6478:"Between October 2002 and January 2003, two of the rebel groups, the MLC and RCD-N in the East of the Congo launched a premeditated, systematic genocide against the local tribes and Pygmies nicknamed operation "Effacer le Tableau" ("erase the board"). During their offensive against the civilian population of the Ituri region, the rebel groups left more than 60,000 dead and over 100,000 displaced. The rebels even engaged in slavery and cannibalism. Human Rights Reports state that this was due to the fact that rebel groups, often far away from their bases of supply and desperate for food, enslaved the Pygmies on captured farms to grow provisions for their militias or when times get really tough simply slaughter them like animals and devour their flesh which some believe gives them magical powers. 11. Fatality Level of Dispute (military and civilian fatalities): 70,000 estimated" see:
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466:
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567:
1058:
634:
622:
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505:
579:
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73:
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International
Monetary Fund and the World Bank rewarded both Uganda and Rwanda with debt relief packages for improving their economic health during a time when much of their increased revenue was partially a direct result of illegally importing conflicted minerals from the DRC. In this case, international institutions such as the IMF and WB are allegedly at odds with international laws and charters. Both the IMF and WB have been accused of helping to facilitate the conflict in the DRC by rewarding combatants.
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672:
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947:
935:
923:
911:
1070:
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806:
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971:
959:
518:
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173:
314:
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479:
2595:) were in poor condition and in no condition to fight unless given food and weapons. They were quickly won over to the Rwandan side. More towns in the east and around Kitona fell in rapid succession, as the combined RCD, Rwandan and rebel soldiers overwhelmed government forces amid a flurry of ineffectual diplomatic efforts by various African nations. By 13 August, less than two weeks after the revolt had begun, rebels held the
1034:
1022:
759:
544:
3795:
983:
32:
492:
610:
325:
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periodic IRC estimates cover a period from May 2001 – April 2007, and in which 2.83 million of the total 5.4 million deaths were reported. The HSRP argued that the estimates were built on a general death rate that was far too low for Congo, and that most of those people would have most likely died anyway. Thus, the IRC figure should be revised to 860,000 total war-related excess deaths.
3918:. According to aid organizations, in 2000, 31% of Kinshasa's residents were chronically malnourished and only 10% could afford three meals a day. In 2003, the average food intake of the population was 1300 kilocalories per day. The health system was largely destroyed and, reportedly, 500,000 people died of malaria each year, more than a third of them children under five years old.
2666:, against the besieging rebel forces. This intervention by various nations saved the Kabila government and pushed the rebel front lines away from the capital. However, it was unable to defeat the rebel forces, and the advance threatened to escalate into direct conflict with the national armies of Uganda and Rwanda. In November 1998 a new Ugandan-backed rebel group, the
2849:
2551:. The Tutsi-led Rwandan government allied with Uganda, and Burundi also retaliated, occupying a portion of northeastern Congo. To help remove the occupying Rwandans, President Kabila enlisted the aid of refugee Hutus in eastern Congo and began to agitate public opinion against the Tutsis, resulting in several public
3314:
group with staff, artillery, logistics support and a flight of
Allouette Helicopters and Y-12 transport aircraft from the Namibian Air Force. Between 2000 and 2001, this figure may have fluctuated between 1,600 and 2,000, though Namibian troops remained of little importance to the conflict. They were
2911:
is relatively well-established, there have been some attempts to argue that they were under the influence of external actors who sought to overthrow Kabila. Some
Congolese officials attempted to implicate their principal enemies by alleging that the Rwandans masterminded the operation. Some observers
2410:
Two weeks later, Kabila chose to abandon his previous decision. He thanked Rwanda for its help, and ordered all
Rwandan and Ugandan military forces to leave the country. Within 24 hours, Rwandan military advisers living in Kinshasa were unceremoniously flown out. The people most alarmed by this order
4166:
For example, in
October 1997, the organization Bureau d'Études, de Recherches, et de Consulting International (BERCI) asked whether respondents thought that Kabila was under "foreign influence". The poll showed that 71% of respondents agreed with the question; in addition, 62% of respondents thought
3993:
for survival and cleared forest land that were significant habitats for these many animals. Many of these individuals were either from the city where the hunting of certain animals was not a taboo or locals who had their tradition slowly broken down because of their need to survive. One such example
3909:
The deteriorated infrastructure and constant threat of attacks made overland travel impossible, causing internal trade in Congo to come to a standstill. On the Congo River, the most important remaining transport route, there was no ship traffic between the different power regions for years. Isolated
3900:
ruled that the DRC's sovereignty had been violated by Uganda, and that DRC had lost billions of dollars worth of resources. The DRC government has asked for $ 10 billion in compensation. Though the ICJ has taken many steps to ensure that war crimes and crimes against humanity will be prosecuted, the
3093:
On 17 December 2002, the
Congolese parties of the Inter Congolese Dialogue (the national government, the MLC, the RCD, the RCD-ML, the RCD-N, the domestic political opposition, representatives of civil society and the Mai Mai) signed the Global and All-Inclusive Agreement. The agreement described a
2618:
Despite the movement of the front lines, fighting continued throughout the country. Even as rebel forces advanced on
Kinshasa, government forces continued to battle for control of towns in the east of the country. The Hutu militants with whom Kabila was co-operating were also a significant force in
3910:
villages were cut off from urban markets, while cities suffered from food shortages. In
Kinshasa, food prices quadrupled within a year. International aid arrived only sparingly. Initially, it was mainly limited to Kinshasa and it was not until 2001 that it reached the actual war zones in the east.
