1281:
39:
877:, fought from December 1914 to January 1915. Unprepared for the harsh winter conditions, his forces were routed, losing more than 60,000 men. The retreating Ottoman army destroyed dozens of Ottoman Armenian villages in Bitlis vilayet, massacring their inhabitants. Enver publicly blamed his defeat on Armenians who he claimed had actively sided with the Russians, a theory that became a consensus among CUP leaders. Reports of local incidents such as weapons caches, severed telegraph lines, and occasional killings confirmed preexisting beliefs about Armenian treachery and fueled paranoia among CUP leaders that a coordinated Armenian conspiracy was plotting against the empire. Discounting contrary reports that most Armenians were loyal, the CUP leaders decided that the Armenians had to be eliminated to save the empire.
1871:
1679:
1121:
destruction of property or unauthorized looting. Instead, the men were usually separated from the rest of the deportees during the first few days and executed. Few resisted, believing it would put their families in greater danger. Boys above the age of twelve (sometimes fifteen) were treated as adult men. Execution sites were chosen for proximity to major roads and for rugged terrain, lakes, wells, or cisterns to facilitate the concealment or disposal of corpses. The convoys would stop at a nearby transit camp, where the escorts would demand a ransom from the
Armenians. Those unable to pay were murdered. Units of the Special Organization, often wearing gendarme uniforms, were stationed at the killing sites; escorting gendarmes often did not participate in killing.
850:
1072:, and the Special Organization, which took orders directly from the CUP Central Committee, all closely coordinated their activities. A dual-track system was used to communicate orders; those for the deportation of Armenians were communicated to the provincial governors through official channels, but orders of a criminal character, such as those calling for annihilation, were sent through party channels and destroyed upon receipt. Deportation convoys were mostly escorted by gendarmes or local militia. The killings near the front lines were carried out by the Special Organization, and those farther away also involved local militias, bandits, gendarmes, or Kurdish tribes depending on the area. Within the area controlled by the
1444:
1933:
1663:
996:
early 1915. At the same time, the war provided an opportunity to enact what Talaat called the "definitive solution to the
Armenian Question". The CUP wrongly believed that the Russian Empire sought to annex eastern Anatolia, and ordered the genocide in large part to prevent this eventuality. The genocide was intended to permanently eliminate any possibility that Armenians could achieve autonomy or independence in the empire's eastern provinces. Ottoman records show the government aimed to reduce Armenians to no more than five percent of the local population in the sources of deportation and ten percent in the destination areas. This goal could not be accomplished without mass murder.
1189:
1358:
447:
1020:
1418:. Some local officials gave Armenians food; others took bribes to provide food and water. Aid organizations were officially barred from providing food to the deportees, although some circumvented these prohibitions. Survivors testified that some Armenians refused aid as they believed it would only prolong their suffering. The guards raped female prisoners and also allowed Bedouins to raid the camps at night for looting and rape; some women were forced into marriage. Thousands of Armenian children were sold to childless Turks, Arabs, and Jews, who would come to the camps to buy them from their parents. In the western
858:
1160:
1105:
756:
283:
1515:
14519:
1013:
were instead killed in massacres. Although ostensibly undertaken for security reasons, the deportation and murder of
Armenians did not grant the empire any military advantage and actually undermined the Ottoman war effort. The empire faced a dilemma between its goal of eliminating Armenians and its practical need for their labor; those Armenians retained for their skills, in particular for manufacturing in war industries, were indispensable to the logistics of the Ottoman Army. By late 1915, the CUP had extinguished Armenian existence from eastern Anatolia.
14507:
617:
1040:
1366:
1205:. Some Armenians were allowed to convert to Islam and evade deportation, but the regime insisted on their destruction wherever their numbers exceeded the five to ten percent threshold, or there was a risk of them being able to preserve their nationality and culture. Talaat Pasha personally authorized conversion of Armenians and carefully tracked the loyalty of converted Armenians until the end of the war. Although the first and most important step was conversion to Islam, the process also required the eradication of
14495:
668:
1399:. By October 1915, some 870,000 deportees had reached Syria and Upper Mesopotamia. Most were repeatedly transferred between camps, being held in each camp for a few weeks, until there were very few survivors. This strategy physically weakened the Armenians and spread disease, so much that some camps were shut down in late 1915 due to the threat of disease spreading to the Ottoman military. In late 1915, the camps around Aleppo were liquidated and the survivors were forced to march to
831:. Beginning in November 1914, provincial governors of Van, Bitlis, and Erzerum sent many telegrams to the central government pressing for more severe measures against the Armenians, both regionally and throughout the empire. These requests were endorsed by the central government already before 1915. Armenian civil servants were dismissed from their posts in late 1914 and early 1915. In February 1915, the CUP leaders decided to disarm Armenians serving in the army and transfer them to
1000:
800,000 (largely
Kurdish) Ottoman subjects displaced because of the war with Russia. Resettled Muslims were spread out (typically limited to 10 percent in any area) among larger Turkish populations so that they would lose their distinctive characteristics, such as non-Turkish languages or nomadism. These migrants were exposed to harsh conditions and, in some cases, violence or restriction from leaving their new villages. The ethnic cleansing of Anatolia—the Armenian genocide,
1918:, an Armenian enclave internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan. Initially involving peaceful demonstrations by Armenians, the conflict turned violent and has featured massacres by both sides, resulting in the displacement of more than half a million people. During the conflict, the Azerbaijani and Armenian governments have regularly accused each other of plotting genocide. Azerbaijan has also joined the Turkish effort to deny the Armenian genocide.
1862:, a Turkish-Armenian journalist known for his advocacy of reconciliation. Although the AK Party softened the state denial rhetoric, describing Armenians as part of the Ottoman Empire's war losses, during the 2010s political repression and censorship increased again. Turkey's century-long effort to prevent any recognition or mention of the genocide in foreign countries has included millions of dollars in lobbying, as well as intimidation and threats.
8889:
1228:. Some boys were abducted to work as forced laborers for Muslim individuals. Some children were forcibly seized, while others were sold or given up by their parents to save their lives. Special state-run orphanages were also set up with strict procedures intending to deprive their charges of an Armenian identity. Most Armenian children who survived the genocide endured exploitation, hard labor without pay, forced conversion to Islam, and
14483:
559:; at least 100,000 Armenians were killed primarily by Ottoman soldiers and mobs let loose by the authorities. Many Armenian villages were forcibly converted to Islam. The Ottoman state bore ultimate responsibility for the killings, whose purpose was violently restoring the previous social order in which Christians would unquestioningly accept Muslim supremacy, and forcing Armenians to emigrate, thereby decreasing their numbers.
1555:. From 1918 to 1920, Armenian militants committed revenge killings of thousands of Muslims, which have been cited as a retroactive excuse for genocide. In 1918, at least 200,000 people in Armenia, mostly refugees, died from starvation or disease, in part due to a Turkish blockade of food supplies and the deliberate destruction of crops in eastern Armenia by Turkish troops, both before and after the armistice.
1172:. The rivers remained polluted long after the massacres, causing epidemics downstream. Tens of thousands of Armenians died along the roads and their bodies were buried hastily or, more often, simply left beside the roads. The Ottoman government ordered the corpses to be cleared as soon as possible to prevent both photographic documentation and disease epidemics, but these orders were not uniformly followed.
946:. This order from Talaat, intended to eliminate the Armenian leadership and anyone capable of organizing resistance, eventually resulted in the murder of most of those arrested. The same day, Talaat banned all Armenian political organizations and ordered that the Armenians who had previously been removed from Cilicia be deported again, from central Anatolia—where they would likely have survived—to the
1698:, relying on the support of perpetrators of the genocide and those who had profited from it. This movement saw the return of Armenian survivors as a mortal threat to its nationalist ambitions and the interests of its supporters. The return of survivors was therefore impossible in most of Anatolia and thousands of Armenians who tried were murdered. Historian
715:, and strictly repressed all real or perceived internal enemies. After the coup, the CUP shifted the demography of border areas by resettling Balkan Muslim refugees while coercing Christians to emigrate; immigrants were promised property that had belonged to Christians. When parts of Eastern Thrace were reoccupied by the Ottoman Empire during the
1431:
Mesopotamia. Afraid that surviving
Armenians might return home after the war, Talaat Pasha ordered a second wave of massacres in February 1916. Another wave of deportations targeted Armenians remaining in Anatolia. More than 200,000 Armenians were killed between March and October 1916, often in remote areas near Deir ez-Zor and on parts of the
819:, but many soldiers of all ethnicities and religions deserted due to difficult conditions and concern for their families. At least 10 percent of Ottoman Armenians were mobilized, leaving their communities bereft of fighting-age men and therefore largely unable to organize armed resistance to deportation in 1915. During the Ottoman
1096:(another third went to local authorities and the last to the CUP). Embezzling beyond that was punished. Ottoman politicians and officials who opposed the genocide were dismissed or assassinated. The government decreed that any Muslim who harbored an Armenian against the will of the authorities would be executed.
1633:, eliminated the Ottoman government's purpose for holding the trials. Prosecution was hampered by a widespread belief among Turkish Muslims that the actions against the Armenians were not punishable crimes. Increasingly, the genocide was considered necessary and justified to establish a Turkish nation-state.
1167:
Authorities viewed disposal of bodies through rivers as a cheap and efficient method, but it caused widespread pollution downstream. So many bodies floated down the Tigris and
Euphrates that they sometimes blocked the rivers and needed to be cleared with explosives. Other rotting corpses became stuck
1067:
Overall, national, regional, and local levels of governance cooperated with the CUP in the perpetration of genocide. The
Directorate for the Settlement of Tribes and Immigrants (IAMM) coordinated the deportation and the resettlement of Muslim immigrants in the vacant houses and lands. The IAMM, under
1012:
Deportation amounted to a death sentence; the authorities planned for and intended the death of the deportees. Deportation was only carried out behind the front lines, where no active rebellion existed, and was only possible in the absence of widespread resistance. Armenians who lived in the war zone
897:
that began on 20 April. During the siege, Armenians in surrounding villages were massacred at
Djevdet's orders. Russian forces captured Van on 18 May, finding 55,000 corpses in the province—about half its prewar Armenian population. Djevdet's forces proceeded to Bitlis and attacked Armenian
1299:
controlled by Muslim Turks. The campaign to
Turkify the economy began in June 1914 with a law that obliged many non-Muslim merchants to hire Muslims. Following the deportations, the businesses of the victims were taken over by Muslims who were often incompetent, leading to economic difficulties. The
2063:
in 1944, became interested in war crimes after reading about the 1921 trial of
Soghomon Tehlirian for the assassination of Talaat Pasha. Lemkin recognized the fate of the Armenians as one of the most significant genocides in the twentieth century. Almost all historians and scholars outside Turkey,
1316:
argue that "The Republic of Turkey and its legal system were built, in a sense, on the seizure of Armenian cultural, social, and economic wealth, and on the removal of the Armenian presence." The proceeds from the sale of confiscated property was often used to fund the deportation of Armenians and
1200:
The Islamization of Armenians, carried out as a systematic state policy involving the bureaucracy, police, judiciary, and clergy, was a major structural component of the genocide. An estimated 100,000 to 200,000 Armenians were Islamized, and it is estimated that as many as two million Turkish
1180:. There was a distinction between the convoys from eastern Anatolia, which were eliminated almost in their entirety, and those from farther west, which made up most of those surviving to reach Syria. For example, around 99 percent of Armenians deported from Erzerum did not reach their destination.
995:
During World War I, the CUP—whose central goal was to preserve the Ottoman Empire—came to identify Armenian civilians as an existential threat. CUP leaders held Armenians—including women and children—collectively guilty for betraying the empire, a belief that was crucial to deciding on genocide in
694:
and the mass expulsion of Muslims from the Balkans. Ottoman Muslim society was incensed by the atrocities committed against Balkan Muslims, intensifying anti-Christian sentiment and leading to a desire for revenge. Blame for the loss was assigned to all Christians, including the Ottoman Armenians,
643:
and nearby towns. Unlike the 1890s massacres, the events were not organized by the central government but instigated by local officials, intellectuals, and Islamic clerics, including CUP supporters in Adana. Although the massacres went unpunished, the ARF continued to hope that reforms to improve
999:
The deportation of Armenians and resettlement of Muslims in their lands was part of a broader project intended to permanently restructure the demographics of Anatolia. Armenian homes, businesses, and land were preferentially allocated to Muslims from outside the empire, nomads, and the estimated
1951:
In response to continuing denial by the Turkish state, many Armenian diaspora activists have lobbied for international formal recognition of the Armenian genocide, an effort that has become a central concern of the Armenian diaspora. From the 1970s onward, many countries avoided recognition to
1755:
and another 200,000 lived in the provinces, largely women and children who had been forcibly converted. Though Armenians in Constantinople faced discrimination, they were allowed to maintain their cultural identity, unlike those elsewhere in Turkey who continued to face forced Islamization and
1430:
The ability of the Armenians to adapt and survive was greater than the perpetrators expected. A loosely organized, Armenian-led resistance network based in Aleppo succeeded in helping many deportees, saving Armenian lives. At the beginning of 1916 some 500,000 deportees were alive in Syria and
1120:
Although the majority of able-bodied Armenian men had been conscripted into the army, others deserted, paid the exemption tax, or fell outside the age range of conscription. Unlike the earlier massacres of Ottoman Armenians, in 1915 Armenians were not usually killed in their villages, to avoid
502:
came to power, the state began to confiscate Armenian-owned land in the eastern provinces and give it to Muslim immigrants as part of a systematic policy to reduce the Armenian population of these areas. This policy lasted until World War I. These conditions led to a substantial decline in the
1175:
Women and children, who made up the great majority of deportees, were usually not executed immediately, but subjected to hard marches through mountainous terrain without food and water. Those who could not keep up were left to die or shot. During 1915, some were forced to walk as far as 1,000
1838:
of its actions. The Turkish government maintains that the mass deportation of Armenians was a legitimate action to combat an existential threat to the empire, but that there was no intention to exterminate the Armenian people. The government's position is supported by the majority of Turkish
1619:. The court ruled that "the crime of mass murder" of Armenians was "organized and carried out by the top leaders of CUP". Eighteen perpetrators (including Talaat, Enver, and Djemal) were sentenced to death, of whom only three were ultimately executed as the remainder had fled and were tried
652:
that provided for the appointment of two European inspectors for the entire Ottoman east and putting the Hamidiye regiments in reserve. CUP leaders feared that these reforms, which were never implemented, could lead to partition and cited them as a reason for the elimination of the Armenian
703:
came to blame non-Muslim population concentrations in strategic areas for many of the empire's problems, concluding by mid-1914 that they were internal tumors to be excised. Of these, Ottoman Armenians were considered the most dangerous, because CUP leaders feared that their homeland in
1496:
Relief efforts were organized in dozens of countries to raise money for Armenian survivors. By 1925, people in 49 countries were organizing "Golden Rule Sundays" during which they consumed the diet of Armenian refugees, to raise money for humanitarian efforts. Between 1915 and 1930,
1304:
to manage and redistribute property confiscated from Armenians. Although the laws maintained that the state was simply administering the properties on behalf of the absent Armenians, there was no provision to return them to the owners—it was presumed that they had ceased to exist.
971:
We have been blamed for not making a distinction between guilty and innocent Armenians. was impossible. Because of the nature of things, one who was still innocent today could be guilty tomorrow. The concern for the safety of Turkey simply had to silence all other concerns.
1083:
and Circassians), who identified the Armenians with their Russian oppressors. Nomadic Kurds committed many atrocities during the genocide, but settled Kurds only rarely did so. Perpetrators had several motives, including ideology, revenge, desire for Armenian property, and
6502:
470:
to centralize power and equalize the status of Ottoman subjects regardless of religion. The reforms to equalize the status of non-Muslims were strongly opposed by Islamic clergy and Muslims in general, and remained mostly theoretical. Because of the abolition of the
547:
to interfere in Ottoman politics. Although Armenians had been called the "loyal millet" in contrast to Greeks and others who had previously challenged Ottoman rule, the authorities began to perceive Armenians as a threat after 1878. In 1891, Abdul Hamid created the
1996:. According to Ihrig, the book, released in 1933, is among the most important works of twentieth-century literature to address genocide and "is still considered essential reading for Armenians worldwide". The genocide became a central theme in English-language
1321:. The dispossession and exile of Armenian competitors enabled many lower-class Turks (i.e. peasantry, soldiers, and laborers) to rise to the middle class. Confiscation of Armenian assets continued into the second half of the twentieth century, and in 2006 the
1300:
genocide had catastrophic effects on the Ottoman economy; Muslims were disadvantaged by the deportation of skilled professionals and entire districts fell into famine following their farmers' deportation. The Ottoman and Turkish governments passed a series of
1610:
publicly recognized that 800,000 Ottoman citizens of Armenian origin had died as a result of state policy and stated that "humanity, civilizations are shuddering, and forever will shudder, in face of this tragedy". The postwar Ottoman government held the
211:. In 1916, another wave of massacres was ordered, leaving about 200,000 deportees alive by the end of the year. Around 100,000 to 200,000 Armenian women and children were forcibly converted to Islam and integrated into Muslim households. Massacres and
787:
to intervene on the Ottoman side. Instead, the delegates resolved that Armenians should fight for the countries of their citizenships. During its war preparations, the Ottoman government recruited thousands of prisoners to join the paramilitary
1522:
Intentional, state-sponsored killing of Armenians mostly ceased by the end of January 1917, although sporadic massacres and starvation continued. Both contemporaries and later historians have estimated that around 1 million Armenians
1834:—are among the main legacies of the genocide in Turkey. In postwar Turkey, the perpetrators of the genocide were hailed as martyrs of the national cause. Turkey's official denial of the Armenian genocide continues to rely on the CUP's
892:
to hand over their arms on 18 April 1915, creating a dilemma: If they obeyed, the Armenians expected to be killed, but if they refused, it would provide a pretext for massacres. Armenians fortified themselves in Van and repelled
898:
and Assyrian/Syriac villages; the men were killed immediately, many women and children were kidnapped by local Kurds, and others marched away to be killed later. By the end of June, there were only a dozen Armenians in the vilayet.
1008:
after World War I—paved the way for the formation of an ethno-national Turkish state. In September 1918, Talaat emphasized that regardless of losing the war, he had succeeded at "transforming Turkey to a nation-state in Anatolia".
203:, an estimated 800,000 to 1.2 million Armenians were sent on death marches to the Syrian Desert in 1915 and 1916. Driven forward by paramilitary escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to robbery,
1550:
was proclaimed in May 1918, at which time 50 percent of its population were refugees and 60 percent of its territory was under Ottoman occupation. Ottoman troops withdrew from parts of Armenia following the October 1918
1426:
under Djemal Pasha, there were no concentration camps or large-scale massacres, rather Armenians were resettled and recruited to work for the war effort. They had to convert to Islam or face deportation to another area.
613:, although tensions remained high. Despite an agreement to reverse the land usurpation of the previous decades in the 1910 Salonica Accord between the ARF and the CUP, the latter made no efforts to carry this out.
538:
agreed to carry out reforms and guarantee the physical safety of its Armenian subjects, but there was no enforcement mechanism; conditions continued to worsen. The Congress of Berlin marked the emergence of the
941:
decided on the large-scale removal of Armenians from areas near the front lines. During the night of 23–24 April 1915 hundreds of Armenian political activists, intellectuals, and community leaders were
1527:, with figures ranging from 600,000 to 1.5 million deaths. Between 800,000 and 1.2 million Armenians were deported, and contemporaries estimated that by late 1916 only 200,000 were still alive. As the
1047:
On 23 May 1915, Talaat ordered the deportation of all Armenians in Van, Bitlis, and Erzerum. To grant a cover of legality to the deportation, already well underway in the eastern provinces and Cilicia, the
639:, armed Muslims attacked the Armenian quarter and Armenians returned fire. Ottoman soldiers did not protect Armenians and instead armed the rioters. Between 20,000 and 25,000 people, mostly Armenians, were
1247:, sexual abuse, and prostitution of Armenian women were all very common. Although Armenian women tried to avoid sexual violence, suicide was often the only alternative. Deportees were displayed naked in
1588:
held 25,000 orphans, the largest number in the world. In 1920, the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople reported it was caring for 100,000 orphans, estimating that another 100,000 remained captive.
1317:
resettlement of Muslims, as well as for army, militia, and other government spending. Ultimately this formed much of the basis of the industry and economy of the post-1923 republic, endowing it with
475:
in the mid-nineteenth century, the Ottoman government began to directly tax Armenian peasants who had previously paid taxes only to Kurdish landlords. The latter continued to exact levies illegally.
1325:
ruled that property records from 1915 must be kept closed to protect national security. Outside Istanbul, the traces of Armenian existence in Turkey, including churches and monasteries, libraries,
1518:
Percent of prewar Armenian population unaccounted for in 1917 based on Talaat Pasha's record. Black indicates that 100 percent of Armenians have disappeared. Resettlement zone is displayed in red.
1156:
and systematically executed by the Special Organization. Armenian men were often drowned by being tied together back-to-back before being thrown in the water, a method that was not used on women.
14440:
1776:. It was described by contemporaries as "the murder of a nation", "race extermination", "the greatest crime of the ages", and "the blackest page in modern history". According to historian
1454:
The Ottoman Empire tried to prevent journalists and photographers from documenting the atrocities, threatening them with arrest. Nevertheless, substantiated reports of mass killings were
1060:, 2,000 kilometers (1,200 mi) from the Russian front. Following the elimination of the Armenian population in eastern Anatolia, in August 1915, the Armenians of western Anatolia and
13877:
644:
security and restore lands were forthcoming, until late 1912, when they broke with the CUP and appealed to the European powers. On 8 February 1914, the CUP reluctantly agreed to
1224:
The CUP allowed Armenian women to marry into Muslim households, as these women would lose their Armenian identity. Young women and girls were often appropriated as house servants or
188:
as evidence of a widespread rebellion, though no such rebellion existed. Mass deportation was intended to permanently forestall the possibility of Armenian autonomy or independence.
