785:, which Hutus emphasise. Some Burundians perceive both events as genocides worthy of remembrance, but generally factions have formed to claim the precedence of one event over the other and commemorate them accordingly. Radical Tutsi ideologues, while stressing that the 1993 events were a genocide targeting Tutsis, often neglect to mention the thousands of Hutus killed by the army during the same period and the flight of thousands more as refugees to Rwanda. Tutsi academics tend to give Ndadaye's assassination only cursory attention in their histories of the violence. In contrast, Hutu writers usually emphasise the killing of Ndadaye and the massacres of Hutus inflicted by the army and ignore the killings of Tutsis. The Tutsi extremist group AC Genocide-Crimoso later established several monuments to commemorate Tutsis killed in 1993. The Burundian government erected a monument in 2010 to commemorate victims of all post-colonial violence in the country.
570:. He initially ignored the country's ethnic strife and perpetuated Tutsi domination of public life. In August 1988, violence broke out and the army massacred thousands of Hutus. Facing substantial foreign pressure, Buyoya initiated reforms designed to end Burundi's systemic ethnic violence, while UPRONA attempted to incorporate more Hutus into its ranks. The Tutsi establishment in the army and security forces nevertheless resisted change. A commission appointed by the president produced a constitution which provided for democratic elections. The document was adopted via referendum in March 1992, followed shortly thereafter by the creation of new political parties. Buyoya scheduled free elections in 1993 and offered himself as UPRONA's presidential candidate. UPRONA's main challenger became
620:
763:
killings constituted "an effort to completely destroy the Tutsi ethnic group. Tutsis were not simply killed in a spurt of violence, but systematically hunted...evidence is sufficient to establish that acts of genocide against the Tutsi minority took place in
Burundi on 21 October 1993, and the days following". The commission noted that "the evidence is insufficient to determine whether or not these acts of genocide were planned or ordered by leaders at a higher level". FRODEBU accused the commission of bias and capitulating to demands of Tutsi politicians, church figures, and journalists to have their ethnic group's losses labeled genocide.
27:
608:
regime, posing a threat to Tutsi elite business interests. Military reforms also led to the separation of the gendarmerie's command from the army, the replacement of the chiefs of staff of the army and gendarmerie, and new requirements for enrollment into the army were introduced. The army was due to open its annual recruitment drive in
November, and there were fears among some Tutsi soldiers that this process would be altered in a way that would threaten their dominance of the institution.
46:
771:
wrote in 1995 that "there is no evidence that a genocidal plan ever existed, and the allegations that it did were part of a strategy to exonerate the army and to implicate FRODEBU." Academic Nigel Watt considered the violence to be a "double genocide", with the first one being perpetrated by Hutus
602:
Ndadaye's tenure was largely peaceful, but during his time in office
Burundi was subject to several social and political disruptions. Among the former, the media—recently liberalised—often used its freedom to discuss public issues in an inflammatory manner. Thousands of Burundian Hutu refugees who
762:
In May 1994, a UN preliminary fact-finding commission determined that the massacres of Tutsis were not part of "any premeditated plan for the extermination of the Tutsi ethnic group by the Hutu". Conversely, the following year the
International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi concluded that the
721:
who were seeking refuge at a bishop's compound. The Tutsi-dominated army also engaged in reprisal killings. One of the few exceptions to this was in Karuzi
Province, where the local commander, Major Martin Nkurikiye, went unarmed with two FRODEBU parliamentarians into villages to try to convince
607:
and demanding the reclamation of their property. Though
Ndadaye suggested resettling them in vacant lands, many local officials made room for them by evicting others from their homes. Politically, Ndadaye's government reexamined several contracts and economic concessions made the by the previous
594:
Rumours circulated in
Burundi that the army would attempt to intervene to disrupt the transition. A plot from a handful of officers discovered on 3 July to seize Ndadaye's residence failed due to a lack of support from other components of the military, resulting in several arrests. Ndadaye was
780:
The killings have received little coverage in international media or academia. Des Forges wrote that, "The lack of international response to the killing in
Burundi led to the cataclysm in Rwanda". Burundian Tutsis attach more significance to the 1993 massacres relative to the 1972
766:
The question of whether the killings of Tutsis arose from a planned genocide or from spontaneous violence remains heavily disputed among academics and
Burundians who lived through the events. Burundian Tutsi authors maintain that the killings were premeditated. Political scientist
772:
against Tutsis, and the second being by the army against Hutus. He also wrote that there was no evidence that plans to kill Tutsis were formulated on a national scale but that "the speed of the mobilisation suggests that some people feared might happen and made preparations."
737:
and the
Burundian government in 2002 estimated the number of people killed from 21 October to 31 December 1993 to be 116,059, with at least 100,000 deaths occurring in late October. It remains unclear what proportion of these victims were Tutsi and what proportion were Hutu.
643:(RTLM) reported that a coup had taken place and that Ndadaye had been captured on 21 October. This led young FRODEBU members to arm themselves and take Tutsis and Hutu UPRONA members hostage. Once RTLM announced Ndadaye's death later that day, the hostages were executed.
746:
In 1997, the Burundian government passed a law which penalised genocide and crimes against humanity. Later that year, the government charged hundreds of persons accused of responsibility in the killings of Tutsis, with 44 being sentenced to death.
