:Sharfman, Dafnah (1993). 11969:. Rosen Pub. p. 12. 11966:The Arab-Israeli Conflict 11772:. Springer. p. 107. 11727:Hiroaki Kuromiya (2013). 11518:10.1080/00263209808701236 11188:. NYU Press. p. 81. 11135:Tessler, Mark A. (1994). 11058:. Routledge. p. 13. 11019:. NYU Press. p. 10. 10947:. NYU Press. p. 10. 10927:January 11, 2024, at the 10881:From Fighters to Soldiers 10878:Goldstein, Jacob (1998). 10850:Israel Philatelic Service 10809:10.1080/00263208708700698 10584:10.1080/09668130701377714 10533:10.1017/S0018246X00021415 10077:Baer, Marc David (2011). 9965:birth place, Eretz Israel 9869:10.1080/14725880802124164 9500:Ehrlich, Michael (2022). 9308:Ben-Sasson, H.H. (1976). 9120:10.1017/S0364009404000030 9040:10.1179/lev.2001.33.1.105 8929:Brenner, Michael (2010). 8629:Derek J. Penslar (2023). 8003:10.1080/14755610903077554 7856:Derek J. Penslar (2023). 7642:10.1515/9780822381501-014 7241:10.1017/9781108754613.011 6859:For the Land and the Lord 6478:. NYU Press. p. 45. 6326:Gelvin, James L. (2014). 5942:"Biography, by Alex Bein" 5791:Abramson, Glenda (2004). 5618:Stanford University Press 4950:Jewish American linguist 4807:Madrid Conference of 1991 4545:Holy See–Israel relations 4360:Hindu support for Zionism 4354:American Jewish Committee 4198:Latter Day Saint movement 3503:The Virtue of Nationalism 2699:representative democratic 2508:1949 Armistice Agreements 2486:, the conflict led to an 1601:(ZO), renamed in 1960 as 1285:Aliyah § Middle_Ages 1099:Persian Achaemenid Empire 880:and the establishment of 871:adopted new, Hebrew names 726:Ingathering of the exiles 718:Jews as the chosen people 72:movement that emerged in 25077:Jewish Agency for Israel 24330:Hof Aza Regional Council 24120:Modern Jewish settlement 23589:Greenlandic independence 22041:Disestablishmentarianism 21304:Christian libertarianism 21212:Christian egalitarianism 21173:Christian anti-communism 18552:Ancient Israel and Judah 18089:Jewish Agency for Israel 17904:Hebraization of surnames 17894:Negation of the Diaspora 17764:at The Graduate Center, 17756:A Follow-Up Debate with 17561:Zionism: A Brief History 17334:Shimoni, Gideon (1995). 17282:10.1177/0032329221999906 17221:Settler Colonial Studies 16884:Laqueur, Walter (2003). 16566:10.1177/0263276416688544 16451:Rutgers University Press 16290:"Forum on Patrick Wolfe" 16191:"ZNet – Beyond Chutzpah" 15249:August 19, 2014, at the 15013:Rayner, John D. (1997). 14911:Kassim, Anis F. (2000). 13966:10.1525/jps.2008.37.2.23 13515: 12859:10.2979/ISR.1996.1.2.278 12652:second largest employer. 12553:"Israel - Labor Zionism" 12141:to David Ben-Gurion and 11486:Lamdan, Yitzhak (1927). 11052:Lilly Weissbrod (2014). 10128:Graf, Tobias P. (2017). 9851:Halamish, Aviva (2008). 9626:Rowman & Littlefield 9436:Jerusalem: The Biography 9374:Abraham Malamat (1976). 9230:, Brill, pp. 7–36, 8819:Harry Ostrer MD (2012). 8464:Claeys, Gregory (2013). 8164:Indiana University Press 8075:10.3389/fgene.2014.00462 7765:Goldberg, David (2009). 7134:New York Review of Books 6960:Arab attitudes to Israel 6775:Indiana University Press 6613:Rutgers University Press 5610:Robinson, Shira (2013). 5542:10.1057/9780230306288_12 5134: 5093:Jewish Agency for Israel 4745:of the exodus and not a 4482:, several states of the 4480:Palestinian nationalists 4421:Timeline of Anti-Zionism 4376:Indian National Congress 4330:Mohammad Amin al-Husayni 3883:Israeli settler violence 3846:Antimilitarism in Israel 3625:National Religious Party 3059:This article is part of 2586: 2502:and the outbreak of the 2144:Nazism and the Holocaust 2024:Jewish Autonomous Oblast 1302:This article or section 1089:, unearthed in Jerusalem 799:Hebraization of surnames 467:without a national state 37:Not to be confused with 32:Zionism (disambiguation) 22036:American civil religion 21945:Buddhist anti-communism 21258:Protestant Reich Church 20575:Tel Aviv Stock Exchange 18928:North African Sephardim 18901:Jewish tribes of Arabia 18094:Jewish National Council 18054:Zionist General Council 17682:Wigoder, Geoffrey, ed. 17672:(2010, Hebrew, English) 17661:excerpt and text search 17648:Encyclopædia Britannica 17634:excerpt and text search 17619:European History Online 17565:excerpt and text search 17525:European History Online 17493:excerpt and text search 17422:Wolfe, Patrick (2006). 17305:Oxford University Press 17297:Shapira, Anita (1992). 17068:American Jewish History 16891:excerpt and text search 16702:Oxford University Press 16486:Oxford University Press 15588:The Middle East Journal 14970:Jewish Settler Violence 14524:Kertzer, David (2001). 14498:. Tel Aviv. p. 1. 14276:March 18, 2022, at the 13694:. MEMRI. Archived from 13127:Shapira, Anita (2014). 12695:Dror Zeigerman (2013). 12354:August 3, 2019, at the 12101:Mythologies Without End 11538:Study (June 30, 1978): 10772:Encyclopædia Britannica 10736:"Herzl Was the New Jew" 9548:Edward Kessler (2010). 9069:Faust, Avraham (2012). 8972:Oxford University Press 8827:Oxford University Press 8386:Lewis, Bernard (1999). 8172:10.2979/ISR.2006.11.3.1 7985:Egorova, Yulia (2009). 7369:Oxford University Press 7212:Neusner, Jacob (1991). 7197:Pixner, Bargil (2010). 6903:Prior, Michael (1999), 6890:Thomas, Baylis (2011), 6666:Oxford University Press 6523:Oxford University Press 6362:Palestinian nationalism 5440:Oxford University Press 5432:Medding, P. Y. (1995). 5103:List of Zionist figures 5053:Palestinian nationalism 4791:Israel and South Africa 4467:seriously considered." 4020:and the capture of the 3937:Conservatism portal 3630:Religious Zionist Party 2480:1947–1949 Palestine war 2170:transfer of populations 2085:Inter-Allied Commission 1581:The Great Synagogue of 1387:(1290), France (1391), 1279:Pre-Zionist initiatives 1204:Jewish religious belief 291:(which were subject to 131:and in response to the 24873:Gender and nationalism 24319:Judea and Samaria Area 24270:Agriculture technology 23614:Māori protest movement 21887:Hindu environmentalism 21713:Revisionist Maximalism 21192:Christian anti-Zionism 21178:Christian anti-Masonry 20998:Religious anti-Zionism 20993:Religious anti-Masonry 20565:Science and technology 20469:Intelligence Community 20031:Holocaust Encyclopedia 20001:Jewish Virtual Library 18439:Conservatism in Israel 18154:Jewish Party (Romania) 17270:Politics & Society 16742:Hazony, Yoram (2000). 16657:Finkelstein, Norman G. 16617:Finkelstein, Norman G. 16233:Arab Studies Quarterly 15951:, Jews against Zionism 15568:William R. Slomanson. 15544:Jewish Virtual Library 15416:Flapan, Simha (1987): 15403:Morris, Benny (1985): 15379:Middle Eastern Studies 15364:Morris, Benny (1988): 15342:"No Peaceful Solution" 15280:Middle Eastern Studies 15094:The Edward Said Reader 14807:Chomsky, Noam (1999). 14576:London Review of Books 14190:"Jews Against Zionism" 13865:"From India with Love" 13665:iran-press-service.com 13612:June 26, 2020, at the 13209:. 2015. Archived from 13152:Lewis, Donald (2014). 12999:Asscher, Omri (2021). 12916:Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi 12812:Middle Eastern Studies 12759:March 4, 2016, at the 12386:"Zionist Philosophies" 12098:Jerome Slater (2020). 12040:Finkelstein, Norman G. 12021:Morris, Benny (2001). 11506:Middle Eastern Studies 11352:Arab Studies Quarterly 10797:Middle Eastern Studies 10625:. London: Saqi Books. 10521:The Historical Journal 9991:"The Abuhav Synagogue" 9003:Adams, Hannah (1840). 8966:Ostrer, Harry (2012). 8596:Fellman, Jack (2011). 7673:Hagit, Lavsky (2002). 7344:Hudson, David (2012). 7131:Israel:The Alternative 6759:Aaronson, Ran (1996). 6661:Prophets Without Honor 6421:Gelvin, James (2007). 5882:Biger, Gideon (2004). 5861:"The preoccupation of 5536:UK. pp. 169–185. 5524:Collins, John (2011). 5368:Middle Eastern Studies 4881: 4816:, which took place in 4783:Portuguese colonialism 4618: 4559:First Zionist Congress 4459: 4366:India–Israel relations 4285:al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya 4276: 4231:, both born in Egypt. 4187:Martin Luther King Jr. 4151:Hippolytus Lutostansky 4132:Robert Murray M'Chyene 4084: 4081:Martin Luther King Jr. 4050:Nationalist government 3265: 3176:Anti-Iranian sentiment 3114:Religious conservatism 3070:Conservatism in Israel 3024: 3011: 2977: 2900: 2783: 2547:exodus of 850,000 Jews 2537: 2535:Operation Magic Carpet 2516:displaced Palestinians 2490:of 711,000 to 957,000 2434: 2383:migrating to Palestine 2362: 2352: 2102: 2088: 2073: 2056: 2054:Paris Peace Conference 1877:Territories considered 1695:Pre-state institutions 1691: 1679: 1673: 1618: 1591:First Zionist Congress 1586: 1493: 1461:First Zionist Congress 1364: 1259:Next year in Jerusalem 1234:was first promised to 1200: 1090: 998:According to Zionism, 819: 745:Israeli-Irish scholar 580:and as an instance of 499: 462: 461:, established in 1948. 301:national consciousness 217:first Zionist congress 62: 55: 24903:National indifference 24240:Arab–Israeli alliance 24223:Arab–Israeli conflict 24081:History of the Levant 23644:Scottish independence 23609:Kashubian Association 23331:Indigenous Australian 22080:Creativity (religion) 21935:Buddhism and politics 21806:Hinduism and politics 21497:Human Rights in Islam 21414:Political Catholicism 21320:Christian peacemaking 21309:Christian nationalism 21251:Positive Christianity 21202:Christian corporatism 21047:Religious segregation 21018:Religious nationalism 20491:Israel Defense Forces 20250:Arab–Israeli conflict 19978:Encyclopaedia Judaica 19760:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 18945:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 18695:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 18189:Am Yisrael Foundation 17754:Is Zionism in Crisis? 17498:July 8, 2014, at the 17213:Sabbagh-Khoury, Areej 17191:Oneworld Publications 17141:Yale University Press 17080:10.1353/ajh.1998.0002 16775:(3). Wiley: 592–609. 15932:Jews against Zionism. 15912:on November 28, 2010. 15886:May 15, 2011, at the 15840:. September 3, 2001. 15808:. September 4, 2001. 15707:. February 23, 2007. 15546:. November 26, 1938. 15225:Le Monde diplomatique 15070:, Putnam, 1961, p. 87 14956:. Verso. p. 124. 14833:Yishai, Yael (1987). 14555:May 21, 2016, at the 14335:May 27, 2024, at the 14010:King-Crane Commission 13877:on September 19, 2012 13824:southasiaanalysis.org 13640:on December 11, 2010. 13454:Jewish News Syndicate 13377:Allam, Magdi (2007). 13337:on February 4, 2017. 13177:Murray, Iain (2014). 12483:Jewish Social Studies 12432:June 5, 2023, at the 12290:A Survey of Palestine 12250:Simha Flapan (1979). 12207:Gorni, Yosef (1987). 11963:Efraim Karsh (2009). 11850:May 20, 2014, at the 11568:. February 18, 1947. 11398:(September 1, 1987). 11319:Masha Gessen (2016). 10886:Sussex Academic Press 10363:Benny Morris (2001). 9914:Shohat, Ella (2003). 8659:M. Nicholson (2002). 8600:. Walter de Gruyter. 8061:Frontiers in Genetics 7887:Benny Morris (1999). 7796:Tesler, Mark (1994). 7634:Duke University Press 6958:Harkabi, Yehoshafat, 6704:Noam Chomsky (1999). 6515:Gamlen, Alan (2019). 6387:Cohen, Robin (1995). 6088:Gorni, Yosef (1987). 5660:Jewish Social Studies 4875: 4616: 4528:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4526:In 1945 US President 4464:King–Crane Commission 4446: 4393:long-oppressed Hindus 4267: 4168:, American President 4102:One of the principal 4079: 3590:Eretz Yisrael Shelanu 3104:Jewish fundamentalism 3019: 3000: 2972: 2942:of the right and the 2893:1948 Arab–Israeli War 2886: 2831:1936 Palestine revolt 2777: 2532: 2504:1948 Arab–Israeli War 2478:, spiralled into the 2432:1948 Arab-Israeli war 2429: 2357: 2347: 2097: 2078: 2068: 2051: 2044:Mandate for Palestine 1883:Jewish territorialism 1685: 1664: 1580: 1509:Moritz Steinschneider 1485: 1476:Pittsburgh Conference 1381:religious persecution 1354: 1306:synthesis of material 1195: 1087:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet 1072: 1048:Neo-Babylonian Empire 1010:originating from the 935:synthesis of material 806: 668:European antisemitism 456: 189:ingathering of exiles 68:is an ethno-cultural 49: 24848:Cultural nationalism 24740:National syndicalist 24236:Iran–Israel conflict 23850:Marathi Abhimaangeet 23649:Siberian regionalism 22070:Neopaganist feminism 21965:Buddhist nationalism 21787:World Agudath Israel 21657:Judaism and politics 21517:Islamic anti-Zionism 21512:Islamic anti-Masonry 21244:National Catholicism 21052:Religious separatism 20978:Organized secularism 20937:Engaged Spirituality 20862:Religion in politics 20780:World Heritage Sites 20437:System of government 20204:Second Temple period 18557:Second Temple period 18444:Liberalism in Israel 18419:Zionist antisemitism 18243:Chronology of Aliyah 18129:World Agudath Israel 18079:Jewish National Fund 17639:Simon, Leon (1922). 17336:The Zionist Ideology 16829:(November 4, 1923). 16328:. October 26, 2020. 16326:Developing Economics 15972:on November 15, 2012 15870:on October 29, 2012. 15737:on January 30, 2012. 15622:jewishvirtuallibrary 15199:on September 5, 2021 15193:www.logosjournal.com 15187:Shavit, Ari (2004). 14888:Geaves, Ron (2004). 14625:, UPNE, 2003, p. 167 14216:on November 20, 2009 14196:on November 21, 2008 12628:Guy Mundlak (2007). 12374:on December 6, 2008. 12347:Vol. 45 (1943–1944) 11182:Adam Rovner (2014). 10209:"LDS Church History" 8431:Israel Studies Forum 7991:Culture and Religion 7922:Yosef Gorni (1987). 7768:To the Promised Land 7199:Paths of the Messiah 6472:Adam Rovner (2014). 5570:Bloom, Etan (2011). 5474:Gans, Chaim (2008). 5377:Taylor & Francis 5157:cultural nationalism 5063:and aspirations for 4962:"Necessary Illusions 4688:Deir Yassin massacre 4605:Israel and apartheid 4576:Rafael Merry del Val 4345:Islamic anti-Zionism 4223:, and former Muslim 4208:, an Apostle of the 3910:Liberalism in Israel 3719:Kohelet Policy Forum 3668:United Torah Judaism 3094:Conservative Judaism 2940:romantic nationalism 2806:Jewish National Fund 2723:Anglo-Palestine Bank 2719:Jewish National Fund 2715:Jewish National Home 2403:British and American 2115:, which was held in 1750:Anglo-Palestine Bank 1719:Jewish National Fund 1701:Zionist Organization 1690:, Switzerland (1897) 1668:The Jewish Chronicle 1599:Zionist Organization 1585:was founded in 1885. 1538:Mishkenot Sha'ananim 1413:In the 17th century 1185:Second Temple period 1038:with its capital in 1004:ethnoreligious group 990:History of Palestine 867:European persecution 840:Second Temple period 699:Zionist Organization 676:Age of Enlightenment 440:religious traditions 270:, while groups like 30:For other uses, see 25067:Political movements 24923:Nationalism studies 24340:Status of Jerusalem 24299:Israeli settlements 24246:Society and economy 24180:Mandatory Palestine 24172:Balfour Declaration 23941:American Indigenous 23574:Free Papua Movement 22984:Balkar and Karachay 22779:Southeastern Europe 22310:Indigenous Canadian 22003:Humanistic Buddhism 21678:Jewish anti-Zionism 21492:Hui pan-nationalism 21387:Liberation theology 21343:Christian socialism 21207:Christian democracy 21197:Christian communism 21168:Christian anarchism 21057:Religious socialism 21003:Religious communism 20988:Religious anarchism 20963:Freedom of religion 19995:Jewish Encyclopedia 19740:Hekhalot literature 19551:Religious movements 19086:Judeo-Tripolitanian 18384:Jewish emancipation 18268:Timeline of Zionism 18253:Balfour Declaration 17884:Gathering of Israel 17675:Urofsky, Melvin I. 17159:Motyl, Alexander J. 16977:10.1525/luminos.129 16601:. pp. 73–102. 16453:. pp. 99–110. 16277:Sabbagh-Khoury 2022 16219:Sabbagh-Khoury 2022 16167:Bloomsbury Academic 15488:on February 3, 2015 15392:Middle East Journal 15144:, pp. 231–232. 14637:Perednik, Gustavo. 13800:on October 30, 2017 13794:yaleglobal.yale.edu 13551:. Tawfikhamid.com. 12139:Vladimir Jabotinsky 11880:. January 7, 2015. 11659:avalon.law.yale.edu 10572:Europe-Asia Studies 9079:10.2307/j.ctt5vjz28 8933:. Princeton, N.J.: 8699:Alan Dowty (1998). 8521:10.1093/mj/12.2.129 7800:. Bloomington, IN: 7589:The Palestine Nakba 7485:on August 20, 2018. 5863:rabbinic literature 5307:[tsijoˈnut] 5185:The Palestine Nakba 5083:Gathering of Israel 4944:criticism of Israel 4830:Haredim and Zionism 4798:UN General Assembly 4609:Soviet anti-Zionism 4336:to attack Zionism. 4275:Zionist' movements. 3917:Torat Eretz Yisrael 3169:Anti-Palestinianism 3099:Jewish conservatism 2965:Revisionist Zionism 2959:Revisionist Zionism 2859:Israeli Labor Party 2727:Biltmore Conference 2600: 2412:Morrison–Grady Plan 2379:Holocaust survivors 2181: 2174:White Paper of 1939 2106:President of Israel 2040:Balfour Declaration 1983:and other animals. 