1846:
The Turkish state perceives open discussion of the genocide as a threat to national security because of its connection with the foundation of the republic, and for decades strictly
11047:
884:
in Van vilayet from December 1914. ARF leaders attempted to keep the situation calm, warning that even justifiable self-defense could lead to escalation of killing. The governor,
11062:
1232:. Armenian women captured during the journey ended up in Turkish or Kurdish households; those who were Islamized during the second phase of the genocide found themselves in an
792:, which initially focused on stirring up revolts among Muslims behind Russian lines beginning before the empire officially entered the war. On 29 October 1914, the empire
11246:
7868:
609:, which was celebrated by Ottomans of all ethnicities and religions. Security improved in parts of the eastern provinces after 1908 and the CUP took steps to reform the local
8065:
808:. Many Russian Armenians were enthusiastic about the war, but Ottoman Armenians were more ambivalent, afraid that supporting Russia would bring retaliation. Organization of
8095:
6843:
1896:, and diaspora Armenians demonstrated across the world in favor of recognition of the genocide and annexing land from Turkey. A memorial was completed two years later, at
13213:
1301:
544:
12664:
1406:
In general, Armenians were denied food and water during and after their forced march to the Syrian desert; many died of starvation, exhaustion, or disease, especially
699:
movement for pluralism and coexistence; instead, the CUP turned to an increasingly radical Turkish nationalism to preserve the empire. CUP leaders such as Talaat and
14305:
11144:
8085:
8070:
2015:, who played herself. Since then more films about the genocide have been made, although it took several decades for any of them to reach a mass-market audience. The
1743:
Armenian survivors were left mainly in three locations. About 295,000 Armenians had fled to Russian-controlled territory during the genocide and ended up mostly in
14584:
10781:
10605:
9945:
1702:
states that the war of independence was "intended to complete the genocide by finally eradicating Armenian, Greek, and Syriac survivors". In 1920, Turkish general
12982:
11223:
739:
states that the perceived success of the Greek deportations allowed CUP leaders to envision even more radical policies "as yet another extension of a policy of
11251:
9758:
8321:
7999:
7477:
1597:
1251:
and sold as sex slaves in some areas, constituting an important source of income for accompanying gendarmes. Some were sold in Arabian slave markets to Muslim
943:
192:
14416:
13221:
12955:
11439:
11166:
10858:
9816:
7461:
719:
in mid-1913, there was a campaign of looting and intimidation against Greeks and Armenians, forcing many to emigrate. Around 150,000 Greek Orthodox from the
402:
in 1914, around two million Armenians lived in Ottoman territory, mostly in Anatolia, a region with a total population of 15–17.5 million. According to the
38:
14384:
11546:
1756:
kidnapping of girls after 1923. Between 1922 and 1929, the Turkish authorities eliminated surviving Armenians from southern Turkey, expelling thousands to
1295:
A secondary motivation for genocide was the destruction of the Armenian bourgeoisie to make room for a Turkish and Muslim middle class and build a statist
12577:
11454:
11209:
1535:, they liberated around 100,000 to 150,000 Armenians working for the Ottoman military under abysmal conditions, not including those held by Arab tribes.
815:
Wartime requisitions were often corrupt and arbitrary, and disproportionately targeted Greeks and Armenians. Armenian leaders urged young men to accept
160:
Before World War I, Armenians occupied a somewhat protected, but subordinate, place in Ottoman society. Large-scale massacres of Armenians had occurred
13253:
11449:
11139:
11090:
11005:
8423:
8413:
2050:
13960:
2041:
The genocide is extensively documented in the archives of Germany, Austria, the United States, Russia, France, and the United Kingdom, as well as the
14619:
14544:
12444:
11293:
1056:, which allowed authorities to deport anyone deemed suspect. On 21 June, Talaat ordered the deportation of all Armenians throughout the empire, even
11709:
14273:
13324:
8212:
8164:
1472:
12643:
14549:
14132:
13912:
13348:
12609:
12523:
12339:
11134:
10492:
1435:
valley, where their bodies would not create a public health hazard. The massacres killed most of the Armenians who had survived the camp system.
1064:
were targeted for deportation. Some areas with a very low Armenian population and some cities, including Constantinople, were partially spared.
14432:
13594:
13019:
12617:
812:
by Russian Armenians, later joined by some Ottoman Armenian deserters, further increased Ottoman suspicions against their Armenian population.
635:
was launched by conservatives and some liberals who opposed the CUP's increasingly repressive governance. When news of the countercoup reached
9923:
1615:, by which it sought to pin the Armenian genocide onto the CUP leadership while exonerating the Ottoman Empire as a whole, therefore avoiding
1489:
was a military ally of the Ottoman Empire during World War I. German diplomats approved limited removals of Armenians in early 1915, and
691:
13506:
12834:
12720:
12419:
11681:
9985:
9084:
8014:
7491:
1737:
1271:
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14604:
12304:
11194:
11124:
10763:
9975:
9886:
7332:
6991:
6622:
2046:
1840:
6237:
988:
11218:
10109:
9563:
8296:
8217:
7899:
1455:
1221:
to a Muslim. Although Islamization was the most feasible opportunity for survival, it also transgressed Armenian moral and social norms.
466:, and unpunished crimes against them including robberies, murders, and sexual assaults. Beginning in 1839, the Ottoman government issued
1144:
highlands, would have found gorges already filled with corpses from previous convoys. Many others were held in tributary valleys of the
844:
14614:
14392:
14339:
13308:
11805:
9786:
8450:
8397:
7659:
1225:
527:
511:(ARF), founded in 1890. These parties primarily sought reform within the empire and found only limited support from Ottoman Armenians.
12319:
13586:
12962:
12751:
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Cora, Yaşar Tolga (2020). "Towards a Social History of the Ottoman War Economy: Manufacturing and Armenian Forced Skilled-Laborers".
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Minister of War Enver Pasha took over command of the Ottoman armies for the invasion of Russian territory, and tried to encircle the
14579:
14559:
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12455:
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1387:. The first transit camp was established at Sibil, east of Aleppo; one convoy would arrive each day while another would depart for
11444:
1383:. From mid-November, the convoys were denied access to the city and redirected along the Baghdad Railway or the Euphrates towards
12736:
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835:. The Armenian soldiers in labor battalions were systematically executed, although many skilled workers were spared until 1916.
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11568:
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11426:
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7657:(2013). "A Climate for Abduction, a Climate for Redemption: The Politics of Inclusion during and after the Armenian Genocide".
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1076:, which held eastern Anatolia, the army was only involved in genocidal atrocities in the vilayets of Van, Erzerum, and Bitlis.
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from June 1915, where a series of transit camps were set up to control the flow of victims to the killing site at the nearby
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2081:
406:'s estimates for 1913–1914, there were 2,925 Armenian towns and villages in the Ottoman Empire, of which 2,084 were in the
1580:) that reclaimed thousands of kidnapped and islamized Armenian women and children. Armenian leaders abandoned traditional
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population of the Armenian highlands; 300,000 Armenians left the empire, and others moved to towns. Some Armenians joined
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and an increasing number of Turkish scholars, recognize the destruction of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire as genocide.
2024:
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1524:
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and civilization", and threatened to hold the perpetrators accountable. Witness testimony was published in books such as
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in the Young Turk movement, the ARF decided to ally with the CUP in December 1907. In 1908, the CUP came to power in the
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7798:"'Crimes against Humanity': Human Rights, the British Empire, and the Origins of the Response to the Armenian Genocide"
1875:
1606:
Following the armistice, Allied governments championed the prosecution of Armenian genocide perpetrators. Grand Vizier
1322:
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7593:"Recognition of the Armenian Genocide after its Centenary: A Comparative Analysis of Changing Parliamentary Positions"
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1740:. Its protection provisions for non-Muslim minorities had no enforcement mechanism and were disregarded in practice.
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1140:, one of the deadliest areas during the genocide. Arriving convoys, having passed through the plain to approach the
1136:, pushed by paramilitaries off the cliffs. More than 500,000 Armenians passed through the Firincilar plain south of
14355:
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10540:
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9363:
8329:
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1478:
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438:, despite the wealth of some Armenians, their overall political power was low, making them especially vulnerable.
168:. The Ottoman Empire suffered a series of military defeats and territorial losses—especially during the 1912–1913
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7197:(2011). "Pouring a People into the Desert: The "Definitive Solution" of the Unionists to the Armenian Question".
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7700:"Financing the Ruling Party and Its Militants in Wartime:The Armenian Genocide and the Kemah Massacres of 1915"
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Anatolia—claimed as the last refuge of the Turkish nation—would break away from the empire as the Balkans had.
463:
339:
177:
14228:
12214:
7356:
Koinova, Maria (2017). "Conflict and Cooperation in Armenian Diaspora Mobilisation for Genocide Recognition".
1997:
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came to power and relaxed censorship to a certain extent, and the profile of the issue was raised by the 2007
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Gendering Global Humanitarianism in the Twentieth Century: Practice, Politics and the Power of Representation
7397:(2020). "The Orphan Nation: Gendered Humanitarianism for Armenian Survivor Children in Istanbul, 1919–1922".
1927:
1332:
254:
14281:
14148:
7313:
Collective and State Violence in Turkey: The Construction of a National Identity from Empire to Nation-State
555:
from Kurdish tribes, allowing them to act with impunity against Armenians. From 1895 to 1896 the empire saw
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1973:
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1053:
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7828:(2013). "'Are There Any Children for Sale?': Genocide and the Transfer of Armenian Children (1915–1922)".
6764:
Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence Against the Armenians, 1789–2009
1709:
with orders "to eliminate Armenia physically and politically". Nearly 100,000 Armenians were massacred in
1501:
raised $ 110 million ($ 2 billion adjusted for inflation) for refugees from the Ottoman Empire.
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The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire
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1984:
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kilometers (620 mi) in the summer heat. Some deportees from western Anatolia were allowed to travel
1073:
772:
216:
10182:
7311:
Kévorkian, Raymond (2020). "The Final Phase: The Cleansing of Armenian and Greek Survivors, 1919–1922".
172:—leading to fear among CUP leaders that the Armenians would seek independence. During their invasion of
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1932:
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neighbors. According to the Patriarchate's figure, 215,131 Armenians lived in urban areas, especially
14172:
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1911:
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adjacent to the Russian border. Armenians were a minority in most places where they lived, alongside
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145:(CUP), it was implemented primarily through the mass murder of around one million Armenians during
14329:
12106:
7725:"Cultural Erasure: The Absorption and Forced Conversion of Armenian Women and Children, 1915–1916"
6758:
6584:
The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians
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1584:
to classify children born to Armenian women and their Muslim captors as Armenian. An orphanage in
1339:, have been systematically erased, beginning during the war and continuing for decades afterward.
1313:
581:, which he had suspended in 1877. One faction of the Young Turks was the secret and revolutionary
434:. Although most Ottoman Armenians were peasant farmers, they were overrepresented in commerce. As
385:
encoded Islamic superiority but guaranteed property rights and freedom of worship to non-Muslims (
249:. The Turkish government maintains that the deportation of Armenians was a legitimate action that
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7441:(2018). "Internment and destruction: Concentration camps during the Armenian genocide, 1915–16".
7257:
Kaligian, Dikran (2017). "Convulsions at the End of Empire: Thrace, Asia Minor, and the Aegean".
6588:
2036:
2002:
1543:
1467:
1109:
740:
724:
303:
48:
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7532:(2011). "Renewal and Silence: Postwar Unionist and Kemalist Rhetoric on the Armenian Genocide".
7510:Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2016). "The Armenian Genocide in the Context of 20th-Century Paramilitarism".
7093:
Astourian, Stephan (2011). "The Silence of the Land: Agrarian Relations, Ethnicity, and Power".
593:(later Talaat Pasha) emerged as a leading member. Although skeptical of a growing, exclusionary
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2016:
1835:
1772:, the Armenian genocide reached an "iconic status" as "the apex of horrors conceivable" before
1747:. An estimated 200,000 Armenian refugees settled in the Middle East, forming a new wave of the
1403:; the camps around Ras al-Ayn were closed in early 1916 and the survivors sent to Deir ez-Zor.
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1752:
1648:, focused on Talaat's responsibility for genocide. Tehlirian was acquitted by a German jury.
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This genocide put an end to more than two thousand years of Armenian civilization in eastern
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435:
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7872:
7767:
Shirinian, George N. (2017). "Starvation and Its Political Use in the Armenian Genocide".
7375:
Leonard, Thomas C. (2004). "When news is not enough: American media and Armenian deaths".
6810:
1940: National legislatures that have passed resolutions recognizing the Armenian genocide
1699:
8:
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and found nearby gorges choked with corpses and hundreds of bodies floating in the lake.
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Armenians gathered in a city prior to deportation. They were murdered outside the city.
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Not All Quiet on the Ottoman Fronts: Neglected Perspectives on a Global War, 1914–1918
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Destruction and Human Remains: Disposal and Concealment in Genocide and Mass Violence
7262:
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The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924
6848:
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New Social Movements and the Armenian Question in Turkey: Civil Society vs. the State
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1903:
1748:
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to kill the perpetrators of the Armenian genocide. The trial of his admitted killer,
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1621:
1607:
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1348:
1210:
1092:
encouraged the killing of Armenians and killers were entitled to a third of Armenian
1001:
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784:
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346:
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97:
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is commemorated on 24 April each year in Armenia and abroad, the anniversary of the
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2008:
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citizens. Many Kurds, who themselves have suffered political repression in Turkey,
1671:
1546:, the Russian army withdrew and Ottoman forces advanced into eastern Anatolia. The
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7633:(2008). "The 1914 cleansing of Aegean Greeks as a case of violent Turkification".
7611:
7592:
7575:
6993:"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide
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Akçam, Taner (2019). "When Was the Decision to Annihilate the Armenians Taken?".
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7134:(2016). "'They Brought It on Themselves and It Never Happened': Denial to 1939".
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Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1908–1922
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The corpses of Armenians beside a road, a common sight along deportation routes
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many of whom had fought on the Ottoman side. The Balkan Wars put an end to the
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Göçek, Fatma Müge (2011). "Reading Genocide: Turkish Historiography on 1915".
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Abdul Hamid's despotism prompted the formation of an opposition movement, the
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A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire
7218:
A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire
7199:
A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire
7095:
A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire
7075:
A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire
1978:
After meeting Armenian survivors in the Middle East, Austrian–Jewish writer
861:
Russian soldiers pictured in the former Armenian village of Sheykhalan near
667:
605:. Abdul Hamid was forced to reinstate the 1876 constitution and restore the
543:
in international diplomacy as Armenians were for the first time used by the
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Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913–1923
6970:
The Armenians in Modern Turkey: Post-Genocide Society, Politics and History
6942:
6862:
6782:
1979:
1957:
1777:
1773:
1585:
1528:
1514:
1169:
978:
930:
902:
767:) map highlighting territory lost during and after the Balkan Wars in black
720:
459:
287:
200:
12743:
12141:
1732:
in 1923. CUP war criminals were granted immunity and later that year, the
1291:, was confiscated from Ohannes Kasabian, an Armenian businessman, in 1915.
601:, which began with a string of CUP assassinations of leading officials in
14511:
14108:
13820:
13813:
13425:
12552:
12111:
12036:
11908:
11739:
11095:
11000:
10698:
10126:
9547:
9470:
8630:
8253:
8243:
7952:
7016:
Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property
6950:
6820:
1819:
1392:
1229:
1153:
1061:
889:
885:
816:
700:
662:
574:
491:
399:
311:
207:, and massacres. In the Syrian Desert, the survivors were dispersed into
169:
146:
138:
93:
30:
12086:
7780:
7690:
7681:
3011:
1361:
An Armenian woman kneeling beside a dead child in a field outside Aleppo
616:
14116:
13695:
13656:
13237:
13133:
12712:
12010:
8939:
8763:
8153:
5189:
2053:
from Western missionaries and Armenian survivors. Polish-Jewish lawyer
1859:
1781:
1560:
1373:
1193:
1133:
1113:
1057:
914:
696:
419:
382:
208:
13433:
11659:
7788:
7746:
Miller, Angela (2010). "Achilles the Bitter: Gorky and the Genocide".
7621:
7072:(2011). "Who Still Talked about the Extermination of the Armenians?".
6788:
Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler
6615:
Comprendre le génocide des arméniens – 1915 à nos jours
6557:
The Spirit of the Laws: The Plunder of Wealth in the Armenian Genocide
5134:
1039:
918:
184:
massacred local Armenians. Ottoman leaders took isolated instances of
13674:
13663:
13141:
12800:
12046:
11890:
10890:
10657:
9340:
8758:
8753:
8190:
8090:
7714:
7699:
7419:(2016). "The Armenian Genocide in Film: Overcoming Denial and Loss".
7051:
1989:
1788:, its 'lessons', tactics, and 'benefits', into their own worldview".
1415:
1407:
1149:
1125:
1085:
805:
455:
319:
7877:
7737:
7724:
7112:
Bloxham, Donald; Göçek, Fatma Müge (2008). "The Armenian Genocide".
2007:
was released in 1919 as a fundraiser for Near East Relief, based on
14494:
14441:
Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al
13737:
13716:
13688:
13633:
12498:
11764:
11729:
11150:
8728:
8650:
8538:
8525:
7278:"Earth, Fire, Water: or How to Make the Armenian Corpses Disappear"
6392:
5269:
5267:
5265:
2059:
1988:, a fictionalized retelling of the successful Armenian uprising in
1851:
1365:
1327:
1248:
1080:
881:
586:
467:
423:
323:
227:
196:
89:
44:
7358:
Diaspora as Cultures of Cooperation: Global and Local Perspectives
2608:
731:, who were secretly backed by the CUP and sometimes joined by the
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671:
381:
offered non-Muslims a subordinate but protected place in society.
9460:
8888:
8655:
8635:
8569:
7863:
6529:
Killing Orders: Talat Pasha's Telegrams and the Armenian Genocide
4519:
4517:
1964:. Azerbaijan, Pakistan, and Turkey explicitly deny the genocide.
1879:
1714:
1388:
1237:
1137:
910:
518:
forced the Ottoman Empire to cede parts of eastern Anatolia, the
487:
387:
377:. The Ottoman Empire was multiethnic and multireligious, and its
6700:
Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide
6172:
5701:
5699:
5507:
5399:
5262:
771:
A few days after the outbreak of World War I, the CUP concluded
675:
13804:
8665:
8660:
8645:
7443:
Internment during the First World War: A Mass Global Phenomenon
6276:
5555:
5387:
2126:
2124:
1993:
1907:
1807:
1683:
1667:
1419:
1411:
1380:
1145:
922:
427:
314:. Most villages populated by Armenians were in these provinces.
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6126:
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5011:
4729:
4727:
4541:
4514:
3671:
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1493:
against the genocide, which has been a source of controversy.
862:
775:
on 2 August 1914. The same month, CUP representatives went to
13369:
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12229:
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7858:
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3661:
3659:
3489:
2023:
were influenced by his experience of the genocide. More than
1384:
1141:
934:
845:
Causes of the Armenian genocide § Wartime radicalization
828:
682:. In the background are Greek refugees and burning buildings.
636:
621:
478:
From the mid-nineteenth century, Armenians faced large-scale
415:
392:
231:
6844:
Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide
6619:
Understanding the Armenian genocide: 1915 to the present day
6452:
6404:
6288:
6097:
6075:
6073:
6071:
5791:
5789:
5738:
5716:
5714:
5638:
5636:
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5483:
4890:
4888:
4408:
4406:
4142:
4140:
4138:
3747:
3047:
2121:
2027:
have been erected in 32 countries to commemorate the event.
880:
Massacres of Armenian men were occurring in the vicinity of
12467:
8625:
6440:
6148:
6121:
6109:
5459:
5447:
4999:
4939:
4863:
4861:
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4842:
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4243:
3868:
2936:
2524:
2403:
2401:
2374:
2338:
2326:
2179:
1784:
viewed post-1923 Turkey as a post-genocidal paradise and, "
1252:
1168:
to the riverbanks, and still others traveled as far as the
1089:
450:"Looting of an Armenian village by the Kurds", 1898 or 1899
7859:
Armenian Genocide – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia
7238:(2010). "Genocide at the Twilight of the Ottoman Empire".
6947:
The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East
6416:
6380:
6085:
6056:
6020:
5897:
5885:
4678:
4676:
4589:
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3656:
3369:
3023:
2812:
2512:
2466:
2464:
2437:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
1736:
established Turkey's current borders and provided for the
14306:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
6324:
6312:
6068:
5984:
5972:
5933:
5921:
5837:
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3035:
2963:
2836:
2800:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2167:
1395:. Dozens of concentration camps were set up in Syria and
827:, the Special Organization massacred local Armenians and
7330:
Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Bloxham, Donald (2014). "Genocide".
7175:(2016). "The Theme of Genocide in Armenian Literature".
6464:
5849:
5762:
5607:
5579:
5375:
5279:
5170:
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4927:
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3255:
3191:
2953:
2951:
2896:
2860:
2848:
2596:
2398:
2232:
2230:
7421:
The History of Genocide in Cinema: Atrocities on Screen
7401:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 117–142.
7360:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 111–129.
6925:
The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present
6652:
Open Wounds: Armenians, Turks and a Century of Genocide
6300:
6208:
6160:
6032:
5861:
5648:
5531:
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2620:
2572:
2548:
2461:
2290:
2254:
2136:
2097:
1946: States that explicitly deny the Armenian genocide
937:
in central Anatolia. In late March or early April, the
8000:
Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915
7478:
NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies
6336:
5950:
5948:
5873:
5825:
5801:
5619:
5411:
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3272:
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3119:
3071:
2824:
2350:
2314:
2278:
2242:
2047:
systematic purges of incriminating documents by Turkey
1728:
The victorious nationalists subsequently declared the
1598:
Prosecution of Ottoman war criminals after World War I
14471:
14417:
International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine
12956:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
6264:
6252:
6184:
6008:
5750:
5600:, pp. 226–227, 235, 262, 293, "Trial in Berlin"
5158:
5083:
5059:
4791:
4577:
4529:
4442:
4367:
3940:
3892:
3604:
3577:
3537:
3477:
3381:
3318:
2948:
2884:
2500:
2449:
2425:
2413:
2302:
2227:
2191:
901:
The first deportations of Armenians were proposed by
692:
loss of almost all of the empire's European territory
577:, which sought to overthrow him and restore the 1876
14385:
International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur
6428:
5567:
5495:
5351:
5214:
5119:
5095:
4216:
4164:
4152:
3952:
3916:
3853:
3707:
3589:
3513:
3405:
3393:
3354:
3342:
3243:
2987:
2668:
2644:
2362:
2215:
2155:
1952:
preserve good relations with Turkey. As of 2023, 31
1379:
The first arrivals in mid-1915 were accommodated in
195:
hundreds of Armenian intellectuals and leaders from
6044:
5996:
5945:
4553:
4490:
3282:
3267:
3231:
3167:
3143:
2975:
2908:
2788:
2776:
2584:
2560:
2536:
6678:Judgment at Istanbul: The Armenian Genocide Trials
4502:
2488:
2476:
2386:
2266:
2203:
1956:have formally recognized the genocide, along with
1713:by the Turkish army and another 100,000 fled from
1558:Armenians organized a coordinated effort known as
1482:(1918), raising public awareness of the genocide.