3211:
to the
Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1998. Mugabe, perhaps the most ardent supporter of intervention on Kabila's behalf, was the only major player involved in the conflict able to marshal a reasonably modern and experienced air force. Zimbabwe's military was also regarded as being one of the
3215:
Zimbabwean strategy revolved around defending the person of
Laurent Kabila only with allied forces, as Congolese forces were thought to be unreliable, then retake important settlements, and expel the rebels from the Kinshasa region. Mugabe's initial buildup in Kinshasa consisted of special forces
2760:
was signed by the six warring countries (Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Rwanda and Uganda) and, on 1 August, the MLC (the RCD refused to sign until 31 August). Under the terms of the agreement, forces from all sides, under a Joint Military Commission, would co-operate in
4084:
In response to the criticism from HSRP, one of the authors of the IRC report argued the following: Although there may have been small statistical discrepancies in the original study, the IRC report had been widely peer-reviewed and was judged to be an accurate estimate of the war-related excess
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has challenged the toll of 5.4 million war-related deaths between 1998 and 2008. It states that of the IRC's five periodic estimates, two that cover a period from 1998 to 2001 are flawed, and the reported 2.6 million deaths therein should not be included in the total death toll. The other three
4021:
Military assistance having been obstructed by surrounding African countries, Congo was pushed into entering numerous lumber leases with German, Chinese and Malaysian corporations to uphold their military activities. The roads emerging to support the new logging efforts opened nearby villages to
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was formalised on 19 April 2002. It was a framework for providing the Congo with a unified, multiparty government and democratic elections. However, critics noted that there were no stipulations regarding the unification of the army, which weakened the effectiveness of the agreement. There were
3913:
The impoverishment of the population worsened further. A 2006 study by the Congolese government, three years after the end of the war, revealed that 76% of the population could not send their children to school, 79% were malnourished, 81% did not have adequate housing, and 82% had no access to
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on the morning of 7 August. Fighting broke out again between the two armies on the evening of 14 August; fighting occurred throughout much of Kisangani, including in the airport and on major roads. The conflict lasted until 17 August, when a ceasefire was called that day. Both sides used heavy
3866:
While the Uganda- and Rwanda-aligned forces worked closely together to gain territory at the expense of Kinshasa, competition over access to resources created a fissure in their relationship. There were reports that Uganda permitted Kinshasa to send arms to the Hutu FDLR via territory held by
4013:
became the main source of food. On top of that, the mass number of people entering the forests in conjunction with the mines’ unsanitary conditions introduced an increased risk of disease for animals such as gorillas. The government instability and the dangers of war also ceased much of the
3142:
came into being as specified in the Global and All-Inclusive Agreement out of the warring parties. The agreement obliges the parties to carry out a plan to reunify the country, disarm and integrate the warring parties and hold elections. There were numerous problems, resulting in continued
2810:), to monitor the cease-fire. However, fighting continued between rebels and government forces and between Rwandan and Ugandan forces. Numerous clashes and offensives occurred throughout the country, most notably heavy fighting between Uganda and Rwanda in Kisangani in May and June 2000.
2966:
article writes that Joseph Kabila gave diplomats "hope that things have changed", in contrast to Laurent-Désiré Kabila, who "stood as the major impediment to a peaceful settlement of the war launched in August 1998 to unseat him." A peace accord Laurent signed in the summer of 1999, the
3085:
On 21 October, the UN published its expert panel's report on the pillage of natural resources by armed groups. Both Rwanda and Uganda rejected accusations that senior political and military figures were involved in illicit trafficking of plundered resources. Zimbabwe Defense Minister
10928:
2798:
In November government-controlled television in Kinshasa claimed that Kabila's army had been rebuilt and was now prepared to fulfil its "mission to liberate" the country. Rwandan-supported rebel forces launched a major offensive and approached Kinshasa but were eventually repelled.
2396:. Beyond political jostling among various groups to gain power and an enormous external debt, his foreign backers proved unwilling to leave when asked. The conspicuous Rwandan presence in the capital rankled many Congolese, who began to see Kabila as a pawn of foreign powers.
3240:
planes. The contingent grew to 3,800 around November, and peaked at 12,000 in January 2001. The Zimbabweans began leaving in 2002 and had completely withdrawn by the end of the year. Prior to this deployment, Zimbabwe had built up an apparently potent brigade-sized,
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Two days later the government announced on state television that the desperate attempt by Zimbabwean medical personnel to save Kabila had failed and that Kabila had died from his injuries. His remains were returned for a state funeral on 26 January 2001.
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2661:
A multisided war thus began. In September 1998, Zimbabwean forces flown into Kinshasa held off a rebel advance that reached the outskirts of the capital, while Angolan units attacked northward from its borders and eastward from the Angolan territory of
2745:. Seven days later the various factions of the RCD clashed over control of Kisangani. On 8 June rebel factions met to try to create a common front against Kabila. Despite these efforts, the occupying armed forces of Uganda recreated the province of
2333:
and solidifying control. There were reports of massacres and of brutal repression by the rebel army. A UN human-rights investigator published statements from witnesses claiming that Kabila's Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo
2404:
6360:"Agreement between the Governments of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of Uganda on Withdrawal of Ugandan troops from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cooperation and Normalisation of Relations between the two countries"
3146:
The main cause for the continued weakness of the Transitional Government is the refusal by the former warring parties to give up power to a centralised and neutral national administration. Some belligerents maintained administrative and military
3077:
and to improve the relationship between the two countries, but implementation proved troublesome. Eleven days later, the first Rwandan soldiers were withdrawn from the eastern DRC. On 5 October Rwanda announced the completion of its withdrawal;
2610:
fell into rebel hands on 23 August and forces advancing from the east had begun to threaten Kinshasa by late August. Uganda, while retaining joint support of the RCD with Rwanda, also created a rebel group that it supported exclusively, the
2369:—a longtime rival of Mobutu—was installed. Kabila, by this point in control of roughly one-quarter of the country, dismissed this as irrelevant and warned Tshisekedi that he would have no part in a new government if he accepted the post.