1959:Uganda Protectorate 1897:British East Africa 1895:(actually parts of 1760:Isaac Leib Goldberg 1363:in the 15th century 1154:destroyed Jerusalem 1150:Great Jewish Revolt 1095:conquest of Babylon 1052:destroyed Jerusalem 908:Timeline of Zionism 856:liturgical language 850:, central texts in 582:settler-colonialism 448:Revisionist Zionism 395:Selbst-Emancipation 329:settler colonialist 281:liberation movement 229:Balfour Declaration 225:Mandatory Palestine 157:British East Africa 25092:Ethnic nationalism 25087:Jewish nationalism 24053:Independent Israel 23986:ethnic nationalism 23689:Welsh independence 23569:Free Aceh Movement 22801:in North Macedonia 22643:South-eastern Asia 22138:Ethnic nationalism 22065:Khalistan movement 21993:Buddhist socialism 21960:Buddhist modernism 21917:Uniform civil code 21619:Political quietism 21481:Islam and politics 21459:Neo-ultramontanism 21433:Sphere sovereignty 21333:Christian republic 21314:Christian pacifism 21280:Christian humanism 21266:Christian feminism 21072:Secular liberalism 21023:Religious pacifism 21008:Religious humanism 20983:Political religion 20692:Standard of living 20136:Judaism portal 20072:Jews and Halloween 20067:Jews and Christmas 19457:Rabbinic authority 19209:Judaeo-Piedmontese 18642:Xueta Christianity 18547:Origins of Judaism 18514:Outline of Judaism 18248:History of Zionism 17746:by Jerry Klinger. 17628:Sachar, Howard M. 16943:. pp. 39–72. 16867:Metropolitan Books 16117:Native vs. Settler 15923:"What is Zionism?" 15265:Palestine betrayed 15099:Prior, Michael P. 14894:Ashgate Publishing 14692:, pp. 418–419 14292:Diplomatic History 13778:on April 30, 2009. 13619:The Jerusalem Post 13330:The New York Times 12942:The New York Times 12149:and the socialist 11808:22.1 (2003): 4–20. 11766:P. Mendes (2014). 11307:Syracuse, New York 10705:10.1093/mj/7.2.175 10233:C.D. Smith, 2001, 9832:, pp. 10, 11. 9793:Walter C. Kaiser, 9616:Troen, Selwyn Ilan 8901:www.britannica.com 8867:www.britannica.com 8144:, p. 100-102. 7822:The New York Times 7495:Wylen, Stephen M. 7415:Berkowitz, Michael 7185:This is Jerusalem, 6290:Pale of Settlement 6179:"What is Zionism?" 5892:. pp. 58–63. 5534:Palgrave Macmillan 5198:are permissible.'" 5149:ethnic nationalism 5065:self-determination 5016:Ibrahim Abu-Lughod 5014:, George Jabbour, 4932:Norman Finkelstein 4882: 4770:Partition of India 4720:The exodus of the 4657:, John P. Quigly, 4619: 4557:Shortly after the 4460: 4389:Partition of India 4381:Hindu nationalists 4289:Abdul Hadi Palazzi 4277: 4162:David Lloyd George 4110:. His doctrine of 4085: 4040:Non-Jewish support 4005:Atchalta De'Geulah 3905:Politics of Israel 3900:One-state solution 3827:The Jerusalem Post 3238:Jewish supremacism 2978: 2901: 2784: 2597: 2538: 2459:, around Jerusalem 2435: 2375:stateless refugees 2363: 2179: 2089: 2057: 2002:Menachem Ussishkin 1955:Joseph Chamberlain 1692: 1680: 1649:and liberals of th 1647:Bundist socialists 1587: 1572:Russian Revolution 1494: 1459:, even before the 1457:pre-Zionist Aliyah 1365: 1316:to the main topic. 1310:verifiably mention 1304:possibly contains 1201: 1143:province of Judaea 1107:rebuild the Temple 1091: 945:to the main topic. 939:verifiably mention 933:possibly contains 902:History of Zionism 886:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda 820: 808:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda 777:Abraham Isaac Kook 680:Age of Romanticism 621:on the passing of 619:Madrid peace talks 485:in France and the 463: 436:self-determination 215:, and in 1897 the 209:self-determination 63: 24969: 24968: 24963: 24962: 24908:National question 24868:Gastronationalism 24853:Diaspora politics 24843:Banal nationalism 24812:Nationalist Clubs 24355: 24354: 24350: 24349: 24346: 24345: 24308:International law 24276: 24275: 24262:Development towns 24242: 24209:UN Partition Plan 24145: 24144: 24133:Culture of Israel 24125:History of Israel 24098:The Jewish people 23997: 23996: 23740:Catalan Countries 23344: 23343: 23309: 23308: 23264: 23263: 23128: 23127: 23033: 23032: 22767: 22766: 22385: 22384: 22281: 22280: 22104: 22103: 22100: 22099: 22054: 22016: 22015: 21987: 21980: 21973: 21950:Buddhist feminism 21925: 21924: 21897:Indigenous Aryans 21892:Integral humanism 21871: 21864: 21857: 21850: 21842:Hindu nationalism 21795: 21794: 21764: 21751:Jewish secularism 21715: 21708: 21692:Jewish Autonomism 21686: 21646: 21645: 21638:Two-nation theory 21632: 21598: 21575:Islamic socialism 21559: 21552: 21545: 21522:Islamic democracy 21507:Islamic anarchism 21470: 21469: 21461: 21427: 21392:Maronite politics 21372:Dominion Theology 21362:Christian Zionism 21351: 21322: 21298: 21274: 21260: 21253: 21246: 21239: 21231:Christian fascism 21225: 21186: 21141: 21140: 21107: 21100: 21031: 20973:Identity politics 20957: 20955:Womanist theology 20950: 20942:Feminist theology 20916: 20892: 20828: 20827: 20788: 20787: 20598: 20597: 20518:West Bank barrier 20445: 20444: 20398:Foreign relations 20363: 20362: 20145: 20144: 20111:extinct languages 20012:YIVO Encyclopedia 19787:Hebrew literature 19755:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 19595:Reconstructionist 19273:Judaeo-Portuguese 18962: 18961: 18918:Eastern Sephardim 18562:Synagogal Judaism 18452: 18451: 18379:Jewish Autonomism 18286: 18285: 18238:History of Israel 18214:Birthright Israel 17713:Works related to 17701:Works related to 17584:978-0-231-14611-1 17509:Secondary sources 17414:978-0-8101-0345-0 17391:978-0-393-32112-8 17363:978-1-78960-165-7 17314:978-0-19-506104-8 17209:Rouhana, Nadim N. 17200:978-1-78074-056-0 17172:978-0-12-227230-1 17150:978-0-300-14524-3 17115:978-0-521-00967-6 17051:978-0-262-36669-4 17014:978-1-84277-761-9 16986:978-0-520-38936-6 16950:978-1-107-04483-8 16933:Rouhana, Nadim N. 16916:978-1-84779-768-1 16876:978-1-62779-854-9 16827:Jabotinsky, Ze'ev 16818:978-1-56025-483-6 16757:978-0-465-02902-0 16734:978-0-8156-2969-6 16711:978-0-19-536198-8 16676:978-1-78478-458-4 16636:978-1-85984-442-7 16608:978-1-107-04483-8 16591:Rouhana, Nadim N. 16532:978-1-5036-1457-4 16495:978-0-19-532542-3 16460:978-0-813-57386-1 16428:978-0-226-20142-9 16409:Abu El-Haj, Nadia 16393:, pp. 97–98. 16176:978-1-4411-0594-3 16131:978-0-313-31357-8 16088:978-1-4128-1736-3 15787:978-0-465-04195-4 15763:on March 24, 2009 15624:. July 21, 1946. 15598:on March 13, 2018 15464:978-0-522-85728-3 15326:978-1-136-88432-0 15028:978-1-57181-971-0 15005:978-0-691-12491-9 14998:. pp. 6–11. 14968:Weisburd, David, 14933:Raphael Israeli, 14926:978-90-411-1304-7 14903:978-0-7546-5005-8 14880:978-1-58826-225-7 14859:Rubenberg, Cheryl 14850:978-0-8179-8521-9 14818:978-0-89608-601-2 14799:978-0-8223-1023-5 14754:978-0-7453-1615-4 14720:978-0-231-10157-8 14682:978-0-8156-3109-5 14621:Shimoni, Gideon, 14535:978-0-330-39049-1 14462:978-0-252-06378-7 14240:on March 25, 2009 14156:on April 11, 2010 13929:on April 21, 2016 13698:on August 6, 2009 13605:Behrisch, Sven. " 13595:. April 26, 2024. 13437:on July 26, 2010. 13410:on March 24, 2008 13388:978-88-04-56777-6 13273:978-0-8308-5368-7 13188:978-1-84871-478-6 13163:978-1-107-63196-0 13138:978-0-297-87158-3 13018:10.7202/1075837ar 12834:– via JSTOR 12779:Strenger, Carlo. 12724:"Liberal Zionism" 12722:Strenger, Carlo. 12711:on April 2, 2015. 12647:978-0-8014-4600-9 12616:Israel: A History 12557:countrystudies.us 12527:978-0-691-00967-4 12415:To Rule Jerusalem 12319:978-0-7656-1941-9 12263:978-0-06-492104-6 12224:978-0-19-822721-2 12143:Menahem Ussishkin 12111:978-0-19-045908-6 12055:978-1-935928-77-5 11976:978-1-4042-1842-0 11779:978-1-137-00830-5 11740:978-1-317-86780-7 11434:stateofisrael.com 11415:978-0-582-49380-3 11332:978-0-8052-4341-3 11277:978-0-19-507453-6 11238:978-1-4422-5467-1 11195:978-1-4798-1748-1 11154:978-0-253-20873-6 11109:978-0-7425-4366-9 11065:978-1-135-29386-4 11026:978-0-8147-4017-0 10954:978-0-8147-4017-0 10918:Hemmingby, Cato. 10781:978-1-59339-491-2 10632:978-0-86356-386-7 10461:978-1-61530-537-7 10344:on March 11, 2015 10245:, pp. 1–12, 33–38 10243:978-0-312-20828-8 10141:978-0-19-250903-1 10090:978-0-199-79783-7 9771:. Bible Gateway. 9677:978-0-226-31957-5 9635:978-0-7425-5842-7 9561:978-0-521-70562-2 9511:978-1-64189-222-3 9489:978-0-89236-800-6 9468:978-0-674-39731-6 9458:H.H. Ben-Sasson, 9445:978-0-307-28050-3 9412:978-90-04-34986-5 9387:978-0-674-39731-6 9348:978-0-520-29360-1 9319:978-0-674-39731-6 9282:978-0-8010-9861-1 9237:978-90-04-49771-9 9088:978-1-58983-641-9 8981:978-1-280-87519-9 8944:978-0-691-14351-4 8836:978-0-19-997638-6 8792:978-1-4381-2676-0 8752:978-0-19-513941-9 8712:978-0-520-92706-3 8672:978-0-8147-5822-9 8642:978-0-8135-7611-4 8607:978-3-11-087910-0 8561:978-0-415-29813-1 8481:978-1-4522-3415-1 8403:978-0-393-24556-1 8374:978-0-8147-7449-6 8210:Haddad, Hassan S. 7935:978-0-19-822721-2 7904:978-0-679-74475-7 7890:Righteous Victims 7869:978-0-8135-7609-1 7782:978-0-571-25423-1 7773:Faber & Faber 7688:978-0-8143-3009-8 7651:978-0-8223-8150-1 7602:978-1-84813-973-2 7537:978-0-486-11961-8 7250:978-1-108-48497-8 7093:978-1-59874-013-4 7060:978-0-521-88222-4 7023:978-0-522-85357-5 6951:Dinstein, Yoram, 6819:Shafir, Gershon, 6717:978-0-7453-1530-0 6675:978-0-19-006047-3 6622:978-0-8135-7609-1 6532:978-0-19-883349-9 6485:978-1-4798-1748-1 6434:978-0-521-88835-6 6410:978-0-521-44405-7 6343:978-1-107-47077-4 6286:French Revolution 6267:978-0-520-95840-1 6227:978-1-4629-0396-2 6212:Shillony, Ben-Ami 6105:978-0-19-822721-2 5965:978-0-486-25849-2 5899:978-1-135-76652-8 5844:978-90-04-33482-3 5808:978-1-134-42865-6 5723:978-1-119-18229-0 5627:978-0-804-78802-1 5585:978-90-04-20379-2 5551:978-0-230-30628-8 5495:978-0-19-986717-2 5453:978-0-19-510331-1 5295: 5161:civic nationalist 5098:Jewish Autonomism 5088:Golus nationalism 4722:Arab Palestinians 4709:circumspectly." 4672:Saleh Abdel Jawad 4651:Baruch Kimmerling 4567:Civiltà Cattolica 4370:Hindu nationalism 4112:dispensationalism 4108:John Nelson Darby 4066:Christian Zionism 4026:Judea and Samaria 3985: 3984: 3949:Israel portal 3159:Ancestral worship 3052:Religious Zionism 3046:Religious Zionism 2953:liberal democracy 2814:Utopian socialism 2697:is structured on 2691: 2690: 2492:Palestinian Arabs 2476:communal violence 2422:Post-World War II 2338: 2337: 2093:League of Nations 1925:Maurice de Hirsch 1766:Maurice de Hirsch 1543:Laurence Oliphant 1517:Buffalo, New York 1471:Frankfurt am Main 1440:Ottoman Palestine 1349: 1348: 1341: 1162:Syria Palaestina. 1158:Bar Kokhba Revolt 1131:Hasmonean Kingdom 1060:exiled to Babylon 1044:Nebuchadnezzar II 986:History of Israel 978: 977: 970: 659:ethno-nationalist 574:diaspora politics 511:Ottoman Palestine 408:Auto-Emancipation 399:Self-Emancipation 389:, founder of the 359: 327:ideology or as a 297:national identity 289:indigenous people 248:religious Zionism 201:historic homeland 185:today's Palestine 106:Palestinian Arabs 16:(Redirected from 25099: 25082:1890s neologisms 25072:State ideologies 25057:Jewish movements 25034: 25033: 25022: 25021: 25020: 25010: 25009: 25008: 24998: 24997: 24996: 24986: 24985: 24984: 24977: 24946: 24933:Plurinationalism 24913:National revival 24883:Internationalism 24838:Anti-nationalism 24821:Related concepts 24382: 24375: 24368: 24359: 24358: 24288: 24280: 24279: 24230: 24195: 24187: 24186: 24176:Mandate document 24065: 24064: 24044: 24043: 24024: 24017: 24010: 24001: 24000: 23990: 23875:Republika Srpska 23684:Walloon Movement 23564:Flemish Movement 23137: 23136: 23042: 23041: 22946: 22945: 22776: 22775: 22394: 22393: 22290: 22289: 22158: 22157: 22151: 22150: 22131: 22124: 22117: 22108: 22107: 22087:Personality cult 22050: 22022: 22021: 22008:Secular Buddhism 21998:Engaged Buddhism 21983: 21976: 21969: 21931: 21930: 21882:Hindu revivalism 21877:Hindu revolution 21867: 21860: 21853: 21846: 21801: 21800: 21760: 21756:Jewish socialism 21711: 21704: 21697:Jewish democracy 21682: 21673:Jewish anarchism 21652: 21651: 21628: 21594: 21570:Islamic republic 21565:Islamic pacifism 21555: 21548: 21541: 21532:Islamic feminism 21476: 21475: 21457: 21423: 21347: 21318: 21296:Evangelical left 21294: 21270: 21256: 21249: 21242: 21235: 21221: 21182: 21163:Blaine Amendment 21147: 21146: 21103: 21098:Secular religion 21096: 21067:Secular humanism 21037:Religious police 21027: 20953: 20946: 20914:Clerical fascism 20912: 20888: 20884:Anti-clericalism 20874:General concepts 20870: 20869: 20855: 20848: 20841: 20832: 20831: 20808: 20801: 20760:National symbols 20609: 20608: 20555:Diamond industry 20533: 20532: 20374: 20373: 20294: 20293: 20172: 20165: 20158: 20149: 20148: 20134: 20133: 20132: 20119: 20118: 19251:Judeo-Golpaygani 18852:Palestinian Jews 18827:Alexandrian Jews 18783:Crimean Karaites 18700:Unterlander Jews 18653: 18652: 18567:Rabbinic Judaism 18492: 18485: 18478: 18469: 18468: 18456: 18455: 18429:Zio (pejorative) 18399:Muscular Judaism 18369:New antisemitism 18349:List of Zionists 18303:Independence Day 18231: 18230: 18114:Hashomer Hatzair 17926: 17808: 17801: 17794: 17785: 17784: 17712: 17700: 17652: 17644: 17552:Beller, Steven. 17535:A. B. Masilamani 17487:Herzl, Theodor. 17483:full text online 17477:Herzl, Theodor. 17455: 17445: 17418: 17403:. Evanston, IL: 17395: 17367: 17339: 17330: 17328: 17326: 17293: 17264: 17262: 17260: 17204: 17176: 17154: 17133:(October 2008). 17126: 17124: 17122: 17104:(2nd ed.). 17091: 17062: 17060: 17058: 17030: 17028: 17026: 16990: 16954: 16920: 16889: 16880: 16852: 16850: 16848: 16842: 16835: 16822: 16811:. Nation Books. 16800: 16761: 16738: 16715: 16692: 16690: 16688: 16652: 16650: 16648: 16612: 16578: 16568: 16543: 16541: 16539: 16511: 16509: 16507: 16471: 16469: 16467: 16439: 16437: 16435: 16394: 16388: 16382: 16381: 16348: 16342: 16341: 16339: 16337: 16318: 16312: 16311: 16309: 16307: 16286: 16280: 16274: 16268: 16267: 16228: 16222: 16221:, first section. 16216: 16207: 16206: 16204: 16202: 16197:on June 25, 2009 16193:. 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Archived from 14758: 14738: 14724: 14686: 14666: 14660: 14654: 14652: 14650: 14645:on July 28, 2017 14634: 14628: 14607:Korey, William, 14603: 14597: 14596: 14594: 14592: 14571:"It can be done" 14566: 14560: 14559:. The Holy land. 14546: 14540: 14539: 14521: 14515: 14514: 14512: 14510: 14504: 14497: 14488: 14479: 14478: 14476: 14474: 14446: 14440: 14427: 14421: 14420: 14418: 14416: 14397: 14391: 14390: 14354: 14348: 14345: 14339: 14324:Asa Winstanley, 14322: 14316: 14315: 14287: 14281: 14267: 14261: 14258: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14245: 14236:. Archived from 14225: 14223: 14221: 14212:. Archived from 14205: 14203: 14201: 14192:. Archived from 14185: 14183: 14181: 14176:on July 13, 2012 14172:. Archived from 14165: 14163: 14161: 14152:. Archived from 14145: 14139: 14138: 14132: 14130: 14098: 14092: 14091: 14085: 14083: 14064: 14058: 14057: 14055: 14053: 14032: 14023: 14003: 13997: 13988: 13982: 13981: 13979: 13977: 13945: 13939: 13938: 13936: 13934: 13919: 13913: 13912: 13910: 13908: 13903:on June 17, 2010 13893: 13887: 13886: 13884: 13882: 13873:. Archived from 13860: 13854: 13853: 13847: 13839: 13837: 13835: 13816: 13810: 13809: 13807: 13805: 13796:. Archived from 13786: 13780: 13779: 13774:. Archived from 13768: 13762: 13756: 13750: 13744: 13738: 13737: 13735: 13733: 13724:. May 10, 2016. 13714: 13708: 13707: 13705: 13703: 13687: 13681: 13680: 13678: 13676: 13657: 13651: 13648: 13642: 13641: 13636:. Archived from 13629: 13623: 13607:The Zionist Imam 13603: 13597: 13596: 13585: 13579: 13578: 13571: 13565: 13564: 13562: 13560: 13545: 13539: 13538: 13536: 13534: 13510: 13501: 13500: 13498: 13496: 13476: 13470: 13469: 13467: 13465: 13445: 13439: 13438: 13433:. Archived from 13426: 13420: 13419: 13417: 13415: 13404:"Mission/Vision" 13399: 13393: 13392: 13374: 13368: 13367: 13365: 13363: 13348: 13342: 13341: 13333:. Archived from 13320: 13314: 13311: 13305: 13302: 13296: 13293: 13287: 13284: 13278: 13277: 13259: 13253: 13252: 13250: 13248: 13243:on June 29, 2016 13229: 13223: 13222: 13220: 13218: 13213:on June 29, 2016 13199: 13193: 13192: 13179:the Puritan Hope 13174: 13168: 13167: 13149: 13143: 13142: 13129:Israel a history 13124: 13118: 13115: 13106: 13105: 13097: 13091: 13090: 13062: 13056: 13049: 13043: 13042: 13020: 12996: 12990: 12989: 12987: 12985: 12965: 12959: 12958: 12956: 12954: 12929: 12923: 12913: 12907: 12897: 12891: 12885: 12879: 12878: 12842: 12836: 12835: 12807: 12801: 12800: 12798: 12796: 12776: 12770: 12752:Carlo Strenger, 12750: 12744: 12743: 12741: 12739: 12719: 12713: 12712: 12710: 12703: 12692: 12686: 12685: 12683: 12681: 12661: 12655: 12654: 12635: 12625: 12619: 12612: 12606: 12605: 12603: 12601: 12579: 12573: 12572: 12570: 12568: 12549: 12540: 12539: 12513: 12507: 12506: 12489:(3/4): 189–206. 