944:rounded up in Constantinople and across the empire
271:
12445:Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation
750:
454:Armenians in the eastern provinces lived in semi-
230:. Together with the mass murder and expulsion of
14531:
14274:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
14020:
7379:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 294–308.
7284:. Manchester University Press. pp. 89–116.
6861:
6605:
6228:"Countries that Recognize the Armenian Genocide"
5273:
4745:
4297:
4194:
4125:
4077:
4061:
4003:
3987:
3792:
3725:
3622:
3567:
3209:
2926:
2130:
2115:
1473:The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
1108:On 24 September 1915, United States consul
14585:Persecution of Christians in the Ottoman Empire
13214:German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs
12340:Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings
10493:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
7171:
6899:Destroying the Armenians: History of a Genocide
6282:
1132:gorge. Thousands of Armenians were killed near
191:On 24 April 1915, the Ottoman authorities
7480:/ Amsterdam University Press. pp. 45–72.
6895:Détruire les Arméniens. Histoire d'un génocide
2030:
2000:. The first film about the Armenian genocide,
1651:
1034:
13507:Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War
12483:
11675:
9532:
8554:
7893:
7536:. Oxford University Press. pp. 306–316.
7329:
7242:. Oxford University Press. pp. 365–385.
7201:. Oxford University Press. pp. 276–286.
7078:. Oxford University Press. pp. 199–217.
5140:
1828:belief that Turkey is constantly under threat
1272:Confiscation of Armenian properties in Turkey
909:, in February 1915 and targeted Armenians in
7333:The Cambridge History of the First World War
7111:
7010:
6672:
6410:
6386:
5744:
5513:
5489:
5465:
5453:
5441:
4733:
2942:
1921:
1088:. To motivate perpetrators, state-appointed
441:
215:of Armenian survivors continued through the
14393:International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh
14133:Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials
10983:
7653:
7220:. Oxford University Press. pp. 42–52.
7179:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 273–286.
7138:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 167–182.
7116:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 344–372.
7097:. Oxford University Press. pp. 55–81.
5405:
5393:
1892:. On 24 April 1965, 100,000 Armenians
1565:
1265:
16:1915–1917 mass murder in the Ottoman Empire
14340:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
12490:
12476:
11806:Association for Defence of National Rights
11682:
11668:
9539:
9525:
8561:
8547:
7900:
7886:
7824:
7660:Comparative Studies in Society and History
7590:
7415:
7130:
6422:
6330:
6294:
6202:
6091:
6062:
6026:
4547:
4523:
4460:
3665:
1841:have recognized and condemned the genocide
1203:may have at least one Armenian grandparent
1124:At least 150,000 Armenians passed through
1079:Many perpetrators came from the Caucasus (
953:
674:parading with loot in Phocaea (modern-day
257:, concurring with the academic consensus.
238:Christians, it enabled the creation of an
37:
12963:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
12440:How happy is the one who says I am a Turk
7815:
7766:
7736:
7713:
7680:
7629:
7620:
7610:
7514:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 11–25.
7437:
7423:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 73–86.
7393:
7377:America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915
7310:
7275:
7092:
6919:
6889:
6816:The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History
6809:
6646:
6550:
6142:
6079:
5990:
5966:
5915:
5843:
5819:
5795:
5780:
5732:
5720:
5705:
5690:
5678:
5666:
5642:
5549:
5525:
5477:
5429:
5381:
5369:
5333:
5321:
5309:
5297:
5232:
5041:
5017:
4993:
4981:
4969:
4957:
4945:
4933:
4921:
4894:
4879:
4867:
4848:
4833:
4821:
4785:
4773:
4706:
4694:
4682:
4655:
4631:
4619:
4571:
4412:
4397:
4385:
4361:
4349:
4337:
4325:
4263:
4251:
4210:
4146:
3886:
3820:
3741:
3650:
3495:
3423:
3197:
3089:
2818:
2746:
2602:
2578:
2530:
2518:
2470:
2407:
2380:
2344:
2332:
2284:
2260:
2185:
2173:
2149:
1865:
1753:100,000 Armenians lived in Constantinople
1438:
960:Population transfer in the Ottoman Empire
779:demanding that, in the event of war with
589:, from which the charismatic conspirator
157:of others, primarily women and children.
14620:World War I crimes by the Ottoman Empire
14545:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Europe
10782:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
8053:
7256:
7068:
6735:
5855:
5176:
3765:
3753:
3077:
3041:
3029:
2969:
2830:
2734:
2722:
2710:
1931:
1869:
1677:
1661:
1513:
1442:
1364:
1356:
1279:
1187:
1158:
1103:
1038:
933:) who were relocated to the area around
856:
848:
754:
666:
615:
562:
507:, of which the most influential was the
445:
281:
43:Column of Armenian deportees guarded by
12835:Indigenous peoples in the United States
12345:2005 Istanbul pogrom exhibition assault
11689:
11159:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
7528:
7374:
7355:
7240:The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies
6967:
6694:
6577:
6446:
6318:
6214:
6190:
6178:
6166:
6154:
6130:
6115:
6103:
5879:
5831:
5807:
5654:
5417:
5256:
5244:
5089:
5077:
5053:
4809:
2248:
369:, which was permanently separated from
219:after World War I, carried out by
14550:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Asia
14532:
7864:The Armenian Genocide Institute-Museum
7745:
7697:
7234:
7193:
6837:
6342:
6240:from the original on 14 September 2019
5891:
5756:
5625:
5561:
5345:
5152:
5029:
5005:
4909:
4761:
4643:
4595:
4313:
4282:
4182:
4110:
4049:
4022:
3975:
3946:
3934:
3874:
3847:
3835:
3808:
3713:
3701:
3689:
3638:
3483:
3459:
3375:
3065:
3017:
2957:
2890:
2842:
2806:
2686:
2662:
2650:
2626:
2296:
1967:
1544:separate peace with the Central Powers
129:was the systematic destruction of the
14370:
14251:
14019:
13996:Mass killings under communist regimes
13521:
13284:
12979:
12640:
12520:
12471:
11663:
11112:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
10448:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
9520:
8542:
8529:
7907:
7881:
7795:
7559:
7509:
7459:
7215:
7045:
6941:
6781:
6757:
6721:. Springer International Publishing.
6716:
6525:
6497:
6486:Bibliography of the Armenian genocide
6458:
6434:
6398:
6306:
6270:
6258:
6050:
6038:
6014:
6002:
5978:
5954:
5939:
5903:
5867:
5597:
5537:
5501:
5164:
5113:
5065:
4797:
4718:
4607:
4583:
4535:
4472:
4448:
4424:
4373:
4234:
4222:
4170:
4093:
4034:
3963:
3898:
3862:
3677:
3610:
3583:
3555:
3543:
3387:
3336:
3324:
3276:
3261:
3249:
3237:
3125:
2993:
2914:
2854:
2674:
2368:
2161:
1890:deportation of Armenian intellectuals
1509:
13945:Terminology of the Armenian genocide
12320:1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt
11516:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
8568:
8530:
7722:
7315:. Berghahn Books. pp. 147–173.
7152:
7048:Encyclopedia of the Developing World
6986:
6470:
6356:"Memorials to the Armenian Genocide"
5927:
5768:
5613:
5585:
5573:
5357:
5285:
5220:
5128:
5101:
4667:
4559:
4508:
4496:
4484:
4436:
4158:
3922:
3910:
3777:
3598:
3531:
3519:
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3471:
3447:
3435:
3411:
3399:
3363:
3348:
3312:
3300:
3288:
3225:
3185:
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3161:
3149:
3137:
3113:
3101:
3053:
3005:
2981:
2902:
2878:
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2794:
2782:
2770:
2758:
2698:
2638:
2614:
2590:
2566:
2554:
2542:
2506:
2494:
2482:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2392:
2356:
2320:
2308:
2272:
2236:
2221:
2209:
2197:
2103:
2074:
1810:replaced Armenians as the perceived
1456:widely covered in Western newspapers
1029:Map of the Armenian genocide in 1915
838:
764:
458:conditions and commonly encountered
14605:History of West Azerbaijan province
14181:War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia
11445:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
10239:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
8505:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
8287:May 1915 Triple Entente declaration
7552:
7261:. Berghahn Books. pp. 82–104.
1751:. In the Republic of Turkey, about
1721:. According to Kévorkian, only the
1201:citizens in the early 21st century
373:(held by the Safavids) by the 1639
13:
11991:Nationalist and Conservative Party
10178:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
9085:President of the National Assembly
8310:National Armenian Relief Committee
6368:from the original on 9 August 2017
3020:, pp. 133–134, 136, 138, 172.
1876:Armenian Genocide memorial complex
1786:incorporated the Armenian genocide
1255:pilgrims and ended up as far away
579:Constitution of the Ottoman Empire
14:
14631:
14615:Events that led to courts-martial
12420:Confiscation of Armenian property
12290:Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul
11938:Republican Villagers Nation Party
8446:Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day
7852:
7729:Études arméniennes contemporaines
7705:Études arméniennes contemporaines
7598:Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs
1992:, as a warning of the dangers of
1886:Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day
1613:Ottoman Special Military Tribunal
1602:Ottoman Special Military Tribunal
514:Russia's decisive victory in the
509:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
484:sedentarization of Kurdish tribes
357:in 1453, two Islamic empires—the
255:recognized the events as genocide
14517:
14505:
14493:
14481:
14371:
14252:
13522:
13285:
12980:
12641:
10541:Second Battle of the Piave River
10163:Russian invasion of East Prussia
8887:
7157:. Ergon-Verlag. pp. 49–72.
6903:Presses Universitaires de France
6613:; Kévorkian, Raymond H. (2015).
6348:
6220:
5202:from the original on 3 June 2015
5182:
1631:a large area in eastern Anatolia
1287:, the official residence of the
1099:
1018:
345:as its national religion in the
253:. As of 2023, 34 countries have
14580:Committee of Union and Progress
14560:Massacres in the Ottoman Empire
12794:Indigenous peoples in Australia
12521:
11917:Committee of Union and Progress
11866:Turkish Resistance Organisation
11612:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
10812:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
9546:
8234:Committee of Union and Progress
7923:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
7445:. Routledge. pp. 145–161.
1183:
853:Armenian defenders in Van, 1916
583:Committee of Union and Progress
505:revolutionary political parties
278:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
272:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
267:Causes of the Armenian genocide
251:cannot be described as genocide
143:Committee of Union and Progress
118:Committee of Union and Progress
13710:Genocide of indigenous peoples
13309:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay
12610:Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate
12456:Şehitler ölmez vatan bölünmez!
12325:Zirve Publishing House murders
12315:Assassination of Kemal Türkler
12280:1957 arson attack at Tahtakale
11435:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
11294:Deportations from East Prussia
11091:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
7938:Hamidian massacres (1894–1897)
7803:The American Historical Review
7769:Genocide Studies International
7114:The Historiography of Genocide
6996:. Princeton University Press.
6847:. Princeton University Press.
2617:, pp. 92–93, 99, 139–140.
2049:. There are also thousands of
1462:(Russia, Britain, and France)
1342:
1192:Islamized Armenians who were "
751:Ottoman entry into World War I
656:
326:has been documented since the
1:
14425:Ukraine v. Russian Federation
12729:Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate
11346:Ukrainian Canadian internment
8345:Assassination of Talaat Pasha
7974:Ottoman Empire in World War I
7612:10.1080/23739770.2019.1737911
7576:10.1080/14623528.2019.1630893
7470:Holocaust and Other Genocides
7462:"The Armenian Genocide, 1915"
7046:Ahmed, Ali (2006). "Turkey".
6401:, pp. xxii–xxiii, 25–26.
2091:
1928:Armenian genocide recognition
1642:a covert operation of the ARF
1533:northwards through the Levant
1479:Ambassador Morgenthau's Story
260:
14356:Croatia–Serbia genocide case
14157:Nuremberg Military Tribunals
14003:Anti-communist mass killings
12737:Indigenous peoples in Canada
12673:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
12497:
12305:Political violence in Turkey
11501:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
10800:Estonian War of Independence
10468:Southern Palestine offensive
7943:Young Turk Revolution (1908)
7844:10.1080/14754835.2013.812410
7635:Journal of Genocide Research
7563:Journal of Genocide Research
7512:The Armenian Genocide Legacy
7177:The Armenian Genocide Legacy
7136:The Armenian Genocide Legacy
6875:. Harvard University Press.
6717:Galip, Özlem Belçim (2020).
1998:Armenian-American literature
1974:Armenian genocide in culture
1738:Greek population's expulsion
1725:prevented another genocide.
1723:Soviet occupation of Armenia
1692:Turkish nationalist movement
1504:
1054:Temporary Law of Deportation
528:Under international pressure
141:. Spearheaded by the ruling
131:Armenian people and identity
7:
14290:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal
13458:National Population Program
12335:Assassination of Hrant Dink
12240:Turkish War of Independence
11770:Turkish Cypriot nationalism
11455:USA against Austria-Hungary
10854:Turkish War of Independence
10806:Latvian War of Independence
10531:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
10122:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
9398:Armenian Brotherhood Church
9393:Armenian Evangelical Church
8744:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
8515:Hitler's Armenian reference
8510:Assassination of Hrant Dink
8385:The Forty Days of Musa Dagh
7276:Kévorkian, Raymond (2014).
7038:
6767:. Oxford University Press.
6743:. Oxford University Press.
6702:. Oxford University Press.
6361:Armenian National Institute
6233:Armenian National Institute
2031:Archives and historiography
1985:The Forty Days of Musa Dagh
1696:Turkish War of Independence
1652:Turkish War of Independence
1458:. On 24 May 1915, the
1035:Administrative organization
888:, ordered the Armenians of
633:an unsuccessful countercoup
353:. Following the end of the
330:, about 1,500 years before
217:Turkish War of Independence
10:
14636:
14590:Ethnic cleansing in Europe
14575:1915 in the Ottoman Empire
14205:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
14149:Hamburg Ravensbrück trials
13975:Effects on young survivors
13410:Sabra and Shatila massacre
12295:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
11948:Nationalist Movement Party
11538:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
11086:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
10546:Second Battle of the Marne
10433:Second battle of the Aisne
10302:Second Battle of Champagne
10143:German invasion of Belgium
8868:Armenian national movement
7591:Ben Aharon, Eldad (2019).
7339:Cambridge University Press
7070:Anderson, Margaret Lavinia
7014:; Polatel, Mehmet (2011).
6509:Princeton University Press
6483:
6479:
2034:
1971:
1925:
1795:
1655:
1595:
1531:advanced in 1917 and 1918
1346:
1269:
957:
842:
829:Assyrian/Syriac Christians
817:conscription into the army
660:
566:
275:
264:
14379:
14260:
14173:Ulm Einsatzkommando trial
14141:Supreme National Tribunal
14031:
14012:
13922:
13844:
13747:
13625:
13532:
13295:
12990:
12752:Residential school system
12651:
12531:
12505:
12430:Denial of Kurds by Turkey
12358:
12195:
12019:
11996:Rights and Equality Party
11925:Republican People's Party
11899:
11793:
11775:Turkish-Islamic synthesis
11697:
11644:
11603:
11524:
11463:
11425:
11369:
11358:
11319:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
11262:
11234:
11182:
11104:
11078:
11030:
10923:
10916:
10848:Irish War of Independence
10744:
10626:
10591:Armistice of Villa Giusti
10576:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
10501:
10403:
10330:
10231:
10188:First Battle of the Marne
10135:
10097:
10032:
10023:
9966:
9840:
9829:
9795:
9767:
9729:
9681:
9634:
9627:
9554:
9483:
9423:
9383:Armenian Apostolic Church
9373:
9306:
9219:
9210:
9188:
9120:
9111:
9060:National Security Service
8998:
8989:
8905:
8896:
8885:
8863:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
8850:
8832:First Republic of Armenia
8824:
8779:1508–1828 Iranian Armenia
8721:
8598:
8580:
8536:
8480:
8414:Witnesses and testimonies
8406:
8360:
8320:
8279:
8226:
8163:
8118:
7987:
7915:
7673:10.1017/S0010417513000236
7647:10.1080/14623520701850286
7460:Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2012).
5141:Kieser & Bloxham 2014
1922:International recognition
1791:
1770:Margaret Lavinia Anderson
1763:
1690:The CUP regrouped as the
1591:
1548:First Republic of Armenia
1323:National Security Council
1302:Abandoned Properties Laws
1276:National economy (Turkey)
1230:physical and sexual abuse
707:In January 1913, the CUP
442:Land conflict and reforms
351:Armenian Apostolic Church
113:
103:
83:
73:
65:
55:
36:
28:
23:
14595:Ethnic cleansing in Asia
14565:Armenia–Turkey relations
13044:Christians in Diyarbekir
12450:Armenian genocide denial
12215:1913 Ottoman coup d'état
11976:Independent Turkey Party
11710:Atatürk personality cult
11471:Constantinople Agreement
10764:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
10627:Co-belligerent conflicts
10596:Second Romanian campaign
10566:Third Transjordan attack
10277:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
10183:Battle of Grand Couronné
9388:Armenian Catholic Church
9003:Administrative divisions
8136:Post-genocide population
7869:Timeline of the genocide
7796:Tusan, Michelle (2014).
6793:Harvard University Press
6490:
6411:Bloxham & Göçek 2008
6387:Dadrian & Akçam 2011
6181:, pp. 112, 221–222.
5745:Dadrian & Akçam 2011
5564:, pp. 403–404, 409.
5514:Dadrian & Akçam 2011
5490:Dadrian & Akçam 2011
5466:Dadrian & Akçam 2011
5454:Dadrian & Akçam 2011
5442:Dadrian & Akçam 2011
5274:Morris & Ze'evi 2019
5143:, pp. 600, 606–607.
4734:Üngör & Polatel 2011
3680:, pp. 242, 247–248.
3068:, pp. 169, 176–177.
3056:, pp. 193, 211–212.
2943:Bloxham & Göçek 2008
2131:Morris & Ze'evi 2019
2067:
1910:have been involved in a
1798:Armenian genocide denial
1666:Children evacuated from
1629:, which awarded Armenia
1575:the gathering of orphans
1525:died during the genocide
1466:the Ottoman Empire for "
1266:Confiscation of property
1070:Ministry of the Interior
1068:the control of Talaat's
810:Armenian volunteer units
804:on Russian ports in the
794:entered World War I
773:an alliance with Germany
727:in May and June 1914 by
620:The Armenian quarter of
482:as a consequence of the
420:Greek Orthodox Christian
13982:Politics of recognition
12537:Destruction of Carthage
12415:Citizen, speak Turkish!
11856:Turkish Revenge Brigade
11705:16 Great Turkic Empires
11534:Modus vivendi of Acroma
11486:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
10794:Greater Poland Uprising
10694:National Protection War
10571:Meuse–Argonne offensive
10521:German spring offensive
10516:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
10292:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
10267:Second Battle of Artois
10148:Battle of the Frontiers
8965:Shikahogh State Reserve
8616:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
8301:Foreign aid and relief
8126:Pre-genocide population
7964:1914 Greek deportations
7831:Journal of Human Rights
7826:Watenpaugh, Keith David
7698:Kaiser, Hilmar (2019).
7173:Der Mugrdechian, Barlow
6968:Suciyan, Talin (2015).
6676:; Akçam, Taner (2011).
6589:Oxford University Press
2037:Kemalist historiography
1906:, Armenians and Turkic
1768:According to historian
1638:Talaat was assassinated
1636:On 15 March 1921,
1617:partition by the Allies
1468:crimes against humanity
1447:Fundraising poster for
964:
954:Systematic deportations
905:, the commander of the
498:. In 1876, when Sultan
490:and immigrants (mainly
332:the arrival of Turkmens
14610:20th-century massacres
14555:Massacres of Armenians
14433:South Africa v. Israel
14401:Rohingya genocide case
13938:Names of the Holocaust
13402:Chittagong Hill Tracts
13110:Kinder der Landstrasse
12996:Late Ottoman genocides
12371:Turkish History Thesis
12350:Murder of Deniz Poyraz
12265:Racism-Turanism trials
11559:Paris Peace Conference
11547:Ukraine–Central Powers
11341:Massacres of Albanians
11309:Late Ottoman genocides
11116:Bulgarian occupations
10824:Third Anglo-Afghan War
10788:Hungarian–Romanian War
10606:Naval Victory Bulletin
10601:Armistice with Germany
10551:Hundred Days Offensive
10478:Battle of La Malmaison
10428:Second battle of Arras
10395:Battle of Transylvania
10249:Second Battle of Ypres
10117:Sarajevo assassination
10006:South African Republic
9436:Armenian eternity sign
9198:South Caucasus Railway
8488:Late Ottoman genocides
8280:International response
7335:: Volume 1: Global War
7054:. pp. 1575–1578.
6927:. Palgrave Macmillan.
6461:, pp. 9, 370–371.
2446:, pp. 94–95, 105.
2057:, who coined the term
2017:abstract expressionist
1948:
1882:
1866:Armenia and Azerbaijan
1814:of the Turkish state.