3062:, South Africa. The talks centered on two issues. One was the withdrawal of the estimated 20,000 Rwandan soldiers in the Congo. The other was the rounding up of the ex-Rwandan soldiers and the dismantling of the Hutu militia known as
2539:(RCD)—composed primarily of Banyamulenge and backed by Rwanda and Uganda—emerged. This group quickly came to dominate the resource-rich eastern provinces, and based its operations in Goma. The RCD quickly took control of the towns of
2360:
on 27 March 1997. The government denied the rebels' success, starting a long pattern of false statements from the Defense Minister on the progress and conduct of the war. Negotiations were proposed in late March, and on 2 April a new
2940:, was sworn in as president to replace him. That he won the election was largely due to Robert Mugabe's backing, and the fact that most parliamentarians had been handpicked by the elder Kabila. In February, the new president met
4680:
3940:—placed their aid programmes to Harare under review, denying Mugabe the foreign currency he needed to buy spare parts valued at $ 600 million for fighting vehicles then employed in the Congo. Between January to June 2000, the
9137:
4033:
and pet trade that was then undertaken by exploitative lower ranked soldiers looking for profit. The result was an observed quintuple increase of protected animal sales in urban markets in north-eastern parts of Congo around
7523:
Walsh, Peter D.; Abernethy, Kate A.; Bermejo, Magdalena; Beyers, Rene; De Wachter, Pauwel; Akou, Marc Ella; Huijbregts, Bas; Mambounga, Daniel Idiata; Toham, Andre Kamdem; Kilbourn, Annelisa M.; Lahm, Sally A. (April 2003).
113:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
2872:
for intensive care. The circumstances of his assassination are unclear, and have been the subject of considerable rumours and disagreements. The consensus is that Kabila was shot by one of his bodyguards, the 18-year-old
2571:
region. The degree to which Rwandan intervention was motivated by a desire to protect the Banyamulenge, as opposed to using them as a smokescreen for its regional aspirations after ousting Mobutu, is still being debated.
676:
3977:
On account of the war the Democratic Republic of Congo saw their elephant population halve in size, their hippo population go from 22,000 to 900 and their great ape population decrease by 77%–93% between 1998 and 2015.
11269:
8464:
6762:
1717:
3885:'s influence over the region, as Rwanda has occupied the area numerous times and some witnesses confirm that Rwanda has profited from the looting of Congolese minerals. Consequently, Rwanda allegedly supported the
2559:
in eastern Congo: "People must bring a machete, a spear, an arrow, a hoe, spades, rakes, nails, truncheons, electric irons, barbed wire, stones, and the like, in order, dear listeners, to kill the Rwandan Tutsis."
6281:
2306:(the first Prime Minister of the independent Congo), who was executed by a combination of internal and external forces in January 1961, and was ultimately replaced by Mobutu in 1965. Kabila had declared himself a
2749:, based off of the province of Kibali-Ituri which previously existed from 1962 to 1966 in the Republic of the Congo. Perceived favoritism to the ethnic Hema by the Ugandan forces sparked the ethnic clash of the
10950:
4038:. Meanwhile, in other northern parts of Congo, researchers in other studies have found a 23% increase in protected animal sales with the overall pattern being a significant increase in protected animal sales.
3420:, close to the Sudanese and Ugandan borders. However, Sudan did not establish a significant military presence inside the DRC, though it continued to offer extensive support to three Ugandan rebel groups—the
2971:, "remained unfulfilled largely because he kept staging new offensives while blocking deployment of U.N. peacekeepers in government-held territory." To compare, according to an analyst from the London-based
2920:", which alleges that a Lebanese diamond dealer allegedly organised the logistics of the organisation. Others have speculated that the Angolans (due to Kabila's complicity in helping the Angolan rebel group
7897:. A narrative approach illustrating how political figures manipulate large groups into violence. Not focused on the current Congo conflict, but useful in understanding "ethnic conflict" generally in Africa.
7837:
4064:, Africa's oldest national park, became the first endangered UN World Heritage Site. Its flora was cleared during both the first and second Congo war to make way for both the Rwandan and Congolese army.
6097:
2956:
pullout plan. Uganda and Rwanda began pulling troops back from the front line. Joseph Kabila has been described as "a more adept political leader than his father". As Chris Talbot notes, an article in
2630:(SADC). While officially the SADC members are bound to a mutual defence treaty in the case of outside aggression, many member nations took a neutral stance to the conflict. However, the governments of
2338:) had committed massacres, and that the advancing army had killed as many as 60,000 civilians, a claim the ADFLC strenuously denied. Roberto Garreton stated that his investigation in the town of
9501:
7871:
3037:, from government forces. According to said faction, the town was shelled by government gunboats the following day in response. The capture was seen as a violation of the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement.
3776:
5972:
11326:
11166:
8771:
3155:
has reported, these have gradually been reduced. A high level of official corruption siphoning money away from civil servants, soldiers and infrastructure projects causes further instability.
3054:
several reported breaches of the Sun City agreement, but it has seen a reduction in the fighting. On 30 July 2002, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo signed a peace deal known as the
3404:
were accused of serious human rights violations and looting, virtually from their arrival in the country. They withdrew very quickly under international and national pressure and opprobrium.
2991:, gold and other lucrative resources in the Congo. The report accused Rwanda, Uganda and Zimbabwe of systematically exploiting Congolese resources and recommended the Security Council impose
5811:
9381:
9271:
6275:"Inter-Congolese Dialogue: Political Negotiations on the Peace Process and on Transition in the DRC: Global and Inclusive Agreement on Transition in the Democratic Republic of the Congo"
2380:
four months later. Kabila proclaimed himself president on 17 May 1997; he immediately ordered a violent crackdown to restore order, and began an attempt at reorganisation of the nation.