12478: 12472: 12471: 12443: 12437: 12424: 12418: 12412: 12406: 12405: 12403: 12401: 12382: 12376: 12375: 12370:. Archived from 12364: 12358: 12342: 12336: 12335: 12333: 12331: 12303: 12297: 12286: 12280: 12279: 12277: 12275: 12247: 12241: 12240: 12238: 12236: 12204: 12198: 12192: 12186: 12183:Finkelstein 2016 12180: 12171: 12168: 12162: 12134: 12128: 12127: 12125: 12123: 12095: 12089: 12083: 12072: 12071: 12069: 12067: 12045:Knowing Too Much 12036: 12027: 12026: 12018: 12005: 11999: 11993: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11960: 11954: 11948: 11942: 11936: 11930: 11924: 11918: 11912: 11906: 11900: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11889: 11870: 11864: 11861: 11855: 11842: 11836: 11835: 11834:on June 4, 2012. 11830:. Archived from 11824: 11818: 11815: 11809: 11802: 11796: 11795: 11793: 11791: 11763: 11757: 11756: 11754: 11752: 11724: 11718: 11717: 11681: 11675: 11674: 11672: 11670: 11651: 11645: 11644: 11632: 11626: 11612: 11606: 11603: 11597: 11596: 11579: 11577: 11556: 11550: 11536: 11530: 11529: 11501: 11492: 11491: 11483: 11477: 11476: 11474: 11472: 11456: 11450: 11449: 11447: 11445: 11426: 11420: 11419: 11392: 11386: 11385: 11367: 11343: 11337: 11336: 11316: 11310: 11300: 11294: 11293: 11291: 11289: 11261: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11250: 11222: 11216: 11215: 11209: 11207: 11179: 11170: 11169: 11163: 11161: 11142: 11132: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11121: 11093: 11082: 11081: 11079: 11077: 11049: 11043: 11042: 11040: 11038: 11010: 11004: 10998: 10992: 10989: 10983: 10977: 10971: 10970: 10968: 10966: 10938: 10932: 10916: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10902: 10875: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10858: 10843: 10835: 10829: 10828: 10792: 10786: 10785: 10764: 10758: 10757: 10755: 10753: 10731: 10725: 10724: 10688: 10679: 10678: 10650: 10637: 10636: 10618: 10612: 10611: 10567: 10561: 10560: 10527:(4): 1029–1038. 10515: 10509: 10508: 10472: 10466: 10465: 10447: 10441: 10440: 10438: 10436: 10413: 10404: 10398: 10392: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10360: 10354: 10353: 10351: 10349: 10340:. Archived from 10330: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10319: 10314:on March 3, 2016 10313: 10307:. Archived from 10302: 10291: 10285: 10282: 10276: 10275: 10273: 10271: 10252: 10246: 10231: 10225: 10224: 10222: 10220: 10215:on April 6, 2003 10205: 10199: 10198: 10196: 10194: 10175: 10169: 10168: 10163: 10161: 10125: 10119: 10118: 10112: 10110: 10074: 10065: 10064: 10062: 10060: 10055:on April 7, 2022 10041: 10035: 10029: 10023: 10017: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10006: 9987: 9981: 9974: 9968: 9967: 9961: 9959: 9911: 9905: 9904: 9898: 9896: 9848: 9842: 9839: 9833: 9827: 9821: 9815: 9809: 9791: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9765: 9759: 9758: 9726: 9720: 9719: 9717: 9715: 9700: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9689: 9661: 9655: 9654: 9649: 9647: 9614:Lassner, Jacob; 9611: 9605: 9604: 9594: 9592: 9572: 9566: 9565: 9545: 9539: 9530: 9524: 9523: 9497: 9491: 9477: 9471: 9456: 9450: 9449: 9431: 9425: 9424: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9371: 9365: 9364: 9334: 9328: 9327: 9305: 9299: 9298: 9268: 9262: 9259: 9253: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9219: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9158: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9099: 9093: 9092: 9066: 9060: 9059: 9023: 9017: 9016: 9000: 8994: 8993: 8963: 8957: 8956: 8926: 8920: 8919: 8914: 8912: 8893: 8887: 8886: 8880: 8878: 8859: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8829:. pp. 26–. 8816: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8776: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8736: 8730: 8728: 8726: 8724: 8696: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8656: 8650: 8649: 8626: 8620: 8619: 8593: 8587: 8580: 8574: 8573: 8547: 8541: 8540: 8504: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8461: 8455: 8454: 8426: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8383: 8377: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8327: 8277: 8271: 8265: 8256: 8255: 8206: 8200: 8199: 8151: 8145: 8139: 8130: 8124: 8118: 8112: 8106: 8105: 8095: 8077: 8048: 8039: 8038: 8032: 8030: 7982: 7976: 7970: 7964: 7961:Finkelstein 2003 7958: 7952: 7946: 7940: 7939: 7919: 7913: 7912: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7853: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7842: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7762: 7756: 7750: 7744: 7738: 7732: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7705: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7625: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7577: 7558: 7557: 7551: 7549: 7527:The Jewish State 7518: 7512: 7506: 7500: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7478:. Archived from 7468:Semantic Scholar 7465: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7423: 7422: 7407: 7401: 7398: 7389: 7383: 7377: 7376: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7313: 7307: 7306: 7300: 7298: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7194: 7188: 7182: 7176: 7173:Finkelstein 2003 7170: 7161: 7143: 7137: 7119: 7113: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7039: 7037: 7035: 6998: 6992: 6971: 6965: 6920: 6911: 6908: 6899: 6843:Prior, Michael, 6815: 6804: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6756: 6750: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6707:Fateful Triangle 6701: 6695: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6566:(2/3): 285–306. 6555: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6499: 6497: 6469: 6460: 6456:, pp. 10–11 6450: 6448: 6446: 6417: 6394: 6381: 6375: 6371: 6357: 6355: 6322: 6281: 6279: 6246: 6241: 6239: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6185:. May 14, 2018. 6175: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6085: 6076: 6065: 5994: 5985: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5952:The Jewish state 5927: 5876: 5870: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5828: 5822: 5812: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5774:. Archived from 5772:Oxford Reference 5761: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5735: 5726: 5702:Ze'ev Jabotinsky 5698: 5692: 5691: 5654: 5645: 5641: 5606: 5566: 5560: 5558: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5388: 5358: 5336: 5329: 5323: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5290: 5288: 5277: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5234: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5205: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5181: 5175: 5170: 5164: 5151:or as a form of 5145: 5123:Zio (pejorative) 5108:Muscular Judaism 4972:new antisemitism 4910:New Antisemitism 4852:Edah HaChareidis 4836:secular movement 4730:ethnic cleansing 4663:Cheryl Rubenberg 4639:Gustavo Perednik 4490:, some secular, 4447:The Palestinian 4431:New Antisemitism 4233:Brigitte Gabriel 4147:Russian Orthodox 3977: 3970: 3963: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3851:Non-conscription 3756:Manhigut Yehudit 3573:Yisrael Beiteinu 3508: 3498: 3270: 3081: 3071: 3056: 3055: 3009: 2982:Ze'ev Jabotinsky 2974:Ze'ev Jabotinsky 2879:General Zionists 2835:Irgun Zvai Leumi 2823:Orthodox Judaism 2758:Israeli politics 2734:Zionist Congress 2709:Until 1917, the 2601: 2596: 2593:Types of Zionism 2573:ethnic cleansing 2551:One Million Plan 2512:a series of laws 2457:Corpus separatum 2371:One Million Plan 2359:David Ben-Gurion 2182: 2178: 1772:Moses Montefiore 1713:Palestine Office 1707:Zionist Congress 1703:(ZO), est. 1897 1678: 1623: 1524:Moses Montefiore 1383:, including the 1357:Abuhav synagogue 1344: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1324: 1297: 1296: 1289: 1123:Maccabean Revolt 1119:Hellenistic rule 1032:Kingdom of Judah 1020:Israel and Judah 973: 966: 962: 959: 953: 926: 925: 918: 828:Semitic language 703:Ze'ev Jabotinsky 641:1936 Arab Revolt 623:Resolution 46/86 598:Autoemancipation 586:Ze'ev Jabotinsky 549:David Ben-Gurion 507:The Jewish State 504: 491:Austro-Hungarian 421:Types of Zionism 364: 354: 352: 268:cultural Zionism 155:" (then part of 60: 21: 25107: 25106: 25102: 25101: 25100: 25098: 25097: 25096: 25042: 25041: 25040: 25028: 25018: 25016: 25006: 25004: 24994: 24992: 24982: 24980: 24972: 24970: 24965: 24964: 24959: 24940: 24898:Nation-building 24816: 24795: 24467: 24391: 24386: 24356: 24351: 24342: 24338: 24328: 24317: 24302: 24289: 24272: 24248: 24243: 24220: 24216: 24206: 24196: 24183: 24153: 24141: 24101: 24095: 24073: 24037: 24028: 23998: 23993: 23975: 23967: 23919: 23855:Northern Epirus 23825:Ketuanan Melayu 23693: 23579:Future of Åland 23517: 23453:Native American 23350:Pan-nationalism 23340: 23305: 23269:Northern Europe 23260: 23194: 23153: 23133:Southern Europe 23124: 23083: 23029: 23008: 22972: 22937: 22864: 22763: 22732: 22684: 22638: 22553: 22480: 22381: 22350: 22329: 22320:Native American 22277: 22266:Southern Africa 22261: 22240: 22204: 22146: 22140: 22135: 22105: 22096: 22027: 22012: 21936: 21921: 21837:Hindu modernism 21808: 21791: 21736:Jewish pacifism 21721:Jewish feminism 21701:Jewish fascism 21659: 21642: 21585:Islamic Zionism 21527:Islamic fascism 21483: 21466: 21357:Christian state 21338:Christian right 21272:Mormon feminism 21154: 21137: 20922:Confessionalism 20875: 20864: 20859: 20829: 20824: 20811: 20804: 20797: 20784: 20765:Public holidays 20706: 20594: 20522: 20441: 20359: 20283: 20238:British mandate 20185: 20176: 20146: 20141: 20130: 20128: 20100: 19926: 19791: 19663: 19537: 19431: 19246:Judeo-Borujerdi 19221:Judeo-Malayalam 19167:Judeo-Aragonese 19138:Lishanid Noshan 18970: 18958: 18690:Oberlander Jews 18651: 18581: 18523: 18505: 18496: 18461: 18453: 18448: 18337: 18282: 18227: 18225: 18218: 18209:Nefesh B'Nefesh 18124:HaNoar HaTzioni 18020: 17927: 17918: 17817: 17812: 17762:Alan Dershowitz 17748:Jewish Magazine 17738:Wayback Machine 17693: 17642:"Zionism" 17611:Kloke, Martin: 17500:Wayback Machine 17469:Primary sources 17463: 17461:Further reading 17458: 17415: 17392: 17364: 17324: 17322: 17315: 17258: 17256: 17201: 17173: 17151: 17120: 17118: 17116: 17056: 17054: 17052: 17024: 17022: 17015: 16987: 16951: 16925:Lustick, Ian S. 16917: 16888:. Random House. 16877: 16857:Khalidi, Rashid 16846: 16844: 16840: 16833: 16831:"The Iron Wall" 16819: 16758: 16735: 16712: 16686: 16684: 16677: 16646: 16644: 16637: 16609: 16537: 16535: 16533: 16505: 16503: 16496: 16476:Ben-Ami, Shlomo 16465: 16463: 16461: 16433: 16431: 16429: 16403: 16398: 16397: 16389: 16385: 16349: 16345: 16335: 16333: 16320: 16319: 16315: 16305: 16303: 16288: 16287: 16283: 16275: 16271: 16229: 16225: 16217: 16210: 16200: 16198: 16189: 16188: 16184: 16177: 16159: 16155: 16141: 16139: 16132: 16122:Greenwood Press 16112: 16108: 16098: 16096: 16089: 16073: 16069: 16059: 16057: 16053: 16046: 16042: 16041: 16037: 16027: 16025: 16008: 16004: 15989: 15985: 15975: 15973: 15960: 15959: 15955: 15949:Wayback Machine 15940: 15936: 15930:Wayback Machine 15921: 15917: 15900: 15899: 15895: 15888:Wayback Machine 15879: 15875: 15862: 15861: 15857: 15847: 15845: 15830: 15829: 15825: 15815: 15813: 15798: 15797: 15793: 15780: 15776: 15766: 15764: 15747: 15746: 15742: 15729: 15728: 15724: 15714: 15712: 15697: 15696: 15692: 15682: 15680: 15663: 15659: 15654: 15650: 15645: 15641: 15631: 15629: 15616: 15615: 15611: 15601: 15599: 15580: 15576: 15567: 15563: 15553: 15551: 15538: 15537: 15533: 15523: 15521: 15506: 15505: 15501: 15491: 15489: 15474: 15470: 15453: 15449: 15441: 15437: 15428: 15424: 15415: 15411: 15402: 15398: 15389: 15385: 15376: 15372: 15363: 15359: 15354:on May 7, 2006. 15351: 15344: 15338: 15334: 15327: 15311: 15307: 15275: 15271: 15262: 15258: 15253: 15251:Wayback Machine 15242: 15235: 15233: 15216: 15212: 15202: 15200: 15185: 15181: 15171: 15169: 15152: 15148: 15140: 15136: 15123: 15119: 15086: 15082: 15029: 15006: 14965: 14961: 14947: 14943: 14927: 14904: 14881: 14851: 14819: 14800: 14772: 14770: 14761: 14755: 14721: 14683: 14667: 14663: 14648: 14646: 14635: 14631: 14604: 14600: 14590: 14588: 14567: 14563: 14557:Wayback Machine 14547: 14543: 14536: 14522: 14518: 14508: 14506: 14502: 14495: 14489: 14482: 14472: 14470: 14463: 14447: 14443: 14437:Wayback Machine 14428: 14424: 14414: 14412: 14399: 14398: 14394: 14355: 14351: 14346: 14342: 14337:Wayback Machine 14323: 14319: 14288: 14284: 14278:Wayback Machine 14268: 14264: 14259: 14255: 14243: 14241: 14228: 14219: 14217: 14208: 14199: 14197: 14188: 14179: 14177: 14168: 14159: 14157: 14148: 14146: 14142: 14128: 14126: 14099: 14095: 14081: 14079: 14066: 14065: 14061: 14051: 14049: 14034: 14033: 14026: 14021:Wayback Machine 14004: 14000: 13989: 13985: 13975: 13973: 13946: 13942: 13932: 13930: 13923:"Ghadar . 2004" 13921: 13920: 13916: 13906: 13904: 13895: 13894: 13890: 13880: 13878: 13861: 13857: 13841: 13840: 13833: 13831: 13818: 13817: 13813: 13803: 13801: 13788: 13787: 13783: 13770: 13769: 13765: 13757: 13753: 13745: 13741: 13731: 13729: 13722:pewresearch.org 13716: 13715: 13711: 13701: 13699: 13688: 13684: 13674: 13672: 13659: 13658: 13654: 13649: 13645: 13630: 13626: 13614:Wayback Machine 13604: 13600: 13587: 13586: 13582: 13573: 13572: 13568: 13558: 13556: 13547: 13546: 13542: 13532: 13530: 13517: 13511: 13504: 13494: 13492: 13477: 13473: 13463: 13461: 13446: 13442: 13427: 13423: 13413: 13411: 13400: 13396: 13389: 13375: 13371: 13361: 13359: 13358:on July 7, 2010 13350: 13349: 13345: 13321: 13317: 13312: 13308: 13303: 13299: 13294: 13290: 13285: 13281: 13274: 13260: 13256: 13246: 13244: 13237:American Vision 13231: 13230: 13226: 13216: 13214: 13201: 13200: 13196: 13189: 13175: 13171: 13164: 13150: 13146: 13139: 13125: 13121: 13116: 13109: 13098: 13094: 13063: 13059: 13050: 13046: 12997: 12993: 12983: 12981: 12966: 12962: 12952: 12950: 12930: 12926: 12914: 12910: 12898: 12894: 12888:Jabotinsky 1923 12886: 12882: 12843: 12839: 12808: 12804: 12794: 12792: 12777: 12773: 12761:Wayback Machine 12751: 12747: 12737: 12735: 12720: 12716: 12708: 12701: 12693: 12689: 12679: 12677: 12662: 12658: 12648: 12626: 12622: 12613: 12609: 12599: 12597: 12580: 12576: 12566: 12564: 12551: 12550: 12543: 12528: 12514: 12510: 12479: 12475: 12444: 12440: 12434:Wayback Machine 12425: 12421: 12413: 12409: 12399: 12397: 12384: 12383: 12379: 12366: 12365: 12361: 12356:Wayback Machine 12343: 12339: 12329: 12327: 12320: 12312:. M.E. Sharpe. 12304: 12300: 12287: 12283: 12273: 12271: 12264: 12248: 12244: 12234: 12232: 12225: 12215:Clarendon Press 12205: 12201: 12193: 12189: 12181: 12174: 12169: 12165: 12135: 12131: 12121: 12119: 12112: 12096: 12092: 12084: 12075: 12065: 12063: 12056: 12037: 12030: 12019: 12008: 12000: 11996: 11986: 11984: 11977: 11961: 11957: 11949: 11945: 11937: 11933: 11925: 11921: 11913: 11909: 11901: 11897: 11887: 11885: 11872: 11871: 11867: 11862: 11858: 11852:Wayback Machine 11843: 11839: 11826: 11825: 11821: 11816: 11812: 11803: 11799: 11789: 11787: 11780: 11764: 11760: 11750: 11748: 11741: 11725: 11721: 11682: 11678: 11668: 11666: 11653: 11652: 11648: 11633: 11629: 11613: 11609: 11604: 11600: 11589: 11583: 11575: 11573: 11558: 11557: 11553: 11547:Wayback Machine 11537: 11533: 11502: 11495: 11484: 11480: 11470: 11468: 11457: 11453: 11443: 11441: 11428: 11427: 11423: 11416: 11393: 11389: 11344: 11340: 11333: 11317: 11313: 11301: 11297: 11287: 11285: 11278: 11262: 11258: 11248: 11246: 11239: 11223: 11219: 11205: 11203: 11196: 11180: 11173: 11159: 11157: 11155: 11133: 11129: 11119: 11117: 11110: 11094: 11085: 11075: 11073: 11066: 11050: 11046: 11036: 11034: 11027: 11011: 11007: 10999: 10995: 10990: 10986: 10978: 10974: 10964: 10962: 10955: 10939: 10935: 10929:Wayback Machine 10917: 10910: 10900: 10898: 10896: 10876: 10872: 10862: 10860: 10856: 10841: 10837: 10836: 10832: 10793: 10789: 10782: 10766: 10765: 10761: 10751: 10749: 10732: 10728: 10689: 10682: 10651: 10640: 10633: 10619: 10615: 10568: 10564: 10516: 10512: 10489:10.2307/2535926 10473: 10469: 10462: 10448: 10444: 10434: 10432: 10414: 10407: 10399: 10395: 10385:Wayback Machine 10376: 10372: 10361: 10357: 10347: 10345: 10332: 10331: 10327: 10317: 10315: 10311: 10300: 10294:Jerry Klinger. 