1687:
1675:
1519:
1451:
1439:International reaction
1376:
1362:
1292:
1197:
1164:
1117:
1044:
974:
866:
854:
768:
683:
628:
451:
315:
182:Ottoman paramilitaries
14298:Bosnian genocide case
13952:Holocaust terminology
13595:Christians under ISIS
13333:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom
12762:1740 Batavia massacre
12586:Harrying of the North
12398:1934 Resettlement Law
12235:Deportations of Kurds
12157:Gökçe Fırat Çulhaoğlu
12107:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
11986:People's Ascent Party
11886:Youth Union of Turkey
11881:Sultan Murad Division
11851:Peace at Home Council
11569:Treaty of St. Germain
11542:Russia–Central Powers
11496:Sykes–Picot Agreement
11324:Pontic Greek genocide
11299:Destruction of Kalisz
11275:Eastern Mediterranean
10836:Polish–Lithuanian War
10618:Armistice of Belgrade
10581:Armistice of Salonica
10511:Operation Faustschlag
10458:Third Battle of Oituz
10380:Baranovichi offensive
10348:Lake Naroch offensive
10322:Battle of Robat Karim
10297:Vistula–Bug offensive
10272:Battles of the Isonzo
10203:First Battle of Ypres
8809:Treaty of Turkmenchay
8010:20 Hunchakian gallows
7959:1914 Armenian reforms
7948:Adana massacre (1909)
7760:10.1093/oxartj/kcq025
6526:Akçam, Taner (2018).
5991:Akçam & Kurt 2015
4774:Akçam & Kurt 2015
4707:Akçam & Kurt 2015
4683:Akçam & Kurt 2015
2116:Bozarslan et al. 2015
1935:
1873:
1826:, and especially the
1681:
1665:
1656:Further information:
1640:in Berlin as part of
1517:
1446:
1368:
1360:
1347:Further information:
1283:
1191:
1162:
1107:
1042:
969:
939:CUP Central Committee
871:Russian Caucasus Army
860:
852:
843:Further information:
758:
709:launched another coup
670:
619:
599:Young Turk Revolution
569:Young Turk Revolution
563:Young Turk Revolution
449:
404:Armenian Patriarchate
285:
265:Further information:
193:arrested and deported
14449:Nicaragua v. Germany
14348:Khmer Rouge Tribunal
13724:Utilitarian genocide
13703:Transgender genocide
13070:Osage Indian murders
12770:Great Gypsy Round-up
12062:Mehmet Emin Yurdakul
11735:Nine Lights Doctrine
11564:Treaty of Versailles
11280:Mount Lebanon famine
11195:in the United States
11163:Russian occupations
10877:Turkish–Armenian War
10818:Polish–Ukrainian War
10758:Ukrainian–Soviet War
10705:Central Asian Revolt
10488:Armistice of Focșani
10218:Battle of Sarikamish
10168:Battle of Tannenberg
9564:Military engagements
9130:AMX (stock exchange)
8305:Near East Foundation
8271:Special Organization
8029:Concentration camps
7979:Battle of Sarikamish
7817:10.1093/ahr/119.1.47
7341:. pp. 585–614.
6283:Der Mugrdechian 2016
6106:, pp. 140, 142.
5930:, pp. xii, 361.
5906:, pp. 349, 354.
5408:, pp. 530, 545.
5195:Near East Foundation
5020:, pp. 695, 808.
5008:, pp. 259, 265.
4427:, pp. 314, 316.
3877:, pp. 366, 383.
3780:, pp. 349, 364.
3450:, pp. 287, 289.
2933:, pp. 169, 171.
2905:, pp. 185, 363.
2869:, pp. 203, 359.
2106:, pp. 245, 330.
1894:protested in Yerevan
1758:French-mandate Syria
1540:Bolshevik Revolution
1050:Council of Ministers
875:Battle of Sarikamish
790:Special Organization
653:population in 1915.
557:widespread massacres
496:Russo-Circassian War
436:middleman minorities
343:adopted Christianity
221:Turkish nationalists
13835:Settler colonialism
13784:Forced assimilation
13490:Srebrenica massacre
13262:Chechens and Ingush
13020:Thracian Bulgarians
12866:Sand Creek massacre
12827:Siege of Tripolitsa
12578:Ancestral Puebloans
12393:Animal name changes
12255:1934 Thrace pogroms
12117:Mahmut Esat Bozkurt
11971:Bright Turkey Party
11953:Nation Party (1992)
11943:Nation Party (1962)
11933:Nation Party (1948)
11750:Sun Language Theory
11691:Turkish nationalism
11631:They shall not pass
11554:Treaty of Bucharest
11511:Treaty of Bucharest
11450:USA against Germany
11427:Declarations of war
11131:German occupations
11044:British casualties
10903:Soviet–Georgian War
10830:Egyptian Revolution
10770:Armeno-Georgian War
10634:Somaliland campaign
10586:Armistice of Mudros
10463:Battle of Caporetto
10453:Battle of Mărășești
10423:Zimmermann telegram
10418:February Revolution
10363:Battle of the Somme
10287:Bug-Narew Offensive
10262:Battle of Gallipoli
10254:Sinking of the RMS
10046:Scramble for Africa
10040:Franco-Prussian War
9696:Sinai and Palestine
9140:Central Depository
8842:Independent Armenia
8621:Kura–Araxes culture
8362:Cultural depictions
8213:Rescue of Armenians
8131:Genocide casualties
7969:Congress at Erzerum
7933:Turkish nationalism
7781:10.3138/gsi.11.1.01
7723:Kurt, Ümit (2016).
7631:Bjørnlund, Matthias
7439:Mouradian, Khatchig
6988:Suny, Ronald Grigor
6901:] (in French).
6621:] (in French).
6473:, pp. 374–375.
6449:, pp. 132–133.
6205:, pp. 340–341.
6157:, pp. 196–197.
6145:, pp. 279–282.
6133:, pp. 232–233.
6118:, pp. 146–147.
5981:, pp. 162–163.
5969:, pp. 273–275.
5942:, pp. xi, 451.
5918:, pp. 263–264.
5894:, pp. 289–290.
5783:, pp. 103–104.
5771:, pp. 367–368.
5708:, pp. 164–165.
5681:, pp. 229–230.
5616:, pp. 338–339.
5588:, pp. 344–346.
5552:, pp. 126–127.
5516:, pp. 24, 195.
5396:, pp. 534–535.
5336:, pp. 152–153.
5324:, pp. 150–151.
5312:, pp. 148–149.
5300:, pp. 151–152.
5288:, pp. 354–355.
4972:, pp. 673–674.
4882:, pp. 633–635.
4721:, pp. 256–257.
4697:, pp. 203–204.
4670:, pp. 316–317.
4634:, pp. 245–246.
4610:, pp. 312–315.
4598:, pp. 377–378.
4574:, pp. 757–758.
4550:, pp. 284–285.
4526:, pp. 291–292.
4475:, pp. 290–291.
4266:, pp. 121–122.
4237:, pp. 327–328.
4213:, pp. 246–247.
4096:, pp. 194–195.
4037:, pp. 399–400.
3850:, pp. 276–277.
3756:, pp. 176–177.
3629:, pp. 166–167.
3558:, pp. 162–163.
3534:, pp. 274–275.
3510:, pp. 271–272.
3498:, pp. 251–252.
3474:, pp. 247–248.
3438:, pp. 259–260.
3378:, pp. 235–238.
3315:, pp. 241–242.
3303:, pp. 248–249.
3264:, pp. 478–479.
3228:, pp. 243–244.
3188:, pp. 226–227.
3164:, pp. 221–222.
3140:, pp. 233–234.
3116:, pp. 223–224.
3104:, pp. 214–215.
3008:, pp. 189–190.
2881:, pp. 184–185.
2857:, pp. 461–462.
2845:, pp. 163–164.
2809:, pp. 152–153.
2773:, pp. 168–169.
2761:, pp. 165–166.
2701:, pp. 154–156.
2641:, pp. 152–153.
2557:, pp. 129–130.
2188:, pp. 105–106.
2051:eyewitness accounts
1968:Cultural depictions
1962:European Parliament
1874:Aerial view of the
1553:Armistice of Mudros
1542:and the subsequent
1538:As a result of the
1424:Ottoman Fourth Army
1289:president of Turkey
1006:expulsion of Greeks
821:invasion of Russian
796:on the side of the
595:Turkish nationalism
500:Abdul Hamid II
486:and the arrival of
468:a series of reforms
349:, establishing the
209:concentration camps
199:. At the orders of
186:Armenian resistance
180:territory in 1914,
155:forced Islamization
108:600,000–1.5 million
14314:Slobodan Milošević
14165:Erich von Manstein
13777:Extermination camp
13538:Effacer le tableau
13301:Hyderabadi Muslims
13246:Nanshitou Massacre
13230:Muslims and Croats
12932:Hamidian massacres
12819:Al-Jawazi massacre
12809:Stolen Generations
12512:list by death toll
12410:The Twenty Classes
12376:Place name changes
12330:Gezi Park protests
12275:Battle of Tillyria
12210:Hamidian massacres
12072:Ali bey Huseynzade
11591:Treaty of Lausanne
11506:Paris Economy Pact
11440:UK against Germany
11370:Entry into the war
11336:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
11055:Ottoman casualties
10865:Franco-Turkish War
10745:Post-War conflicts
10729:Russian Revolution
10711:Invasion of Darfur
10676:Kelantan rebellion
10664:Kurdish rebellions
10640:Mexican Revolution
10473:October Revolution
10438:Kerensky offensive
10413:Capture of Baghdad
10390:Monastir offensive
10375:Brusilov offensive
10213:Battle of Kolubara
10052:Russo-Japanese War
9170:Telecommunications
9091:more on government
8915:Armenian highlands
8693:Kingdom of Armenia
8686:Satrapy of Armenia
8352:Treaty of Lausanne
8218:Turkish opposition
7748:Oxford Art Journal
7655:Ekmekçioğlu, Lerna
6839:Kieser, Hans-Lukas
6811:Kévorkian, Raymond
6680:. Berghahn Books.
6674:Dadrian, Vahakn N.
6534:Palgrave Macmillan
3032:, pp. 95, 97.
2533:, pp. 11, 65.
2383:, pp. 62, 65.
2359:, pp. 19, 21.
2347:, pp. 56, 60.
2335:, pp. 60, 63.
2323:, pp. 19, 53.
2200:, pp. 11, 15.
2013:Aurora Mardiganian
2009:the survival story
1949:
1883:
1780:, in Germany, the
1734:Treaty of Lausanne
1730:Republic of Turkey
1688:
1676:
1658:Turkish war crimes
1646:Soghomon Tehlirian
1520:
1510:End of World War I
1464:formally condemned
1452:
1422:, governed by the
1377:
1363:
1293:
1219:immediate marriage
1198:
1194:rescued from Arabs
1165:
1118:
1045:
984:Berliner Tageblatt
895:the Ottoman attack
867:
855:
769:
741:social engineering
737:Matthias Bjørnlund
684:
629:
607:Ottoman parliament
536:Ottoman government
532:Congress of Berlin
452:
408:Armenian highlands
391:) in exchange for
340:Kingdom of Armenia
316:
247:Republic of Turkey
14540:Armenian genocide
14469:
14468:
14463:
14462:
14459:
14458:
14366:
14365:
14247:
14246:
14093:Euthanasia trials
14013:Legal proceedings
13756:Cultural genocide
13682:Cultural genocide
13621:
13620:
13554:Masalit massacres
13517:
13516:
13418:Sri Lankan Tamils
13325:Arabs in Zanzibar
13280:
13279:
13198:Three Alls policy
12975:
12974:
12908:Putumayo genocide
12636:
12635:
12465:
12464:
12366:Atatürk's reforms
12245:Elza Niego affair
12230:Assyrian genocide
12225:Armenian genocide
12132:Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu
12082:Zeki Velidi Togan
12057:Noman Çelebicihan
11966:Great Unity Party
11871:Turkists of Gebze
11826:Counter-Guerrilla
11801:9 September Front
11715:Idealism (Turkey)
11657:
11656:
11640:
11639:
11624:The Golden Virgin
11618:Mutilated victory
11599:
11598:
11579:Treaty of Trianon
11574:Treaty of Neuilly
11481:Damascus Protocol
11354:
11353:
11314:Armenian genocide
11271:Allied blockades
11243:Belgian refugees
11026:
11025:
10936:Strategic bombing
10912:
10911:
10897:Franco-Syrian War
10871:Greco-Turkish War
10859:Anglo-Turkish War
10842:Polish–Soviet War
10776:German Revolution
10752:Russian Civil War
10735:Finnish Civil War
10561:Battle of Megiddo
10536:Battle of Goychay
10483:Battle of Cambrai
10443:Battle of Mărăști
10358:Battle of Jutland
10338:Erzurum offensive
10193:Siege of Przemyśl
10173:Siege of Tsingtao
10158:Battle of Galicia
10088:Second Balkan War
10076:Italo-Turkish War
10033:Pre-War conflicts
10019:
10018:
9909:Portuguese Empire
9825:
9824:
9787:German New Guinea
9769:Asian and Pacific
9514:
9513:
9479:
9478:
9331:Ethnic minorities
9206:
9205:
9107:
9106:
9070:Political parties
9055:National Assembly
9023:Foreign relations
8985:
8984:
8883:
8882:
8858:Armenian genocide
8739:Bagratuni Armenia
8708:Byzantine Armenia
8681:Achaemenid Empire
8666:Kingdom of Urartu
8523:
8522:
8451:100th anniversary
8340:Operation Nemesis
8114:
8113:
7928:Armenian question
7909:Armenian genocide
7873:Raymond Kévorkian
7785:Project MUSE
7543:978-0-19-539374-3
7530:Zürcher, Erik Jan
7521:978-1-137-56163-3
7487:978-90-4851-528-8
7452:978-1-315-22591-3
7430:978-1-78673-047-3
7417:Marsoobian, Armen
7408:978-3-030-44630-7
7386:978-0-521-82958-8
7367:978-3-319-32892-8
7348:978-0-511-67566-9
7322:978-1-78920-451-3
7306:on 16 April 2021.
7291:978-1-84779-906-7
7268:978-1-78533-433-7
7249:978-0-19-923211-6
7227:978-0-19-539374-3
7208:978-0-19-539374-3
7186:978-1-137-56163-3
7164:978-3-95650-777-9
7145:978-1-137-56163-3
7132:Chorbajian, Levon
7123:978-0-230-29778-4
7104:978-0-19-539374-3
7085:978-0-19-539374-3
7061:978-1-57958-388-0
7029:978-1-4411-3578-0
7003:978-1-4008-6558-1
6979:978-0-85772-773-2
6960:978-0-465-05669-9
6934:978-1-4039-7467-9
6912:978-2-13-062617-6
6891:Nichanian, Mikaël
6882:978-0-674-91645-6
6854:978-1-4008-8963-1
6830:978-0-85771-930-0
6802:978-0-674-50479-0
6774:978-0-19-933420-9
6759:Göçek, Fatma Müge
6750:978-0-19-967607-1
6728:978-3-030-59400-8
6709:978-0-19-935069-8
6687:978-0-85745-286-3
6665:978-1-84904-458-5
6648:Cheterian, Vicken
6639:979-10-210-0681-2
6598:978-0-19-927356-0
6570:978-1-78238-624-7
6543:978-3-319-69787-1
6518:978-0-691-15333-9
6321:, pp. 77–78.
6309:, pp. 69–70.
6297:, pp. 73–74.
6041:, pp. 83–85.
5870:, pp. 9, 55.
5540:, pp. 45–46.
5444:, pp. 23–24.
5155:, pp. 20–21.
5116:, pp. 57–58.
4948:, pp. 20–21.
4788:, pp. 64–65.
4709:, pp. 11–12.
4400:, pp. 92–93.
4201:, pp. 98–99.
4084:, pp. 92–93.
4068:, pp. 89–90.
3913:, pp. 50–51.
3339:, pp. 18–19.
3128:, pp. 16–17.
3044:, pp. 96–97.
2972:, pp. 97–98.
2821:, pp. 66–67.
2737:, pp. 86–92.
2725:, pp. 82–84.
2713:, pp. 89–91.
2689:, pp. 54–55.
2665:, pp. 53–54.
2629:, pp. 46–47.
2521:, pp. 75–76.
2509:, pp. 48–49.
2458:, pp. 95–96.
2434:, pp. 87–88.
2422:, pp. 54–56.
2311:, pp. 26–27.
2299:, pp. 8, 40.
2176:, pp. 34–35.
1850:it. In 2002, the
1830:—thus justifying
1774:World War II
1749:Armenian diaspora
1719:French withdrawal
1700:Raymond Kévorkian
1608:Damat Ferid Pasha
1397:Upper Mesopotamia
1349:Deir ez-Zor camps
1217:, and for women,
1002:Assyrian genocide
839:Onset of genocide
825:Persian territory
785:Russian Armenians
783:, the ARF incite
777:an ARF conference
725:forcibly deported
717:Second Balkan War
541:Armenian question
347:fourth century CE
328:sixth century BCE
127:Armenian genocide
123:
122:
78:Ottoman Armenians
24:Armenian genocide
14627:
14522:
14521:
14520:
14510:
14509:
14498:
14497:
14486:
14485:
14484:
14477:
14452:
14444:
14436:
14428:
14420:
14412:
14404:
14396:
14388:
14374:
14368:
14367:
14359:
14351:
14343:
14333:
14325:
14322:Radovan Karadžić
14317:
14309:
14301:
14293:
14285:
14282:Belgrade Process
14277:
14269:
14255:
14249:
14248:
14240:
14232:
14224:
14216:
14213:Treblinka trials
14208:
14200:
14192:
14184:
14176:
14168:
14160:
14152:
14144:
14136:
14128:
14120:
14112:
14104:
14096:
14088:
14080:
14072:
14064:
14056:
14053:Épuration légale
14048:
14040:
14026:
14023:Holocaust trials
14017:
14016:
14005:
13998:
13991:
13984:
13977:
13970:
13963:
13954:
13947:
13940:
13933:
13915:
13908:
13901:
13894:
13887:
13880:
13873:
13864:
13857:
13837:
13830:
13823:
13816:
13807:
13800:
13793:
13786:
13779:
13772:
13770:Ethnic cleansing
13765:
13758:
13740:
13733:
13726:
13719:
13712:
13705:
13698:
13691:
13684:
13677:
13666:
13659:
13652:
13643:
13636:
13614:
13606:
13598:
13590:
13587:Shias under ISIS
13582:
13574:
13566:
13556:
13549:
13541:
13527:
13519:
13518:
13510:
13502:
13492:
13485:
13477:
13469:
13461:
13453:
13445:
13437:
13429:
13421:
13413:
13405:
13397:
13389:
13379:
13372:
13365:
13360:
13352:
13344:
13336:
13328:
13320:
13312:
13304:
13290:
13282:
13281:
13273:
13265:
13257:
13249:
13241:
13233:
13225:
13222:Serbs in Croatia
13217:
13209:
13201:
13193:
13185:
13182:Nanjing Massacre
13177:
13174:Parsley massacre
13169:
13166:Polish Operation
13161:
13158:Romani Holocaust
13153:
13145:
13137:
13129:
13121:
13113:
13105:
13102:Napalpí massacre
13097:
13089:
13081:
13073:
13065:
13055:
13047:
13039:
13031:
13023:
13013:
13006:
12998:
12985:
12977:
12976:
12966:
12958:
12951:
12943:
12935:
12927:
12919:
12911:
12903:
12895:
12887:
12879:
12869:
12861:
12853:
12845:
12837:
12830:
12822:
12812:
12804:
12796:
12789:
12781:
12773:
12765:
12755:
12747:
12739:
12732:
12724:
12716:
12708:
12700:
12692:
12684:
12676:
12668:
12660:
12646:
12638:
12637:
12629:
12621:
12613:
12605:
12597:
12594:Mongol conquests
12589:
12581:
12573:
12563:
12556:
12548:
12540:
12526:
12518:
12517:
12492:
12485:
12478:
12469:
12468:
12300:Beyazıt massacre
12127:Abulfaz Elchibey
12122:Alparslan Türkeş
11962:
11929:
11921:
11920:(Ottoman Empire)
11913:
11912:(Ottoman Empire)
11745:Racism in Turkey
11684:
11677:
11670:
11661:
11660:
11584:Treaty of Sèvres
11476:Treaty of London
11367:
11366:
11145:Northeast France
11076:
11075:
11048:Parliamentarians
10981:
10980:
10943:Chemical weapons
10921:
10920:
10682:Senussi campaign
10652:Muscat rebellion
10646:Maritz rebellion
10614:
10556:Vardar offensive
10385:Battle of Romani
10353:Battle of Asiago
10343:Battle of Verdun
10307:Kosovo offensive
10082:First Balkan War
10030:
10029:
9929:Russian Republic
9838:
9837:
9632:
9631:
9574:Economic history
9541:
9534:
9527:
9518:
9517:
9499:
9492:
9217:
9216:
9180:Waste management
9118:
9117:
8996:
8995:
8903:
8902:
8891:
8804:Karabakh Khanate
8713:Sasanian Armenia
8596:
8595:
8592:
8563:
8556:
8549:
8540:
8539:
8531:Related articles
8527:
8526:
8468:notable visitors
8441:Hidden Armenians
8370:Ravished Armenia
8292:Imperial Germany
8201:Shabin-Karahisar
8173:Armenian militia
8141:Hidden Armenians
8051:
8050:
7902:
7895:
7888:
7879:
7878:
7847:
7821:
7819:
7792:
7763:
7742:
7740:
7719:
7717:
7715:10.4000/eac.1942
7694:
7684:
7650:
7626:
7624:
7614:
7587:
7553:Journal articles
7547:
7525:
7506:
7504:
7502:
7497:on 25 April 2021
7496:
7490:. Archived from
7475:
7466:
7456:
7434:
7412:
7395:Maksudyan, Nazan
7390:
7371:
7352:
7326:
7307:
7302:. Archived from
7272:
7253:
7231:
7212:
7190:
7168:
7149:
7127:
7108:
7089:
7065:
7033:
7012:Üngör, Uğur Ümit
7007:
6983:
6964:
6938:
6921:Payaslian, Simon
6916:
6886:
6858:
6834:
6806:
6778:
6754:
6732:
6713:
6691:
6669:
6643:
6631:
6611:Duclert, Vincent
6607:Bozarslan, Hamit
6602:
6574:
6547:
6522:
6474:
6468:
6462:
6456:
6450:
6444:
6438:
6432:
6426:
6420:
6414:
6408:
6402:
6396:
6390:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6352:
6346:
6340:
6334:
6328:
6322:
6316:
6310:
6304:
6298:
6292:
6286:
6280:
6274:
6268:
6262:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6224:
6218:
6212:
6206:
6200:
6194:
6188:
6182:
6176:
6170:
6164:
6158:
6152:
6146:
6140:
6134:
6128:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6066:
6060:
6054:
6048:
6042:
6036:
6030:
6024:
6018:
6012:
6006:
6000:
5994:
5988:
5982:
5976:
5970:
5964:
5958:
5952:
5943:
5937:
5931:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5907:
5901:
5895:
5889:
5883:
5877:
5871:
5865:
5859:
5853:
5847:
5841:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5817:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5793:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5766:
5760:
5754:
5748:
5742:
5736:
5730:
5724:
5718:
5709:
5703:
5694:
5688:
5682:
5676:
5670:
5664:
5658:
5652:
5646:
5640:
5629:
5623:
5617:
5611:
5605:
5595:
5589:
5583:
5577:
5571:
5565:
5559:
5553:
5547:
5541:
5535:
5529:
5523:
5517:
5511:
5505:
5499:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5457:
5451:
5445:
5439:
5433:
5427:
5421:
5415:
5409:
5406:Ekmekçioğlu 2013
5403:
5397:
5394:Ekmekçioğlu 2013
5391:
5385:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5355:
5349:
5343:
5337:
5331:
5325:
5319:
5313:
5307:
5301:
5295:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5271:
5260:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5236:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5150:
5144:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5117:
5111:
5105:
5099:
5093:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5045:
5039:
5033:
5027:
5021:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4949:
4943:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4898:
4892:
4883:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4852:
4846:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4686:
4680:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4521:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4295:
4286:
4280:
4267:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4174:
4168:
4162:
4156:
4150:
4144:
4133:
4123:
4114:
4108:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4075:
4069:
4059:
4053:
4047:
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4026:
4020:
4011:
4001:
3995:
3985:
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3961:
3950:
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3914:
3908:
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3896:
3890:
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3866:
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3806:
3800:
3790:
3781:
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3733:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3587:
3581:
3575:
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3535:
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3511:
3505:
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3415:
3409:
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3397:
3391:
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3346:
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3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
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3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2239:, p. xviii.