2166:
took power. Although a peace agreement was signed in 2002, violence has continued in many regions of the country, especially in the east. Hostilities have continued since in the ongoing
10943:
5552:
2185:
estimated that the war and its aftermath had caused 5.4 million deaths, principally through disease and malnutrition, making the Second Congo War the deadliest conflict worldwide since
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plan for transitional governance that would have result in legislative and presidential election within two years of its signing and marked the formal end of the Second Congo War.
2626:
The rebel offensive was abruptly reversed as Kabila's diplomatic efforts bore fruit. The first African countries to respond to Kabila's request for help were fellow members of the
2563:
The Rwandan government also challenged current borders by claiming a substantial part of eastern Congo as "historically Rwandan". The Rwandans alleged that Kabila was organising a
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3139:
3133:
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410:
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3953:) that Zimbabwe spent $ 166 million on its military ventures there. These factors contributed to the country's severe economic instability during the 2000s, culminating in a
3066:, which took part in Rwanda's 1994 genocide and continues to operate out of eastern Congo. Rwanda had previously refused to withdraw until the Hutu militias were dealt with.
6024:
3769:
6769:
11007:
9261:
7326:
Deo, Plumptre, Andrew J. Nixon, Stuart Critchlow, Robert Vieilledent, Ghislain Nishuli, Radar Kirkby, Andrew Williamson, Elizabeth A. Hall, Jefferson Kujirakwinja (2015).
6366:
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Government instability and the lack of government enforcement allowed new illegal militia mining camps to form which located themselves deep within Congo's forest. There,
3482:
2356:
Kabila's forces, with support of Rwanda, launched an offensive in earlier October 1996 in South Kivu, and demanded that the Kinshasa government surrender. The rebels took
2263:-dominated RPF government of Rwanda, which had gained power in July 1994, protested this violation of Rwandan territorial integrity, and began to arm the ethnically Tutsi
6274:
3893:
was, however, arrested by Rwandan police in 2009. The DRC sought assurance that Kigali aligned forces have no conflict-mineral or territorial interests in eastern Congo.
11321:
7226:
4029:
The potential threat of rebel forces during the war caused many military officers controlling urban trade to leave their post. This created an open access market in the
5624:
9605:
9535:
9416:
9391:
4559:
2776:. However, in the following months all sides accused the others of repeatedly breaking the cease-fire, and it became clear that small incidents could trigger attacks.
4649:
9817:
9671:
9585:
9462:
9406:
7729:
Kikuta, Kyosuke (24 January 2020). "The Environmental Costs of Civil War: A Synthetic Comparison of the Congolese Forests with and without the Great War of Africa".
2802:
By 24 February 2000, the UN authorised a force of 5,537 troops, the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (known by the French
2407:. Although the move chilled what was already a troubled relationship with Rwanda, Kabila softened the blow by making Kabarebe the military adviser to his successor.
6228:
2900:
who had been under Kabila's command since 1996, and were aggrieved over their poor treatment. The catalyst for the assassination appeared to be the execution of 47
2189:, though this number has come under scrutiny, with some researchers saying that many of the deaths would have occurred without the conflict. Another 2 million were
9629:
8816:
7834:
6894:
5424:
4433:
3762:
3449:
1185:
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2376:. Mobutu fled Kinshasa on 16 May, and the "libérateurs" (liberators) entered the capital without serious resistance. Mobutu fled the country and died in exile in
11219:
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9600:
9491:
8749:
8737:
6447:
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3245:, reaction force with efficient air support and professional competence; however the prolonged operations in the Congo are said to have damaged its credibility.
1411:
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9542:
9401:
9376:
8732:
8594:
3738:
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2535:
On 2 August 1998, the Banyamulenge in Goma erupted into rebellion. Rwanda offered them immediate assistance, and early in August a well-armed rebel group, the
2362:
2105:
6081:
3011:
In 2002, Rwanda's situation in the war began to worsen. Many members of the RCD either gave up fighting or decided to join Kabila's government. Moreover, the
10966:
9467:
9452:
9386:
9228:
8766:
6737:
4049:
The millions of displaced individuals led to large-scale logging and deforestation to create arable land. These activities had an outsized effect due to the
3876:
2619:
the east. Nevertheless, the fall of the capital and of Kabila, who had spent the previous weeks desperately seeking support from various African nations and
6963:
3396:
agreed to send 2,000 troops. France had encouraged Chad to join as a means of regaining influence in a region where the French had retreated after the 1994
3090:
says the Zimbabwean military withdrew from the DRC in October 2002, but in June 2006 reporters said a 50-man force had stayed in the DRC to protect Kabila.
11224:
9681:
9656:
9518:
9496:
9479:
9447:
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5199:
3330:—cut off financial aid. A furious diplomatic row also ensued with South African authorities after they suspended all outgoing military exports to the NDF.
1744:
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Zimbabwean involvement in the war had a significant negative impact on the country's economy. As hardware losses multiplied, Western donors—including the
2343:
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more well-equipped and professional of the region; being the decisive factor in the outcome of the war and exhibiting outstanding tactical proficiency.
2896:
published a story in which self-identified assassination plotters revealed documents and details of the plot to murder Kabila. The plotters were mainly
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conservation and protection efforts occurring in Congo at the time, enabling the numerous rampant rebel groups present in Congo to openly partake in
7809:
116:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
9729:
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7363:
2975:, "The only obstruction had been Kabila because the accord called for the government's democratic transition and that was a threat to his power."
2874:
7915:. Uses a political science approach to understanding motivations and power struggles, but is not an account of specific incidents and individuals.
11017:
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Uganda-backed rebels as Uganda, Kinshasa and the Hutus are all seeking, in varying degrees, to check the influence of Rwanda and its affiliates.
3458:
1814:
9206:
Alliances sometimes changed dramatically over the course of the wars. Some groups may be associated with multiple, ostensibly opposed factions.