10292: 10288: 10283: 10279: 10269: 10267: 10254: 10253: 10249: 10232: 10228: 10218: 10216: 10207: 10206: 10202: 10192: 10190: 10177: 10176: 10172: 10159: 10157: 10142: 10126: 10122: 10108: 10106: 10091: 10075: 10068: 10058: 10056: 10043: 10042: 10038: 10030: 10026: 10018: 10014: 10004: 10002: 9989: 9988: 9984: 9975: 9971: 9957: 9955: 9912: 9908: 9894: 9892: 9849: 9845: 9840: 9836: 9828: 9824: 9816: 9812: 9802:Wayback Machine 9792: 9788: 9778: 9776: 9767: 9766: 9762: 9727: 9723: 9713: 9711: 9702: 9701: 9697: 9687: 9685: 9678: 9662: 9658: 9645: 9643: 9636: 9628:. p. 314. 9612: 9608: 9590: 9588: 9575:Ashkenaz, Eli. 9573: 9569: 9562: 9546: 9542: 9531: 9527: 9512: 9498: 9494: 9478: 9474: 9457: 9453: 9446: 9432: 9428: 9413: 9399: 9395: 9388: 9372: 9368: 9349: 9335: 9331: 9320: 9306: 9302: 9283: 9269: 9265: 9260: 9256: 9247: 9245: 9238: 9220: 9216: 9206: 9204: 9181:10.2307/2535501 9159: 9155: 9145: 9143: 9100: 9096: 9089: 9067: 9063: 9024: 9020: 9001: 8997: 8982: 8964: 8960: 8945: 8927: 8923: 8910: 8908: 8895: 8894: 8890: 8876: 8874: 8861: 8860: 8856: 8846: 8844: 8837: 8817: 8813: 8802: 8800: 8793: 8777: 8773: 8762: 8760: 8753: 8737: 8733: 8722: 8720: 8713: 8697: 8693: 8682: 8680: 8673: 8657: 8653: 8643: 8627: 8623: 8608: 8594: 8590: 8581: 8577: 8562: 8548: 8544: 8505: 8501: 8491: 8489: 8482: 8462: 8458: 8427: 8423: 8413: 8411: 8404: 8384: 8380: 8363: 8359: 8353:Abu El-Haj 2012 8351: 8347: 8339: 8335: 8325: 8323: 8278: 8274: 8266: 8259: 8232:10.2307/2535451 8207: 8203: 8153: 8152: 8148: 8140: 8133: 8127:Abu El-Haj 2012 8125: 8121: 8113: 8109: 8049: 8042: 8028: 8026: 7983: 7979: 7971: 7967: 7959: 7955: 7947: 7943: 7936: 7920: 7916: 7910:apartheidstyle. 7905: 7885: 7881: 7870: 7854: 7850: 7840: 7838: 7813: 7809: 7794: 7790: 7783: 7763: 7759: 7751: 7747: 7741:Jabotinsky 1923 7739: 7735: 7727: 7723: 7715: 7708: 7700: 7696: 7689: 7681:. p. 222. 7671: 7667: 7652: 7636:. p. 305. 7626: 7622: 7612: 7610: 7603: 7595:. p. 342. 7578: 7561: 7547: 7545: 7538: 7519: 7515: 7507: 7503: 7494: 7490: 7482: 7463: 7457: 7453: 7445: 7441: 7433: 7426: 7411:Roshwald, Aviel 7408: 7404: 7399: 7392: 7384: 7380: 7361: 7357: 7342: 7338: 7328: 7326: 7315: 7314: 7310: 7296: 7294: 7281: 7277: 7268: 7266: 7251: 7225: 7221: 7210: 7206: 7195: 7191: 7183: 7179: 7171: 7164: 7160: 7155:Jabotinsky 1923 7144: 7140: 7136:23 October 2003 7120: 7116: 7112: 7103: 7101: 7094: 7070: 7068: 7061: 7033: 7031: 7024: 6999: 6995: 6990:Huffington Post 6986:Wayback Machine 6972: 6968: 6921: 6914: 6896:Lexington Books 6816: 6807: 6798: 6794: 6784: 6782: 6757: 6753: 6749:. S. Ilan Troen 6741: 6737: 6727: 6725: 6718: 6710:. Pluto Press. 6702: 6698: 6694: 6685: 6683: 6676: 6656:Ben-Ami, Shlomo 6634: 6630: 6623: 6603: 6599: 6556: 6552: 6542: 6540: 6533: 6513: 6509: 6495: 6493: 6486: 6470: 6463: 6459: 6444: 6442: 6435: 6411: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6353: 6351: 6344: 6277: 6275: 6268: 6260:. p. 211. 6237: 6235: 6228: 6206: 6202: 6192: 6190: 6177: 6176: 6169: 6159: 6157: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6129: 6125: 6115: 6113: 6106: 6096:Clarendon Press 6086: 6079: 6075: 6059: 5995: 5988: 5984: 5975: 5973: 5966: 5900: 5877: 5873: 5854: 5852: 5845: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5809: 5801:. p. 120. 5781: 5779: 5778:on June 1, 2024 5766: 5762: 5758: 5748: 5746: 5737: 5736: 5729: 5699: 5695: 5655: 5648: 5644: 5638:Berl Katznelson 5628: 5586: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5519: 5515: 5505: 5503: 5496: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5430: 5426: 5359: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5339: 5330: 5326: 5317: 5313: 5302: 5275: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5219: 5215: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5073: 5020:Rosemary Sayigh 5012:Maxime Rodinson 4988: 4982: 4912: 4904:Main articles: 4902: 4867:Joel Teitelbaum 4842:as a doctrine. 4832: 4826: 4667:Isaac Deutscher 4611: 4597: 4555: 4543:Main articles: 4541: 4513:neo-colonialism 4458:peacefully...". 4441: 4423: 4415:Main articles: 4413: 4372: 4364:Main articles: 4362: 4262: 4256: 4217:Arab Christians 4074: 4068: 4062: 4042: 3981: 3943: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3922: 3921: 3841: 3833: 3832: 3769: 3761: 3760: 3686: 3678: 3677: 3648: 3640: 3639: 3610:The Jewish Home 3520: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3496: 3487: 3479: 3478: 3404: 3396: 3395: 3341: 3333: 3332: 3308:Property rights 3149: 3141: 3140: 3089: 3069: 3054: 3048: 3010: 3008:Zeev Jabotinsky 3007: 2967: 2961: 2881: 2875: 2873:Liberal Zionism 2778:Israeli author 2772: 2766: 2659:United Kingdom 2604:Country/Region 2595: 2589: 2560: 2424: 2166:Peel Commission 2146: 2046: 2038:Main articles: 2036: 1989:Israel Zangwill 1921:Sinai Peninsula 1889: 1881:Main articles: 1879: 1787: 1742: 1697: 1635: 1551: 1528:Edgardo Mortara 1505:Abraham Benisch 1448: 1427:Avignon, France 1397:Alhambra decree 1345: 1334: 1328: 1325: 1318: 1308:which does not 1298: 1294: 1287: 1281: 1268:Kibbutz Galuyot 1206:holds that the 1127:Seleucid Empire 1103:Cyrus the Great 1085:written in the 1064:Jewish diaspora 1024:Southern Levant 996: 980:Main articles: 974: 963: 957: 954: 947: 937:which does not 927: 923: 916: 911: 904: 898: 801: 791: 785: 767: 759:Bedřich Smetana 743: 670:. According to 655: 649: 636: 631: 615:Resolution 3379 603:Jewish identity 558:Hebrew calendar 471:Jewish diaspora 459:State of Israel 423: 417: 387:Nathan Birnbaum 379:Hebrew language 337: 313:ancient history 237:State of Israel 193:kibbutz galuyot 181:Sinai Peninsula 159:, and today in 110:State of Israel 86:Jewish homeland 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 25105: 25095: 25094: 25089: 25084: 25079: 25074: 25069: 25064: 25062:Land of Israel 25059: 25054: 25039: 25038: 25026: 25014: 25002: 24990: 24967: 24966: 24961: 24960: 24958: 24957: 24955:State-building 24952: 24947: 24935: 24930: 24928:Natural border 24925: 24920: 24915: 24910: 24905: 24900: 24895: 24890: 24885: 24880: 24875: 24870: 24865: 24863:Exceptionalism 24860: 24858:Eliminationism 24855: 24850: 24845: 24840: 24835: 24830: 24824: 24822: 24818: 24817: 24815: 24814: 24809: 24803: 24801: 24797: 24796: 24794: 24793: 24788: 24783: 24778: 24773: 24768: 24763: 24762: 24761: 24760: 24759: 24749: 24748: 24747: 24737: 24727: 24722: 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23958: 23953: 23948: 23943: 23933: 23927: 23925: 23921: 23920: 23918: 23917: 23912: 23907: 23902: 23897: 23892: 23887: 23882: 23877: 23872: 23867: 23862: 23857: 23852: 23847: 23842: 23837: 23832: 23827: 23822: 23817: 23812: 23810:Karakalpakstan 23807: 23802: 23797: 23792: 23790:East Turkestan 23787: 23782: 23777: 23772: 23767: 23762: 23757: 23752: 23747: 23742: 23737: 23732: 23727: 23722: 23717: 23712: 23707: 23701: 23699: 23695: 23694: 23692: 23691: 23686: 23681: 23676: 23671: 23666: 23661: 23656: 23651: 23646: 23641: 23636: 23631: 23626: 23621: 23616: 23611: 23606: 23601: 23596: 23591: 23586: 23581: 23576: 23571: 23566: 23561: 23556: 23551: 23546: 23541: 23536: 23531: 23525: 23523: 23519: 23518: 23516: 23515: 23510: 23505: 23500: 23495: 23490: 23485: 23480: 23475: 23470: 23465: 23460: 23455: 23450: 23445: 23440: 23435: 23430: 23425: 23420: 23415: 23410: 23405: 23400: 23395: 23390: 23385: 23380: 23375: 23370: 23365: 23360: 23354: 23352: 23346: 23345: 23342: 23341: 23339: 23338: 23333: 23328: 23323: 23317: 23315: 23311: 23310: 23307: 23306: 23304: 23303: 23298: 23293: 23288: 23283: 23278: 23272: 23270: 23266: 23265: 23262: 23261: 23259: 23258: 23253: 23248: 23243: 23238: 23233: 23228: 23223: 23218: 23213: 23208: 23202: 23200: 23196: 23195: 23193: 23192: 23187: 23182: 23177: 23172: 23167: 23161: 23159: 23155: 23154: 23152: 23151: 23146: 23140: 23134: 23130: 23129: 23126: 23125: 23123: 23122: 23117: 23112: 23107: 23102: 23097: 23091: 23089: 23088:United Kingdom 23085: 23084: 23082: 23081: 23076: 23071: 23066: 23061: 23056: 23051: 23045: 23039: 23038:Western Europe 23035: 23034: 23031: 23030: 23028: 23027: 23022: 23016: 23014: 23010: 23009: 23007: 23006: 23001: 22996: 22991: 22986: 22980: 22978: 22977:North Caucasus 22974: 22973: 22971: 22970: 22965: 22960: 22955: 22949: 22943: 22942:Eastern Europe 22939: 22938: 22936: 22935: 22930: 22925: 22920: 22915: 22910: 22909: 22908: 22903: 22893: 22888: 22883: 22878: 22872: 22870: 22869:Central Europe 22866: 22865: 22863: 22862: 22857: 22852: 22850:Romani (Gypsy) 22847: 22842: 22837: 22832: 22831: 22830: 22820: 22815: 22810: 22805: 22804: 22803: 22798: 22793: 22782: 22780: 22773: 22769: 22768: 22765: 22764: 22762: 22761: 22756: 22751: 22746: 22740: 22738: 22737:South Caucasus 22734: 22733: 22731: 22730: 22725: 22720: 22715: 22710: 22709: 22708: 22706:South Mongolia 22698: 22692: 22690: 22686: 22685: 22683: 22682: 22677: 22672: 22667: 22662: 22657: 22652: 22646: 22644: 22640: 22639: 22637: 22636: 22631: 22630: 22629: 22619: 22614: 22609: 22604: 22599: 22594: 22589: 22584: 22579: 22578: 22577: 22567: 22561: 22559: 22555: 22554: 22552: 22551: 22546: 22541: 22536: 22531: 22526: 22521: 22516: 22511: 22510: 22509: 22499: 22494: 22488: 22486: 22482: 22481: 22479: 22478: 22473: 22472: 22471: 22461: 22456: 22451: 22446: 22441: 22436: 22435: 22434: 22429: 22421: 22416: 22411: 22406: 22400: 22398: 22391: 22387: 22386: 22383: 22382: 22380: 22379: 22374: 22369: 22364: 22358: 22356: 22352: 22351: 22349: 22348: 22343: 22337: 22335: 22331: 22330: 22328: 22327: 22322: 22317: 22312: 22307: 22302: 22296: 22294: 22287: 22283: 22282: 22279: 22278: 22276: 22275: 22269: 22267: 22263: 22262: 22260: 22259: 22254: 22248: 22246: 22242: 22241: 22239: 22238: 22233: 22228: 22223: 22218: 22212: 22210: 22206: 22205: 22203: 22202: 22197: 22192: 22191: 22190: 22180: 22175: 22170: 22164: 22162: 22155: 22148: 22142: 22141: 22134: 22133: 22126: 22119: 22111: 22102: 22101: 22098: 22097: 22095: 22094: 22089: 22084: 22083: 22082: 22072: 22067: 22062: 22057: 22056: 22055: 22043: 22038: 22032: 22029: 22028: 22018: 22017: 22014: 22013: 22011: 22010: 22005: 22000: 21995: 21990: 21989: 21988: 21981: 21974: 21962: 21957: 21952: 21947: 21941: 21938: 21937: 21927: 21926: 21923: 21922: 21920: 21919: 21914: 21909: 21907:Saffronisation 21904: 21899: 21894: 21889: 21884: 21879: 21874: 21873: 21872: 21865: 21858: 21851: 21839: 21834: 21829: 21824: 21822:Hindu feminism 21819: 21813: 21810: 21809: 21797: 21796: 21793: 21792: 21790: 21789: 21784: 21783: 21782: 21772: 21767: 21766: 21765: 21753: 21748: 21743: 21738: 21733: 21728: 21723: 21718: 21717: 21716: 21709: 21699: 21694: 21689: 21688: 21687: 21675: 21670: 21668:Halachic state 21664: 21661: 21660: 21648: 21647: 21644: 21643: 21641: 21640: 21635: 21634: 21633: 21630:Talibanization 21621: 21616: 21611: 21606: 21601: 21600: 21599: 21587: 21582: 21577: 21572: 21567: 21562: 21561: 21560: 21553: 21546: 21534: 21529: 21524: 21519: 21514: 21509: 21504: 21499: 21494: 21488: 21485: 21484: 21472: 21471: 21468: 21467: 21465: 21464: 21463: 21462: 21453:Ultramontanism 21450: 21445: 21443:Temporal power 21440: 21435: 21430: 21429: 21428: 21416: 21411: 21406: 21401: 21400: 21399: 21389: 21384: 21379: 21374: 21369: 21364: 21359: 21354: 21353: 21352: 21340: 21335: 21330: 21325: 21324: 21323: 21311: 21306: 21301: 21300: 21299: 21290:Christian left 21287: 21282: 21277: 21276: 21275: 21263: 21262: 21261: 21254: 21247: 21240: 21228: 21227: 21226: 21214: 21209: 21204: 21199: 21194: 21189: 21188: 21187: 21175: 21170: 21165: 21159: 21156: 21155: 21143: 21142: 21139: 21138: 21136: 21135: 21130: 21125: 21123:State religion 21120: 21115: 21113:Spiritual left 21110: 21109: 21108: 21101: 21092:Secularization 21089: 21084: 21079: 21074: 21069: 21064: 21059: 21054: 21049: 21044: 21039: 21034: 21033: 21032: 21020: 21015: 21010: 21005: 21000: 20995: 20990: 20985: 20980: 20975: 20970: 20965: 20960: 20959: 20958: 20951: 20939: 20934: 20929: 20924: 20919: 20918: 20917: 20905: 20903:Civil religion 20900: 20895: 20894: 20893: 20880: 20877: 20876: 20866: 20865: 20858: 20857: 20850: 20843: 20835: 20826: 20825: 20823: 20822: 20817: 20810: 20809: 20802: 20794: 20793: 20790: 20789: 20786: 20785: 20783: 20782: 20777: 20772: 20767: 20762: 20757: 20752: 20747: 20742: 20737: 20732: 20727: 20722: 20716: 20714: 20708: 20707: 20705: 20704: 20699: 20694: 20689: 20684: 20679: 20678: 20677: 20672: 20662: 20657: 20656: 20655: 20645: 20640: 20635: 20634: 20633: 20628: 20618: 20612: 20606: 20600: 20599: 20596: 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20034: 20027: 20020: 20015: 20008: 20003: 19998: 19991: 19986: 19981: 19974: 19969: 19968: 19967: 19962: 19957: 19952: 19947: 19936: 19934: 19928: 19927: 19925: 19924: 19919: 19918: 19917: 19912: 19902: 19897: 19892: 19887: 19882: 19881: 19880: 19870: 19869: 19868: 19863: 19853: 19848: 19847: 19846: 19836: 19835: 19834: 19824: 19819: 19818: 19817: 19812: 19801: 19799: 19793: 19792: 19790: 19789: 19784: 19779: 19777:Shulchan Aruch 19774: 19773: 19772: 19767: 19765:Sefer Yetzirah 19762: 19757: 19752: 19747: 19745:Pardes Rimonim 19742: 19735:Kabbalah texts 19732: 19731: 19730: 19725: 19720: 19715: 19705: 19704: 19703: 19698: 19693: 19679: 19673: 19671: 19665: 19664: 19662: 19661: 19656: 19651: 19646: 19641: 19636: 19631: 19626: 19625: 19624: 19619: 19614: 19613: 19612: 19602: 19597: 19592: 19587: 19582: 19581: 19580: 19575: 19574: 19573: 19568: 19547: 19545: 19539: 19538: 19536: 19535: 19530: 19528:Land of Israel 19525: 19524: 19523: 19513: 19508: 19503: 19502: 19501: 19491: 19486: 19481: 19480: 19479: 19469: 19464: 19459: 19454: 19453: 19452: 19441: 19439: 19433: 19432: 19430: 19429: 19424: 19423: 19422: 19421: 19420: 19415: 19414: 19413: 19406: 19404:Judeo-Alsatian 19396: 19395: 19394: 19387: 19382: 19377: 19357: 19352: 19347: 19342: 19337: 19332: 19331: 19330: 19325: 19315: 19310: 19305: 19300: 19295: 19290: 19285: 19280: 19275: 19270: 19269: 19268: 19263: 19258: 19256:Judeo-Hamedani 19253: 19248: 19243: 19233: 19231:Judaeo-Occitan 19228: 19223: 19218: 19213: 19212: 19211: 19201: 19196: 19191: 19190: 19189: 19184: 19179: 19172:Jewish English 19169: 19164: 19163: 19162: 19161: 19160: 19150: 19145: 19140: 19135: 19130: 19125: 19120: 19115: 19110: 19103:Judaeo-Aramaic 19100: 19099: 19098: 19093: 19091:Judeo-Tunisian 19088: 19083: 19081:Judeo-Moroccan 19078: 19077: 19076: 19074:Judeo-Baghdadi 19061: 19056: 19051: 19050: 19049: 19044: 19039: 19034: 19029: 19024: 19019: 19014: 19009: 19004: 18999: 18994: 18989: 18978: 18976: 18964: 18963: 18960: 18959: 18957: 18956: 18955: 18954: 18953: 18952: 18942: 18941: 18940: 18930: 18925: 18923:Livornese Jews 18920: 18910: 18905: 18904: 18903: 18893: 18892: 18891: 18890: 18889: 18884: 18879: 18874: 18864: 18859: 18854: 18849: 18844: 18839: 18834: 18829: 18824: 18814: 18813: 18812: 18802: 18797: 18792: 18787: 18786: 18785: 18780: 18770: 18765: 18764: 18763: 18753: 18748: 18743: 18742: 18741: 18736: 18726: 18725: 18724: 18719: 18709: 18708: 18707: 18702: 18697: 18692: 18687: 18682: 18677: 18672: 18670:Afrikaner-Jode 18661: 18659: 18650: 18649: 18644: 18639: 18638: 18637: 18627: 18622: 18617: 18612: 18607: 18602: 18597: 18591: 18589: 18583: 18582: 18580: 18579: 18574: 18569: 18564: 18559: 18554: 18549: 18544: 18539: 18533: 18531: 18525: 18524: 18522: 18521: 18516: 18510: 18507: 18506: 18495: 18494: 18487: 18480: 18472: 18466: 18463: 18462: 18450: 18449: 18447: 18446: 18441: 18436: 18431: 18426: 18421: 18416: 18411: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18394:Greater Israel 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18361: 18356: 18351: 18345: 18343: 18342:Related topics 18339: 18338: 18336: 18335: 18330: 18328:Ben-Gurion Day 18325: 18323:Jabotinsky Day 18320: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18294: 18292: 18288: 18287: 18284: 18283: 18281: 18280: 18275: 18270: 18265: 18260: 18255: 18250: 18245: 18240: 18234: 18228: 18223: 18220: 18219: 18217: 18216: 18211: 18206: 18201: 18196: 18191: 18186: 18181: 18176: 18171: 18166: 18161: 18156: 18151: 18146: 18141: 18136: 18131: 18126: 18121: 18116: 18111: 18106: 18101: 18096: 18091: 18086: 18081: 18076: 18071: 18066: 18061: 18056: 18051: 18046: 18041: 18036: 18030: 18028: 18022: 18021: 18019: 18018: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17978: 17973: 17968: 17963: 17958: 17953: 17948: 17943: 17937: 17935: 17929: 17928: 17921: 17919: 17917: 17916: 17911: 17906: 17901: 17896: 17891: 17886: 17881: 17876: 17874:Territorialism 17871: 17866: 17861: 17856: 17846: 17841: 17836: 17834:Land of Israel 17831: 17825: 17823: 17819: 17818: 17811: 17810: 17803: 17796: 17788: 17782: 17781: 17768: 17751: 17741: 17731:Exodus1947.com 17728: 17723: 17718: 17706: 17692: 17691:External links 17689: 17688: 17687: 17680: 17673: 17663: 17655:Pawel, Ernst. 