582:, who was backed by FRODEBU. Ndadaye won the election in a landslide, earning 64 percent of the popular vote. In the subsequent parliamentary elections on 29 June, FRODEBU won 71.4 percent of the vote and earned 80 percent of the seats in the
4203:
706:
completely avoided the violence. Hutu peasants were primarily involved, though in some instances FRODEBU members in provincial and communal governments engaged in anti-Tutsi violence. In
3640:
1667:
United Nations Committee on the elimination of racial discrimination, Fifty-first session, Summary record of the 1239th meeting. Held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva, 20 August 1997,
595:
sworn-in as President on 10 July. He assembled a government of 23 ministers, including 13 FRODEBU and six UPRONA members. Nine of the ministers were Tutsi, including Prime Minister
2976:
2427:
4068:
713:
In several instances, Tutsis engaged in reprisals. The retaliatory violence was particularly acute in the provinces of Karuzi, Gitega, and Ruyigi. On 24 October in
503:
conducted study in 2002 which concluded that a total of 116,059 people died during the events. The question of whether the killings of Tutsis arose from a planned
2745:
548:
4179:
2984:
2718:
4147:
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3723:
4036:
3087:
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dominated the presidency, coming to power through coups. During this time there were instances of ethnic repression, particularly in 1972 when the
2406:
3895:
3675:
3111:
2372:
2286:
2007:
4273:
4195:
3357:
2782:
2380:
727:
640:
1128:
3269:
2597:
2483:
751:
3103:
444:
4288:
492:, and were primarily undertaken by Hutu peasants. At many points throughout, Tutsis took vengeance and initiated massacres in response.
4155:
4102:
3071:
3349:
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2514:
2252:
611:
At some point, a group of army personnel began planning a coup against Ndadaye's government. Their exact identity remains disputed.
212:
2435:
1716:
636:
372:
313:
270:
192:
4268:
2499:
3412:
2299:
3024:
1914:
3758:
2952:
2814:
1782:
1414:
1344:
857:
202:
4187:
3707:
3316:
3236:
1980:
733:
Initial estimates of the death toll from the ethnic violence ranged from 25,000 to 500,000. A joint study conducted by the
575:
19:
This article is about the 1993 killings of mostly Tutsis in Burundi. For the 1972 killings of mostly Hutus in Burundi, see
4253:
3943:
3287:
3050:
2356:
623:
Modern-day view of the Kibimba School Memorial which commemorates the massacre of 75 Tutsi schoolchildren in October 1993
137:
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3032:
2451:
2210:
1729:
1651:
1630:
1609:
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1480:
1459:
1442:
1363:
1155:
4118:
4076:
1953:
1826:
1668:
1511:
Reyntjens, Filip (December 1993). "The Proof of the Pudding is in the Eating: The June 1993 Elections in Burundi".
507:
or from spontaneous violence remains heavily disputed among academics and Burundians who lived through the events.
437:
408:
361:
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armed Hutus to stand down. The army protected Tutsis by resettling them in fortified villages. Minister of Health
567:
292:
242:
232:
4243:
3164:
2033:
710:, one FRODEBU administrator was reported to have arranged for over three dozen Tutsi civil servants to be burnt.
469:
from 21 October to December 1993, under an eruption of ethnic animosity and riots following the assassination of
4084:
3714:
3472:
2888:
2678:
2388:
1958:
1755:
734:
571:
496:
63:
3991:
1673:
4263:
3744:
2848:
2443:
2245:
2109:
2058:
1990:
1745:
418:
4044:
3911:
4258:
3765:
3737:
2928:
2824:
2154:
2149:
1926:
1709:
383:
129:
4052:
3927:
3919:
3220:
2806:
1973:
1819:
754:(TRC) was established to investigate crimes committed during ethnic violence since independence in 1962.
583:
540:
430:
403:
4248:
3967:
3172:
2179:
2053:
1948:
147:
619:
4278:
3935:
3903:
3785:
3668:
2104:
2002:
1997:
1873:
1848:
4238:
3633:
3624:
3325:
2702:
2238:
2129:
1863:
1853:
1765:
1674:
Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination : Burundi
683:
303:
4092:
543:(UPRONA), which served as the legal ruling party from 1966, was overwhelmingly made up of Tutsis.
3654:
3647:
2638:
2174:
2119:
2073:
1931:
1909:
1904:
1702:
1373:
Bundervoet, Tom (May 2009). "Livestock, Land and Political Power: The 1993 Killings in Burundi".
1407:
Gender & Genocide in Burundi : The Search for Spaces of Peace in the Great Lakes Region
26:
4163:
3751:
3700:
3590:
3333:
2872:
2758:
2159:
2048:
1936:
1232:
544:
3999:
4060:
3815:
3095:
2773:
2524:
2467:
2348:
1963:
1336:
500:
4211:
4110:
3693:
3486:
3465:
2832:
2686:
2532:
2491:
2269:
2124:
2068:
1985:
1943:
1921:
1868:
1836:
1330:
563:
481:
470:
45:
8:
4028:
3730:
3597:
3546:
3252:
3148:
3119:
3079:
3063:
2710:
2662:
2628:
2620:
2589:
2364:
2184:
2139:
2099:
1892:
1878:
1858:
1814:
799:
726:—who was in Rwanda at the time—accused the army of committing genocide. In November, the
262:
2864:
3553:
3539:
3300:
3156:
3008:
2694:
2581:
2571:
2323:
2203:
2087:
2063:
2021:
1772:
1760:
1737:
1565:
1536:
1528:
1499:
1390:
516:
82:
74:
37:
1490:
Manirakiza, Désiré (2011). "Les intellectuels burundais face au piège de l'ethnisme".