2234:
2225:
2224:, pp. 5, 7.
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2134:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2085:
2078:
2043:Ottoman archives
2003:Ravished Armenia
1954:UN member states
1945:
1939:
1916:Nagorno-Karabakh
1878:on a hill above
1682:Refugee camp in
1672:Near East Relief
1627:Treaty of Sèvres
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1499:Near East Relief
1449:Near East Relief
1353:Ras al-Ayn camps
1297:national economy
1094:movable property
1022:
991:
833:labor battalions
766:
690:resulted in the
688:First Balkan War
585:(CUP), based in
494:) following the
473:Kurdish emirates
464:illegal taxation
400:World War I
361:and the Iranian
355:Byzantine Empire
318:The presence of
240:ethnonationalist
213:ethnic cleansing
139:World War I
41:
31:World War I
21:
20:
14635:
14634:
14630:
14629:
14628:
14626:
14625:
14624:
14570:1915 in Armenia
14530:
14529:
14528:
14518:
14516:
14504:
14492:
14482:
14480:
14472:
14470:
14465:
14464:
14455:
14447:
14439:
14431:
14423:
14415:
14409:Uyghur Tribunal
14407:
14399:
14391:
14383:
14375:
14372:
14362:
14354:
14346:
14338:
14328:
14320:
14312:
14304:
14296:
14288:
14280:
14272:
14264:
14256:
14253:
14243:
14235:
14229:Fedorenko trial
14227:
14219:
14211:
14203:
14195:
14187:
14179:
14171:
14163:
14155:
14147:
14139:
14131:
14125:Stutthof trials
14123:
14115:
14107:
14101:Nuremberg trial
14099:
14091:
14083:
14075:
14067:
14061:Majdanek trials
14059:
14051:
14043:
14037:Krasnodar trial
14035:
14027:
14021:
14008:
14001:
13994:
13987:
13980:
13973:
13966:
13959:
13950:
13943:
13936:
13929:
13918:
13911:
13904:
13897:
13890:
13883:
13876:
13869:
13860:
13853:
13840:
13833:
13826:
13819:
13812:
13803:
13796:
13789:
13782:
13775:
13768:
13761:
13754:
13743:
13736:
13729:
13722:
13715:
13708:
13701:
13694:
13687:
13680:
13673:
13662:
13655:
13648:
13639:
13632:
13617:
13609:
13601:
13593:
13585:
13577:
13569:
13563:Southern Kaduna
13561:
13552:
13544:
13536:
13528:
13523:
13513:
13505:
13497:
13488:
13480:
13472:
13464:
13456:
13448:
13440:
13432:
13424:
13416:
13408:
13400:
13392:
13384:
13375:
13368:
13363:
13355:
13347:
13339:
13331:
13323:
13315:
13307:
13299:
13291:
13286:
13276:
13268:
13260:
13252:
13244:
13236:
13228:
13220:
13212:
13204:
13196:
13188:
13180:
13172:
13164:
13156:
13150:Simele massacre
13148:
13140:
13132:
13124:
13116:
13108:
13100:
13092:
13084:
13076:
13068:
13060:
13050:
13042:
13034:
13026:
13018:
13009:
13001:
12994:
12986:
12981:
12971:
12961:
12954:
12946:
12940:Herero and Nama
12938:
12930:
12922:
12914:
12906:
12898:
12890:
12882:
12874:
12864:
12856:
12848:
12840:
12833:
12825:
12817:
12807:
12799:
12792:
12784:
12776:
12768:
12760:
12750:
12742:
12735:
12727:
12719:
12711:
12703:
12695:
12687:
12679:
12671:
12663:
12655:
12647:
12642:
12632:
12624:
12616:
12608:
12600:
12592:
12584:
12576:
12568:
12559:
12551:
12545:Asiatic Vespers
12543:
12535:
12527:
12522:
12509:
12501:
12496:
12466:
12461:
12388:Language reform
12354:
12270:Istanbul pogrom
12260:Dersim massacre
12197:
12191:
12172:Yusuf Halaçoğlu
12162:Kemal Kerinçsiz
12042:Kâzım Karabekir
12015:
12006:Patriotic Party
11960:
11927:
11919:
11911:
11901:
11895:
11861:Turkish Hearths
11846:Ottoman Hearths
11841:Kuva-yi Milliye
11811:Alperen Hearths
11789:
11693:
11688:
11658:
11653:
11636:
11595:
11527:
11520:
11491:Treaty of Darin
11459:
11421:
11377:Austria-Hungary
11363:
11350:
11331:Rape of Belgium
11258:
11230:
11178:
11172:Western Armenia
11167:Eastern Galicia
11100:
11074:
11038:
11037:Civilian impact
11036:
11022:
10979:
10908:
10740:
10670:Ovambo Uprising
10622:
10608:
10497:
10399:
10326:
10244:Battle of Łomża
10227:
10223:Christmas truce
10198:Race to the Sea
10131:
10093:
10015:
9986:Austria-Hungary
9962:
9897:Empire of Japan
9834:
9832:
9821:
9805:U-boat campaign
9791:
9763:
9725:
9677:
9623:
9604:Popular culture
9550:
9545:
9515:
9510:
9502:
9495:
9488:
9475:
9456:National anthem
9419:
9369:
9302:
9202:
9184:
9145:Dram (currency)
9103:
8981:
8892:
8879:
8846:
8820:
8816:Russian Armenia
8774:Ottoman Armenia
8717:
8703:Parthian Empire
8676:Orontid dynasty
8586:
8585:
8576:
8567:
8532:
8524:
8519:
8476:
8463:Tsitsernakaberd
8402:
8356:
8316:
8275:
8264:Bahaeddin Şakir
8222:
8159:
8110:
8049:
7983:
7911:
7906:
7855:
7850:
7738:10.4000/eac.997
7555:
7550:
7544:
7522:
7500:
7498:
7494:
7488:
7473:
7464:
7453:
7431:
7409:
7387:
7368:
7349:
7323:
7292:
7269:
7250:
7228:
7209:
7187:
7165:
7146:
7124:
7105:
7086:
7062:
7041:
7036:
7030:
7004:
6980:
6972:. I.B. Tauris.
6961:
6935:
6913:
6883:
6855:
6831:
6803:
6775:
6751:
6729:
6710:
6696:de Waal, Thomas
6688:
6666:
6640:
6625:
6599:
6579:Bloxham, Donald
6571:
6544:
6519:
6493:
6488:
6482:
6477:
6469:
6465:
6457:
6453:
6445:
6441:
6433:
6429:
6423:Chorbajian 2016
6421:
6417:
6409:
6405:
6397:
6393:
6385:
6381:
6371:
6369:
6354:
6353:
6349:
6341:
6337:
6331:Marsoobian 2016
6329:
6325:
6317:
6313:
6305:
6301:
6295:Marsoobian 2016
6293:
6289:
6281:
6277:
6269:
6265:
6261:, pp. 1–2.
6257:
6253:
6243:
6241:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6213:
6209:
6203:Ben Aharon 2019
6201:
6197:
6189:
6185:
6177:
6173:
6165:
6161:
6153:
6149:
6141:
6137:
6129:
6122:
6114:
6110:
6102:
6098:
6092:Ben Aharon 2019
6090:
6086:
6078:
6069:
6063:Chorbajian 2016
6061:
6057:
6049:
6045:
6037:
6033:
6027:Ben Aharon 2019
6025:
6021:
6017:, pp. 3–4.
6013:
6009:
6001:
5997:
5993:, pp. 3–4.
5989:
5985:
5977:
5973:
5965:
5961:
5953:
5946:
5938:
5934:
5926:
5922:
5914:
5910:
5902:
5898:
5890:
5886:
5878:
5874:
5866:
5862:
5854:
5850:
5842:
5838:
5830:
5826:
5818:
5814:
5806:
5802:
5794:
5787:
5779:
5775:
5767:
5763:
5755:
5751:
5743:
5739:
5731:
5727:
5719:
5712:
5704:
5697:
5689:
5685:
5677:
5673:
5665:
5661:
5653:
5649:
5641:
5632:
5624:
5620:
5612:
5608:
5596:
5592:
5584:
5580:
5572:
5568:
5560:
5556:
5548:
5544:
5536:
5532:
5524:
5520:
5512:
5508:
5500:
5496:
5488:
5484:
5476:
5472:
5464:
5460:
5452:
5448:
5440:
5436:
5428:
5424:
5416:
5412:
5404:
5400:
5392:
5388:
5380:
5376:
5368:
5364:
5356:
5352:
5344:
5340:
5332:
5328:
5320:
5316:
5308:
5304:
5296:
5292:
5284:
5280:
5272:
5263:
5255:
5251:
5243:
5239:
5231:
5227:
5219:
5215:
5205:
5203:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5175:
5171:
5163:
5159:
5151:
5147:
5139:
5135:
5127:
5120:
5112:
5108:
5100:
5096:
5088:
5084:
5076:
5072:
5064:
5060:
5052:
5048:
5040:
5036:
5028:
5024:
5016:
5012:
5004:
5000:
4992:
4988:
4980:
4976:
4968:
4964:
4956:
4952:
4944:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4920:
4916:
4908:
4901:
4893:
4886:
4878:
4874:
4866:
4855:
4847:
4840:
4832:
4828:
4820:
4816:
4808:
4804:
4796:
4792:
4784:
4780:
4772:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4744:
4740:
4732:
4725:
4717:
4713:
4705:
4701:
4693:
4689:
4681:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4654:
4650:
4642:
4638:
4630:
4626:
4618:
4614:
4606:
4602:
4594:
4590:
4582:
4578:
4570:
4566:
4558:
4554:
4548:Watenpaugh 2013
4546:
4542:
4534:
4530:
4524:Watenpaugh 2013
4522:
4515:
4507:
4503:
4495:
4491:
4483:
4479:
4471:
4467:
4461:Watenpaugh 2013
4459:
4455:
4447:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4404:
4396:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4372:
4368:
4360:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4296:
4289:
4281:
4270:
4262:
4258:
4250:
4241:
4233:
4229:
4221:
4217:
4209:
4205:
4193:
4189:
4181:
4177:
4169:
4165:
4157:
4153:
4145:
4136:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4100:
4092:
4088:
4076:
4072:
4060:
4056:
4048:
4041:
4033:
4029:
4021:
4014:
4002:
3998:
3986:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3962:
3953:
3945:
3941:
3933:
3929:
3921:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3897:
3893:
3885:
3881:
3873:
3869:
3861:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3834:
3827:
3819:
3815:
3807:
3803:
3791:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3764:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3724:
3720:
3712:
3708:
3700:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3676:
3672:
3666:Watenpaugh 2013
3664:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3621:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3597:
3590:
3582:
3578:
3566:
3562:
3554:
3550:
3542:
3538:
3530:
3526:
3518:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3482:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2251:, pp. 8–9.
2247:
2243:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2164:, p. 1576.
2160:
2156:
2148:
2137:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2039:
2033:
1976:
1970:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1924:
1900:above Yerevan.
1898:Tsitsernakaberd
1868:
1824:minority rights
1800:
1794:
1766:
1707:invaded Armenia
1704:Kâzım Karabekir
1674:in 1922 or 1923
1660:
1654:
1604:
1596:Main articles:
1594:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1512:
1507:
1441:
1355:
1345:
1285:Çankaya Mansion
1278:
1270:Main articles:
1268:
1196:" after the war
1186:
1102:
1062:European Turkey
1037:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1023:
993:
976:
967:
962:
956:
847:
841:
802:surprise attack
800:by launching a
761:Ottoman Turkish
753:
713:one-party state
665:
659:
641:killed in Adana
571:
565:
488:Muslim refugees
480:land usurpation
444:
375:Treaty of Zuhab
371:Eastern Armenia
367:Western Armenia
280:
274:
269:
263:
232:Assyrian/Syriac
86:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
14633:
14623:
14622:
14617:
14612:
14607:
14602:
14597:
14592:
14587:
14582:
14577:
14572:
14567:
14562:
14557:
14552:
14547:
14542:
14527:
14526:
14514:
14502:
14490:
14467:
14466:
14461:
14460:
14457:
14456:
14454:
14453:
14445:
14437:
14429:
14421:
14413:
14405:
14397:
14389:
14380:
14377:
14376:
14364:
14363:
14361:
14360:
14352:
14344:
14336:
14335:
14334:
14326:
14318:
14302:
14294:
14286:
14278:
14270:
14261:
14258:
14257:
14245:
14244:
14242:
14241:
14233:
14225:
14217:
14209:
14201:
14193:
14189:Eichmann trial
14185:
14177:
14169:
14161:
14153:
14145:
14137:
14129:
14121:
14113:
14105:
14097:
14089:
14081:
14073:
14069:Chełmno trials
14065:
14057:
14049:
14041:
14032:
14029:
14028:
14014:
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14007:
14006:
13999:
13992:
13985:
13978:
13971:
13964:
13957:
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13955:
13948:
13941:
13926:
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13920:
13919:
13917:
13916:
13909:
13902:
13895:
13888:
13881:
13874:
13867:
13866:
13865:
13862:Trivialization
13850:
13848:
13842:
13841:
13839:
13838:
13831:
13824:
13817:
13810:
13809:
13808:
13801:
13798:Killing Fields
13787:
13780:
13773:
13766:
13759:
13751:
13749:
13745:
13744:
13742:
13741:
13734:
13727:
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13512:
13511:
13503:
13495:
13494:
13493:
13478:
13470:
13462:
13454:
13446:
13438:
13434:Kuwaiti Bedoon
13430:
13422:
13414:
13406:
13398:
13390:
13382:
13381:
13380:
13373:
13361:
13353:
13345:
13337:
13329:
13321:
13313:
13305:
13296:
13293:
13292:
13278:
13277:
13275:
13274:
13270:Crimean Tatars
13266:
13258:
13250:
13242:
13234:
13226:
13218:
13210:
13202:
13194:
13186:
13178:
13170:
13162:
13154:
13146:
13138:
13130:
13122:
13114:
13106:
13098:
13094:Kantō Massacre
13090:
13082:
13074:
13066:
13058:
13057:
13056:
13048:
13040:
13032:
13024:
13016:
13015:
13014:
12991:
12988:
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12970:
12969:
12968:
12967:
12952:
12944:
12936:
12928:
12920:
12912:
12904:
12896:
12888:
12880:
12872:
12871:
12870:
12862:
12854:
12850:Trail of Tears
12846:
12842:Indian removal
12831:
12823:
12815:
12814:
12813:
12805:
12790:
12782:
12774:
12766:
12758:
12757:
12756:
12748:
12733:
12725:
12717:
12709:
12701:
12693:
12685:
12681:Kashmiri Shias
12677:
12669:
12661:
12652:
12649:
12648:
12634:
12633:
12631:
12630:
12622:
12614:
12606:
12598:
12590:
12582:
12574:
12566:
12565:
12564:
12549:
12541:
12532:
12529:
12528:
12515:
12503:
12502:
12495:
12494:
12487:
12480:
12472:
12463:
12462:
12460:
12459:
12452:
12447:
12442:
12437:
12432:
12427:
12422:
12417:
12412:
12407:
12404:Varlık Vergisi
12400:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12378:
12373:
12368:
12362:
12360:
12356:
12355:
12353:
12352:
12347:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12322:
12317:
12312:
12310:Maraş massacre
12307:
12302:
12297:
12292:
12287:
12285:Sivas massacre
12282:
12277:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12250:Zilan massacre
12247:
12242:
12237:
12232:
12227:
12222:
12220:Greek genocide
12217:
12212:
12207:
12205:Adana massacre
12201:
12199:
12193:
12192:
12190:
12189:
12184:
12179:
12174:
12169:
12164:
12159:
12154:
12149:
12144:
12139:
12134:
12129:
12124:
12119:
12114:
12109:
12104:
12099:
12094:
12089:
12084:
12079:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12054:
12052:Ömer Seyfettin
12049:
12044:
12039:
12034:
12029:
12023:
12021:
12017:
12016:
12014:
12013:
12008:
12003:
12001:National Party
11998:
11993:
11988:
11983:
11981:Homeland Party
11978:
11973:
11968:
11963:
11958:Workers' Party
11955:
11950:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11922:
11914:
11905:
11903:
11897:
11896:
11894:
11893:
11888:
11883:
11878:
11873:
11868:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11797:
11795:
11791:
11790:
11788:
11787:
11782:
11777:
11772:
11767:
11762:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11720:Islamokemalism
11717:
11712:
11707:
11701:
11699:
11695:
11694:
11687:
11686:
11679:
11672:
11664:
11655:
11654:
11652:
11651:
11645:
11642:
11641:
11638:
11637:
11635:
11634:
11627:
11620:
11615:
11607:
11605:
11601:
11600:
11597:
11596:
11594:
11593:
11588:
11587:
11586:
11581:
11576:
11571:
11566:
11556:
11551:
11550:
11549:
11544:
11536:
11530:
11528:
11526:Peace treaties
11525:
11522:
11521:
11519:
11518:
11513:
11508:
11503:
11498:
11493:
11488:
11483:
11478:
11473:
11467:
11465:
11461:
11460:
11458:
11457:
11452:
11447:
11442:
11437:
11431:
11429:
11423:
11422:
11420:
11419:
11414:
11412:United Kingdom
11409:
11404:
11402:Ottoman Empire
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11379:
11373:
11371:
11364:
11359:
11356:
11355:
11352:
11351:
11349:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11327:
11326:
11321:
11316:
11306:
11304:Sack of Dinant
11301:
11296:
11291:
11290:
11289:
11284:
11283:
11282:
11268:
11266:
11260:
11259:
11257:
11256:
11255:
11254:
11252:United Kingdom
11249:
11240:
11238:
11232:
11231:
11229:
11228:
11227:
11226:
11221:
11212:
11206:POW locations
11204:
11199:
11198:
11197:
11188:
11186:
11180:
11179:
11177:
11176:
11175:
11174:
11169:
11161:
11156:
11155:
11154:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11129:
11128:
11127:
11122:
11114:
11108:
11106:
11102:
11101:
11099:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11082:
11080:
11073:
11072:
11071:
11070:
11065:
11057:
11052:
11051:
11050:
11041:
11039:
11031:
11028:
11027:
11024:
11023:
11021:
11020:
11015:
11014:
11013:
11006:United Kingdom
11003:
11001:Ottoman Empire
10998:
10993:
10987:
10985:
10978:
10977:
10975:Trench warfare
10972:
10971:
10970:
10960:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10940:
10939:
10938:
10927:
10925:
10918:
10914:
10913:
10910:
10909:
10907:
10906:
10900:
10894:
10888:
10882:
10881:
10880:
10874:
10868:
10862:
10851:
10845:
10839:
10833:
10827:
10821:
10815:
10809:
10803:
10797:
10791:
10785:
10779:
10773:
10767:
10761:
10755:
10748:
10746:
10742:
10741:
10739:
10738:
10732:
10726:
10720:
10714:
10708:
10702:
10696:
10691:
10688:Volta-Bani War
10685:
10679:
10673:
10667:
10661:
10655:
10649:
10643:
10637:
10630:
10628:
10624:
10623:
10621:
10620:
10615:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10526:Zeebrugge Raid
10523:
10518:
10513:
10507:
10505:
10499:
10498:
10496:
10495:
10490:
10485:
10480:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10445:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10420:
10415:
10409:
10407:
10401:
10400:
10398:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10372:
10371:
10370:
10360:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10334:
10332:
10328:
10327:
10325:
10324:
10319:
10317:Battle of Loos
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10235:
10233:
10229:
10228:
10226:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10208:Black Sea raid
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10139:
10137:
10133:
10132:
10130:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10113:
10112:
10110:Historiography
10101:
10099:
10095:
10094:
10092:
10091:
10085:
10079:
10073:
10067:
10064:Bosnian Crisis
10061:
10058:Tangier Crisis
10055:
10049:
10043:
10036:
10034:
10027:
10021:
10020:
10017:
10016:
10014:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9991:Ottoman Empire
9988:
9983:
9978:
9972:
9970:
9968:Central Powers
9964:
9963:
9961:
9960:
9955:
9954:
9953:
9951:British Empire
9946:United Kingdom
9943:
9938:
9933:
9932:
9931:
9926:
9924:Russian Empire
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9900:
9899:
9889:
9884:
9879:
9878:
9877:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9846:
9844:
9842:Entente Powers
9835:
9830:
9827:
9826:
9823:
9822:
9820:
9819:
9814:
9813:
9812:
9810:North Atlantic
9801:
9799:
9793:
9792:
9790:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9773:
9771:
9765:
9764:
9762:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9735:
9733:
9727:
9726:
9724:
9723:
9721:Central Arabia
9718:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9687:
9685:
9683:Middle Eastern
9679:
9678:
9676:
9675:
9670:
9669:
9668:
9658:
9653:
9652:
9651:
9640:
9638:
9629:
9625:
9624:
9622:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9584:Historiography
9581:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9561:
9555:
9552:
9551:
9544:
9543:
9536:
9529:
9521:
9512:
9511:
9509:
9508:
9501:
9500:
9493:
9485:
9484:
9481:
9480:
9477:
9476:
9474:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9431:Armenian Cross
9427:
9425:
9421:
9420:
9418:
9417:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9379:
9377:
9371:
9370:
9368:
9367:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9349:
9348:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9312:
9310:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9300:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9272:
9271:
9266:
9256:
9251:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9220:
9214:
9208:
9207:
9204:
9203:
9201:
9200:
9194:
9192:
9186:
9185:
9183:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9160:Pension reform
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9121:
9115:
9109:
9108:
9105:
9104:
9102:
9101:
9094:
9087:
9082:
9080:Prime Minister
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9041:
9040:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
8999:
8993:
8987:
8986:
8983:
8982:
8980:
8979:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8950:Municipalities
8947:
8942:
8937:
8935:Extreme points
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8906:
8900:
8894:
8893:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8880:
8878:
8877:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8854:
8852:
8848:
8847:
8845:
8844:
8839:
8837:Soviet Armenia
8834:
8828:
8826:
8822:
8821:
8819:
8818:
8813:
8812:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8799:Erivan Khanate
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8725:
8723:
8719:
8718:
8716:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8689:
8688:
8678:
8673:
8671:Median kingdom
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8602:
8600:
8593:
8578:
8577:
8566:
8565:
8558:
8551:
8543:
8537:
8534:
8533:
8521:
8520:
8518:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8501:
8500:
8495:
8493:Greek genocide
8490:
8484:
8482:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8474:
8473:
8472:
8471:
8470:
8455:
8454:
8453:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8427:
8426:
8416:
8410:
8408:
8404:
8403:
8401:
8400:
8395:
8388:
8381:
8366:
8364:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8354:
8349:
8348:
8347:
8337:
8332:
8330:Courts-martial
8326:
8324:
8318:
8317:
8315:
8314:
8313:
8312:
8307:
8299:
8297:Press coverage
8294:
8289:
8283:
8281:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8273:
8268:
8267:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8230:
8228:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8209:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8175:
8169:
8167:
8161:
8160:
8158:
8157:
8150:
8145:
8144:
8143:
8133:
8128:
8122:
8120:
8116:
8115:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8057:
8055:
8048:
8047:
8042:
8041:
8040:
8035:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7991:
7989:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7919:
7917:
7913:
7912:
7905:
7904:
7897:
7890:
7882:
7876:
7875:
7866:
7861:
7854:
7853:External links
7851:
7849:
7848:
7838:(3): 283–295.