17653: 17636: 17626: 17609: 17603: 17597:Israel Studies 17593: 17588:Cohen, Naomi. 17586: 17570:Butler, Judith 17567: 17557: 17550: 17532: 17514: 17513: 17512: 17511: 17503: 17502: 17485: 17474: 17473: 17472: 17471: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17456: 17436:(4): 387–409. 17419: 17413: 17396: 17390: 17368: 17362: 17340: 17331: 17313: 17300:Land and Power 17294: 17265: 17227:(3): 205–225. 17205: 17199: 17177: 17171: 17155: 17149: 17127: 17114: 17092: 17063: 17050: 17031: 17013: 16991: 16985: 16955: 16949: 16921: 16915: 16893: 16881: 16875: 16853: 16823: 16817: 16801: 16762: 16756: 16739: 16733: 16716: 16710: 16693: 16675: 16653: 16635: 16613: 16607: 16579: 16544: 16531: 16512: 16494: 16472: 16459: 16440: 16427: 16404: 16402: 16399: 16396: 16395: 16391:Busbridge 2018 16383: 16364:(4): 872–884. 16357:Israel Affairs 16352:Troen, S. Ilan 16343: 16313: 16281: 16269: 16239:(4): 683–687. 16223: 16208: 16182: 16175: 16153: 16130: 16124:. p. 48. 16106: 16087: 16067: 16035: 16002: 15983: 15953: 15934: 15915: 15893: 15873: 15855: 15823: 15791: 15774: 15753:www.mfa.gov.il 15740: 15722: 15690: 15657: 15648: 15639: 15609: 15574: 15561: 15531: 15499: 15468: 15447: 15435: 15422: 15409: 15396: 15383: 15370: 15357: 15332: 15325: 15305: 15286:(2): 214–249. 15269: 15263:Efraim Karsh, 15256: 15210: 15179: 15146: 15134: 15126:Penslar, Derek 15117: 15115: 15114: 15107:Penslar, Derek 15104: 15097: 15080: 15078: 15077: 15071: 15064: 15058: 15050: 15049: 15041: 15040: 15033: 15027: 15021:. p. 57. 15019:Berghahn Books 15010: 15004: 14987: 14980: 14977:Foreign Policy 14973: 14959: 14941: 14939: 14938: 14931: 14925: 14908: 14902: 14896:. p. 31. 14885: 14879: 14855: 14849: 14830: 14823: 14817: 14804: 14798: 14779: 14759: 14753: 14725: 14719: 14693: 14687: 14681: 14661: 14659: 14658: 14629: 14627: 14626: 14619: 14612: 14598: 14561: 14541: 14534: 14516: 14480: 14461: 14441: 14422: 14392: 14349: 14340: 14317: 14298:(2): 257–281. 14282: 14262: 14253: 14251: 14250: 14226: 14206: 14186: 14140: 14093: 14059: 14024: 13998: 13983: 13940: 13914: 13888: 13855: 13811: 13781: 13763: 13751: 13739: 13709: 13682: 13652: 13643: 13624: 13598: 13580: 13566: 13540: 13502: 13471: 13440: 13421: 13394: 13387: 13369: 13343: 13315: 13306: 13297: 13288: 13279: 13272: 13254: 13224: 13194: 13187: 13169: 13162: 13144: 13137: 13119: 13107: 13092: 13057: 13051:Adriana Kemp, 13044: 13011:(2): 292–311. 12991: 12960: 12924: 12908: 12892: 12880: 12853:(2): 278–293. 12847:Israel Studies 12837: 12802: 12771: 12745: 12714: 12687: 12656: 12646: 12620: 12607: 12574: 12541: 12526: 12508: 12473: 12454:(4): 500–509. 12438: 12419: 12407: 12377: 12368:"Hagshama.org" 12359: 12337: 12318: 12298: 12281: 12262: 12256:. Croom Helm. 12242: 12223: 12199: 12187: 12172: 12163: 12129: 12110: 12090: 12073: 12054: 12028: 12006: 11994: 11975: 11955: 11943: 11931: 11919: 11907: 11895: 11865: 11856: 11837: 11819: 11810: 11797: 11778: 11758: 11739: 11719: 11692:(3): 416–433. 11676: 11646: 11627: 11625:, pp. 141–142. 11607: 11598: 11551: 11531: 11512:(3): 146–167. 11493: 11478: 11451: 11421: 11414: 11387: 11358:(4): 700–708. 11338: 11331: 11311: 11295: 11276: 11256: 11237: 11217: 11194: 11171: 11153: 11127: 11108: 11083: 11064: 11044: 11025: 11005: 10993: 10984: 10972: 10953: 10933: 10908: 10894: 10870: 10830: 10803:(2): 172–187. 10787: 10780: 10759: 10726: 10699:(2): 175–192. 10693:Modern Judaism 10680: 10661:(4): 546–556. 10638: 10631: 10613: 10578:(5): 869–872. 10562: 10510: 10467: 10460: 10442: 10425:Der Judenstaat 10417:Herzl, Theodor 10405: 10393: 10370: 10355: 10325: 10286: 10277: 10247: 10226: 10200: 10170: 10140: 10120: 10089: 10066: 10036: 10024: 10012: 9982: 9969: 9906: 9863:(2): 119–134. 9843: 9834: 9822: 9810: 9786: 9760: 9737:(1/2): 69–82. 9721: 9695: 9676: 9656: 9634: 9606: 9567: 9560: 9540: 9525: 9510: 9492: 9472: 9451: 9444: 9426: 9411: 9393: 9386: 9366: 9347: 9329: 9318: 9300: 9281: 9263: 9254: 9236: 9214: 9153: 9094: 9087: 9061: 9034:(1): 105–115. 9018: 8995: 8980: 8958: 8943: 8921: 8888: 8854: 8835: 8811: 8791: 8771: 8751: 8731: 8711: 8691: 8671: 8651: 8641: 8621: 8606: 8588: 8575: 8560: 8542: 8515:(2): 129–155. 8509:Modern Judaism 8499: 8480: 8456: 8421: 8402: 8378: 8357: 8345: 8341:McGonigle 2021 8333: 8294:(1): 101–104. 8272: 8268:McGonigle 2021 8257: 8201: 8156:Israel Studies 8146: 8131: 8119: 8115:McGonigle 2021 8107: 8040: 7977: 7965: 7953: 7941: 7934: 7914: 7903: 7879: 7868: 7848: 7807: 7788: 7781: 7757: 7745: 7733: 7721: 7706: 7694: 7687: 7665: 7650: 7620: 7601: 7559: 7536: 7522:Herzl, Theodor 7513: 7501: 7488: 7451: 7439: 7424: 7402: 7390: 7378: 7355: 7336: 7308: 7275: 7249: 7219: 7204: 7189: 7177: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7152: 7145: 7138: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7092: 7077: 7059: 7040: 7022: 7007: 7000: 6993: 6966: 6964: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6942: 6937:Hadawi, Sami, 6935: 6928: 6912: 6910: 6909: 6900: 6887: 6881: 6876: 6869: 6864:Zuriek, Elia, 6862: 6857:Lustick, Ian, 6855: 6848: 6841: 6831: 6824: 6805: 6792: 6766:Israel Studies 6751: 6743:Israel Affairs 6735: 6716: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6674: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6621: 6597: 6550: 6531: 6507: 6484: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6451: 6433: 6418: 6409: 6383: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6360:The fact that 6342: 6336:. p. 93. 6323: 6320:as a religion. 6306:Eastern Europe 6294:Russian Empire 6266: 6247: 6226: 6207: 6200: 6167: 6135: 6123: 6104: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6067: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5996: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5964: 5958:. p. 40. 5947:Der Judenstaat 5938:Herzl, Theodor 5934: 5928: 5898: 5878: 5871: 5867:Land of Israel 5843: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5788: 5763: 5756: 5727: 5693: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5626: 5620:. p. 18. 5607: 5601:Daniel Boyarin 5584: 5567: 5550: 5520: 5513: 5494: 5466: 5452: 5446:. p. 11. 5424: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5324: 5311: 5228: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5213: 5207:Benny Morris, 5200: 5190: 5176: 5165: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5118:Yehud Medinata 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5074: 5072: 5069: 4996:Rashid Khalidi 4984:Main article: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4936:Michael Marder 4901: 4898: 4825: 4822: 4766:Mahatma Gandhi 4755:New Historians 4734:new historians 4715:Walter Laqueur 4596: 4593: 4540: 4537: 4530:met with King 4521:discrimination 4449:Arab Christian 4412: 4409: 4361: 4358: 4341:Indian Muslims 4326:Ahmad Shukeiri 4318:As'ad Shukeiri 4293:Tashbih Sayyed 4258:Main article: 4255: 4252: 4170:Woodrow Wilson 4166:Arthur Balfour 4093:Restorationism 4064:Main article: 4061: 4058: 4041: 4038: 4001:Land of Israel 3983: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3939: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3886: 3885: 3875: 3873:Haredi Judaism 3870: 3865: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3856:Torato Umanuto 3853: 3842: 3840:Related topics 3839: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3823: 3816: 3809: 3802: 3797: 3790: 3785: 3778: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3658:National Unity 3655: 3653:National Union 3649: 3646: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3528:Agudat Yisrael 3521: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3499: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3262: 3260:Begin Doctrine 3252: 3247: 3246: 3245: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3231:Halachic state 3223: 3221:Jewish culture 3218: 3217: 3216: 3214:Greater Israel 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3178: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3161: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3074: 3073: 3065: 3064: 3050:Main article: 3047: 3044: 3040:East Jerusalem 3005: 2988:, i.e. taking 2963:Main article: 2960: 2957: 2944:Netzah Yisrael 2932:Carlo Strenger 2924:Dror Zeigerman 2889:Mishmar HaEmek 2877:Main article: 2874: 2871: 2788:Eastern Europe 2768:Main article: 2765: 2762: 2754: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2689: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2591:Main article: 2588: 2585: 2559: 2556: 2474:, Jewish-Arab 2463:partition plan 2444:Andrei Gromyko 2423: 2420: 2336: 2335: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2206:Total Settled 2204: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2154:Nuremberg Laws 2145: 2142: 2130:Yitzhak Lamdan 2035: 2032: 1948:Der Judenstaat 1878: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1867: 1858: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1835: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1808: 1802: 1795: 1794: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1696: 1693: 1675:Der Judenstaat 1665:Front page of 1634: 1631: 1620:Der Judenstaat 1607:Der Judenstaat 1550: 1547: 1489:Colonial Times 1452:return to Zion 1447: 1444: 1347: 1346: 1301: 1299: 1292: 1280: 1277: 1208:Land of Israel 1135:Roman Republic 1111:Return to Zion 1018:of historical 982:Jewish history 976: 975: 930: 928: 921: 915: 912: 900:Main article: 897: 894: 787:Main article: 784: 781: 766: 763: 742: 739: 730:Return to Zion 691:Ashkenazi Jews 651:Main article: 648: 645: 635: 632: 630: 627: 545:Chaim Weizmann 501:Der Judenstaat 483:Dreyfus affair 479:Ashkenazi Jews 428:Land of Israel 419:Main article: 416: 413: 383:Lovers of Zion 336: 333: 325:exceptionalist 233:United Kingdom 213:Lovers of Zion 197:Jewish history 141:Ottoman Empire 125:Eastern Europe 102:Jewish history 94:Land of Israel 57:Der Judenstaat 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 25104: 25093: 25090: 25088: 25085: 25083: 25080: 25078: 25075: 25073: 25070: 25068: 25065: 25063: 25060: 25058: 25055: 25053: 25050: 25049: 25047: 25037: 25032: 25027: 25025: 25015: 25013: 25003: 25001: 24991: 24989: 24979: 24978: 24975: 24956: 24953: 24951: 24948: 24944: 24939: 24936: 24934: 24931: 24929: 24926: 24924: 24921: 24919: 24916: 24914: 24911: 24909: 24906: 24904: 24901: 24899: 24896: 24894: 24891: 24889: 24886: 24884: 24881: 24879: 24876: 24874: 24871: 24869: 24866: 24864: 24861: 24859: 24856: 24854: 24851: 24849: 24846: 24844: 24841: 24839: 24836: 24834: 24831: 24829: 24826: 24825: 24823: 24819: 24813: 24810: 24808: 24805: 24804: 24802: 24800:Organizations 24798: 24792: 24789: 24787: 24784: 24782: 24779: 24777: 24774: 24772: 24771:Technological 24769: 24767: 24764: 24758: 24755: 24754: 24753: 24750: 24746: 24743: 24742: 24741: 24738: 24736: 24735:Ethnocacerism 24733: 24732: 24731: 24730:Revolutionary 24728: 24726: 24723: 24717: 24714: 24713: 24712: 24709: 24707: 24704: 24700: 24697: 24695: 24692: 24690: 24687: 24686: 24685: 24682: 24681: 24680: 24677: 24673: 24670: 24668: 24665: 24663: 24660: 24658: 24655: 24653: 24650: 24648: 24645: 24644: 24643: 24640: 24638: 24635: 24633: 24630: 24628: 24625: 24623: 24620: 24618: 24615: 24613: 24610: 24608: 24605: 24601: 24598: 24597: 24596: 24593: 24591: 24588: 24586: 24583: 24579: 24576: 24575: 24574: 24571: 24569: 24566: 24564: 24561: 24559: 24556: 24554: 24551: 24549: 24546: 24544: 24541: 24539: 24536: 24534: 24531: 24527: 24524: 24522: 24519: 24517: 24514: 24513: 24512: 24509: 24505: 24502: 24501: 24500: 24497: 24495: 24492: 24490: 24487: 24485: 24482: 24480: 24477: 24476: 24474: 24470: 24464: 24461: 24459: 24456: 24454: 24451: 24449: 24446: 24444: 24441: 24439: 24436: 24434: 24431: 24429: 24426: 24424: 24421: 24419: 24416: 24414: 24411: 24409: 24406: 24404: 24401: 24400: 24398: 24394: 24390: 24383: 24378: 24376: 24371: 24369: 24364: 24363: 24360: 24341: 24337: 24336: 24332: 24331: 24327: 24326: 24321: 24320: 24316: 24315: 24310: 24309: 24305: 24301: 24300: 24295: 24287: 24281: 24278: 24271: 24267: 24263: 24259: 24255: 24251: 24247: 24244: 24241: 24237: 24233: 24232:Peace process 24228: 24224: 24219: 24215: 24214: 24210: 24205: 24204: 24194: 24188: 24185: 24182: 24181: 24177: 24173: 24169: 24165: 24161: 24157: 24152: 24150: 24138: 24137:Law of Return 24134: 24130: 24126: 24123: 24121: 24118: 24115: 24111: 24108: 24106: 24103: 24102: 24100: 24099: 24092: 24089: 24087: 24084: 24082: 24078: 24075: 24074: 24072: 24066: 24063: 24062: 24059: 24058:Modern Israel 24056: 24054: 24051: 24049: 24046: 24045: 24040: 24036: 24032: 24025: 24020: 24018: 24013: 24011: 24006: 24005: 24002: 23988: 23987: 23983: 23982:ethnic groups 23979: 23974: 23973: 23970: 23962: 23959: 23957: 23954: 23952: 23949: 23947: 23944: 23942: 23939: 23938: 23937: 23934: 23932: 23931:Local (China) 23929: 23928: 23926: 23922: 23916: 23913: 23911: 23908: 23906: 23903: 23901: 23898: 23896: 23893: 23891: 23888: 23886: 23883: 23881: 23878: 23876: 23873: 23871: 23868: 23866: 23863: 23861: 23858: 23856: 23853: 23851: 23848: 23846: 23843: 23841: 23838: 23836: 23833: 23831: 23828: 23826: 23823: 23821: 23818: 23816: 23813: 23811: 23808: 23806: 23803: 23801: 23798: 23796: 23795:Herzeg-Bosnia 23793: 23791: 23788: 23786: 23783: 23781: 23778: 23776: 23773: 23771: 23768: 23766: 23763: 23761: 23758: 23756: 23753: 23751: 23748: 23746: 23743: 23741: 23738: 23736: 23733: 23731: 23728: 23726: 23723: 23721: 23718: 23716: 23713: 23711: 23708: 23706: 23703: 23702: 23700: 23696: 23690: 23687: 23685: 23682: 23680: 23677: 23675: 23672: 23670: 23667: 23665: 23662: 23660: 23657: 23655: 23652: 23650: 23647: 23645: 23642: 23640: 23637: 23635: 23632: 23630: 23627: 23625: 23622: 23620: 23617: 23615: 23612: 23610: 23607: 23605: 23602: 23600: 23597: 23595: 23592: 23590: 23587: 23585: 23582: 23580: 23577: 23575: 23572: 23570: 23567: 23565: 23562: 23560: 23557: 23555: 23552: 23550: 23547: 23545: 23542: 23540: 23537: 23535: 23532: 23530: 23527: 23526: 23524: 23520: 23514: 23511: 23509: 23506: 23504: 23501: 23499: 23496: 23494: 23491: 23489: 23486: 23484: 23481: 23479: 23476: 23474: 23471: 23469: 23466: 23464: 23461: 23459: 23456: 23454: 23451: 23449: 23446: 23444: 23441: 23439: 23436: 23434: 23431: 23429: 23426: 23424: 23421: 23419: 23416: 23414: 23411: 23409: 23406: 23404: 23401: 23399: 23396: 23394: 23391: 23389: 23386: 23384: 23381: 23379: 23376: 23374: 23371: 23369: 23366: 23364: 23361: 23359: 23356: 23355: 23353: 23351: 23347: 23337: 23334: 23332: 23329: 23327: 23324: 23322: 23319: 23318: 23316: 23312: 23302: 23299: 23297: 23294: 23292: 23289: 23287: 23284: 23282: 23279: 23277: 23274: 23273: 23271: 23267: 23257: 23254: 23252: 23249: 23247: 23244: 23242: 23239: 23237: 23234: 23232: 23229: 23227: 23224: 23222: 23219: 23217: 23214: 23212: 23209: 23207: 23204: 23203: 23201: 23197: 23191: 23188: 23186: 23183: 23181: 23178: 23176: 23173: 23171: 23168: 23166: 23163: 23162: 23160: 23156: 23150: 23147: 23145: 23142: 23141: 23138: 23135: 23131: 23121: 23118: 23116: 23113: 23111: 23108: 23106: 23103: 23101: 23098: 23096: 23093: 23092: 23090: 23086: 23080: 23077: 23075: 23072: 23070: 23067: 23065: 23062: 23060: 23057: 23055: 23052: 23050: 23047: 23046: 23043: 23040: 23036: 23026: 23023: 23021: 23018: 23017: 23015: 23011: 23005: 23002: 23000: 22997: 22995: 22992: 22990: 22987: 22985: 22982: 22981: 22979: 22975: 22969: 22966: 22964: 22961: 22959: 22956: 22954: 22951: 22950: 22947: 22944: 22940: 22934: 22931: 22929: 22926: 22924: 22921: 22919: 22916: 22914: 22911: 22907: 22904: 22902: 22899: 22898: 22897: 22894: 22892: 22889: 22887: 22884: 22882: 22879: 22877: 22874: 22873: 22871: 22867: 22861: 22858: 22856: 22853: 22851: 22848: 22846: 22843: 22841: 22838: 22836: 22833: 22829: 22826: 22825: 22824: 22821: 22819: 22816: 22814: 22811: 22809: 22806: 22802: 22799: 22797: 22794: 22792: 22789: 22788: 22787: 22784: 22783: 22781: 22777: 22774: 22770: 22760: 22757: 22755: 22752: 22750: 22747: 22745: 22742: 22741: 22739: 22735: 22729: 22726: 22724: 22721: 22719: 22716: 22714: 22711: 22707: 22704: 22703: 22702: 22699: 22697: 22694: 22693: 22691: 22687: 22681: 22678: 22676: 22673: 22671: 22668: 22666: 22663: 22661: 22658: 22656: 22653: 22651: 22648: 22647: 22645: 22641: 22635: 22632: 22628: 22625: 22624: 22623: 22620: 22618: 22615: 22613: 22610: 22608: 22605: 22603: 22600: 22598: 22595: 22593: 22590: 22588: 22585: 22583: 22580: 22576: 22575:in Bangladesh 22573: 22572: 22571: 22568: 22566: 22563: 22562: 22560: 22558:Southern Asia 22556: 22550: 22547: 22545: 22542: 22540: 22537: 22535: 22532: 