3855:
3518:
3444:
3365:
2960:
2840:
2798:
2670:
2654:
2459:
2332:
2274:
2144:
2114:
1787:
1647:
1626:
1605:
1584:
1540:
1476:
1455:
1438:
1410:
1359:
1340:
707:
687:
675:
106:
3831:
2856:
2419:
1394:
477:
3975:
3863:
3661:
3617:
3532:
3261:
3244:
2944:
2936:
2920:
2646:
2548:
2540:
2219:
2169:
2164:
1968:
1809:
1557:
1520:
1382:
794:
699:
695:
691:
671:
659:
647:
628:
579:
485:
473:
349:
4171:
3887:
3823:
3799:
3608:
3341:
3308:
3228:
2912:
2880:
2307:
2134:
2038:
1641:
1620:
1599:
1578:
1470:
1449:
768:
703:
679:
667:
663:
655:
489:
1681:
René Lemarchand. "The Burundi Genocide". Century of Genocide. Ed. Samuel Totten
1429:, New York: United Nations International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi, 1996
1356:
The Palgrave Handbook of Conflict and History Education in the Post-Cold War Era
3951:
3560:
3525:
3212:
3204:
3180:
2765:
2612:
2604:
1402:
718:
651:
413:
323:
1524:
158:
4232:
3983:
3847:
3839:
3807:
3373:
2968:
1777:
1688:
1386:
632:
596:
559:
94:
639:, and the country descended into a period of civil strife. The Rwanda-based
3959:
3493:
3403:
1669:
Seventh to tenth periodic reports of Burundi (continued) (CERD/C/295/Add.1)
2506:
1561:
1426:
International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi: Final Report (S/1996/682)
1097:
3871:
3583:
3576:
3188:
2315:
723:
1503:
3879:
3458:
3419:
3000:
2896:
2475:
1569:
3196:
1532:
3437:
3426:
2904:
2563:
1129:"Burundi's Truth and Reconciliation commission presents new findings"
1048:
Watson, Catharine (January 1994). "Burundi: The Death of Democracy".
4204:
Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al
3500:
3479:
3451:
3396:
2261:
1694:
504:
1725:
528:
466:
178:
1424:
3567:
714:
646:
By 22 October, Hutus were attacking Tutsis in the provinces of
1580:
Le drame burundais: hantise du pouvoir ou tentation suicidaire
987:
965:
963:
3132:
2790:
1797:
1750:
782:
552:
532:
522:
458:
222:
58:
20:
1601:
Politics of Innocence: Hutu Identity, Conflict and Camp Life
1329:
1297:
1295:
1178:
1176:
1103:
1028:
1026:
2230:
1548:
Schweiger, Romana (July 2006). "Late Justice For Burundi".
1222:
1220:
960:
924:
912:
888:
536:
462:
4069:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
1409:. African Issues. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
1292:
1268:
1256:
1173:
1085:
1023:
757:
574:(FRODEBU), a party largely associated with Hutus. In the
1691:, News about Burundi crimes since 1962, by Agnews (2000)
1307:
1280:
1217:
975:
948:
936:
900:
876:
838:
830:
Watson, Catherine (September 1993). "Freed From Fear".
1195:
1193:
1191:
586:. The party also took over most local administration.
4180:
International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine
2719:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
1063:
1061:
1059:
603:
had fled during the violence of 1972 began returning
4148:
International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur
627:
Tensions climaxed on 21 October 1993 when President
1577:Sebudandi, Gaëtan; Richard, Pierre-Olivier (1996).
1205:
1188:
1109:
1073:
858:"1962-2012 : 50 ans de turbulences au Burundi"
1244:
1241:, Chapter 1: A brief political history of Burundi.
1056:
1011:
999:
1451:The International Dimension of Genocide in Rwanda
4230:
4037:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
3783:
1622:Life after Violence: A People's Story of Burundi
1576:
993:
2977:German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs
1550:The International and Comparative Law Quarterly
3270:Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War
2246:
1710:
1643:Burundi: Biography of a Small African Country
438:
4156:International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh
3896:Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials
1447:
1274:
1156:"Burundi: the commission of divided truths"
1147:
1091:
834:. Vol. 38, no. 5. pp. 58–61.
30:Burundians fleeing during the 1993 violence
4103:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
2253:
2239:
1717:
1703:
1489:
1472:The Dynamics of Violence in Central Africa
1468:
1423:
1372:
1353:
1313:
1301:
1262:
1226:
1182:
1121:
1043:
1041:
1032:
969:
942:
445:
431:
2726:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
1547:
1510:
1286:
1153:
981:
954:
930:
918:
906:
894:
882:
844:
641:Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines
16:1993 killings of mostly Tutsis in Burundi
850:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
618:
25:
2598:Indigenous peoples in the United States
1038:
4231:
1597:
1354:Bentrovato, Denise (2019). "Burundi".
1211:
1154:Rugiririz, Ephrem (25 November 2019).
1047:
829:
758:Assessment of the violence as genocide
535:ethnic minority at the expense of the
4274:Racially motivated violence in Africa
4133:
4014:
3782:
3759:Mass killings under communist regimes
3284:
3047:
2742:
2403:
2283:
2234:
1698:
1513:The Journal of Modern African Studies
1435:Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide
1401:
1199:
1115:
1079:
812:
686:. Violence was less intensive in the
3708:Terminology of the Armenian genocide
1724:
1639:
1618:
1475:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1250:
1238:
1067:
1017:
1005:
3944:War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia
1685:New York: Routledge, 2004. 321–337.
752:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
698:in the east. Only the provinces of
572:Front pour la DĂ©mocratie au Burundi
527:From the mid-1960s, the country of
13:
4289:20th-century mass murder in Africa
1661:
551:quashed a Hutu rebellion and then
480:. The massacres took place in all
44:
14:
4300:
1332:Amnesty International Report 1994
1104:Amnesty International Report 1994
531:was politically dominated by its
4134:
4015:
3285:
3048:
2743:
2404:
1583:(in French). Karthala Editions.
2557:Indigenous peoples in Australia
2284:
461:were conducted by the majority-
4269:Human rights abuses in Burundi
3473:Genocide of indigenous peoples
3072:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay
2373:Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate
1756:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
1437:, Cambridge University Press,
1323:
864:(in French). 24 September 2012
735:United Nations Population Fund
541:Union pour le Progrès National
497:United Nations Population Fund
148:Prince Rwagasore assassination
1:
4188:Ukraine v. Russian Federation
2492:Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate
1492:Revue Africaine de Sociologie
805:
728:Permanent Francophone Council
510:
4119:Croatia–Serbia genocide case
3920:Nuremberg Military Tribunals
3766:Anti-communist mass killings
2500:Indigenous peoples in Canada
2436:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
2260:
2008:Current provincial governors
1827:Burundian unrest (2015–2018)
1358:. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
994:Sebudandi & Richard 1996
741:
614:
576:1 June presidential election
282:Genocidal killings of Tutsis
7:
4053:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal
3221:National Population Program
1915:Constitution of the Kingdom
788:
64:Hutu, Tutsi and Twa origins
10:
4305:
4254:Ethnic cleansing in Africa
3968:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
3912:Hamburg RavensbrĂĽck trials
3738:Effects on young survivors
3173:Sabra and Shatila massacre
717:, Tutsis murdered 78 Hutu
589:
520:
514:
18:
4284:Discrimination in Burundi
4142:
4023:
3936:Ulm Einsatzkommando trial
3904:Supreme National Tribunal
3794:
3775:
3685:
3607:
3510:
3388:
3295:
3058:
2753:
2515:Residential school system
2414:
2294:
2268:
2197:
2095:
2086:
2029:
2020:
1900:
1891:
1844:
1835:
1736:
1525:10.1017/S0022278X00012246
1469:Lemarchand, René (2009).
1433:Lemarchand, René (1996).
1375:Journal of Peace Research
775:
2807:Christians in Diyarbekir
1905:Administrative divisions
1448:Klinghoffer, A. (1998).
1387:10.1177/0022343309102657
730:condemned the killings.
304:Titanic Express massacre
3745:Politics of recognition
2300:Destruction of Carthage
1646:. Hurst & Company.
4244:1993 murders in Africa
4196:South Africa v. Israel
4164:Rohingya genocide case
3701:Names of the Holocaust
3165:Chittagong Hill Tracts
2873:Kinder der Landstrasse
2759:Late Ottoman genocides
1598:Turner, Simon (2012).
624:
599:, a member of UPRONA.
138:Parliamentary election
50:
31:
4061:Bosnian genocide case
3715:Holocaust terminology
3358:Christians under ISIS
3096:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom
2525:1740 Batavia massacre
2349:Harrying of the North
1337:Amnesty International
694:in the northwest and
622:
521:Further information:
501:Government of Burundi
48:
29:
4264:Massacres in Burundi
4212:Nicaragua v. Germany
4111:Khmer Rouge Tribunal
3487:Utilitarian genocide
3466:Transgender genocide
2833:Osage Indian murders
2533:Great Gypsy Round-up
2034:Bank of the Republic
1959:Council of Ministers
1794:Burundian genocides
1676:. 18 September 1997.
1640:Watt, Nigel (2008).
1619:Uvin, Peter (2013).
1339:Publications. 1994.
564:President of Burundi
130:Road to independence
4259:Genocides in Africa
3598:Settler colonialism
3547:Forced assimilation
3253:Srebrenica massacre
3025:Chechens and Ingush
2783:Thracian Bulgarians
2629:Sand Creek massacre
2590:Siege of Tripolitsa
2341:Ancestral Puebloans
1815:Burundian Civil War
1562:10.1093/iclq/lei109
933:, pp. 565–567.
921:, pp. 565–566.
897:, pp. 563–564.
800:Burundian Civil War
471:Burundian President
263:Burundian Civil War
4077:Slobodan Milošević
3928:Erich von Manstein
3540:Extermination camp
3301:Effacer le tableau
3064:Hyderabadi Muslims
3009:Nanshitou Massacre
2993:Muslims and Croats
2695:Hamidian massacres
2582:Al-Jawazi massacre
2572:Stolen Generations
2275:list by death toll
2059:Telecommunications
1783:Colonial residents
1773:German East Africa
1761:Kingdom of Burundi
1689:"Burundi Genocide"
1604:. Berghahn Books.
1403:Daley, Patricia O.
670:, and in parts of
625:
553:murdered thousands
549:Burundian military
517:History of Burundi
83:German East Africa
75:Kingdom of Burundi
59:Urewe civilisation
51:
38:History of Burundi
32:
4249:Massacres in 1993
4226:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4129:
4128:
4010:
4009:
3856:Euthanasia trials
3776:Legal proceedings
3519:Cultural genocide
3445:Cultural genocide
3384:
3383:
3317:Masalit massacres
3280:
3279:
3181:Sri Lankan Tamils
3088:Arabs in Zanzibar
3043:
3042:
2961:Three Alls policy
2738:
2737:
2671:Putumayo genocide
2399:
2398:
2228:
2227:
2193:
2192:
2150:Human trafficking
2082:
2081:
2016:
2015:
1981:Political parties
1974:National Assembly
1927:Foreign relations
1887:
1886:
1820:1993 coup attempt
1788:Ruzagayura famine
1416:978-0-253-35171-5
1346:978-0-86210-230-2
1052:. pp. 26–31.