7822:
7793:
7764:
7754:(3): 392–396.
7743:
7720:
7695:
7667:(3): 522–553.
7651:
7627:
7605:(3): 339–352.
7588:
7570:(4): 457–480.
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7548:
7542:
7526:
7520:
7507:
7486:
7457:
7451:
7435:
7429:
7413:
7407:
7391:
7385:
7372:
7366:
7353:
7347:
7327:
7321:
7308:
7300:j.ctt1wn0s3n.9
7290:
7273:
7267:
7254:
7248:
7236:Kaiser, Hilmar
7232:
7226:
7213:
7207:
7191:
7185:
7169:
7163:
7150:
7144:
7128:
7122:
7109:
7103:
7090:
7084:
7066:
7060:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7028:
7008:
7002:
6984:
6978:
6965:
6959:
6939:
6933:
6917:
6911:
6887:
6881:
6859:
6853:
6835:
6829:
6807:
6801:
6779:
6773:
6755:
6749:
6737:Gingeras, Ryan
6733:
6727:
6714:
6708:
6692:
6686:
6670:
6664:
6644:
6638:
6603:
6597:
6575:
6569:
6561:Berghahn Books
6551:Akçam, Taner;
6548:
6542:
6523:
6517:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6484:Main article:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6463:
6451:
6439:
6427:
6425:, p. 168.
6415:
6413:, p. 345.
6403:
6391:
6379:
6347:
6345:, p. 393.
6335:
6323:
6311:
6299:
6287:
6285:, p. 273.
6275:
6273:, p. 364.
6263:
6251:
6219:
6217:, p. 117.
6207:
6195:
6183:
6171:
6169:, p. 122.
6159:
6147:
6143:Cheterian 2015
6135:
6120:
6108:
6096:
6094:, p. 347.
6084:
6082:, p. 110.
6080:Cheterian 2015
6067:
6065:, p. 178.
6055:
6043:
6031:
6029:, p. 339.
6019:
6007:
5995:
5983:
5971:
5967:Cheterian 2015
5959:
5944:
5932:
5920:
5916:Nichanian 2015
5908:
5896:
5884:
5872:
5860:
5858:, p. 199.
5848:
5846:, p. 161.
5844:Kévorkian 2020
5836:
5824:
5822:, p. 203.
5820:Cheterian 2015
5812:
5800:
5798:, p. 104.
5796:Cheterian 2015
5785:
5781:Cheterian 2015
5773:
5761:
5749:
5747:, p. 104.
5737:
5735:, p. 244.
5733:Nichanian 2015
5725:
5723:, p. 238.
5721:Nichanian 2015
5710:
5706:Kévorkian 2020
5695:
5693:, p. 165.
5691:Kévorkian 2020
5683:
5679:Nichanian 2015
5671:
5669:, p. 155.
5667:Cheterian 2015
5659:
5657:, p. 316.
5647:
5645:, p. 242.
5643:Nichanian 2015
5630:
5628:, p. 319.
5618:
5606:
5590:
5578:
5576:, p. 346.
5566:
5554:
5550:Cheterian 2015
5542:
5530:
5528:, p. 217.
5526:Nichanian 2015
5518:
5506:
5494:
5492:, p. 120.
5482:
5480:, p. 207.
5478:Nichanian 2015
5470:
5458:
5446:
5434:
5432:, p. 759.
5430:Kévorkian 2011
5422:
5410:
5398:
5386:
5382:Shirinian 2017
5374:
5372:, p. 706.
5370:Kévorkian 2011
5362:
5360:, p. 342.
5350:
5348:, p. 367.
5338:
5334:Payaslian 2007
5326:
5322:Payaslian 2007
5314:
5310:Payaslian 2007
5302:
5298:Kévorkian 2020
5290:
5278:
5276:, p. 486.
5261:
5249:
5237:
5235:, p. 721.
5233:Kévorkian 2011
5225:
5223:, p. 330.
5213:
5181:
5179:, p. 200.
5169:
5167:, p. 134.
5157:
5145:
5133:
5131:, p. 298.
5118:
5106:
5104:, p. 308.
5094:
5082:
5080:, p. 300.
5070:
5068:, p. 157.
5058:
5056:, p. 297.
5046:
5044:, p. 107.
5042:Kévorkian 2014
5034:
5032:, p. 262.
5022:
5018:Kévorkian 2011
5010:
4998:
4996:, p. 154.
4994:Mouradian 2018
4986:
4984:, p. 693.
4982:Kévorkian 2011
4974:
4970:Kévorkian 2011
4962:
4960:, p. 152.
4958:Mouradian 2018
4950:
4946:Shirinian 2017
4938:
4934:Shirinian 2017
4926:
4922:Kévorkian 2014
4914:
4912:, p. 380.
4899:
4897:, p. 155.
4895:Mouradian 2018
4884:
4880:Kévorkian 2011
4872:
4868:Shirinian 2017
4853:
4849:Kévorkian 2014
4838:
4836:, p. 625.
4834:Kévorkian 2011
4826:
4822:Kévorkian 2014
4814:
4802:
4800:, p. 411.
4790:
4786:Cheterian 2015
4778:
4766:
4764:, p. 268.
4754:
4752:, p. 189.
4738:
4723:
4711:
4699:
4695:Kévorkian 2011
4687:
4672:
4660:
4658:, p. 202.
4656:Kévorkian 2011
4648:
4646:, p. 273.
4636:
4632:Cheterian 2015
4624:
4622:, p. 758.
4620:Kévorkian 2011
4612:
4600:
4588:
4586:, p. 312.
4576:
4572:Kévorkian 2011
4564:
4552:
4540:
4538:, p. 314.
4528:
4513:
4501:
4489:
4477:
4465:
4463:, p. 291.
4453:
4451:, p. 331.
4441:
4429:
4417:
4415:, p. 808.
4413:Kévorkian 2011
4402:
4398:Kévorkian 2014
4390:
4386:Kévorkian 2014
4378:
4376:, p. 158.
4366:
4362:Kévorkian 2014
4354:
4350:Kévorkian 2014
4342:
4338:Kévorkian 2014
4330:
4326:Kévorkian 2014
4318:
4306:
4287:
4285:, p. 377.
4268:
4264:Maksudyan 2020
4256:
4252:Kévorkian 2014
4239:
4227:
4215:
4211:Kévorkian 2011
4203:
4187:
4175:
4163:
4161:, p. 352.
4151:
4149:, p. 810.
4147:Kévorkian 2011
4134:
4115:
4113:, p. 376.
4098:
4086:
4070:
4054:
4052:, p. 247.
4039:
4027:
4025:, p. 378.
4012:
3996:
3980:
3978:, p. 283.
3968:
3951:
3939:
3937:, p. 240.
3927:
3925:, p. 317.
3915:
3903:
3901:, p. 184.
3891:
3889:, p. 148.
3887:Mouradian 2018
3879:
3867:
3852:
3840:
3838:, p. 384.
3825:
3823:, p. 227.
3821:Nichanian 2015
3813:
3811:, p. 376.
3801:
3799:, p. 311.
3782:
3770:
3768:, p. 178.
3758:
3746:
3744:, p. 254.
3742:Nichanian 2015
3734:
3732:, p. 102.
3718:
3706:
3704:, p. 261.
3694:
3692:, p. 282.
3682:
3670:
3668:, p. 284.
3655:
3653:, p. 202.
3651:Nichanian 2015
3643:
3641:, p. 284.
3631:
3615:
3613:, p. 457.
3603:
3601:, p. 245.
3588:
3586:, p. 337.
3576:
3574:, p. 168.
3560:
3548:
3546:, p. 188.
3536:
3524:
3522:, p. 273.
3512:
3500:
3496:Kévorkian 2011
3488:
3476:
3464:
3462:, p. 281.
3452:
3440:
3428:
3426:, p. 319.
3424:Kévorkian 2011
3416:
3414:, p. 257.
3404:
3402:, p. 255.
3392:
3390:, p. 472.
3380:
3368:
3366:, p. 248.
3353:
3351:, p. 243.
3341:
3329:
3327:, p. 157.
3317:
3305:
3293:
3291:, p. 244.
3281:
3266:
3254:
3252:, p. 475.
3242:
3230:
3218:
3216:, p. 179.
3202:
3200:, p. 242.
3198:Kévorkian 2011
3190:
3178:
3176:, p. 225.
3166:
3154:
3152:, p. 218.
3142:
3130:
3118:
3106:
3094:
3090:Bjørnlund 2008
3082:
3070:
3058:
3046:
3034:
3022:
3010:
2998:
2996:, p. 191.
2986:
2984:, p. 193.
2974:
2962:
2960:, p. 156.
2947:
2945:, p. 363.
2935:
2919:
2907:
2895:
2893:, p. 167.
2883:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2819:Astourian 2011
2811:
2799:
2797:, p. 172.
2787:
2785:, p. 171.
2775:
2763:
2751:
2747:Astourian 2011
2739:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2691:
2679:
2677:, p. 192.
2667:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2619:
2607:
2605:, p. 266.
2603:Kévorkian 2011
2595:
2593:, p. 131.
2583:
2579:Kévorkian 2011
2571:
2569:, p. 130.
2559:
2547:
2545:, p. 129.
2535:
2531:Kévorkian 2011
2523:
2519:Kévorkian 2011
2511:
2499:
2487:
2475:
2471:Astourian 2011
2460:
2448:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2410:, p. 271.
2408:Kévorkian 2011
2397:
2385:
2381:Astourian 2011
2373:
2371:, p. 123.
2361:
2349:
2345:Astourian 2011
2337:
2333:Astourian 2011
2325:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2285:Kévorkian 2011
2277:
2265:
2261:Astourian 2011
2253:
2241:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2186:Payaslian 2007
2178:
2174:Payaslian 2007
2166:
2154:
2152:, p. 279.
2150:Kévorkian 2011
2135:
2120:
2118:, p. 187.
2108:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2080:Also known by
2072:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2055:Raphael Lemkin
2032:
2029:
1972:Main article:
1969:
1966:
1942:
1936:
1926:Main article:
1923:
1920:
1867:
1864:
1832:state violence
1812:internal enemy
1802:In the 1920s,
1793:
1790:
1765:
1762:
1745:Soviet Armenia
1653:
1650:
1593:
1590:
1582:patrilineality
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1491:took no action
1460:Triple Entente
1440:
1437:
1344:
1341:
1267:
1264:
1207:Armenian names
1185:
1182:
1101:
1098:
1036:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1016:
1015:
968:
966:
963:
955:
952:
913:(specifically
840:
837:
798:Central Powers
752:
749:
729:Muslim bandits
711:, installed a
672:Muslim bandits
661:Main article:
658:
655:
631:In early 1909
626:1909 massacres
567:Main article:
564:
561:
443:
440:
432:Eastern Thrace
424:Constantinople
398:On the eve of
363:Safavid Empire
359:Ottoman Empire
336:Seljuk dynasty
276:Main article:
273:
270:
262:
259:
236:Greek Orthodox
197:Constantinople
135:Ottoman Empire
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
87:
84:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
60:Ottoman Empire
57:
53:
52:
49:Harput vilayet
42:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14632:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14613:
14611:
14608:
14606:
14603:
14601:
14600:Death marches
14598:
14596:
14593:
14591:
14588:
14586:
14583:
14581:
14578:
14576:
14573:
14571:
14568:
14566:
14563:
14561:
14558:
14556:
14553:
14551:
14548:
14546:
14543:
14541:
14538:
14537:
14535:
14525:
14515:
14513:
14508:
14503:
14501:
14496:
14491:
14489:
14479:
14478:
14475:
14450:
14446:
14442:
14438:
14434:
14430:
14426:
14422:
14418:
14414:
14410:
14406:
14402:
14398:
14394:
14390:
14386:
14382:
14381:
14378:
14369:
14357:
14353:
14349:
14345:
14341:
14337:
14331:
14327:
14323:
14319:
14315:
14311:
14310:
14307:
14303:
14299:
14295:
14291:
14287:
14283:
14279:
14275:
14271:
14267:
14263:
14262:
14259:
14250:
14238:
14234:
14230:
14226:
14222:
14221:Sobibor trial
14218:
14214:
14210:
14206:
14202:
14198:
14194:
14190:
14186:
14182:
14178:
14174:
14170:
14166:
14162:
14158:
14154:
14150:
14146:
14142:
14138:
14134:
14130:
14126:
14122:
14118:
14114:
14110:
14106:
14102:
14098:
14094:
14090:
14086:
14085:Belsen trials
14082:
14078:
14077:Dachau trials
14074:
14070:
14066:
14062:
14058:
14054:
14050:
14046:
14045:Kharkov trial
14042:
14038:
14034:
14033:
14030:
14024:
14018:
14015:
14011:
14004:
14000:
13997:
13993:
13990:
13989:Justification
13986:
13983:
13979:
13976:
13972:
13969:
13965:
13962:
13958:
13953:
13949:
13946:
13942:
13939:
13935:
13934:
13932:
13928:
13927:
13925:
13921:
13914:
13910:
13907:
13903:
13900:
13896:
13893:
13889:
13886:
13882:
13879:
13875:
13872:
13868:
13863:
13859:
13858:
13856:
13855:The Holocaust
13852:
13851:
13849:
13847:
13843:
13836:
13832:
13829:
13825:
13822:
13818:
13815:
13814:Death marches
13811:
13806:
13802:
13799:
13795:
13794:
13792:
13788:
13785:
13781:
13778:
13774:
13771:
13767:
13764:
13760:
13757:
13753:
13752:
13750:
13746:
13739:
13735:
13732:
13728:
13725:
13721:
13718:
13714:
13711:
13707:
13704:
13700:
13697:
13693:
13690:
13686:
13683:
13679:
13676:
13672:
13665:
13661:
13660:
13658:
13654:
13653:
13651:
13647:
13642:
13638:
13637:
13635:
13631:
13630:
13628:
13624:
13612:
13608:
13604:
13600:
13596:
13592:
13588:
13584:
13580:
13576:
13572:
13571:Iraqi Turkmen
13568:
13564:
13560:
13555:
13551:
13550:
13547:
13543:
13539:
13535:
13534:
13531:
13526:
13520:
13508:
13504:
13500:
13496:
13491:
13487:
13486:
13483:
13479:
13475:
13471:
13467:
13463:
13459:
13455:
13451:
13447:
13443:
13439:
13435:
13431:
13427:
13423:
13419:
13415:
13411:
13407:
13403:
13399:
13395:
13391:
13387:
13383:
13378:
13374:
13371:
13367:
13366:
13362:
13358:
13354:
13350:
13346:
13342:
13338:
13334:
13330:
13326:
13322:
13318:
13314:
13310:
13306:
13302:
13298:
13297:
13294:
13289:
13283:
13271:
13267:
13263:
13259:
13255:
13251:
13247:
13243:
13239:
13235:
13231:
13227:
13223:
13219:
13215:
13211:
13207:
13206:The Holocaust
13203:
13199:
13195:
13191:
13187:
13183:
13179:
13175:
13171:
13167:
13163:
13159:
13155:
13151:
13147:
13143:
13139:
13135:
13131:
13127:
13123:
13119:
13115:
13111:
13107:
13103:
13099:
13095:
13091:
13088:(1920s–1930s)
13087:
13086:Ingrian Finns
13083:
13079:
13075:
13071:
13067:
13063:
13059:
13053:
13049:
13045:
13041:
13037:
13033:
13029:
13025:
13021:
13017:
13012:
13011:Pontic Greeks
13008:
13007:
13004:
13000:
12999:
12997:
12993:
12992:
12989:
12984:
12978:
12964:
12960:
12959:
12957:
12953:
12949:
12945:
12941:
12937:
12933:
12929:
12926:(1890s–1900s)
12925:
12921:
12917:
12913:
12909:
12905:
12901:
12897:
12893:
12889:
12885:
12881:
12877:
12873:
12867:
12863:
12859:
12855:
12851:
12847:
12843:
12839:
12838:
12836:
12832:
12828:
12824:
12820:
12816:
12810:
12806:
12802:
12798:
12797:
12795:
12791:
12787:
12783:
12779:
12775:
12771:
12767:
12763:
12759:
12753:
12749:
12746:(1700s–1800s)
12745:
12741:
12740:
12738:
12734:
12730:
12726:
12722:
12718:
12714:
12710:
12706:
12702:
12698:
12694:
12690:
12686:
12682:
12678:
12674:
12670:
12666:
12662:
12658:
12654:
12653:
12650:
12645:
12639:
12627:
12623:
12619:
12615:
12611:
12607:
12603:
12599:
12596:(1200s–1360s)
12595:
12591:
12587:
12583:
12579:
12575:
12571:
12567:
12562:
12558:
12557:
12554:
12550:
12546:
12542:
12538:
12534:
12533:
12530:
12525:
12519:
12516:
12513:
12508:
12504:
12500:
12493:
12488:
12486:
12481:
12479:
12474:
12473:
12470:
12458:
12457:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12438:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12421:
12418:
12416:
12413:
12411:
12408:
12406:
12405:
12401:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12383:
12379:
12377:
12374:
12372:
12369:
12367:
12364:
12363:
12361:
12357:
12351:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12306:
12303:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12236:
12233:
12231:
12228:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12213:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12202:
12200:
12194:
12188:
12187:Bülent Ecevit
12185:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12167:Meral Akşener
12165:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12152:Doğu Perinçek
12150:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12140:
12138:
12135:
12133:
12130:
12128:
12125:
12123:
12120:
12118:
12115:
12113:
12110:
12108:
12105:
12103:
12102:Nejdet Sançar
12100:
12098:
12095:
12093:
12090:
12088:
12085:
12083:
12080:
12078:
12077:Ahmet Ağaoğlu
12075:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12053:
12050:
12048:
12045:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12024:
12022:
12018:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11992:
11989:
11987:
11984:
11982:
11979:
11977:
11974:
11972:
11969:
11967:
11964:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11926:
11923:
11918:
11915:
11910:
11907:
11906:
11904:
11898:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11798:
11796:
11794:Organizations
11792:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11780:Turkification
11778:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11702:
11700:
11696:
11692:
11685:
11680:
11678:
11673:
11671:
11666:
11665:
11662:
11650:
11647:
11646:
11643:
11633:
11632:
11628:
11626:
11625:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11613:
11609:
11608:
11606:
11602:
11592:
11589:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11577:
11575:
11572:
11570:
11567:
11565:
11562:
11561:
11560:
11557:
11555:
11552:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11539:
11537:
11535:
11532:
11531:
11529:
11523:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11507:
11504:
11502:
11499:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11468:
11466:
11462:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11432:
11430:
11428:
11424:
11418:
11417:United States
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11374:
11372:
11368:
11365:
11362:
11357:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11317:
11315:
11312:
11311:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11288:
11285:
11281:
11278:
11277:
11276:
11273:
11272:
11270:
11269:
11267:
11265:
11261:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11244:
11242:
11241:
11239:
11237:
11233:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11207:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11196:
11193:
11192:
11190:
11189:
11187:
11185:
11181:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11164:
11162:
11160:
11157:
11153:
11152:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11132:
11130:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11117:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11109:
11107:
11103:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11083:
11081:
11077:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11060:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11049:
11046:
11045:
11043:
11042:
11040:
11034:
11029:
11019:
11018:United States
11016:
11012:
11009:
11008:
11007:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10988:
10986:
10982:
10976:
10973:
10969:
10968:Convoy system
10966:
10965:
10964:
10963:Naval warfare
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10937:
10934:
10933:
10932:
10929:
10928:
10926:
10922:
10919:
10915:
10904:
10901:
10898:
10895:
10892:
10889:
10886:
10883:
10878:
10875:
10872:
10869:
10866:
10863:
10860:
10857:
10856:
10855:
10852:
10849:
10846:
10843:
10840:
10837:
10834:
10831:
10828:
10825:
10822:
10819:
10816:
10813:
10810:
10807:
10804:
10801:
10798:
10795:
10792:
10789:
10786:
10783:
10780:
10777:
10774:
10771:
10768:
10765:
10762:
10759:
10756:
10753:
10750:
10749:
10747:
10743:
10736:
10733:
10730:
10727:
10724:
10723:Kaocen revolt
10721:
10718:
10717:Easter Rising
10715:
10712:
10709:
10706:
10703:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10689:
10686:
10683:
10680:
10677:
10674:
10671:
10668:
10665:
10662:
10659:
10656:
10653:
10650:
10647:
10644:
10641:
10638:
10635:
10632:
10631:
10629:
10625:
10619:
10616:
10612:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10508:
10506:
10504:
10500:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10419:
10416:
10414:
10411:
10410:
10408:
10406:
10402:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10369:
10366:
10365:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10335:
10333:
10329:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10282:Great Retreat
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10257:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10236:
10234:
10230:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10153:Battle of Cer
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10140:
10138:
10134:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10111:
10108:
10107:
10106:
10103:
10102:
10100:
10096:
10089:
10086:
10083:
10080:
10077:
10074:
10071:
10070:Agadir Crisis
10068:
10065:
10062:
10059:
10056:
10053:
10050:
10047:
10044:
10041:
10038:
10037:
10035:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10022:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9973:
9971:
9969:
9965:
9959:
9958:United States
9956:
9952:
9949:
9948:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9921:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9898:
9895:
9894:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9876:
9875:French Empire
9873:
9872:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9847:
9845:
9843:
9839:
9836:
9828:
9818:
9817:Mediterranean
9815:
9811:
9808:
9807:
9806:
9803:
9802:
9800:
9798:
9797:Naval warfare
9794:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9774:
9772:
9770:
9766:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9736:
9734:
9732:
9728:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9688:
9686:
9684:
9680:
9674:
9673:Italian Front
9671:
9667:
9664:
9663:
9662:
9661:Eastern Front
9659:
9657:
9656:Western Front
9654:
9650:
9647:
9646:
9645:
9642:
9641:
9639:
9637:
9633:
9630:
9626:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9614:Puppet states
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9556:
9553:
9549:
9542:
9537:
9535:
9530:
9528:
9523:
9522:
9519:
9507:
9504:
9503:
9498:
9494:
9491:
9487:
9486:
9482:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9428:
9426:
9422:
9416:
9415:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9380:
9378:
9376:
9372:
9366:
9365:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9353:Social issues
9351:
9347:
9344:
9343:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9313:
9311:
9309:
9305:
9299:
9298:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9261:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9249:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9221:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9209:
9199:
9196:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9187:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9122:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9110:
9100:
9099:
9095:
9093:
9092:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9039:
9036:
9035:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
9000:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8988:
8978:
8977:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8907:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8895:
8890:
8876:
8875:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8855:
8853:
8849:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8823:
8817:
8814:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8796:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8789:Afsharid Iran
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8726:
8724:
8720:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8698:Roman Armenia
8696:
8694:
8691:
8687:
8684:
8683:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8603:
8601:
8597:
8594:
8590:
8583:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8564:
8559:
8557:
8552:
8550:
8545:
8544:
8541:
8535:
8528:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8502:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8485:
8483:
8479:
8469:
8466:
8465:
8464:
8461:
8460:
8459:
8456:
8452:
8449:
8448:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8425:
8424:United States
8422:
8421:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8411:
8409:
8405:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8393:
8389:
8387:
8386:
8382:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8368:
8367:
8365:
8363:
8359:
8353:
8350:
8346:
8343:
8342:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8323:
8319:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8302:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8284:
8282:
8278:
8272:
8269:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8236:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8225:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8178:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8170:
8168:
8166:
8162:
8156:
8155:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8142:
8139:
8138:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8123:
8121:
8117:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8058:
8056:
8052:
8046:
8043:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8030:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8020:Forced labour
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7986:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7920:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7903:
7898:
7896:
7891:
7889:
7884:
7883:
7880:
7874:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7832:
7827:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7707:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7661:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7564:
7558:
7557:
7545:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7517:
7513:
7508:
7493:
7489:
7483:
7479:
7472:
7471:
7463:
7458:
7454:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7382:
7378:
7373:
7369:
7363:
7359:
7354:
7350:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7334:
7328:
7324:
7318:
7314:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7274:
7270:
7264:
7260:
7255:
7251:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7223:
7219:
7214:
7210:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7160:
7156:
7151:
7147:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7119:
7115:
7110:
7106:
7100:
7096:
7091:
7087:
7081:
7077:
7076:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7044:
7043:
7031:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
6999:
6995:
6994:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6975:
6971:
6966:
6962:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6943:Rogan, Eugene
6940:
6936:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6878:
6874:
6873:
6868:
6864:
6863:Morris, Benny
6860:
6856:
6850:
6846:
6845:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6817:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6789:
6784:
6783:Ihrig, Stefan
6780:
6776:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6724:
6720:
6715:
6711:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6635:
6629:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6585:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6549:
6545:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6530:
6524:
6520:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6496:
6495:
6487:
6472:
6467:
6460:
6455:
6448:
6443:
6437:, p. 11.