22530: 22527: 22525: 22522: 22520: 22517: 22515: 22512: 22508: 22505: 22504: 22503: 22500: 22498: 22495: 22493: 22490: 22489: 22487: 22483: 22477: 22474: 22470: 22467: 22466: 22465: 22462: 22460: 22457: 22455: 22452: 22450: 22447: 22445: 22442: 22440: 22437: 22433: 22430: 22428: 22425: 22424: 22422: 22420: 22417: 22415: 22412: 22410: 22407: 22405: 22402: 22401: 22399: 22395: 22392: 22388: 22378: 22375: 22373: 22370: 22368: 22365: 22363: 22360: 22359: 22357: 22355:South America 22353: 22347: 22344: 22342: 22339: 22338: 22336: 22332: 22326: 22323: 22321: 22318: 22316: 22313: 22311: 22308: 22306: 22303: 22301: 22298: 22297: 22295: 22293:North America 22291: 22288: 22284: 22274: 22271: 22270: 22268: 22264: 22258: 22255: 22253: 22250: 22249: 22247: 22243: 22237: 22234: 22232: 22229: 22227: 22224: 22222: 22219: 22217: 22214: 22213: 22211: 22207: 22201: 22198: 22196: 22193: 22189: 22186: 22185: 22184: 22181: 22179: 22176: 22174: 22171: 22169: 22166: 22165: 22163: 22159: 22156: 22152: 22149: 22143: 22139: 22132: 22127: 22125: 22120: 22118: 22113: 22112: 22109: 22093: 22090: 22088: 22085: 22081: 22078: 22077: 22076: 22073: 22071: 22068: 22066: 22063: 22061: 22058: 22053: 22049: 22048: 22047: 22046:Imperial cult 22044: 22042: 22039: 22037: 22034: 22033: 22030: 22023: 22019: 22009: 22006: 22004: 22001: 21999: 21996: 21994: 21991: 21986: 21982: 21979: 21975: 21972: 21968: 21967: 21966: 21963: 21961: 21958: 21956: 21953: 21951: 21948: 21946: 21943: 21942: 21939: 21932: 21928: 21918: 21915: 21913: 21910: 21908: 21905: 21903: 21900: 21898: 21895: 21893: 21890: 21888: 21885: 21883: 21880: 21878: 21875: 21870: 21866: 21863: 21862:Panun Kashmir 21859: 21856: 21855:Hindu Rashtra 21852: 21849: 21845: 21844: 21843: 21840: 21838: 21835: 21833: 21830: 21828: 21825: 21823: 21820: 21818: 21817:Akhand Bharat 21815: 21814: 21811: 21807: 21802: 21798: 21788: 21785: 21781: 21778: 21777: 21776: 21773: 21771: 21768: 21763: 21759: 21758: 21757: 21754: 21752: 21749: 21747: 21744: 21742: 21739: 21737: 21734: 21732: 21729: 21727: 21724: 21722: 21719: 21714: 21710: 21707: 21703: 21702: 21700: 21698: 21695: 21693: 21690: 21685: 21681: 21680: 21679: 21676: 21674: 21671: 21669: 21666: 21665: 21662: 21658: 21653: 21649: 21639: 21636: 21631: 21627: 21626: 21625: 21622: 21620: 21617: 21615: 21612: 21610: 21607: 21605: 21602: 21597: 21593: 21592: 21591: 21588: 21586: 21583: 21581: 21580:Islamic state 21578: 21576: 21573: 21571: 21568: 21566: 21563: 21558: 21557:In South Asia 21554: 21551: 21547: 21544: 21540: 21539: 21538: 21535: 21533: 21530: 21528: 21525: 21523: 21520: 21518: 21515: 21513: 21510: 21508: 21505: 21503: 21500: 21498: 21495: 21493: 21490: 21489: 21486: 21482: 21477: 21473: 21460: 21456: 21455: 21454: 21451: 21449: 21448:Theodemocracy 21446: 21444: 21441: 21439: 21436: 21434: 21431: 21426: 21422: 21421: 21420: 21417: 21415: 21412: 21410: 21409:Pillarisation 21407: 21405: 21402: 21398: 21397:Phoenicianism 21395: 21394: 21393: 21390: 21388: 21385: 21383: 21380: 21378: 21375: 21373: 21370: 21368: 21365: 21363: 21360: 21358: 21355: 21350: 21346: 21345: 21344: 21341: 21339: 21336: 21334: 21331: 21329: 21326: 21321: 21317: 21316: 21315: 21312: 21310: 21307: 21305: 21302: 21297: 21293: 21292: 21291: 21288: 21286: 21285:Christian law 21283: 21281: 21278: 21273: 21269: 21268: 21267: 21264: 21259: 21255: 21252: 21248: 21245: 21241: 21238: 21234: 21233: 21232: 21229: 21224: 21220: 21219: 21218: 21215: 21213: 21210: 21208: 21205: 21203: 21200: 21198: 21195: 21193: 21190: 21185: 21181: 21180: 21179: 21176: 21174: 21171: 21169: 21166: 21164: 21161: 21160: 21157: 21153: 21148: 21144: 21134: 21131: 21129: 21126: 21124: 21121: 21119: 21118:State atheism 21116: 21114: 21111: 21106: 21102: 21099: 21095: 21094: 21093: 21090: 21088: 21085: 21083: 21080: 21078: 21077:Secular state 21075: 21073: 21070: 21068: 21065: 21063: 21060: 21058: 21055: 21053: 21050: 21048: 21045: 21043: 21040: 21038: 21035: 21030: 21026: 21025: 21024: 21021: 21019: 21016: 21014: 21013:Religious law 21011: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21001: 20999: 20996: 20994: 20991: 20989: 20986: 20984: 20981: 20979: 20976: 20974: 20971: 20969: 20966: 20964: 20961: 20956: 20952: 20949: 20945: 20944: 20943: 20940: 20938: 20935: 20933: 20930: 20928: 20925: 20923: 20920: 20915: 20911: 20910: 20909: 20906: 20904: 20901: 20899: 20898:Caesaropapism 20896: 20891: 20887: 20886: 20885: 20882: 20881: 20878: 20871: 20867: 20863: 20856: 20851: 20849: 20844: 20842: 20837: 20836: 20833: 20821: 20818: 20816: 20813: 20812: 20807: 20803: 20800: 20796: 20795: 20791: 20781: 20778: 20776: 20773: 20771: 20768: 20766: 20763: 20761: 20758: 20756: 20753: 20751: 20748: 20746: 20743: 20741: 20738: 20736: 20733: 20731: 20728: 20726: 20723: 20721: 20718: 20717: 20715: 20713: 20709: 20703: 20700: 20698: 20695: 20693: 20690: 20688: 20685: 20683: 20680: 20676: 20673: 20671: 20668: 20667: 20666: 20663: 20661: 20658: 20654: 20651: 20650: 20649: 20646: 20644: 20641: 20639: 20636: 20632: 20629: 20627: 20624: 20623: 20622: 20619: 20617: 20614: 20613: 20610: 20607: 20605: 20601: 20591: 20588: 20586: 20583: 20581: 20578: 20576: 20573: 20571: 20568: 20566: 20563: 20561: 20558: 20556: 20553: 20551: 20548: 20546: 20543: 20541: 20538: 20537: 20534: 20531: 20529: 20525: 20519: 20516: 20514: 20511: 20509: 20506: 20502: 20499: 20497: 20494: 20493: 20492: 20489: 20485: 20482: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20471: 20470: 20467: 20465: 20464:Civil defense 20462: 20460: 20457: 20456: 20454: 20452: 20448: 20438: 20435: 20433: 20430: 20426: 20423: 20421: 20418: 20417: 20416: 20413: 20409: 20406: 20405: 20404: 20401: 20399: 20396: 20394: 20391: 20387: 20384: 20383: 20382: 20379: 20378: 20375: 20372: 20370: 20366: 20356: 20353: 20349: 20346: 20345: 20344: 20341: 20339: 20336: 20334: 20331: 20327: 20324: 20322: 20319: 20318: 20317: 20314: 20312: 20309: 20307: 20304: 20302: 20299: 20298: 20295: 20292: 20290: 20286: 20278: 20275: 20274: 20273: 20270: 20268: 20265: 20261: 20260:Peace process 20258: 20256: 20253: 20252: 20251: 20248: 20244: 20241: 20240: 20239: 20236: 20232: 20229: 20228: 20227: 20224: 20220: 20217: 20216: 20215: 20214:Ottoman Syria 20212: 20210: 20207: 20205: 20202: 20200: 20197: 20196: 20194: 20192: 20188: 20184: 20180: 20173: 20168: 20166: 20161: 20159: 20154: 20153: 20150: 20138: 20137: 20126: 20124: 20123: 20114: 20113: 20112: 20108: 20103: 20093: 20090: 20088: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20079: 20077: 20073: 20070: 20068: 20065: 20063: 20062:Protestantism 20060: 20058: 20055: 20053: 20050: 20048: 20045: 20044: 20043: 20040: 20039: 20038: 20035: 20033: 20032: 20028: 20026: 20025: 20021: 20019: 20016: 20014: 20013: 20009: 20007: 20004: 20002: 19999: 19997: 19996: 19992: 19990: 19987: 19985: 19982: 19980: 19979: 19975: 19973: 19970: 19966: 19963: 19961: 19958: 19956: 19953: 19951: 19948: 19946: 19943: 19942: 19941: 19938: 19937: 19935: 19933: 19929: 19923: 19920: 19916: 19913: 19911: 19908: 19907: 19906: 19903: 19901: 19898: 19896: 19893: 19891: 19888: 19886: 19883: 19879: 19876: 19875: 19874: 19871: 19867: 19864: 19862: 19859: 19858: 19857: 19854: 19852: 19849: 19845: 19842: 19841: 19840: 19837: 19833: 19830: 19829: 19828: 19825: 19823: 19820: 19816: 19813: 19811: 19808: 19807: 19806: 19803: 19802: 19800: 19798: 19794: 19788: 19785: 19783: 19780: 19778: 19775: 19771: 19768: 19766: 19763: 19761: 19758: 19756: 19753: 19751: 19750:Sefer HaBahir 19748: 19746: 19743: 19741: 19738: 19737: 19736: 19733: 19729: 19726: 19724: 19721: 19719: 19716: 19714: 19711: 19710: 19709: 19706: 19702: 19699: 19697: 19694: 19692: 19689: 19688: 19687: 19683: 19680: 19678: 19677:Sifrei Kodesh 19675: 19674: 19672: 19670: 19666: 19660: 19657: 19655: 19652: 19650: 19647: 19645: 19642: 19640: 19637: 19635: 19632: 19630: 19627: 19623: 19620: 19618: 19615: 19611: 19608: 19607: 19606: 19603: 19601: 19598: 19596: 19593: 19591: 19588: 19586: 19583: 19579: 19576: 19572: 19569: 19567: 19564: 19563: 19562: 19559: 19558: 19557: 19554: 19553: 19552: 19549: 19548: 19546: 19544: 19540: 19534: 19533:Who is a Jew? 19531: 19529: 19526: 19522: 19519: 19518: 19517: 19514: 19512: 19509: 19507: 19504: 19500: 19497: 19496: 19495: 19492: 19490: 19487: 19485: 19482: 19478: 19475: 19474: 19473: 19470: 19468: 19465: 19463: 19462:Chosen people 19460: 19458: 19455: 19451: 19448: 19447: 19446: 19443: 19442: 19440: 19438: 19434: 19428: 19425: 19419: 19418:Scots-Yiddish 19416: 19412: 19411: 19407: 19405: 19402: 19401: 19400: 19397: 19393: 19392: 19391:Klezmer-loshn 19388: 19386: 19383: 19381: 19378: 19376: 19373: 19372: 19371: 19368: 19367: 19366: 19363: 19362: 19361: 19358: 19356: 19353: 19351: 19348: 19346: 19343: 19341: 19338: 19336: 19333: 19329: 19326: 19324: 19321: 19320: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19299: 19296: 19294: 19291: 19289: 19286: 19284: 19281: 19279: 19276: 19274: 19271: 19267: 19264: 19262: 19261:Judeo-Shirazi 19259: 19257: 19254: 19252: 19249: 19247: 19244: 19242: 19239: 19238: 19237: 19236:Judeo-Persian 19234: 19232: 19229: 19227: 19226:Judeo-Marathi 19224: 19222: 19219: 19217: 19214: 19210: 19207: 19206: 19205: 19204:Judeo-Italian 19202: 19200: 19197: 19195: 19192: 19188: 19185: 19183: 19180: 19178: 19175: 19174: 19173: 19170: 19168: 19165: 19159: 19156: 19155: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19131: 19129: 19126: 19124: 19121: 19119: 19116: 19114: 19111: 19109: 19106: 19105: 19104: 19101: 19097: 19094: 19092: 19089: 19087: 19084: 19082: 19079: 19075: 19072: 19071: 19070: 19067: 19066: 19065: 19062: 19060: 19059:Judeo-Amazigh 19057: 19055: 19052: 19048: 19045: 19043: 19040: 19038: 19035: 19033: 19030: 19028: 19025: 19023: 19020: 19018: 19015: 19013: 19010: 19008: 19005: 19003: 19000: 18998: 18995: 18993: 18990: 18988: 18985: 18984: 18983: 18980: 18979: 18977: 18974: 18969: 18965: 18951: 18948: 18947: 18946: 18943: 18939: 18936: 18935: 18934: 18931: 18929: 18926: 18924: 18921: 18919: 18916: 18915: 18914: 18911: 18909: 18906: 18902: 18899: 18898: 18897: 18894: 18888: 18885: 18883: 18882:Hadhrami Jews 18880: 18878: 18875: 18873: 18870: 18869: 18868: 18865: 18863: 18860: 18858: 18855: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18847:Mountain Jews 18845: 18843: 18842:Egyptian Jews 18840: 18838: 18837:Bukharan Jews 18835: 18833: 18830: 18828: 18825: 18823: 18820: 18819: 18818: 18815: 18811: 18808: 18807: 18806: 18803: 18801: 18798: 18796: 18793: 18791: 18788: 18784: 18781: 18779: 18776: 18775: 18774: 18771: 18769: 18766: 18762: 18759: 18758: 18757: 18754: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18744: 18740: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18731: 18730: 18727: 18723: 18720: 18718: 18715: 18714: 18713: 18710: 18706: 18703: 18701: 18698: 18696: 18693: 18691: 18688: 18686: 18683: 18681: 18678: 18676: 18673: 18671: 18668: 18667: 18666: 18663: 18662: 18660: 18658: 18654: 18648: 18645: 18643: 18640: 18636: 18633: 18632: 18631: 18628: 18626: 18625:Lists of Jews 18623: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18611: 18608: 18606: 18603: 18601: 18598: 18596: 18593: 18592: 18590: 18588: 18584: 18578: 18575: 18573: 18570: 18568: 18565: 18563: 18560: 18558: 18555: 18553: 18550: 18548: 18545: 18543: 18540: 18538: 18535: 18534: 18532: 18530: 18526: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18512: 18511: 18508: 18504: 18500: 18493: 18488: 18486: 18481: 18479: 18474: 18473: 18470: 18464: 18457: 18445: 18442: 18440: 18437: 18435: 18432: 18430: 18427: 18425: 18422: 18420: 18417: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18359:The Holocaust 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18346: 18344: 18340: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18308:Jerusalem Day 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18298:Yom HaZikaron 18296: 18295: 18293: 18289: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18256: 18254: 18251: 18249: 18246: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18235: 18232: 18229: 18221: 18215: 18212: 18210: 18207: 18205: 18202: 18200: 18197: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18187: 18185: 18182: 18180: 18177: 18175: 18172: 18170: 18167: 18165: 18162: 18160: 18157: 18155: 18152: 18150: 18147: 18145: 18142: 18140: 18137: 18135: 18132: 18130: 18127: 18125: 18122: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18105: 18102: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18037: 18035: 18032: 18031: 18029: 18027: 18026:Organizations 18023: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17981:Proto-Zionism 17979: 17977: 17974: 17972: 17969: 17967: 17964: 17962: 17959: 17957: 17954: 17952: 17949: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17938: 17936: 17934: 17930: 17925: 17915: 17912: 17910: 17907: 17905: 17902: 17900: 17897: 17895: 17892: 17890: 17887: 17885: 17882: 17880: 17879:Promised Land 17877: 17875: 17872: 17870: 17867: 17865: 17864:Law of Return 17862: 17860: 17857: 17854: 17850: 17847: 17845: 17842: 17840: 17837: 17835: 17832: 17830: 17827: 17826: 17824: 17820: 17816: 17809: 17804: 17802: 17797: 17795: 17790: 17789: 17786: 17780: 17776: 17772: 17769: 17767: 17763: 17759: 17758:Peter Beinart 17755: 17752: 17749: 17745: 17742: 17739: 17735: 17732: 17729: 17727: 17724: 17722: 17719: 17717:at Wikisource 17716: 17711: 17707: 17705:at Wikisource 17704: 17699: 17695: 17694: 17685: 17681: 17678: 17674: 17671: 17667: 17664: 17662: 17658: 17654: 17650: 17649: 17643: 17637: 17635: 17631: 17627: 17624: 17620: 17616: 17615: 17610: 17607: 17604: 17602: 17598: 17594: 17591: 17587: 17585: 17581: 17577: 17576: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17562: 17558: 17555: 17551: 17548: 17544: 17540: 17536: 17533: 17530: 17526: 17522: 17521: 17516: 17515: 17510: 17507: 17506: 17505: 17504: 17501: 17497: 17494: 17490: 17486: 17484: 17480: 17476: 17475: 17470: 17467: 17466: 17465: 17464: 17453: 17449: 17444: 17439: 17435: 17431: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17416: 17410: 17406: 17402: 17397: 17393: 17387: 17383: 17379: 17378: 17373: 17369: 17365: 17359: 17355: 17351: 17350: 17345: 17341: 17337: 17332: 17320: 17316: 17310: 17306: 17302: 17301: 17295: 17291: 17287: 17283: 17279: 17275: 17271: 17266: 17254: 17250: 17246: 17242: 17238: 17234: 17230: 17226: 17222: 17218: 17214: 17210: 17206: 17202: 17196: 17192: 17188: 17187: 17182: 17178: 17174: 17168: 17164: 17160: 17156: 17152: 17146: 17142: 17138: 17137: 17132: 17131:Morris, Benny 17128: 17117: 17111: 17107: 17103: 17102: 17097: 17096:Morris, Benny 17093: 17089: 17085: 17081: 17077: 17073: 17069: 17064: 17053: 17047: 17043: 17039: 17038: 17032: 17020: 17016: 17010: 17006: 17002: 17001: 16996: 16992: 16988: 16982: 16978: 16974: 16970: 16966: 16965: 16960: 16956: 16952: 16946: 16942: 16938: 16934: 16930: 16926: 16922: 16918: 16912: 16908: 16904: 16903: 16898: 16897:Lentin, Ronit 16894: 16892: 16887: 16882: 16878: 16872: 16868: 16864: 16863: 16858: 16854: 16839: 16832: 16828: 16824: 16820: 16814: 16810: 16806: 16802: 16798: 16794: 16790: 16786: 16782: 16778: 16774: 16770: 16769: 16763: 16759: 16753: 16749: 16745: 16740: 16736: 16730: 16726: 16722: 16717: 16713: 16707: 16703: 16699: 16694: 16682: 16678: 16672: 16668: 16664: 16663: 16658: 16654: 16642: 16638: 16632: 16628: 16624: 16623: 16618: 16614: 16610: 16604: 16600: 16596: 16592: 16588: 16584: 16583:Cohen, Hillel 16580: 16576: 16572: 16567: 16562: 16559:(1): 91–115. 16558: 16554: 16550: 16545: 16534: 16528: 16524: 16520: 16519: 16513: 16501: 16497: 16491: 16487: 16483: 16482: 16477: 16473: 16462: 16456: 16452: 16448: 16447: 16441: 16430: 16424: 16420: 16416: 16415: 16410: 16406: 16405: 16392: 16387: 16379: 16375: 16371: 16367: 16363: 16359: 16358: 16353: 16347: 16331: 16327: 16323: 16317: 16301: 16297: 16296: 16291: 16285: 16279:, Conclusion. 16278: 16273: 16266: 16262: 16258: 16254: 16250: 16246: 16242: 16238: 16234: 16227: 16220: 16215: 16213: 16196: 16192: 16186: 16178: 16172: 16168: 16164: 16157: 16150: 16137: 16133: 16127: 16123: 16119: 16118: 16110: 16094: 16090: 16084: 16080: 16079: 16071: 16052: 16045: 16039: 16023: 16019: 16018: 16013: 16006: 15999:(3): 837–891. 15998: 15994: 15987: 15971: 15967: 15963: 15957: 15950: 15946: 15943: 15938: 15931: 15927: 15924: 15919: 15911: 15907: 15906:www.nkusa.org 15903: 15897: 15889: 15885: 15882: 15877: 15869: 15865: 15859: 15843: 15839: 15838: 15833: 15827: 15811: 15807: 15806: 15801: 15795: 15788: 15784: 15778: 15762: 15758: 15754: 15750: 15744: 15736: 15732: 15726: 15710: 15706: 15705: 15700: 15694: 15678: 15674: 15673: 15668: 15661: 15652: 15643: 15627: 15623: 15619: 15613: 15597: 15593: 15589: 15585: 15578: 15571: 15565: 15549: 15545: 15541: 15535: 15519: 15515: 15514: 15509: 15503: 15487: 15483: 15479: 15472: 15465: 15461: 15457: 15454:Rane, Halim. 