972:, pp. 20–21.
692:Bubanza Provinces
584:National Assembly
545:Military officers
457:Mass killings of
455:
454:
384:COVID-19 pandemic
373:Army coup attempt
314:Army coup attempt
271:Army coup attempt
193:Army coup attempt
107:Ruzagayura famine
49:Emblem of Burundi
4296:
4279:Ethnic conflicts
4215:
4207:
4199:
4191:
4183:
4175:
4167:
4159:
4151:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4122:
4114:
4106:
4096:
4088:
4085:Radovan Karadžić
4080:
4072:
4064:
4056:
4048:
4045:Belgrade Process
4040:
4032:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4003:
3995:
3987:
3979:
3976:Treblinka trials
3971:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3816:Épuration légale
3811:
3803:
3789:
3786:Holocaust trials
3780:
3779:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3627:
3620:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3533:Ethnic cleansing
3528:
3521:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3406:
3399:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3350:Shias under ISIS
3345:
3337:
3329:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3290:
3282:
3281:
3273:
3265:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3053:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2985:Serbs in Croatia
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2945:Nanjing Massacre
2940:
2937:Parsley massacre
2932:
2929:Polish Operation
2924:
2921:Romani Holocaust
2916:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2865:NapalpĂ massacre
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2748:
2740:
2739:
2729:
2721:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2409:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2357:Mongol conquests
2352:
2344:
2336:
2326:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2213:
2206:
2093:
2092:
2042:
2027:
2026:
1898:
1897:
1842:
1841:
1810:Second Congo War
1719:
1712:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1657:
1636:
1615:
1594:
1573:
1544:
1507:
1486:
1465:
1430:
1420:
1398:
1369:
1350:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1275:Klinghoffer 1998
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1186:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1092:Klinghoffer 1998
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1036:
1030:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
874:
873:
871:
869:
854:
848:
842:
836:
835:
827:
795:Rwandan genocide
696:Cankuzo Province
580:Melchior Ndadaye
476:in an attempted
474:Melchior Ndadaye
447:
440:
433:
390:
378:
368:
362:Burundian unrest
356:
350:Second Congo War
329:
319:
309:
299:
288:
276:
249:
238:
228:
218:
208:
198:
186:
165:
153:
143:
112:
101:
88:
34:
33:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4239:1993 in Burundi
4229:
4228:
4227:
4218:
4210:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4178:
4172:Uyghur Tribunal
4170:
4162:
4154:
4146:
4138:
4135:
4125:
4117:
4109:
4101:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4016:
4006:
3998:
3992:Fedorenko trial
3990:
3982:
3974:
3966:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3934:
3926:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3888:Stutthof trials
3886:
3878:
3870:
3864:Nuremberg trial
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3824:Majdanek trials
3822:
3814:
3806:
3800:Krasnodar trial
3798:
3790:
3784:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3623:
3616:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3402:
3395:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3326:Southern Kaduna
3324:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3291:
3286:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3179:
3171:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3138:
3131:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3049:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2913:Simele massacre
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2772:
2764:
2757:
2749:
2744:
2734:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2703:Herero and Nama
2701:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2570:
2562:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2513:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2405:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2322:
2314:
2308:Asiatic Vespers
2306:
2298:
2290:
2285:
2272:
2264:
2259:
2229:
2224:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2189:
2180:Public holidays
2078:
2040:
2012:
1949:Law enforcement
1883:
1831:
1732:
1723:
1664:
1662:Further reading
1654:
1633:
1612:
1591:
1483:
1462:
1417:
1366:
1347:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1314:Lemarchand 2009
1312:
1308:
1302:Bentrovato 2019
1300:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1263:Bundervoet 2009
1261:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1227:Manirakiza 2011
1225:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1189:
1183:Bundervoet 2009
1181:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1160:JusticeInfo.net
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1135:. 20 March 2021
1127:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1057:
1046:
1039:
1033:Bundervoet 2009
1031:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
980:
976:
970:S/1996/682 1996
968:
961:
953:
949:
943:S/1996/682 1996
941:
937:
929:
925:
917:
913:
905:
901:
893:
889:
881:
877:
867:
865:
856:
855:
851:
843:
839:
828:
813:
808:
791:
778:
769:Filip Reyntjens
760:
744:
684:Bujumbura Rural
617:
592:
578:, Buyoya faced
525:
519:
513:
451:
396:
395:
394:
391:
388:
379:
376:
369:
366:
357:
354:
343:
335:
334:
333:
330:
327:
320:
317:
310:
307:
300:
297:
289:
286:
277:
274:
265:
255:
254:
253:
250:
247:
239:
236:
229:
226:
219:
216:
209:
206:
199:
196:
187:
181:
171:
170:
169:
166:
163:
154:
151:
144:
141:
132:
122:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
102:
99:
89:
86:
77:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4302:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4208:
4200:
4192:
4184:
4176:
4168:
4160:
4152:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4115:
4107:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4089:
4081:
4065:
4057:
4049:
4041:
4033:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3996:
3988:
3980:
3972:
3964:
3956:
3952:Eichmann trial
3948:
3940:
3932:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3832:Chełmno trials
3828:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3625:Trivialization
3613:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3564:
3561:Killing Fields
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3305:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3197:Kuwaiti Bedoon
3193:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3161:
3153:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3084:
3076:
3068:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:Crimean Tatars
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2857:KantĹŤ Massacre
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2715:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2613:Trail of Tears
2609:
2605:Indian removal
2594:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2511:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2444:Kashmiri Shias
2440:
2432:
2424:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2312:
2304:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2278:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2110:Communications
2107:
2105:Child marriage
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2003:Prime Minister
2000:
1998:Vice-President
1995:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1637:
1631:
1616:
1610:
1595:
1589:
1574:
1556:(3): 653–670.