5418:"Letter Dated 23 July 1999 From The Permanent Representative of Zambia to the United Nations Addressed to the President of the Security Council"
3806:
The fragility of the state has allowed continued violence and human rights abuses in the east. There are three significant centres of conflict:
3158:
On 30 July 2006 the first elections were held in the DRC after the populace approved a new constitution. A second round was held on 30 October.
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9714:
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9590:
9091:
9010:
7256:"Resource wars and conflict ivory: the impact of civil conflict on elephants in the Democratic Republic of Congo—the case of the Okapi Reserve"
7051:
Mullins, Christopher, and Roth, Dawn. "Gold, Diamonds and Blood: International State-corporate Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo."
5778:
5282:"Letter Dated 21 May 1999 from The Permanent Representative of Uganda to the United Nations Addressed to the President of the Security Council"
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on the Atlantic coast. The planes landed in the middle of the Kitona base, but the motley collection of troops there (ex-FAZ, but also Angolan
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5471:"SECRETARY-GENERAL WELCOMES RCD SIGNING OF LUSAKA CEASEFIRE AGREEMENT ON DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases"
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3863:- and Hutu-aligned forces enjoyed close relations as their interests in expelling the armies and proxy forces of Uganda and Rwanda dovetail.
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expressed concern that Nujoma was misusing his country's development funds for the Congo expedition, and individual member states—including
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7134:"What has corruption got to do with it? Understanding the persistence of rural-urban and inter-regional inequalities in Ghana and Zimbabwe"
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4968:
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2732:
1178:
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6331:"SECRETARY-GENERAL HAILS PRETORIA AGREEMENT AS POLITICAL MILESTONE FOR PEACE IN CONGOLESE CONFLICT | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases"
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and Cascavel armoured cars, Zimbabwean ground forces also lost a significant number, either captured or destroyed by the rebel coalition.
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The ADFLC made consistent progress in its advance from the east throughout April 1997, and by May its troops had reached the outskirts of
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7606:"Species Protection, the Changing Informal Economy, and the Politics of Access to the Bushmeat Trade in the Democratic Republic of Congo"
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receive easier means of transportation and access to deeper parts of Congo's wildlife reserves. The result was a significant increase in
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With up to 3.4 million people being displaced in Congo as a result of the civil war, many moved into Congo's forests, where they hunted
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9041:
8873:
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4311:
3362:. Angola had no confidence that a new president would be more effective than Kabila and feared that continued fighting would lead to a
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channel funds through the DRC) or even the Americans were involved in the assassination. There is, as yet, no proof that Mizele or the
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tracking, disarming and documenting all armed groups in the Congo, especially those forces identified with the 1994 Rwandan genocide.
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9870:
9779:
9513:
7329:
Status of Grauer's gorilla and chimpanzees in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Historical and current distribution and abundance
7201:
5582:"The United Nations' Mapping Exercise Report and Uganda's involvement in the Democratic Republic of Congo conflict from 1996 to 2003"
2388:
When Kabila gained control of the capital in May 1997, he faced substantial obstacles to governing the country, which he renamed the
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Nackoney, Janet; Molinario, Giuseppe; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Hansen, Matthew C.; Furuichi, Takeshi (February 2014).
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that could only help UNITA. The intervention of the experienced Angolan forces was essential in deciding the outcome of both wars.
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moved his base from Goma to Uganda-controlled Kisangani to head a breakaway faction known as RCD-Kisangani, which later became The
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withdrawn by 2002, by which point 30 servicemen had been killed in action and the war effort was costing Namibia $ 150,000 a day.
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admitted for the first time that Rwandan forces were assisting the RCD rebels for security reasons, apparently after a request by
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party had interests in Kinshasa similar to those claimed by Mugabe, including lucrative fish exports and a valuable stake in the
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Africa's Deadliest Conflict: Media Coverage of the Humanitarian Disaster in the Congo and the United Nations Response, 1997–2008
3664:
3292:. Nujoma, a longtime ally of Kabila, claimed he could not refuse the requests for military assistance from Zimbabwe and Angola.
3049:, peace talks held in that country between April and December 2002 led to the signing of a "comprehensive peace agreement." The
10502:
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6195:
3859:-aligned forces has been a driving impetus for much of the conflict, with people on both sides fearing their annihilation. The
3587:
3289:
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to advance peace talks. On 18 January 1999, Rwanda, Uganda, Angola, Namibia and Zimbabwe agreed on a ceasefire at a summit at
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in the streets of Kinshasa. On 12 August a loyalist army major broadcast a message urging resistance from a radio station in
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9143:
8566:
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5132:. Weissman, Fabrice, 1969–, Médecins sans frontières (Association). Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. p. 221.
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On 5 April 1999, tensions within the RCD about the dominance of the Banyamulenge reached a boiling point when RCD leader
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people in which a 2009 study by Kyoto University had observed a disintegration of their cultural interdiction of eating
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The war has caused substantial environmental damage. The forests of Congo are a major biodiversity hotspot, housing The
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216:
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10038:
9281:
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5399:""The War within a War": Analysis of the Ituri Conflict, Easter Democratic Republic Congo, from a Systemic Perspective"
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Eventually involving belligerents from across the African continent, the war officially ended on 18 July 2003 when the
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accused of plotting against Kabila. The execution, witnessed by Kabila, took place the day before his assassination.
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of eastern Congo. Their tensions with neighboring ethnic groups had been a contributing factor in the genesis of the
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Beyers, Rene L.; Hart, John A.; Sinclair, Anthony R. E.; Grossmann, Falk; Klinkenberg, Brian; Dino, Simeon (2011).
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2962:"favourably contrasted Joseph Kabila – Western-educated and English-speaking – with his father." The author of the
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2298:'s crumbling regime. The bulk of Kabila's fighters were Tutsis, and many were veterans of various conflicts in the
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and the unending conflict. A number of them mutinied, leading to violent clashes between them and Rwandan forces.