6436:
6431:
6424:
6419:
6412:
6407:
6400:
6395:
6388:
6383:
6367:
6363:
6362:
6357:
6351:
6344:
6339:
6333:, p. 73.
6332:
6327:
6320:
6315:
6308:
6303:
6296:
6291:
6284:
6279:
6272:
6267:
6260:
6255:
6239:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6223:
6216:
6211:
6204:
6199:
6192:
6187:
6180:
6175:
6168:
6163:
6156:
6151:
6144:
6139:
6132:
6127:
6125:
6117:
6112:
6105:
6100:
6093:
6088:
6081:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6064:
6059:
6052:
6047:
6040:
6035:
6028:
6023:
6016:
6011:
6004:
5999:
5992:
5987:
5980:
5975:
5968:
5963:
5956:
5951:
5949:
5941:
5936:
5929:
5924:
5917:
5912:
5905:
5900:
5893:
5888:
5882:, p. 21.
5881:
5876:
5869:
5864:
5857:
5856:Anderson 2011
5852:
5845:
5840:
5834:, p. 65.
5833:
5828:
5821:
5816:
5810:, p. 27.
5809:
5804:
5797:
5792:
5790:
5782:
5777:
5770:
5765:
5759:, p. 28.
5758:
5753:
5746:
5741:
5734:
5729:
5722:
5717:
5715:
5707:
5702:
5700:
5692:
5687:
5680:
5675:
5668:
5663:
5656:
5651:
5644:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5627:
5622:
5615:
5610:
5603:
5599:
5594:
5587:
5582:
5575:
5570:
5563:
5558:
5551:
5546:
5539:
5534:
5527:
5522:
5515:
5510:
5504:, p. 62.
5503:
5498:
5491:
5486:
5479:
5474:
5468:, p. 49.
5467:
5462:
5456:, p. 47.
5455:
5450:
5443:
5438:
5431:
5426:
5420:, p. 76.
5419:
5414:
5407:
5402:
5395:
5390:
5384:, p. 24.
5383:
5378:
5371:
5366:
5359:
5354:
5347:
5342:
5335:
5330:
5323:
5318:
5311:
5306:
5299:
5294:
5287:
5282:
5275:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5259:, p. 35.
5258:
5253:
5247:, p. 20.
5246:
5241:
5234:
5229:
5222:
5217:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5191:
5185:
5178:
5177:Anderson 2011
5173:
5166:
5161:
5154:
5149:
5142:
5137:
5130:
5125:
5123:
5115:
5110:
5103:
5098:
5091:
5086:
5079:
5074:
5067:
5062:
5055:
5050:
5043:
5038:
5031:
5026:
5019:
5014:
5007:
5002:
4995:
4990:
4983:
4978:
4971:
4966:
4959:
4954:
4947:
4942:
4936:, p. 23.
4935:
4930:
4924:, p. 96.
4923:
4918:
4911:
4906:
4904:
4896:
4891:
4889:
4881:
4876:
4870:, p. 21.
4869:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4851:, p. 98.
4850:
4845:
4843:
4835:
4830:
4824:, p. 97.
4823:
4818:
4812:, p. 59.
4811:
4806:
4799:
4794:
4787:
4782:
4775:
4770:
4763:
4758:
4751:
4749:
4742:
4736:, p. 80.
4735:
4730:
4728:
4720:
4715:
4708:
4703:
4696:
4691:
4684:
4679:
4677:
4669:
4664:
4657:
4652:
4645:
4640:
4633:
4628:
4621:
4616:
4609:
4604:
4597:
4592:
4585:
4580:
4573:
4568:
4561:
4556:
4549:
4544:
4537:
4532:
4525:
4520:
4518:
4510:
4505:
4498:
4493:
4486:
4481:
4474:
4469:
4462:
4457:
4450:
4445:
4438:
4433:
4426:
4421:
4414:
4409:
4407:
4399:
4394:
4388:, p. 94.
4387:
4382:
4375:
4370:
4364:, p. 95.
4363:
4358:
4352:, p. 92.
4351:
4346:
4340:, p. 90.
4339:
4334:
4328:, p. 93.
4327:
4322:
4315:
4310:
4304:, p. 93.
4303:
4301:
4294:
4292:
4284:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4265:
4260:
4254:, p. 91.
4253:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4236:
4231:
4225:, p. 61.
4224:
4219:
4212:
4207:
4200:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4179:
4173:, p. 58.
4172:
4167:
4160:
4155:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4132:, p. 94.
4131:
4129:
4122:
4120:
4112:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4095:
4090:
4083:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4036:
4031:
4024:
4019:
4017:
4010:, p. 97.
4009:
4007:
4000:
3994:, p. 96.
3993:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3972:
3966:, p. 53.
3965:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3948:
3943:
3936:
3931:
3924:
3919:
3912:
3907:
3900:
3895:
3888:
3883:
3876:
3871:
3865:, p. 54.
3864:
3859:
3857:
3849:
3844:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3822:
3817:
3810:
3805:
3798:
3796:
3789:
3787:
3779:
3774:
3767:
3766:Gingeras 2016
3762:
3755:
3754:Gingeras 2016
3750:
3743:
3738:
3731:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3710:
3703:
3698:
3691:
3686:
3679:
3674:
3667:
3662:
3660:
3652:
3647:
3640:
3635:
3628:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3607:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3585:
3580:
3573:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3552:
3545:
3540:
3533:
3528:
3521:
3516:
3509:
3504:
3497:
3492:
3486:, p. 10.
3485:
3480:
3473:
3468:
3461:
3456:
3449:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3425:
3420:
3413:
3408:
3401:
3396:
3389:
3384:
3377:
3372:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3350:
3345:
3338:
3333:
3326:
3321:
3314:
3309:
3302:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3279:, p. 19.
3278:
3273:
3271:
3263:
3258:
3251:
3246:
3240:, p. 18.
3239:
3234:
3227:
3222:
3215:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3194:
3187:
3182:
3175:
3170:
3163:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3139:
3134:
3127:
3122:
3115:
3110:
3103:
3098:
3092:, p. 51.
3091:
3086:
3080:, p. 98.
3079:
3078:Kaligian 2017
3074:
3067:
3062:
3055:
3050:
3043:
3042:Kaligian 2017
3038:
3031:
3030:Kaligian 2017
3026:
3019:
3014:
3007:
3002:
2995:
2990:
2983:
2978:
2971:
2970:Kaligian 2017
2966:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2944:
2939:
2932:
2930:
2923:
2917:, p. 50.
2916:
2911:
2904:
2899:
2892:
2887:
2880:
2875:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2833:, p. 92.
2832:
2831:Kaligian 2017
2827:
2820:
2815:
2808:
2803:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2760:
2755:
2749:, p. 66.
2748:
2743:
2736:
2735:Kaligian 2017
2731:
2724:
2723:Kaligian 2017
2719:
2712:
2711:Kaligian 2017
2707:
2700:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2653:, p. 50.
2652:
2647:
2640:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2599:
2592:
2587:
2581:, p. 11.
2580:
2575:
2568:
2563:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2508:
2503:
2497:, p. 96.
2496:
2491:
2485:, p. 97.
2484:
2479:
2473:, p. 64.
2472:
2467:
2465:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2395:, p. 55.
2394:
2389:
2382:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2310:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2275:, p. 19.
2274:
2269:
2263:, p. 60.
2262:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2218:
2212:, p. 12.
2211:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2025:200 memorials
2022:
2021:Arshile Gorky
2019:paintings of
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1934:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1856:assassination
1853:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1837:
1836:justification
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1711:Transcaucasia
1708:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1694:to fight the
1693:
1686:, early 1920s
1685:
1680:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1502:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1487:German Empire
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1240:environment.
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1190:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1100:Death marches
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:approved the
1051:
1041:
1027:
1021:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1003:
997:
992:
990:
986:
985:
980:
973:
961:
951:
949:
948:Syrian Desert
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
896:
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
864:
859:
851:
846:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
786:
782:
778:
774:
762:
757:
748:
746:
745:Turkification
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
702:
698:
693:
689:
681:
678:, Turkey) on
677:
673:
669:
664:
654:
651:
647:
642:
638:
634:
627:
623:
618:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:Mehmed Talaat
588:
584:
580:
576:
570:
560:
558:
554:
552:
546:
542:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:1877–1878 war
512:
510:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
448:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
393:a special tax
390:
389:
384:
380:
379:millet system
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
279:
268:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
151:Syrian Desert
148:
147:death marches
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
119:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
88:
82:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
14373:21st century
14330:Ratko Mladić
14254:20th century
14197:Belzec trial
13961:Genocide law
13821:Death squads
13731:Mass killing
13641:Autogenocide
13525:21st century
13288:1946 to 1999
13160:(1935–1945)
13118:Libyan Arabs
13035:
12983:1913 to 1945
12644:1490 to 1913
12454:
12402:
12380:
12224:
12147:Attilâ İlhan
12092:Papa Eftim I
12067:Yusuf Akçura
12032:Talaat Pasha
11876:TurkHackTeam
11755:Turkish Left
11629:
11622:
11610:
11313:
11217: /
11149:
10984:Conscription
10948:Cryptography
10885:Iraqi Revolt
10312:Siege of Kut
10255:
9833:participants
9782:German Samoa
9716:South Arabia
9451:Mount Ararat
9441:Coat of arms
9412:
9362:
9308:Demographics
9295:
9229:Architecture
9135:Central Bank
9096:
9089:
9033:Human rights
9008:Constitution
8974:
8970:Shirak Plain
8910:Ararat Plain
8872:
8857:
8784:Safavid Iran
8769:Kara Koyunlu
8390:
8383:
8369:
8335:Malta exiles
8227:Perpetrators
8177:By location
8152:
8038:Ra's al-'Ayn
8015:Confiscation
7908:
7835:
7829:
7810:(1): 47–77.
7807:
7801:
7772:
7768:
7751:
7747:
7728:
7708:(12): 7–31.
7703:
7682:1721.1/88911
7664:
7658:
7641:(1): 41–58.
7638:
7634:
7602:
7596:
7567:
7561:
7533:
7511:
7499:. Retrieved
7492:the original
7469:
7442:
7420:
7398:
7376:
7357:
7331:
7312:
7304:the original
7281:
7258:
7239:
7217:
7198:
7195:Dündar, Fuat
7176:
7154:
7135:
7113:
7094:
7074:
7047:
7015:
6992:
6969:
6946:
6924:
6898:
6894:
6871:
6867:Ze'evi, Dror
6842:
6815:
6787:
6763:
6740:
6718:
6699:
6677:
6651:
6618:
6614:
6583:
6556:
6528:
6503:
6499:Akçam, Taner
6466:
6454:
6447:de Waal 2015
6442:
6430:
6418:
6406:
6394:
6389:, p. 4.
6382:
6370:. Retrieved
6359:
6350:
6338:
6326:
6319:de Waal 2015
6314:
6302:
6290:
6278:
6266:
6254:
6242:. Retrieved
6231:
6222:
6215:Koinova 2017
6210:
6198:
6193:, p. 3.
6191:de Waal 2015
6186:
6179:Koinova 2017
6174:
6167:Koinova 2017
6162:
6155:de Waal 2015
6150:
6138:
6131:Bloxham 2005
6116:de Waal 2015
6111:
6104:de Waal 2015
6099:
6087:
6058:
6053:, p. 2.
6046:
6034:
6022:
6010:
6005:, p. 3.
5998:
5986:
5974:
5962:
5957:, p. 1.
5935:
5923:
5911:
5899:
5887:
5880:de Waal 2015
5875:
5863:
5851:
5839:
5832:Suciyan 2015
5827:
5815:
5808:Suciyan 2015
5803:
5776:
5764:
5752:
5740:
5728:
5686:
5674:
5662:
5655:Zürcher 2011
5650:
5621:
5609:
5601:
5593:
5581:
5569:
5557:
5545:
5533:
5521:
5509:
5497:
5485:
5473:
5461:
5449:
5437:
5425:
5418:de Waal 2015
5413:
5401:
5389:
5377:
5365:
5353:
5341:
5329:
5317:
5305:
5293:
5281:
5257:de Waal 2015
5252:
5245:de Waal 2015
5240:
5228:
5216:
5204:. Retrieved
5193:
5184:
5172:
5160:
5148:
5136:
5109:
5097:
5092:, p. 2.
5090:de Waal 2015
5085:
5078:Leonard 2004
5073:
5061:
5054:Leonard 2004
5049:
5037:
5025:
5013:
5001:
4989:
4977:
4965:
4953:
4941:
4929:
4917:
4875:
4829:
4817:
4810:Suciyan 2015
4805:
4793:
4781:
4776:, p. 3.
4769:
4757:
4747:
4741:
4714:
4702:
4690:
4685:, p. 2.
4663:
4651:
4639:
4627:
4615:
4603:
4591:
4579:
4567:
4555:
4543:
4531:
4504:
4492:
4480:
4468:
4456:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4393:
4381:
4369:
4357:
4345:
4333:
4321:
4309:
4299:
4259:
4230:
4218:
4206:
4196:
4190:
4178:
4166:
4154:
4127:
4089:
4079:
4073:
4063:
4057:
4030:
4005:
3999:
3989:
3983:
3971:
3942:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3894:
3882:
3870:
3843:
3816:
3804:
3794:
3773:
3761:
3749:
3737:
3727:
3721:
3709:
3697:
3685:
3673:
3646:
3634:
3624:
3618:
3606:
3579:
3569:
3563:
3551:
3539:
3527:
3515:
3503:
3491:
3479:
3467:
3455:
3443:
3431:
3419:
3407:
3395:
3383:
3371:
3344:
3332:
3320:
3308:
3296:
3284:
3257:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3211:
3205:
3193:
3181:
3169:
3157:
3145:
3133:
3121:
3109:
3097:
3085:
3073:
3061:
3049:
3037:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2965:
2938:
2928:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2850:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2718:
2706:
2694:
2682:
2670:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2502:
2490:
2478:
2451:
2439:
2427:
2415:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2287:, p. 9.
2280:
2268:
2256:
2249:Bloxham 2005
2244:
2217:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2157:
2133:, p. 1.