1545:
1519:(4): 563–583.
1508:
1487:
1481:
1466:
1460:
1445:
1431:
1421:
1415:
1399:
1381:(3): 357–376.
1370:
1364:
1351:
1345:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1306:
1304:, p. 148.
1291:
1289:, p. 654.
1287:Schweiger 2006
1279:
1267:
1265:, p. 357.
1255:
1243:
1231:
1216:
1204:
1187:
1185:, p. 358.
1172:
1146:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1055:
1037:
1035:, p. 361.
1022:
1010:
998:
986:
984:, p. 579.
982:Reyntjens 1993
974:
959:
957:, p. 578.
955:Reyntjens 1993
947:
935:
931:Reyntjens 1993
923:
919:Reyntjens 1993
911:
909:, p. 565.
907:Reyntjens 1993
899:
895:Reyntjens 1993
887:
885:, p. 569.
883:Reyntjens 1993
875:
849:
847:, p. 573.
845:Reyntjens 1993
837:
810:
809:
807:
804:
803:
802:
797:
790:
787:
777:
774:
759:
756:
743:
740:
719:civil servants
616:
613:
591:
588:
555:of civilians.
515:Main article:
512:
509:
453:
452:
450:
449:
442:
435:
427:
424:
423:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
398:
397:
393:
392:
387:
380:
375:
370:
365:
358:
353:
345:
344:
341:
340:
337:
336:
332:
331:
326:
324:Itaba massacre
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
290:
285:
278:
273:
267:
266:
261:
260:
257:
256:
252:
251:
246:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
213:Micombero coup
210:
205:
200:
195:
189:
188:
177:
176:
173:
172:
168:
167:
162:
155:
150:
145:
140:
134:
133:
128:
127:
124:
123:
119:
118:
115:
114:
109:
103:
98:
92:
90:
85:
79:
78:
73:
72:
69:
68:
67:
66:
61:
53:
52:
41:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4301:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4132:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4013:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3984:Sobibor trial
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3848:Belsen trials
3845:
3841:
3840:Dachau trials
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3808:Kharkov trial
3805:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3752:Justification
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:The Holocaust
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3577:Death marches
3574:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3334:Iraqi Turkmen
3331:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2969:The Holocaust
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2851:(1920s–1930s)
2850:
2849:Ingrian Finns
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2774:Pontic Greeks
2771:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2689:(1890s–1900s)
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2509:(1700s–1800s)
2508:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2359:(1200s–1360s)
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:Ethnic groups
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1778:Ruanda-Urundi
1776:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1751:Urewe culture
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1653:9781850659174
1649:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1632:9781848137240
1628:
1625:. Zed Books.
1624:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1611:9780857456090
1607:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1590:9782865376476
1586:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:(in French).
1493:
1488:
1484:
1482:9780812241204
1478:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1461:9780230375062
1457:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1443:0-521-56623-1
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1365:9783030057213
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1316:, p. 63.
1315:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1288:
1283:
1277:, p. 35.
1276:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1253:, p. ix.
1252:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1229:, p. 34.
1228:
1223:
1221:
1213:
1208:
1202:, p. 83.
1201:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1118:, p. 84.
1117:
1112:
1106:, p. 44.
1105:
1100:
1094:, p. 34.
1093:
1088:
1082:, p. 82.
1081:
1076:
1070:, p. 48.
1069:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1051:
1050:Africa Report
1044:
1042:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1020:, p. 47.
1019:
1014:
1008:, p. 56.
1007:
1002:
996:, p. 24.
995:
990:
983:
978:
971:
966:
964:
956:
951:
945:, p. 21.
944:
939:
932:
927:
920:
915:
908:
903:
896:
891:
884:
879:
863:
862:Jeune Afrique
859:
853:
846:
841:
833:
832:Africa Report
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
811:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
786:
784:
773:
770:
764:
755:
753:
750:In 2014, the
748:
739:
736:
731:
729:
725:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
621:
612:
609:
606:
600:
598:
597:Sylvie Kinigi
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:Pierre Buyoya
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
524:
518:
508:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
472:
468:
464:
460:
448:
443:
441:
436:
434:
429:
428:
426:
425:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
400:
399:
386:
385:
381:
374:
371:
364:
363:
359:
352:
351:
347:
346:
339:
338:
325:
322:
315:
312:
305:
302:
294:
291:
284:
283:
279:
272:
269:
268:
264:
259:
258:
244:
241:
234:
231:
224:
221:
214:
211:
204:
201:
194:
191:
190:
185:
180:
175:
174:
161:
160:
156:
149:
146:
139:
136:
135:
131:
126:
125:
108:
105:
104:
97:
96:
95:Ruanda-Urundi
91:
84:
81:
80:
76:
71:
70:
65:
62:
60:
57:
56:
55:
54:
47:
43:
42:
39:
36:
35:
28:
22:
4136:21st century
4093:Ratko Mladić
4017:20th century
3960:Belzec trial
3724:Genocide law
3584:Death squads
3494:Mass killing
3404:Autogenocide
3288:21st century
3139:
3051:1946 to 1999
2923:(1935–1945)
2881:Libyan Arabs
2746:1913 to 1945
2407:1490 to 1913
2175:Prostitution
2120:Demographics
2074:Trade unions
1932:Human rights
1910:Constitution
1802:
1682:
1642:
1621:
1600:
1579:
1553:
1549:
1516:
1512:
1498:(1): 20–47.