15451: 15444: 15439: 15432: 15426: 15419: 15413: 15406: 15400: 15393: 15387: 15380: 15374: 15367: 15361: 15350: 15343: 15336: 15328: 15322: 15318: 15317: 15309: 15301: 15297: 15293: 15289: 15285: 15281: 15273: 15266: 15260: 15252: 15248: 15245: 15231: 15227: 15226: 15221: 15214: 15198: 15194: 15190: 15183: 15167: 15163: 15162: 15157: 15150: 15143: 15138: 15131: 15127: 15121: 15112: 15108: 15105: 15102: 15098: 15095: 15091: 15088: 15087: 15084: 15076:, pp. 88 15075: 15072: 15069: 15065: 15063:, p. 139 15062: 15059: 15056: 15052: 15051: 15047: 15043: 15042: 15038: 15034: 15030: 15024: 15020: 15016: 15011: 15007: 15001: 14997: 14993: 14988: 14985: 14981: 14978: 14974: 14971: 14967: 14966: 14963: 14955: 14951: 14945: 14936: 14932: 14928: 14922: 14919:. p. 9. 14918: 14914: 14909: 14905: 14899: 14895: 14891: 14886: 14882: 14876: 14872: 14867: 14866: 14860: 14856: 14852: 14846: 14842: 14838: 14837: 14831: 14828: 14824: 14820: 14814: 14810: 14805: 14801: 14795: 14791: 14787: 14786: 14780: 14768: 14764: 14760: 14756: 14750: 14746: 14742: 14737: 14736: 14730: 14726: 14722: 14716: 14712: 14708: 14704: 14703: 14698: 14697:Chomsky, Noam 14694: 14691: 14688: 14684: 14678: 14674: 14669: 14668: 14665: 14656: 14655: 14644: 14640: 14639:"Judeophobia" 14633: 14624: 14620: 14617: 14613: 14610: 14606: 14605: 14602: 14586: 14583:(11): 26–27. 14582: 14578: 14577: 14572: 14565: 14558: 14554: 14551: 14545: 14537: 14531: 14527: 14520: 14501: 14494: 14487: 14485: 14468: 14464: 14458: 14454: 14453: 14445: 14438: 14434: 14431: 14426: 14410: 14406: 14402: 14396: 14388: 14384: 14380: 14376: 14372: 14368: 14365:(3): 576–99. 14364: 14360: 14353: 14344: 14338: 14334: 14331: 14327: 14321: 14313: 14309: 14305: 14301: 14297: 14293: 14286: 14279: 14275: 14272: 14266: 14257: 14239: 14235: 14231: 14227: 14220:September 17, 14215: 14211: 14207: 14200:September 17, 14195: 14191: 14187: 14180:September 17, 14175: 14171: 14167: 14166: 14160:September 17, 14155: 14151: 14144: 14137: 14124: 14120: 14116: 14112: 14108: 14104: 14097: 14090: 14077: 14073: 14069: 14063: 14047: 14043: 14042: 14037: 14031: 14029: 14022: 14018: 14015: 14011: 14007: 14002: 13996: 13993: 13987: 13971: 13967: 13963: 13959: 13955: 13951: 13944: 13928: 13924: 13918: 13902: 13898: 13892: 13876: 13872: 13871: 13866: 13859: 13851: 13845: 13829: 13825: 13821: 13815: 13799: 13795: 13791: 13785: 13777: 13773: 13767: 13760: 13755: 13748: 13743: 13727: 13723: 13719: 13713: 13697: 13693: 13686: 13670: 13666: 13662: 13656: 13647: 13639: 13635: 13628: 13621: 13620: 13615: 13611: 13608: 13602: 13594: 13590: 13584: 13576: 13570: 13554: 13550: 13544: 13528: 13525:(in Hebrew). 13524: 13523: 13518: 13509: 13507: 13490: 13486: 13482: 13475: 13459: 13455: 13451: 13444: 13436: 13432: 13425: 13409: 13405: 13398: 13390: 13384: 13381:. Mondadori. 13380: 13373: 13357: 13353: 13347: 13340: 13336: 13332: 13331: 13326: 13319: 13310: 13301: 13292: 13283: 13275: 13269: 13265: 13258: 13242: 13238: 13234: 13228: 13212: 13208: 13204: 13198: 13190: 13184: 13180: 13173: 13165: 13159: 13155: 13148: 13140: 13134: 13130: 13123: 13114: 13112: 13103: 13096: 13088: 13084: 13080: 13076: 13073:(1/2): 8–13. 13072: 13068: 13061: 13054: 13048: 13041: 13036: 13032: 13028: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13010: 13006: 13002: 12995: 12979: 12975: 12971: 12964: 12948: 12944: 12943: 12938: 12934: 12928: 12921: 12917: 12912: 12905: 12901: 12900:Lenni Brenner 12896: 12889: 12884: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12864: 12860: 12856: 12852: 12848: 12841: 12833: 12829: 12825: 12821: 12817: 12813: 12806: 12790: 12786: 12782: 12775: 12768: 12767: 12762: 12758: 12755: 12749: 12733: 12729: 12725: 12718: 12707: 12700: 12699: 12691: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12664:Shavit, Ari. 12660: 12653: 12649: 12643: 12639: 12634: 12633: 12624: 12617: 12611: 12595: 12591: 12590: 12585: 12578: 12562: 12558: 12554: 12548: 12546: 12537: 12533: 12529: 12523: 12519: 12512: 12504: 12500: 12496: 12492: 12488: 12484: 12477: 12469: 12465: 12461: 12457: 12453: 12449: 12448:CrossCurrents 12442: 12435: 12431: 12428: 12423: 12416: 12411: 12395: 12391: 12387: 12381: 12373: 12369: 12363: 12357: 12353: 12350: 12346: 12341: 12325: 12321: 12315: 12311: 12310: 12302: 12295: 12291: 12285: 12269: 12265: 12259: 12255: 12254: 12246: 12230: 12226: 12220: 12216: 12212: 12211: 12203: 12196: 12191: 12184: 12179: 12177: 12167: 12160: 12159:Jewish Agency 12156: 12153:, founder of 12152: 12151:Arthur Ruppin 12148: 12147:Moshe Shertok 12144: 12140: 12133: 12117: 12113: 12107: 12103: 12102: 12094: 12087: 12082: 12080: 12078: 12061: 12057: 12051: 12047: 12046: 12041: 12035: 12033: 12024: 12017: 12015: 12013: 12011: 12003: 11998: 11982: 11978: 11972: 11968: 11967: 11959: 11952: 11947: 11940: 11935: 11928: 11923: 11916: 11911: 11904: 11899: 11883: 11879: 11875: 11869: 11860: 11853: 11849: 11846: 11841: 11833: 11829: 11823: 11814: 11807: 11801: 11785: 11781: 11775: 11771: 11770: 11762: 11746: 11742: 11736: 11732: 11731: 11723: 11715: 11711: 11707: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11680: 11664: 11660: 11656: 11650: 11642: 11638: 11631: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11615:Flapan, Simha 11611: 11602: 11595: 11592: 11586: 11571: 11567: 11566: 11561: 11555: 11548: 11544: 11541: 11535: 11527: 11523: 11519: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11500: 11498: 11489: 11482: 11466: 11462: 11455: 11439: 11435: 11431: 11425: 11417: 11411: 11407: 11403: 11402: 11397: 11391: 11383: 11379: 11375: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11357: 11353: 11349: 11342: 11334: 11328: 11324: 11323: 11315: 11308: 11305: 11302:Ėstraĭkh, G. 11299: 11283: 11279: 11273: 11269: 11268: 11260: 11244: 11240: 11234: 11230: 11229: 11221: 11214: 11201: 11197: 11191: 11187: 11186: 11178: 11176: 11168: 11156: 11150: 11146: 11141: 11140: 11131: 11115: 11111: 11105: 11101: 11100: 11092: 11090: 11088: 11071: 11067: 11061: 11057: 11056: 11048: 11032: 11028: 11022: 11018: 11017: 11009: 11002: 10997: 10988: 10981: 10976: 10960: 10956: 10950: 10946: 10945: 10937: 10930: 10926: 10923: 10922: 10915: 10913: 10897: 10895:1-902210-01-8 10891: 10887: 10883: 10882: 10874: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10840: 10834: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10791: 10783: 10777: 10773: 10769: 10763: 10747: 10743: 10742: 10737: 10730: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10687: 10685: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10660: 10656: 10649: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10634: 10628: 10624: 10617: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10597: 10593: 10589: 10585: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10566: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10514: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10471: 10463: 10457: 10453: 10446: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10412: 10410: 10403:, p. 84. 10402: 10397: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10379: 10374: 10366: 10359: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10329: 10310: 10306: 10299: 10298: 10290: 10281: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10251: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10230: 10214: 10210: 10204: 10188: 10184: 10180: 10174: 10167: 10155: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10137: 10133: 10132: 10124: 10117: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10092: 10086: 10082: 10081: 10073: 10071: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10040: 10033: 10028: 10021: 10016: 10000: 9996: 9992: 9986: 9979: 9973: 9966: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9910: 9903: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9847: 9838: 9831: 9826: 9819: 9814: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9796: 9790: 9774: 9770: 9764: 9757: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9725: 9709: 9705: 9699: 9683: 9679: 9673: 9669: 9668: 9660: 9653: 9641: 9637: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9622: 9617: 9610: 9603: 9601: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9571: 9563: 9557: 9553: 9552: 9544: 9537: 9536: 9529: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9507: 9503: 9496: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9479:Ariel Lewin. 9476: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9455: 9447: 9441: 9437: 9430: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9408: 9404: 9397: 9389: 9383: 9379: 9378: 9370: 9363: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9344: 9340: 9333: 9326: 9321: 9315: 9311: 9304: 9297: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9278: 9274: 9267: 9258: 9243: 9239: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9218: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9169: 9164: 9157: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9098: 9090: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9065: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9022: 9014: 9010: 9006: 8999: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8962: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8925: 8918: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8892: 8885: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8858: 8842: 8838: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8823: 8815: 8798: 8794: 8788: 8784: 8783: 8775: 8758: 8754: 8748: 8744: 8743: 8735: 8718: 8714: 8708: 8704: 8703: 8695: 8678: 8674: 8668: 8664: 8663: 8655: 8648: 8644: 8638: 8634: 8633: 8625: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8603: 8599: 8592: 8585: 8579: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8557: 8553: 8546: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8503: 8487: 8483: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8468: 8460: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8437:(1): 98–103. 8436: 8432: 8425: 8409: 8405: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8390: 8382: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8361: 8354: 8349: 8342: 8337: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8288: 8283: 8276: 8269: 8264: 8262: 8254: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8216: 8211: 8205: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8138: 8136: 8128: 8123: 8116: 8111: 8103: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8053: 8047: 8045: 8037: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7981: 7974: 7969: 7962: 7957: 7950: 7945: 7937: 7931: 7927: 7926: 7918: 7911: 7906: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7891: 7883: 7876: 7871: 7865: 7861: 7860: 7852: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7823: 7818: 7811: 7803: 7799: 7792: 7784: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7769: 7761: 7754: 7749: 7742: 7737: 7730: 7725: 7718: 7713: 7711: 7704:, p. 10. 7703: 7698: 7690: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7608: 7604: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7556: 7543: 7539: 7533: 7529: 7528: 7523: 7517: 7511:, p. 40. 7510: 7505: 7498: 7492: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7462: 7455: 7448: 7443: 7436: 7431: 7429: 7421:. p. 15. 7420: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7397: 7395: 7387: 7382: 7375: 7371:. p. 1. 7370: 7366: 7359: 7352: 7347: 7340: 7324: 7320: 7319: 7312: 7305: 7292: 7288: 7287: 7279: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7223: 7215: 7208: 7200: 7193: 7186: 7181: 7174: 7169: 7167: 7156: 7153: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7142: 7135: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7099: 7095: 7089: 7085: 7084: 7078: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7053:. p. 9. 7052: 7048: 7047: 7041: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7008: 7006:, p. 314 7005: 7002: 7001: 6997: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6976: 6970: 6962:, pp. 247–248 6961: 6957: 6955:, pp. 31, 136 6954: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6906: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6888: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6863: 6860: 6856: 6853: 6849: 6846: 6842: 6839: 6835: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6818: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6802: 6796: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6755: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6723: 6719: 6713: 6709: 6708: 6700: 6681: 6677: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6632: 6624: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6601: 6594: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6554: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6511: 6504: 6491: 6487: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6468: 6466: 6455: 6452: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6426: 6425: 6419: 6416: 6412: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6393: 6392: 6385: 6384: 6380: 6370: 6368: 6363: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6330: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6254: 6248: 6245: 6233: 6229: 6223: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6204: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6172: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6139: 6132: 6127: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6084: 6082: 6071: 6068: 6063: 6057: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5991: 5976:September 28, 5971: 5967: 5961: 5957: 5956:Courier Dover 5953: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5933:, p. 604 5932: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5923:Hijaz Railway 5920: 5916: 5912: 5911:Litanni river 5908: 5901: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5864: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5827: 5818:, p. 604 5817: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5789: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5744: 5740: 5734: 5732: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5706:The Iron Wall 5703: 5697: 5690: 5687: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5653: 5651: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5597: 5593: 5592:Arthur Ruppin 5587: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5568: 5565: 5557:September 17, 5553: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5470: 5455: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5428: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5348: 5334: 5331:Nur Masalha, 5328: 5321: 5318:Nur Masalha, 5315: 5308: 5299: 5293: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5270: 5233: 5229: 5217: 5210: 5204: 5194: 5186: 5180: 5169: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5140: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5047: 5046:Patrick Wolfe 5043: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4922: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4886:Neturei Karta 4879: 4878:Neturei Karta 4874: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4776: 4775:Louis Fischer 4771: 4767: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4726:1947–1949 war 4723: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4711:Derek Penslar 4707: 4706:Michael Prior 4703: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4680:Michael Prior 4677: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4643:Michael Prior 4640: 4636: 4635:chosen people 4632: 4628: 4624: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4496:Neturei Karta 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4465: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4371: 4367: 4357: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4312: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4269:Israeli Druze 4266: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4221:Nonie Darwish 4218: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4175: 4174:Major-General 4171: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4124:both Horatius 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4089:Anita Shapira 4082: 4078: 4073: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3978: 3973: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3895:National camp 3893: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3685:Organisations 3682: 3681: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3563:Otzma Yehudit 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3533:Degel HaTorah 3531: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3524: 3516: 3515: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3340:Intellectuals 3337: 3336: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3269: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3250:Jewish values 3248: 3244: 3243:Chosen people 3241: 3240: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3181:Anti-Islamism 3179: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3016: 3004: 3003:colonization. 