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of Africa. Kabila himself had credibility as a long-time political opponent of Mobutu, and had been a follower of
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of Zaire vigorously denounced this intervention, but possessed neither the military capability to halt it nor the
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which is widely known as the second greatest tropical rain forest in the world and the largest forest in Africa.
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instability in much of the country and a delay in the scheduled national elections from June 2005 to July 2006.
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7672:"Impacts of civil conflict on primary forest habitat in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1990–2010"
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The Namibian intervention was greeted with intense criticism by opposition parties, as well as neighboring
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Rape victims who have been successfully reintegrated into their communities assemble in a “peace hut” near
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Prunier, 2009, pp. 181–82; see also New York Times News Service, "Rwanda Tied To Hijack of Jet in Congo,"
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Rwanda backed rebels due to fears of Hutu rebels on its border. The Kinshasa government was suspicious of
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in Kinshasa. The government initially stated that Kabila was wounded but still alive when he was flown to
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6196:"US Urges Warring Sides in the D R Congo to Uphold a Ceasefire – 2002-03-19 | Voice of America – English"
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medical care. Overall, 71% of the population lived in absolute poverty, 85% in the poorest province of
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Nevertheless, diplomatic circumstances contributed to the first ceasefire of the war. In July 1999 the
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1989:
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406:; Rwandan withdrawal from DR Congo in exchange for commitment towards the disarmament of Hutu militias.
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formalised peace between Congo and Uganda. The treaty aimed to get Uganda to withdraw its troops from
2646:, Zimbabwe, on 19 August. Several more nations joined the conflict for Kabila in the following weeks:
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9114:
8539:
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3421:
1984:
1907:
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1473:
571:
8048:
7429:"Taboo of Eating Bonobo Among the Bongando People in the Wamba Region, Democratic Republic of Congo"
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6313:
6260:
6181:
6120:"Security Council Condemns Illegal Exploitation of Democratic Republic of Congo's Natural Resources"
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10782:
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2795:, the fighting was a result of differences over the objectives and strategies used during the war.
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in his account of the early years of the conflict portrayed him as an uncommitted and uninspiring
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along with some paratroops, reportedly numbering between 600 and 1,000. By August 1998, two more
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From Genocide to Continental War: The "Congolese" Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa
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From Genocide to Continental War: The "Congolese" Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa
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as influenced by the civil war. During the conflict many of the front lines were located within
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6887:"Congo at War: A Briefing of the Internal and External Players in the Central African Conflict"
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At the same time, the western Congo was becoming increasingly secure under the younger Kabila.
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Tensions reached new heights on 14 July 1998, when Kabila dismissed his Rwandan chief of staff
2353:, an aide to Mobutu, as saying that killings and disappearances should be expected in wartime.
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2011:
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510:
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Soderlund, Walter C.; DonaldBriggs, E.; PierreNajem, Tom; Roberts, Blake C. (1 January 2013).
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Mortality in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Results from Eleven Mortality Surveys (PDF)
230:
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10019:
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DeWeerdt, Sarah (9 April 2015). "War can wreck landscapes and ecosystems as well as people".
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6168:
5646:"MONUC Mandate – United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo"
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North and South Kivu, where a weakened FDLR continues to threaten the Rwandan border and the
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1974:
1959:
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85:
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6051:"The Congo: Unanswered questions surround Kabila's assassination – World Socialist Web Site"
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Genocide and crisis in Central Africa : conflict roots, mass violence, and regional war
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Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe
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Africa's World War: Congo, The Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe
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Africa's World War: Congo, The Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe
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made particularly effective use of its air power, hitting rebel and Rwandan offensives on
2314:. He had been waging armed rebellion in eastern Zaire for more than three decades, though
8:
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2178:. Nine African countries and around twenty-five armed groups became involved in the war.
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6149:"War Crimes in Kisangani | The Response of Rwandan-backed Rebels to the May 2002 Mutiny"
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In April 2001, a UN panel of experts investigated the illegal exploitation of diamonds,
2294:, encountering only light resistance from the poorly trained, ill-disciplined forces of
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Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa
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3358:. The Angolan government wanted to eliminate UNITA operations in southern Congo, which
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helicopters, a transport aircraft, and an unidentified interceptor, probably a Chinese
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Few provisions, however, were made to actually disarm the militias. The United Nations
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7930:. There is a modicum of information on the troubles since 1996 in the latter sections.
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7072:(in German) (3., akt. u. erw. Aufl ed.). Frankfurt am Main: Brandes & Apsel.
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The war resulted in a loss of 1.31% of Congo's forests, a size comparable to Belgium.
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7073:
6987:"Fear of fresh conflict in Congo as renegade general turns guns on government forces"
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7216:"Hanke S., & Kwok, A. (2009) "On the Measurement of Zimbabwe's Hyperinflation",
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On 16 May Wamba was ousted as head of the RCD in favour of a pro-Rwanda figure, Dr.
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National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy
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civilians and 10,000 combatants were killed in an extermination campaign known as "
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Outside of Africa, most states remained neutral, but urged an end to the violence.
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2016:
2001:
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300:
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International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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3120:. Human rights activists have made demands for the massacre to be recognized as a
1038:
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Inter Press Service: Article about Zimbabwean soldiers' involvement, October 2004
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BERCI, October 1997. p. 38, as cited in International Crisis Group, 21 May 1999.
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Unconfirmed reports in September 1999 indicated that forces of the government of
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3264:. It also sustained heavy losses during the conflict, including three of its six
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3034:
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and they were also used by Rwanda to affect events across the border in the DRC.
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2303:
2221:
2215:
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1954:
1949:
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1934:
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403:
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10210:
9187:
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8429:
8271:
8124:
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5130:
In the shadow of 'just wars' : violence, politics, and humanitarian action
5103:
4094:
3890:
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3003:
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2883:(child soldier). Mizele had previously been misidentified as Rashidi Kasereka.