1495:
1491:
1471:
1454:. Springer.
1450:
1434:
1425:
1406:
1378:
1374:
1355:
1331:
1309:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1214:, p. 1.
1207:
1163:. Retrieved
1159:
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1132:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1049:
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
950:
938:
926:
914:
902:
890:
878:
866:. Retrieved
861:
852:
840:
831:
779:
765:
761:
749:
745:
732:
712:
645:
637:coup attempt
633:assassinated
626:
610:
604:
601:
593:
557:
526:
494:
465:populace in
456:
389:2020–present
382:
360:
348:
281:
280:
203:Ndizeye coup
183:
159:Independence
157:
93:
4206:(2023–2024)
4174:(2020–2021)
4121:(1999–2015)
4113:(1997–2022)
4105:(1994–2015)
4095:(2011–2017)
4087:(2008–2016)
4079:(2002–2006)
4071:(1993–2017)
4063:(1993–2007)
4055:(1946–1948)
4039:(1946–1948)
4029:Budak trial
4000:Finta trial
3986:(1965–1966)
3978:(1964–1970)
3970:(1963–1989)
3962:(1963–1965)
3946:(1961–1962)
3922:(1946–1949)
3914:(1946–1948)
3906:(1946–1948)
3898:(1946–1953)
3890:(1946–1947)
3874:(1945–1946)
3872:Minsk trial
3866:(1945–1946)
3858:(1945–1949)
3850:(1945–1948)
3842:(1945–1947)
3834:(1945–2001)
3826:(1944–1989)
3818:(1944–1951)
3788:(1943–2022)
3694:Definitions
3344:(2014–2017)
3336:(2014–2017)
3328:(2011–2023)
3303:(2002–2003)
3272:(1996–1997)
3247:(1992–1995)
3239:(1991–2003)
3223:(1987–2002)
3215:(1987–1989)
3207:(1986–1989)
3191:(1983–1987)
3189:Gukurahundi
3183:(1983–2009)
3167:(1977–1997)
3159:(1975–1979)
3151:(1974–1999)
3114:(1970–2003)
3112:Feyli Kurds
3106:(1966–1970)
3082:(1962–1996)
3074:(1956–1989)
3035:(1944–1948)
3027:(1944–1948)
3019:(1943–1945)
3011:(1942–1945)
2995:(1941–1945)
2987:(1941–1945)
2979:(1941–1945)
2971:(1941–1945)
2963:(1940–1942)
2955:(1939–1945)
2947:(1937–1938)
2931:(1937–1938)
2907:(1932–1933)
2891:(1930–1933)
2883:(1929–1932)
2875:(1926–1973)
2843:(1919–1933)
2835:(1918–1931)
2827:(1916–1917)
2817:(1916–1934)
2801:(1915–1917)
2793:(1915–1919)
2768:(1913–1922)
2728:(1912–1913)
2713:(1905–1907)
2705:(1904–1907)
2697:(1894–1896)
2681:(1888–1893)
2673:(1879–1913)
2663:Circassians
2657:(1850–1864)
2623:(1846–1873)
2615:(1830–1850)
2607:(1830–1847)
2574:(1869–1977)
2566:(1825–1832)
2551:(1785–2017)
2517:(1874–1996)
2494:(1648–1657)
2486:(1640–1649)
2478:(1636–1638)
2446:(1548–1872)
2422:(1492–1514)
2391:(1402–1496)
2383:(1393–1394)
2367:(1209–1229)
2351:(1069–1070)
2287:Before 1490
2160:LGBT rights
2049:Agriculture
1937:LGBT rights
1324:Works cited
1212:Turner 2012
724:Jean Minani
715:Ruyigi town
484:apart from
478:coup d'Ă©tat
293:Buyoya coup
243:Buyoya coup
233:Bagaza coup
4233:Categories
3880:Riga trial
3731:Prevention
3676:Indigenous
3591:Incitement
3459:Gendercide
3420:Classicide
3413:Politicide
3374:Gaza Strip
3149:East Timor
3120:Bangladesh
3080:Guatemalan
3001:Sook Ching
2897:La Matanza
2621:California
2333:Bar Kokhba
2041:(currency)
1964:Parliament
1335:. London:
1200:Daley 2008
1165:12 October
1139:12 October
1133:Africanews
1116:Daley 2008
1080:Daley 2008
806:References
566:following
539:majority.