2999: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2898: 2894: 2891:, during the 2890: 2885: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2855:1977 election 2852: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2810:Second Aliyah 2807: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2770:Labor Zionism 2764:Labor Zionism 2761: 2759: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2672: 2670:South Africa 2669: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2594: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2525: 2522:supported by 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2498:, before the 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2458: 2453: 2450:In 1947, the 2448: 2445: 2440: 2433: 2428: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2367:the Holocaust 2360: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2091:In 1922, the 2086: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2061:American Jews 2055: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2031: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1884: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1851:Mahane Yehuda 1849: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1732: 1731:Jewish Agency 1729: 1726: 1725:Keren Hayesod 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1689: 1684: 1677: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1630: 1627: 1622: 1621: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1584: 1583:Rishon LeZion 1579: 1575: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1513:Mordecai Noah 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1415:Sabbatai Zevi 1411: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1343: 1340: 1332: 1329:February 2024 1322: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1300: 1291: 1290: 1286: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247:messianic age 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1177:coastal plain 1174: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 995: 991: 987: 983: 972: 969: 961: 958:November 2023 951: 946: 944: 940: 936: 931:This section 929: 920: 919: 909: 903: 893: 891: 887: 883: 882:Modern Hebrew 879: 874: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 817: 816:Modern Hebrew 813: 809: 805: 800: 796: 795:Modern Hebrew 790: 780: 778: 773: 771: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 738: 735: 734:anti-Zionists 731: 727: 723: 722:Promised Land 719: 714: 712: 711:Arthur Ruppin 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 664: 660: 654: 644: 642: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 609:In 1975, the 607: 604: 599: 595: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 554: 553:Great Britain 550: 546: 541: 539: 535: 530: 524: 521: 516: 515:unassimilated 512: 508: 503: 502: 496: 495:Theodor Herzl 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 460: 455: 451: 449: 445: 444:Labor Zionism 441: 437: 433: 429: 422: 412: 410: 409: 405:'s 1882 book 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 363: 357: 348: 344: 343: 332: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 244: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 223:and later to 222: 218: 214: 210: 204: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 153:Uganda Scheme 150: 149:Theodor Herzl 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 117: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 59: 58: 52: 51:Theodor Herzl 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 24918:Nation state 24833:Anationalism 24671: 24573:Expansionist 24333: 24323: 24322: 24312: 24311: 24297: 24296: 24245: 24221: 24217: 24207: 24201: 24155: 24154: 24147: 24129:Israeli Jews 24096: 24079: / 24070: 24030: 23977: 23976: 23905:Székely Land 23870:Pashtunistan 23720:Balawaristan 23493:South Slavic 23483:Scandinavian 23013:Volga Region 22627:in Sri Lanka 22485:Eastern Asia 22431: 22346:Puerto Rican 22161:North Africa 22145:Nationalisms 22092:State Shinto 22052:Ancient Rome 21971:969 Movement 21955:Buddhist law 21774: 21746:Jewish right 21604:Islamization 21438:Subsidiarity 21425:In Argentina 21377:Febronianism 20725:Architecture 20648:Human rights 20621:Demographics 20496:Conscription 20348:Jordan River 20243:Independence 20225: 20127: 20120: 20106: 20029: 20022: 20010: 19993: 19976: 19810:perspectives 19644:Samaritanism 19605:Neo-Hasidism 19585:Conservative 19499:Names of God 19408: 19389: 19199:Judaeo-Greek 19194:Judeo-Gascon 19133:Lishán Didán 19128:Lishana Deni 19096:Judeo-Yemeni 19064:Judeo-Arabic 18938:Meshuchrarim 18857:Persian Jews 18790:Kurdish Jews 18768:Kaifeng Jews 18717:Beta Abraham 18680:Galitzianers 18635:Antisemitism 18610:Israeli Jews 18595:Assimilation 18576: 18374:Not one inch 18364:Antisemitism 18354:Anti-Zionism 18313:Yom HaAliyah 18109:Habonim Dror 18039:Hovevei Zion 17976:Post-Zionism 17859:Jewish state 17814: 17747: 17683: 17676: 17669: 17656: 17646: 17629: 17613: 17606:David Hazony 17596: 17589: 17573: 17560: 17553: 17542: 17538: 17519: 17508: 17488: 17478: 17468: 17433: 17427: 17400: 17376: 17348: 17335: 17323:. Retrieved 17299: 17276:(1): 44–83. 17273: 17269: 17259:November 23, 17257:. Retrieved 17224: 17220: 17185: 17162: 17135: 17119:. Retrieved 17100: 17071: 17067: 17055:. Retrieved 17036: 17025:February 19, 17023:. Retrieved 16999: 16995:Masalha, Nur 16963: 16936: 16901: 16885: 16861: 16845:. Retrieved 16808: 16805:Hirst, David 16772: 16766: 16743: 16720: 16697: 16685:. Retrieved 16661: 16645:. Retrieved 16621: 16594: 16556: 16552: 16536:. Retrieved 16517: 16504:. Retrieved 16480: 16464:. Retrieved 16445: 16432:. Retrieved 16413: 16386: 16361: 16355: 16346: 16334:. Retrieved 16325: 16316: 16304:. Retrieved 16293: 16284: 16272: 16264: 16236: 16232: 16226: 16199:. Retrieved 16195:the original 16185: 16162: 16156: 16147: 16142:February 14, 16140:. Retrieved 16116: 16109: 16097:. Retrieved 16077: 16070: 16058:. Retrieved 16038: 16028:December 13, 16026:. Retrieved 16017:The Guardian 16015: 16005: 15996: 15992: 15986: 15976:November 17, 15974:. Retrieved 15970:the original 15965: 15956: 15937: 15918: 15910:the original 15905: 15896: 15876: 15868:the original 15858: 15846:. Retrieved 15835: 15826: 15814:. Retrieved 15803: 15794: 15777: 15765:. Retrieved 15761:the original 15752: 15743: 15735:the original 15725: 15713:. Retrieved 15702: 15693: 15681:. Retrieved 15672:The Guardian 15670: 15660: 15651: 15642: 15630:. Retrieved 15621: 15612: 15600:. Retrieved 15596:the original 15591: 15587: 15577: 15569: 15564: 15552:. Retrieved 15543: 15534: 15522:. Retrieved 15511: 15502: 15490:. Retrieved 15486:the original 15471: 15455: 15450: 15438: 15430: 15425: 15417: 15412: 15404: 15399: 15391: 15386: 15378: 15373: 15365: 15360: 15349:the original 15335: 15315: 15308: 15283: 15279: 15272: 15264: 15259: 15234:. Retrieved 15223: 15213: 15201:. Retrieved 15197:the original 15192: 15182: 15172:December 13, 15170:. Retrieved 15161:The Guardian 15159: 15149: 15142:Laqueur 2003 15137: 15129: 15120: 15110: 15100: 15093: 15090:Said, Edward 15083: 15067: 15054: 15046:Genesis 1948 15045: 15036: 15014: 14991: 14983: 14976: 14969: 14962: 14953: 14944: 14934: 14912: 14889: 14864: 14835: 14826: 14808: 14784: 14773:November 14, 14771:. Retrieved 14767:the original 14734: 14729:Masalha, Nur 14701: 14672: 14664: 14649:December 14, 14647:. Retrieved 14643:the original 14632: 14622: 14615: 14614:Beker, Avi, 14608: 14601: 14589:. Retrieved 14580: 14574: 14564: 14544: 14525: 14519: 14509:November 29, 14507:. Retrieved 14471:. Retrieved 14451: 14444: 14425: 14413:. Retrieved 14404: 14395: 14362: 14358: 14352: 14343: 14325: 14320: 14295: 14291: 14285: 14265: 14256: 14242:. Retrieved 14238:the original 14233: 14218:. Retrieved 14214:the original 14198:. Retrieved 14194:the original 14178:. Retrieved 14174:the original 14158:. Retrieved 14154:the original 14143: 14134: 14129:November 19, 14127:. 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Retrieved 5434: 5427: 5372: 5366: 5332: 5327: 5319: 5314: 5232: 5216: 5208: 5203: 5193: 5184: 5183:Nur Masalha 5179: 5168: 5143: 5057:antisemitism 5050: 5024: 5008:Fayez Sayegh 5000:Noam Chomsky 4989: 4961: 4952:Noam Chomsky 4928:Noam Chomsky 4925: 4917: 4913: 4883: 4833: 4811: 4796:In 1975 the 4795: 4780: 4763: 4746: 4742: 4738:Efraim Karsh 4719: 4700: 4655:Noam Chomsky 4620: 4588:John Paul II 4572: 4556: 4525: 4488:Muslim world 4476:Nazi Germany 4472:Soviet Union 4469: 4461: 4452: 4417:Anti-Zionism 4411:Anti-Zionism 4405:Jewish Lobby 4397: 4373: 4338: 4315: 4308: 4297: 4281:Tawfik Hamid 4278: 4241: 4229:Viva Israele 4228: 4227:, author of 4214: 4202:Joseph Smith 4195: 4185: 4177:Orde Wingate 4172:and British 4159: 4144: 4140:evangelicals 4128:Andrew Bonar 4120:C H Spurgeon 4101: 4086: 4052:, including 4047: 4043: 4015: 4008: 3997:Jewish state 3986: 3825: 3818: 3813:Makor Rishon 3811: 3806:Israel Hayom 3804: 3792: 3780: 3773: 3744: 3743: 3734:Mercaz Olami 3688: 3578: 3577: 3522: 3501: 3226:Jewish state 3186:Islamophobia 3164:Anti-Arabism 3118: 3038:, including 3029: 3025: 3020: 3012: 3001: 2993: 2986:Jordan River 2979: 2948: 2943: 2930:Philosopher 2929: 2922: 2902: 2844: 2827: 2785: 2755: 2731: 2708: 2703: 2692: 2581: 2577: 2568:Benny Morris 2561: 2539: 2506:. After the 2456: 2449: 2436: 2364: 2348: 2339: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2150:Adolf Hitler 2147: 2137: 2121: 2110: 2103: 2098: 2090: 2069: 2065: 2058: 2028: 2017: 2006: 1985: 1972:ante-chamber 1952: 1940:2 Samuel 5:7 1929: 1890: 1825: 1824: 1813:(1920–1948) 1788: 1754: 1743: 1666: 1655:Simon Dubnow 1650: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1626:antisemitism 1615: 1611:Cecil Rhodes 1588: 1559:First Aliyah 1552: 1536: 1521: 1498: 1495: 1487: 1465: 1449: 1433: 1431: 1423:Aaron Lapapa 1412: 1401: 1391:(1421), and 1378: 1366: 1335: 1326: 1303: 1267: 1244: 1202: 1188: 1165: 1161: 1147: 1139:Roman Empire 1125:against the 1092: 1077:... king of 1056:First Temple 997: 964: 955: 932: 875: 860: 858:of Judaism. 844:Hebrew Bible 821: 774: 768: 747:Ronit Lentin 744: 715: 688: 672:Raphael Falk 656: 637: 608: 590: 570:world's Jews 542: 529:World War II 525: 506: 475:secular Jews 464: 432:Eretz Israel 431: 424: 406: 403:Leon Pinsker 398: 394: 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Jews 18734:Bene Israel 18722:Falash Mura 18712:Beta Israel 18630:Persecution 18572:Middle Ages 18224:History and 17991:Non-Zionism 17986:Neo-Zionism 17951:Revisionist 17909:Judaization 17750:, July 2010 17726:WZO website 17543:Melu Kolupu 17372:Shlaim, Avi 17354:Verso Books 17344:Shlaim, Avi 17181:Pappé, Ilan 17121:January 21, 17074:: 117–134. 16959:Manna, Adel 16748:Basic Books 16667:Verso Books 16647:January 27, 16627:Verso Books 16401:Works cited 16295:Verso Books 16060:January 22, 15492:February 2, 14741:Pluto Press 14591:October 16, 14244:October 29, 14052:January 26, 13976:January 14, 13533:October 14, 13485:The Forward 13402:anonymous. 12933:Shlaim, Avi 12818:(1): 3–27, 12155:Brit Shalom 12066:February 4, 12002:Morris 2008 11888:January 22, 11288:January 22, 11076:January 22, 11037:January 22, 11001:Hazony 2000 10980:Hazony 2000 10965:January 22, 10863:January 22, 10846:Israel Post 10237:, 4th ed., 9920:Social Text 9830:Taylor 1971 7973:Hirsch 2009 7753:Shlaim 2001 7729:Morris 2008 7702:Taylor 1971 7613:February 4, 7447:Shlaim 2001 7149:Morris 2008 6898:, p. 4 6777:: 214–229. 6650:Shlaim 2001 6641:, p. 3 6070:Morris 2004 6046:Shlaim 2009 6040:Lentin 2010 5596:Oppenheimer 5379:: 483–497. 5188:Palestine." 5163:components. 4992:Edward Said 4876:Members of 4840:nationalism 4838:and reject 4724:during the 4702:Edward Said 4684:Ian Lustick 4676:Nur Masalha 4659:Nur Masalha 4509:colonialism 4486:and in the 4484:Arab League 4427:Non-Zionism 4225:Magdi Allam 4181:Six-Day War 4155:antisemitic 4054:Sun Yat-sen 4036:of Israel. 4030:Neo-Zionism 4018:Six-Day War 3775:Arutz Sheva 3729:Machon Meir 3699:Gush Emunim 3403:Politicians 3323:Three Oaths 3313:Sovereignty 3276:Nationalism 3209:Irredentism 3203:Familialism 3198:Clericalism 3154:Agrarianism 3134:Revisionist 2990:Transjordan 2849:during the 2792:antisemitic 2543:Soviet Jews 2158:Nazi allies 2079:During the 1944:1 Kings 8:1 1913:Mesopotamia 1840:(1940–1948) 1834:(1931–1948) 1819:(1941–1948) 1807:(1909–1920) 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London. 15891:worldwide. 15443:Pappé 2006 15164:. London. 15074:Pappé 2006 15061:Hirst 2003 14950:Ali, Tariq 14743:. p. 14709:. p. 14690:Hirst 2003 12984:August 31, 12589:The Tablet 12536:j.ctt7sdts 11637:Commentary 11623:Croom Helm 11621:. London: 11585:Mr. Janner 11396:Yapp, M.E. 10901:October 9, 9779:August 11, 9714:August 11, 9520:1310046222 9357:1103519319 9108:AJS Review 8884:Testament. 8616:1089437441 8142:Baker 2017 7841:October 8, 7717:Wolfe 2006 6879:Pappé 2006 6834:Pappé Ilan 6454:Pappé 2006 6399:. p. 6152:. Oxford. 6052:Pappe 2006 6022:Ipso facto 6012:Cohen 2017 6000:Manna 2022 5931:Motyl 2001 5907:the Jordan 5816:Motyl 2001 5564:colonizers 5532:. London: 5343:References 5287:צִיּוֹנוּת 5113:Romanistan 5004:Ilan Pappe 4828:See also: 4751:Ilan Pappe 4747:large part 4743:small part 4647:Ilan Pappe 4627:Avi Shlaim 4599:See also: 4425:See also: 4332:'s use of 4248:John Hagee 4206:Orson Hyde 4149:ideologue 4104:Protestant 4070:See also: 4016:After the 3788:Channel 14 3486:Literature 3356:Jabotinsky 3303:Patriotism 3255:Militarism 3148:Principles 3088:Ideologies 3015:Avi Shlaim 3013:Historian 2936:Ahad Ha'am 2914:Ari Shavit 2637:Palestine 2610:Delegates 2416:Bevin Plan 2334:1,845,559 2310:1,076,783 2302:1,518,947 2199:Christians 1998:Max Nordau 1919:, and the 1917:Mozambique 1855:Ness Ziona 1605:(WZO). 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19900:Politics 19873:Marriage 19832:Holidays 19827:Calendar 19708:Rabbinic 19684:/Hebrew 19629:Haymanot 19556:Orthodox 19543:Branches 19516:Kabbalah 19511:Haskalah 19489:Holiness 19365:dialects 19345:Shassagh 19308:Krymchak 19288:Kayliñña 19182:Yinglish 19158:Galilean 19148:Talmudic 19143:Biblical 19118:Betanure 19037:Biblical 19032:Mishnaic 19027:Medieval 19012:Tiberian 19007:Yemenite 18997:Sephardi 18933:Paradesi 18877:Ḥabbanim 18867:Teimanim 18832:Baghdadi 18805:Maghrebi 18773:Karaites 18751:Gruzínim 18739:Kochinim 18657:Diaspora 18615:Karaites 18600:Atheists 18537:Timeline 18291:Holidays 18099:Mizrachi 17966:Cultural 17849:Homeland 17822:Concepts 17734:Archived 17496:Archived 17374:(2001). 17346:(2009). 17325:June 23, 17319:Archived 17253:Archived 17249:56244739 17215:(2014). 17183:(2006). 17161:(2001). 17019:Archived 16997:(2007). 16961:(2022). 16899:(2010). 16859:(2020). 16838:Archived 16807:(2003). 16797:40541701 16687:June 23, 16681:Archived 16659:(2016). 16641:Archived 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4273:Druze 4215:Some 4034:Torah 4010:geula 3768:Media 3751:Irgun 3694:Betar 3605:Herut 3538:Likud 3469:Yosef 3429:Eitam 3424:Dayan 3409:Begin 3391:Yosef 3366:Klein 3291:Ultra 3267:Gadna 3032:Likud 2949:davka 2906:Likud 2587:Types 2524:UNRWA 2307:1946 2275:1941 2243:1931 2211:1922 2185:Year 2083:, an 1981:lions 1964:sixth 1901:Kenya 1832:Irgun 1688:Basel 1595:Basel 1395:(the 1393:Spain 1361:Safed 1216:Torah 1210:is a 1079:Judah 1036:Judea 836:Judea 751:Other 707:Likud 365:) or 323:, or 260:labor 161:Kenya 24647:Arab 24627:Neo- 24622:Pan- 24448:Myth 24423:Epic 24413:Flag 24252:and 23978:Note 23363:Arab 22675:Thai 22670:Shan 22602:Naga 22582:Bodo 22476:Zaza 22404:Arab 22390:Asia 22252:Igbo 22226:Hutu 22168:Arab 20653:LGBT 20513:Wars 20474:Aman 18501:and 18499:Jews 18144:Lehi 18044:Bilu 17829:Zion 17766:CUNY 17760:and 17580:ISBN 17409:ISBN 17386:ISBN 17358:ISBN 17327:2024 17309:ISBN 17261:2023 17237:ISSN 17195:ISBN 17167:ISBN 17145:ISBN 17123:2024 17110:ISBN 17059:2023 17046:ISBN 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