2750:
2746:
2698:
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2400:
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Kabila's army began a slow movement west in December 1996, near the end of the
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1996:
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951:
428:
7525:
7389:
7149:
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How Kabila Lost His Way: The performance of Laurent Désiré Kabila’s government
4279:
987:
11310:
11125:
11087:
10902:
10703:
10685:
10641:
10533:
10296:
10272:
9347:
9342:
9288:
8623:
8576:
8519:
8235:
8108:
7750:
7703:
7637:
7557:
7494:
7337:
7289:
7157:
6959:
6554:
6493:
6093:
5968:
5688:
5017:
4901:
4858:
4786:
4537:
3886:
3819:
3713:
3612:
3261:
3242:
3233:
3204:
3109:
2937:
2822:
2171:
1964:
1902:
1859:
1341:
1232:
1074:
1026:
915:
903:
891:
865:
435:
397:
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5523:
5383:
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5147:
2670:, was reported in the north of the country. On 6 November Rwandan President
11187:
9838:
9305:
8971:
8166:
7645:
7565:
7307:
6585:
6580:
Carayannis, Tatiana (2008). "Elections in the DRC". US Institute of Peace.
4353:
4050:
3811:
3654:
3545:
3525:
3381:
3363:
3319:
3221:
3046:
3012:
2814:
2742:
2412:
2264:
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2186:
2147:, and involved some of the same issues. It began when Congolese president
1286:
1149:
711:
7887:
The Graves Are Not Yet Full: Race, Tribe, and Power in the Heart of Africa
6459:
6413:"Rwandan Patriotic Army completes troops withdrawal from DR of Congo – UN"
5128:
San Frontieres, Medicines (2004). Weissman, Fabrice; Terry, Fiona (eds.).
4494:
3288:, Namibia became involved in the Congo on behalf of its commitment to the
2821:
by MLC forces. Military operations and diplomatic efforts made by the UN,
10912:
10907:
10457:
10231:
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9079:
9070:
8189:
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3151:
structures separate from that of the Transitional Government, but as the
3063:
3023:
2945:
2671:
2592:
2342:
turned up allegations of disappearances, torture and killings. He quoted
2315:
2291:
2201:
were a major source of funding for the war, and for subsequent fighting.
1310:
1062:
638:
7549:
7165:
7133:
5928:
5500:
Natural resources and conflict in Africa : the tragedy of endowment
4642:"Children of the Congo who risk their lives to supply our mobile phones"
1163:
10528:
7960:. Covers the First and Second Congo Wars and their continued aftermath.
5957:"DR Congo election: Kabila sworn in as rival challenges his legitimacy"
5837:"Revealed: how Africa's dictator died at the hands of his boy soldiers"
4492:
4167:
that Rwanda and Uganda were in the process of "recolonizing the Congo".
3937:
3385:
3360:
exchanged diamonds extracted from rebel-held Angola for foreign weapons
3310:
personnel in the Congo numbered barely 1,000: likely a single infantry
3285:
3253:
2813:
On 9 August 2000 a government offensive in Equateur Province along the
2468: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2319:
2311:
2232:(RDR) militias were carrying out cross-border raids from what was then
879:
344:
135:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
5192:"DISARMAMENT: SADC Moves into Unknown Territory | Inter Press Service"
8078:
8039:
BBC News: Updated timeline of Congo history, with emphasis on the war
7327:
5718:
3311:
3273:
3217:
2853:
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In a bold move, Rwandan soldiers under the command of James Kabarebe
4327:"Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a nationwide survey"
2606:
through which most of Kinshasa's food passed. The diamond center of
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reserves, further contributing to the decline in their population.
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5368:(44th ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. 2003. p. 1229.
3986:
3840:
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Kabila had originally discounted the possibility of support from
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340:
7017:"Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo"
6853:
The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006
4937:
The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006
396:
Creation of a unified, multi-party government in DR Congo, with
110:
11167:
Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)
10971:
9053:
8975:
7862:
The Clones of 'Mr. Kurtz': Violence, War and Plunder in the DRC
5775:"CNN.com – Congo's President Kabila is dead – January 18, 2001"
4925:. p. 9. Texts have been modified and adapted from the original.
4324:
4003:
3999:
3982:
3882:
3400:. Nevertheless, Chadian intervention resulted in a fiasco. Its
3339:
3134:
Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3030:
3016:
2988:
2984:
2949:
2941:
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2639:
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station that provided power to Kinshasa as well as the port of
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2383:
2283:
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2164:
Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2156:
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970:
958:
798:
785:
621:
484:
411:
Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
9025:(FLC, formed from the MLC, RCD-N and RCD-ML from 2000 to 2001)
4884:
Crisis in the Congo : the rise and fall of Laurent Kabila
2723:
of Uganda and Kabila signed a ceasefire accord on 18 April in
9315:
9243:
9167:
9047:
7950:
The Inability of Peacekeeping to Address the Security Dilemma
3856:
3674:
3413:
3389:
3351:
3297:
3272:. Despite the effectiveness of its highly mobile, big-gunned
3161:
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Tensions between Uganda and Rwanda escalated as units of the
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2556:
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2335:
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2245:
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763:
741:
549:
414:
7833:
Michael Spagat, Andrew Mack, Tara Cooper and Joakim Kreutz,
6824:"Namibia will withdraw troops once UN peacekeepers in place"
5677:"Congo Leader Reportedly Dead After Being Shot by Bodyguard"
2848:
366:(4 years, 11 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)
11055:
8954:
8365:
7522:
7253:
4769:
The New Warfare : Rethinking Rules for an Unruly World
4325:
Coghlan B; Brennan RJ; Ngoy P; et al. (January 2006).