511:Background
3669:Cambodian
3662:Holodomor
3554:Massacres
3438:Ethnocide
3427:Eliticide
3157:Cambodian
2905:Holodomor
2799:Armenians
2791:Assyrians
2564:Black War
2452:Huguenots
2335:(132–136)
2318:(50s BCE)
2302:(146 BCE)
2270:Genocides
2155:Languages
2125:Education
2069:Transport
1986:President
1944:Judiciary
1922:Elections
1869:Provinces
1837:Geography
1541:154612240
1251:Watt 2008
1239:Uvin 2013
1068:Watt 2008
1018:Watt 2008
1006:Watt 2008
742:Aftermath
635:during a
615:Massacres
558:In 1987,
482:provinces
367:2015–2018
355:1998–2003
111:1943–1944
100:1922–1962
87:1891–1919
3634:Armenian
3501:Domicide
3480:Policide
3452:Eugenics
3397:Democide
3366:Rohingya
3017:Volhynia
2841:Cossacks
2687:Selk'nam
2549:Chechens
2541:Dzungars
2468:Lameyans
2460:Kalinago
2430:(1500s–)
2389:Guanches
2324:Eburones
2310:(88 BCE)
2262:Genocide
2220:Category
2185:Religion
2140:Football
2100:Abortion
1954:Military
1893:Politics
1879:Wildlife
1859:Communes
1746:Timeline
1730:articles
1504:24487939
1405:(2008).
1395:58245595
868:18 April
789:See also
688:Cibitoke
676:Muramvya
605:en masse
505:genocide
499:and the
419:Timeline
404:Category
217:Nov 1966
207:Jul 1966
4198:(2023–)
4190:(2022–)
4182:(2022–)
4166:(2019–)
4158:(2012–)
4150:(2005–)
3655:Rwandan
3648:Bosnian
3641:Serbian
3568:Pogroms
3511:Methods
3376:(2023–)
3368:(2017–)
3360:(2014–)
3352:(2014–)
3342:Yazidis
3311:(2003–)
3262:Rwandan
3245:Bosnian
3237:Ahwaris
3231:(1990–)
3199:(1985–)
3127:Burundi
2889:Kazakhs
2679:Hazaras
2665:(1860s)
2655:Manchus
2647:Moriori
2639:CharrĂşa
2543:(1750s)
2507:Beothuk
2476:Pequots
2438:(1500–)
2381:Assyria
2365:Cathars
2204:Outline
2115:Cuisine
2088:Culture
2064:Tourism
2022:Economy
1854:Climate
1738:History
1726:Burundi
1570:4092644
700:Makamba
672:Kayanza
660:Muyinga
648:Kirundo
629:Ndadaye
590:Prelude
562:became
529:Burundi
486:Makamba
467:Burundi
409:Commons
342:Current
184:present
179:Burundi
4214:(2024)
4047:(1946)
4031:(1945)
4002:(1994)
3994:(1986)
3954:(1961)
3938:(1958)
3930:(1949)
3882:(1946)
3810:(1943)
3802:(1943)
3686:Issues
3609:Denial
3309:Darfur
3264:(1994)
3229:Amhara
3175:(1982)
3122:(1971)
3104:Biafra
3098:(1966)
3090:(1964)
3066:(1948)
3003:(1942)
2939:(1937)
2915:(1933)
2899:(1932)
2867:(1924)
2859:(1923)
2825:Kyrgyz
2809:(1915)
2785:(1913)
2766:Greeks
2649:(1835)
2641:(1831)
2631:(1864)
2592:(1821)
2584:(1816)
2535:(1749)
2527:(1740)
2470:(1636)
2462:(1626)
2454:(1572)
2375:(1311)
2343:(800s)
2145:Health
2054:Mining
2039:Franc
1969:Senate
1874:Rivers
1849:Cities
1728:
1683:et al.
1650:
1629:
1608:
1587:
1568:
1539:
1533:161291
1531:
1502:
1479:
1458:
1441:
1413:
1393:
1362:
1343:
776:Legacy
708:Butzei
704:Bururi
682:, and
680:Rutana
668:Karuzi
666:, and
664:Ruyigi
656:Gitega
568:a coup
490:Bururi
459:Tutsis
414:Portal
3389:Terms
3213:Isaaq
3205:Anfal
2953:Poles
2815:Kurds
2711:Ukame
2484:Huron
2420:TaĂno
2316:Gauls
2211:Index
2170:Music
2165:Media
1864:Lakes
1766:kings
1566:JSTOR
1537:S2CID
1529:JSTOR
1500:JSTOR
1391:S2CID
783:Ikiza
652:Ngozi
533:Tutsi
523:Ikiza
295:, 2nd
245:, 1st
223:Ikiza
182:1962–
21:Ikiza
3526:Rape
3140:1993
3133:1972
2428:Ainu
2135:Flag
1991:list
1803:1993
1798:1972
1648:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1606:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1477:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1439:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1360:ISBN
1341:ISBN
1167:2021
1141:2021
870:2021
702:and
690:and
631:was
537:Hutu
495:The
488:and
463:Hutu
377:2015
328:2002
318:2001
308:2000
298:1996
287:1993
275:1993
248:1987
237:1976
227:1972
197:1965
164:1962
152:1961
142:1961
1558:doi
1521:doi
1383:doi
4235::
1564:.
1554:55
1552:.
1535:.
1527:.
1517:31
1515:.
1496:15
1389:.
1379:46
1377:.
1294:^
1219:^
1190:^
1175:^
1158:.
1131:.
1058:^
1040:^
1025:^
962:^
860:.
814:^
678:,
674:,
662:,
658:,
654:,
650:,
2277:)
2273:(
2254:e
2247:t
2240:v
1718:e
1711:t
1704:v
1656:.
1635:.
1614:.
1593:.
1572:.
1560::
1543:.
1523::
1506:.
1485:.
1464:.
1419:.
1397:.
1385::
1368:.
1349:.
1169:.
1143:.
872:.
446:e
439:t
432:v
23:.
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