2111:
2099:
2076:
2058:
2040:
2001:
1983:
1980:Franz Werfel
1977:
1958:Pope Francis
1950:
1902:
1884:
1845:
1801:
1778:Stefan Ihrig
1767:
1742:
1727:
1689:
1635:
1620:
1605:
1586:Alexandropol
1559:
1557:
1537:
1529:British Army
1521:
1495:
1484:
1477:
1471:
1453:
1429:
1405:
1378:
1326:
1307:
1294:
1242:
1223:
1199:
1184:Islamization
1174:
1170:Persian Gulf
1166:
1123:
1119:
1110:Leslie Davis
1078:
1066:
1046:
1011:
998:
994:
982:
979:Talaat Pasha
975:
970:
915:Alexandretta
903:Djemal Pasha
900:
879:
868:
814:
770:
735:. Historian
733:regular army
721:Aegean coast
706:
685:
680:13 June 1914
648:brokered by
630:
572:
550:
545:Great Powers
530:at the 1878
513:
477:
460:forced labor
453:
397:
386:
317:
288:Six Vilayets
225:
201:Talaat Pasha
190:
162:in the 1890s
159:
126:
124:
114:Perpetrators
98:Islamization
18:
14443:(2023–2024)
14411:(2020–2021)
14358:(1999–2015)
14350:(1997–2022)
14342:(1994–2015)
14332:(2011–2017)
14324:(2008–2016)
14316:(2002–2006)
14308:(1993–2017)
14300:(1993–2007)
14292:(1946–1948)
14276:(1946–1948)
14266:Budak trial
14237:Finta trial
14223:(1965–1966)
14215:(1964–1970)
14207:(1963–1989)
14199:(1963–1965)
14183:(1961–1962)
14159:(1946–1949)
14151:(1946–1948)
14143:(1946–1948)
14135:(1946–1953)
14127:(1946–1947)
14111:(1945–1946)
14109:Minsk trial
14103:(1945–1946)
14095:(1945–1949)
14087:(1945–1948)
14079:(1945–1947)
14071:(1945–2001)
14063:(1944–1989)
14055:(1944–1951)
14025:(1943–2022)
13931:Definitions
13581:(2014–2017)
13573:(2014–2017)
13565:(2011–2023)
13540:(2002–2003)
13509:(1996–1997)
13484:(1992–1995)
13476:(1991–2003)
13460:(1987–2002)
13452:(1987–1989)
13444:(1986–1989)
13428:(1983–1987)
13426:Gukurahundi
13420:(1983–2009)
13404:(1977–1997)
13396:(1975–1979)
13388:(1974–1999)
13351:(1970–2003)
13349:Feyli Kurds
13343:(1966–1970)
13319:(1962–1996)
13311:(1956–1989)
13272:(1944–1948)
13264:(1944–1948)
13256:(1943–1945)
13248:(1942–1945)
13232:(1941–1945)
13224:(1941–1945)
13216:(1941–1945)
13208:(1941–1945)
13200:(1940–1942)
13192:(1939–1945)
13184:(1937–1938)
13168:(1937–1938)
13144:(1932–1933)
13128:(1930–1933)
13120:(1929–1932)
13112:(1926–1973)
13080:(1919–1933)
13072:(1918–1931)
13064:(1916–1917)
13054:(1916–1934)
13038:(1915–1917)
13030:(1915–1919)
13005:(1913–1922)
12965:(1912–1913)
12950:(1905–1907)
12942:(1904–1907)
12934:(1894–1896)
12918:(1888–1893)
12910:(1879–1913)
12900:Circassians
12894:(1850–1864)
12860:(1846–1873)
12852:(1830–1850)
12844:(1830–1847)
12811:(1869–1977)
12803:(1825–1832)
12788:(1785–2017)
12754:(1874–1996)
12731:(1648–1657)
12723:(1640–1649)
12715:(1636–1638)
12683:(1548–1872)
12659:(1492–1514)
12628:(1402–1496)
12620:(1393–1394)
12604:(1209–1229)
12588:(1069–1070)
12524:Before 1490
12435:Article 301
12425:Surname Law
12137:Namık Kemal
12112:Peyami Safa
12097:Nihal Atsız
12037:Enver Pasha
12027:Ziya Gökalp
11961:(left-wing)
11928:(1923–1944)
11909:Young Turks
11836:Grey Wolves
11816:Atsız Youth
11785:Ulusalcılık
11740:Pan-Turkism
11247:Netherlands
11224:Switzerland
11105:Occupations
11096:Spanish flu
10873:(1919–1922)
10867:(1918–1921)
10861:(1918–1923)
10850:(1919–1921)
10844:(1919–1921)
10838:(1919–1920)
10814:(1918–1920)
10808:(1918–1920)
10802:(1918–1920)
10784:(1918–1920)
10766:(1918–1920)
10760:(1917–1921)
10754:(1917–1921)
10701:(1916-1918)
10699:Arab Revolt
10690:(1915–1917)
10684:(1915–1917)
10672:(1914-1917)
10666:(1914–1917)
10660:(1914–1921)
10654:(1913–1920)
10642:(1910–1920)
10636:(1900–1920)
10609: [
10127:July Crisis
10048:(1880–1914)
9711:Mesopotamia
9589:Home fronts
9548:World War I
9471:Pomegranate
9125:Agriculture
9098:on politics
9038:LGBT rights
8930:Earthquakes
8631:Hayasa-Azzi
8431:Reparations
8419:Recognition
8392:The Promise
8322:Prosecution
8045:Terminology
8033:Deir ez-Zor
7955:(1912–1913)
7953:Balkan Wars
7775:(1): 8–37.
6951:Basic Books
6821:I.B. Tauris
6626: [
6372:25 February
6343:Miller 2010
6244:14 December
5892:Kieser 2018
5757:Kieser 2018
5626:Kieser 2018
5562:Kieser 2018
5346:Kieser 2018
5153:Kieser 2018
5030:Kieser 2018
5006:Kieser 2018
4910:Kaiser 2010
4762:Kieser 2018
4644:Kieser 2018
4596:Kaiser 2010
4487:, 5, 13–14.
4314:Kaiser 2019
4283:Kaiser 2010
4183:Kaiser 2019
4111:Kaiser 2010
4050:Kieser 2018
4023:Kaiser 2010
3976:Dündar 2011
3947:Kaiser 2019
3935:Kieser 2018
3875:Kaiser 2010
3848:Dündar 2011
3836:Kaiser 2010
3809:Kieser 2018
3714:Kaiser 2019
3702:Kieser 2018
3690:Dündar 2011
3639:Dündar 2011
3484:Kieser 2018
3460:Dündar 2011
3376:Kieser 2018
3066:Kieser 2018
3018:Kieser 2018
2958:Kieser 2018
2891:Kieser 2018
2843:Kieser 2018
2807:Kieser 2018
2687:Kieser 2018
2663:Kieser 2018
2651:Kieser 2018
2627:Kieser 2018
2297:Kieser 2018
2082:other names
1820:rule of law
1717:during the
1625:. The 1920
1622:in absentia
1476:(1916) and
1393:Deir ez-Zor
1343:Destination
1337:place names
1310:Taner Akçam
1308:Historians
907:Fourth Army
886:Djevdet Bey
759:"Revenge" (
701:Enver Pasha
663:Balkan Wars
657:Balkan Wars
611:gendarmerie
575:Young Turks
492:Circassians
418:Muslim and
365:—contested
245:state, the
170:Balkan Wars
94:death march
85:Attack type
14534:Categories
14117:Riga trial
13968:Prevention
13913:Indigenous
13828:Incitement
13696:Gendercide
13657:Classicide
13650:Politicide
13611:Gaza Strip
13386:East Timor
13357:Bangladesh
13317:Guatemalan
13238:Sook Ching
13134:La Matanza
12858:California
12570:Bar Kokhba
12196:Historical
12182:Sinan Oğan
12177:Ümit Özdağ
12011:Good Party
11831:Deep State
11821:Black Gang
11725:İttihadism
11464:Agreements
11264:War crimes
11140:Luxembourg
11033:Casualties
9904:Montenegro
9739:South West
9619:Technology
9609:Propaganda
9599:Opposition
9276:Literature
9028:Government
9013:Corruption
8940:Lake Sevan
8794:Qajar Iran
8764:Aq Qoyunlu
8165:Resistance
8154:Vorpahavak
8119:Demography
8076:Diyarbekir
8005:Tehcir Law
7916:Background
7622:1887/92270
6623:Tallandier
6553:Kurt, Ümit
6459:Ihrig 2016
6435:Akçam 2018
6399:Akçam 2012
6307:Tusan 2014
6271:Ihrig 2016
6259:Ihrig 2016
6051:Göçek 2015
6039:Galip 2020
6015:Galip 2020
6003:Galip 2020
5979:Galip 2020
5955:Göçek 2015
5940:Akçam 2012
5904:Ihrig 2016
5868:Ihrig 2016
5598:Ihrig 2016
5538:Göçek 2011
5502:Üngör 2012
5165:Ihrig 2016
5114:Tusan 2014
5066:Akçam 2018
4798:Göçek 2015
4746:Bozarslan
4719:Akçam 2012
4608:Akçam 2012
4584:Akçam 2012
4536:Akçam 2012
4473:Akçam 2012
4449:Akçam 2012
4425:Akçam 2012
4374:Akçam 2018
4298:Bozarslan
4235:Akçam 2012
4223:Üngör 2012
4195:Bozarslan
4171:Üngör 2012
4126:Bozarslan
4094:Akçam 2012
4078:Bozarslan
4062:Bozarslan
4035:Akçam 2012
4004:Bozarslan
3988:Bozarslan
3964:Üngör 2012
3899:Rogan 2015
3863:Üngör 2012
3793:Bozarslan
3726:Bozarslan
3678:Akçam 2012
3623:Bozarslan
3611:Akçam 2019
3584:Akçam 2012
3568:Bozarslan
3556:Ihrig 2016
3544:Akçam 2012
3388:Akçam 2019
3337:Üngör 2016
3325:Akçam 2012
3277:Üngör 2016
3262:Akçam 2019
3250:Akçam 2019
3238:Üngör 2016
3210:Bozarslan
3126:Üngör 2016
2994:Göçek 2015
2927:Bozarslan
2915:Üngör 2012
2855:Akçam 2019
2675:Göçek 2015
2369:Göçek 2015
2162:Ahmed 2006
2092:References
2045:, despite
2035:See also:
1904:Since 1988
1860:Hrant Dink
1822:, lack of
1816:Militarism
1796:See also:
1561:vorpahavak
1401:Ras al-Ayn
1374:Ras al-Ayn
1260:or Algeria
1257:as Tunisia
1226:sex slaves
1134:Lake Hazar
1114:Lake Hazar
1074:Third Army
1058:Adrianople
989:4 May 1916
958:See also:
697:Ottomanist
624:after the
383:Sharia law
334:under the
296:Diyarbekir
261:Background
13906:Cambodian
13899:Holodomor
13791:Massacres
13675:Ethnocide
13664:Eliticide
13394:Cambodian
13142:Holodomor
13036:Armenians
13028:Assyrians
12801:Black War
12689:Huguenots
12572:(132–136)
12555:(50s BCE)
12539:(146 BCE)
12507:Genocides
12142:Gün Sazak
12047:Ali Suavi
11900:Political
11891:Wind Unit
11361:Diplomacy
11068:Olympians
10991:Australia
10958:Logistics
10891:Vlora War
10820:(1918–19)
10796:(1918–19)
10790:(1918–19)
10778:(1918–19)
10725:(1916–17)
10707:(1916–17)
10658:Zaian War
10648:(1914–15)
10368:first day
10256:Lusitania
10084:(1912–13)
10078:(1911–12)
10066:(1908–09)
10060:(1905–06)
10042:(1870–71)
9831:Principal
9691:Gallipoli
9594:Memorials
9579:Geography
9569:Aftermath
9326:Education
9190:Transport
9075:President
9045:Judiciary
9018:Elections
8945:Mountains
8898:Geography
8759:Chobanids
8754:Ilkhanate
8749:Sallarids
8458:Memorials
8407:Aftermath
8191:Musa Dagh
8148:Survivors
8101:Trebizond
8054:By region
8025:Mass rape
7584:1462-3528
7052:Routledge
7020:Continuum
6471:Suny 2015
5928:Suny 2015
5769:Suny 2015
5614:Suny 2015
5586:Suny 2015
5574:Suny 2015
5358:Suny 2015
5286:Suny 2015
5221:Suny 2015
5190:"History"
5129:Suny 2015
5102:Suny 2015
4668:Suny 2015
4560:Kurt 2016
4509:Kurt 2016
4497:Kurt 2016
4485:Kurt 2016
4437:Kurt 2016
4185:, 35, 37.
4159:Suny 2015
3923:Suny 2015
3911:Cora 2020
3778:Suny 2015
3599:Suny 2015
3532:Suny 2015
3520:Suny 2015
3508:Suny 2015
3472:Suny 2015
3448:Suny 2015
3436:Suny 2015
3412:Suny 2015
3400:Suny 2015
3364:Suny 2015
3349:Suny 2015
3313:Suny 2015
3301:Suny 2015
3289:Suny 2015
3226:Suny 2015
3186:Suny 2015
3174:Suny 2015
3162:Suny 2015
3150:Suny 2015
3138:Suny 2015
3114:Suny 2015
3102:Suny 2015
3054:Suny 2015
3006:Suny 2015
2982:Suny 2015
2903:Suny 2015
2879:Suny 2015
2867:Suny 2015
2795:Suny 2015
2783:Suny 2015
2771:Suny 2015
2759:Suny 2015
2699:Suny 2015
2639:Suny 2015
2615:Suny 2015
2591:Suny 2015
2567:Suny 2015
2555:Suny 2015
2543:Suny 2015
2507:Suny 2015
2495:Suny 2015
2483:Suny 2015
2456:Suny 2015
2444:Suny 2015
2432:Suny 2015
2420:Suny 2015
2393:Suny 2015
2357:Suny 2015
2321:Suny 2015
2309:Suny 2015
2273:Suny 2015
2237:Suny 2015
2222:Suny 2015
2210:Suny 2015
2198:Suny 2015
2104:Suny 2015
1990:Musa Dagh
1505:Aftermath
1416:pneumonia
1408:dysentery
1328:khachkars
1314:Ümit Kurt
1150:Euphrates
1126:Erzindjan
1086:careerism
921:, Adana,
806:Black Sea
686:The 1912
603:Macedonia
553:regiments
320:Armenians
69:1915–1917
45:gendarmes
14500:Genocide
13871:Armenian
13738:Domicide
13717:Policide
13689:Eugenics
13634:Democide
13603:Rohingya
13254:Volhynia
13078:Cossacks
12924:Selk'nam
12786:Chechens
12778:Dzungars
12705:Lameyans
12697:Kalinago
12667:(1500s–)
12626:Guanches
12561:Eburones
12547:(88 BCE)
12499:Genocide
12382:Öztürkçe
12359:Policies
12087:Rıza Nur
11765:Turanism
11730:Kemalism
11698:Ideology
11649:Category
11236:Refugees
11202:Italians
11191:Germans
11151:Ober Ost
10931:Aviation
10025:Timeline
9996:Bulgaria
9777:Tsingtao
9754:Togoland
9701:Caucasus
9636:European
9628:Theatres
9506:Category
9375:Religion
9346:diaspora
9259:Language
9224:Alphabet
9165:Taxation
9050:Military
8991:Politics
8851:By topic
8729:Arminiya
8651:Urumeans
8589:timeline
8574:articles
7988:Genocide
7691:23526015
7039:Chapters
6990:(2015).
6945:(2015).
6923:(2007).
6893:(2015).
6869:(2019).
6841:(2018).
6813:(2011).
6785:(2016).
6761:(2015).
6739:(2016).
6698:(2015).
6650:(2015).
6581:(2005).
6555:(2015).
6501:(2012).
6366:Archived
6238:Archived
5206:10 March
5200:Archived
4439:, 2, 21.
4316:, 3, 22.
2060:genocide
1960:and the
1912:conflict
1852:AK Party
1848:censored
1249:Damascus
1211:language
1112:visited
1081:Chechens
882:Bashkale
743:through
587:Salonica
551:Hamidiye
324:Anatolia
228:Anatolia
153:and the
90:Genocide
56:Location
29:Part of
14474:Portals
14435:(2023–)
14427:(2022–)
14419:(2022–)
14403:(2019–)
14395:(2012–)
14387:(2005–)
13892:Rwandan
13885:Bosnian
13878:Serbian
13805:Pogroms
13748:Methods
13613:(2023–)
13605:(2017–)
13597:(2014–)
13589:(2014–)
13579:Yazidis
13548:(2003–)
13499:Rwandan
13482:Bosnian
13474:Ahwaris
13468:(1990–)
13436:(1985–)
13364:Burundi
13126:Kazakhs
12916:Hazaras
12902:(1860s)
12892:Manchus
12884:Moriori
12876:Charrúa
12780:(1750s)
12744:Beothuk
12713:Pequots
12675:(1500–)
12618:Assyria
12602:Cathars
11902:parties
11387:Germany
11287:Germany
11215:Germany
11135:Belgium
11120:Albania
11079:Disease
11059:Sports
11011:Ireland
10924:Warfare
10917:Aspects
10105:Origins
10098:Prelude
10001:Senussi
9981:Germany
9976:Leaders
9914:Romania
9855:Belgium
9850:Leaders
9749:Kamerun
9731:African
9666:Romania
9644:Balkans
9559:Outline
9490:Outline
9461:Apricot
9424:Symbols
9414:more...
9403:Judaism
9364:more...
9297:more...
9291:Theatre
9269:Western
9264:Eastern
9244:Cuisine
9212:Culture
9175:Tourism
9113:Economy
8976:more...
8925:Climate
8874:more...
8656:Diauehi
8636:Mitanni
8606:Origins
8582:History
8570:Armenia
8481:Related
8254:Djevdet
8081:Erzurum
6480:Sources
1880:Yerevan
1818:, weak
1715:Cilicia
1569:
1389:Meskene
1319:capital
1238:Bedouin
1215:culture
1178:by rail
1138:Malatya
919:Dörtyol
911:Cilicia
873:at the
650:Germany
646:reforms
520:Balkans
416:Kurdish
412:Turkish
388:dhimmis
300:Erzerum
243:Turkish
178:Persian
174:Russian
149:to the
137:during
133:in the
14524:Europe
14488:Turkey
14451:(2024)
14284:(1946)
14268:(1945)
14239:(1994)
14231:(1986)
14191:(1961)
14175:(1958)
14167:(1949)
14119:(1946)
14047:(1943)
14039:(1943)
13923:Issues
13846:Denial
13546:Darfur
13501:(1994)
13466:Amhara
13412:(1982)
13359:(1971)
13341:Biafra
13335:(1966)
13327:(1964)
13303:(1948)
13240:(1942)
13176:(1937)
13152:(1933)
13136:(1932)
13104:(1924)
13096:(1923)
13062:Kyrgyz
13046:(1915)
13022:(1913)
13003:Greeks
12886:(1835)
12878:(1831)
12868:(1864)
12829:(1821)
12821:(1816)
12772:(1749)
12764:(1740)
12707:(1636)
12699:(1626)
12691:(1572)
12612:(1311)
12580:(800s)
12198:events
12020:People
11760:Taksim
11407:Russia
11382:France
11210:Canada
11125:Serbia
10996:Canada
10953:Horses
10905:(1921)
10899:(1920)
10893:(1920)
10887:(1920)
10879:(1920)
10832:(1919)
10826:(1919)
10772:(1918)
10737:(1918)
10731:(1917)
10719:(1916)
10713:(1916)
10678:(1915)
10090:(1913)
10072:(1911)
10054:(1905)
10011:Darfur
9936:Serbia
9919:Russia
9882:Greece
9870:France
9860:Brazil
9706:Persia
9649:Serbia
9341:People
9336:Health
9316:Census
9239:Cinema
9155:Mining
9150:Energy
9065:Police
8955:Rivers
8920:Cities
8825:Modern
8734:Sajids
8722:Middle
8661:Etiuni
8646:Mushki
8584:
8572:
8436:Denial
8398:others
8259:Reshid
8249:Djemal
8239:Talaat
8181:Zeitun
8086:Harput
8071:Bitlis
8066:Aleppo
7995:Causes
7789:680838
7787:
7689:
7582:
7540:
7518:
7501:3 July
7484:
7449:
7427:
7405:
7383:
7364:
7345:
7319:
7298:
7288:
7265:
7246:
7224:
7205:
7183:
7161:
7142:
7120:
7101:
7082:
7058:
7026:
7000:
6976:
6957:
6931:
6909:
6879:
6851:
6827:
6799:
6771:
6747:
6725:
6706:
6684:
6662:
6636:
6595:
6567:
6540:
6515:
5602:passim
4748:et al.
4300:et al.
4197:et al.
4128:et al.
4080:et al.
4064:et al.
4006:et al.
3990:et al.
3795:et al.
3728:et al.
3625:et al.
3570:et al.
3212:et al.
2929:et al.
1994:Nazism
1982:wrote
1944:
1938:
1908:Azeris
1808:Alevis
1792:Turkey
1764:Legacy
1684:Beirut
1668:Harput
1592:Trials
1433:Khabur
1420:Levant
1414:, and
1412:typhus
1381:Aleppo
1370:Khabur
1333:animal
1331:, and
1213:, and
1146:Tigris
1004:, and
929:, and
927:Zeytun
923:Hadjin
865:, 1915
781:Russia
765:انتقام
534:, the
524:Cyprus
522:, and
456:feudal
430:, and
428:Smyrna
338:. The
304:Harput
292:Bitlis
104:Deaths
74:Target
13626:Terms
13450:Isaaq
13442:Anfal
13190:Poles
13052:Kurds
12948:Ukame
12721:Huron
12657:Taíno
12553:Gauls
11604:Other
11397:Japan
11392:Italy
11219:camps
11063:Rugby
10613:]
9892:Japan
9887:Italy
9865:China
9759:North
9497:Index
9466:Grape
9408:Islam
9358:Women
9321:Crime
9286:Sport
9281:Music
9254:Dance
8960:Lakes
8641:Nairi
8599:Early
8498:Sayfo
8244:Enver
8206:Azakh
8096:Sivas
8061:Adana
7731:(7).
7687:JSTOR
7495:(PDF)
7474:(PDF)
7465:(PDF)
7296:JSTOR
6897:[
6656:Hurst
6630:]
6617:[
6491:Books
4562:, 17.
4499:, 15.
3949:, 10.
2068:Notes
1914:over
1804:Kurds
1782:Nazis
1385:Mosul
1372:near
1154:Murat
1152:, or
1142:Kahta
1130:Kemah
1090:imams
935:Konya
723:were
637:Adana
622:Adana
308:Sivas
14512:Asia
13763:Rape
13377:1993
13370:1972
12665:Ainu
11184:POWs
10503:1918
10405:1917
10331:1916
10232:1915
10136:1914
9941:Siam
9744:East
9446:Flag
9248:wine
8626:Hayk
8611:Name
8378:film
8374:book
8196:Urfa
7580:ISSN
7538:ISBN
7516:ISBN
7503:2021
7482:ISBN
7447:ISBN
7425:ISBN
7403:ISBN
7381:ISBN
7362:ISBN
7343:ISBN
7317:ISBN
7286:ISBN
7263:ISBN
7244:ISBN
7222:ISBN
7203:ISBN
7181:ISBN
7159:ISBN
7140:ISBN
7118:ISBN
7099:ISBN
7080:ISBN
7056:ISBN
7024:ISBN
6998:ISBN
6974:ISBN
6955:ISBN
6929:ISBN
6907:ISBN
6877:ISBN
6849:ISBN
6825:ISBN
6797:ISBN
6769:ISBN
6745:ISBN
6723:ISBN
6704:ISBN
6682:ISBN
6660:ISBN
6634:ISBN
6593:ISBN
6565:ISBN
6538:ISBN
6513:ISBN
6374:2021
6246:2023
5208:2021
4750:2015
4511:, 5.
4302:2015
4199:2015
4130:2015
4082:2015
4066:2015
4008:2015
3992:2015
3797:2015
3730:2015
3716:, 6.
3627:2015
3572:2015
3214:2015
2931:2015
1806:and
1600:and
1566:lit.
1485:The
1351:and
1335:and
1312:and
1274:and
1253:Hajj
1245:rape
1243:The
1234:Arab
965:Aims
863:Mush
823:and
676:Foça
414:and
310:and
286:The
234:and
205:rape
176:and
166:1909
164:and
125:The
66:Date
9234:Art
8186:Van
8106:Van
8091:Muş
7871:by
7840:doi
7812:doi
7808:119
7777:doi
7756:doi
7733:doi
7710:doi
7677:hdl
7669:doi
7643:doi
7617:hdl
7607:doi
7572:doi
2011:of
1858:of
1670:by
1391:or
1236:or
981:in
931:Sis
890:Van
747:".
322:in
312:Van
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