3852:
3393:
2647:
2620:
2568:
2548:
2339:
2237:
2236:, and planning an invasion of Rwanda. The militias, mostly
1596:
982:
654:
497:
11327:
Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda military relations
6621:
Great Lakes Conflagration-The Second Congo War 1998 – 2003
5336:"DRC: IRIN Chronology of the Rebellion [19990609]"
7439:, The Center for African Area Studies, Kyoto University,
7384:, Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 1–36, 1 March 2012,
7382:
Civil Wars in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 1960–2010
7192:"Robert Mugabe leaves a legacy of economic mismanagement"
3082:
confirmed the departure of over 20,000 Rwandan soldiers.
3040:
2837:
8565:
8480:
7795:"Human Security Report 2009: The Shrinking Costs of War"
5715:"DRC: Introduction – The death of Laurent Desire Kabila"
3127:
2936:
By unanimous vote of the Congolese parliament, his son,
19:
For the 1997–1999 war in the Republic of the Congo, see
11220:
Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
7526:"Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa"
7094:"Zimbabwe: Controversy Over $ 600m Spare Parts For ZNA"
6222:"Inter-Congolese Political Negotiations: The Final Act"
4998:(1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp.
4820:"Study on the First And Second Congo War History Essay"
4105:
Living in Emergency: Stories of Doctors Without Borders
3870:
3822:), and where local conflicts continue to fuel violence;
3800:
Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3108:
At the end of 2002 through January 2003, around 60,000
3007:
Estimate of territory held by factions in 2001 to 2003.
7131:
7070:
Kongo: Kriege, Korruption und die Kunst des Ăśberlebens
2912:
have lent credibility to these allegations, including
2890:
Shortly after the assassination, the French newspaper
2686:
but the RCD was not invited. Fighting thus continued.
2500:
Situation in the Congo in August 1998, by the time of
9825:
7604:
De MERODE, EMMANUEL; COWLISHAW, GUY (10 March 2006).
4939:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 169.
4583:"Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month: study"
3843:
Militias slipped out of the control of Kinshasa (see
299:
Part of the Congo conflicts and the aftermath of the
11225:
Mercenaries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
7920:
The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo
4552:"Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study"
3026:
was resumed as inflation was brought under control.
2738:, but both the RCD and Rwanda refused to take part.
2719:. A further sign of a break occurred when President
2244:
in eastern Zaire, where many had fled to escape the
2228:
increasingly expressed concern that Hutu members of
106:
6543:"Congo Holds First Multiparty Election in 46 Years"
6021:"Rwanda and Uganda Begin Pulling Troops From Congo"
4847:
3220:had been dispatched. They were accompanied by some
2642:supported the Kabila government after a meeting in
197:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
11322:Civil wars in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
7981:Renton, David; Seddon, David; Zeilig, Leo (2007).
7835:"Estimating War Deaths: An Arena of Contestation,"
7603:
7471:"Immense logging deal to sustain war in the Congo"
5875:Congo Research Group | Groupe d'Etude Sur le Congo
4451:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4116:Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of Congo
2931:
2928:were acting under orders from an external source.
349:Congolese soldier adjusting automatic weapon, 2001
10967:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations
8767:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations
7427:LINGOMO, Bongoli; KIMURA, Daiji (December 2009),
7132:Konadu-Agyemang, Kwadwo; Shabaya, Judith (2005).
5024:
4673:"Is your mobile phone helping fund war in Congo?"
3877:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations
2791:weapons during these clashes. As reported by the
2753:, sometimes referred to as a "war within a war".
11308:
8044:Global IDP Database: Overview of warring parties
6763:"Scramble for the Congo: Anatomy of an Ugly War"
5545:"Scramble for the Congo: Anatomy of an Ugly War"
5053:
4744:. A&E Television Networks. 14 October 2009.
4701:
2979:UN investigates illegal exploitation of minerals
11114:
11018:Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries
9168:National Union for Total Independence of Angola
9048:National Union for Total Independence of Angola
7208:
7055:11.2 (2008): 81–99. Ebscohost. 4 December 2012.
6488:. The Inventory of Conflict & Environment,
4181:
3789:
3195:– DRC allies, not directly involved in the war.
9092:Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda
7978:. Covers both the First and Second Congo Wars.
6734:"Zimbabwe Army crippled: Report exposes decay"
5225:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. pp. 274–275.
5127:
4886:(1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
4499:. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
131:accompanying your translation by providing an
97:Click for important translation instructions.
84:expand this article with text translated from
10944:
9811:
9229:
8810:
8064:
7426:
6984:
6479:
5255:"Uganda in Eastern DRC – Political Confusion"
4798:
4796:
4531:
3972:
3921:
3770:
3207:'s administration dispatched elements of the
3097:
2209:
2143:on 2 August 1998, just over a year after the
1843:
1738:
1270:
1179:
11086:
9078:(RDR, alleged successor organization to the
7362:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6678:
6472:
4026:sales in villages near these logging sites.
3432:—in retaliation for Ugandan support for the
2403:, and replaced him with a native Congolese,
2384:Unwelcome support from other African nations
8614:
8013:The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth, and Reality
7422:
7420:
6757:
6755:
5504:. Rochester, NY: Rochester Press. pp.
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
10951:
10937:
9818:
9804:
9236:
9222:
8817:
8803:
8071:
8057:
6909:
6579:
4793:
4067:
3777:
3763:
3398:genocide committed against Tutsi in Rwanda
3162:Foreign supporters of the Congo government
1850:
1836:
1745:
1731:
1277:
1263:
1186:
1172:
9076:Rassemblement DĂ©mocratique pour le Rwanda
7804:at the School for International Studies,
7297:
7279:
6879:
6848:
6540:
6482:"Pygmies in the Congo Basin and Conflict"
5707:
4934:
4813:
4811:
4766:
2484:Learn how and when to remove this message
2230:Rassemblement DĂ©mocratique pour le Rwanda
2159:allies who had helped him come to power.
1193:
275:Learn how and when to remove this message
257:Learn how and when to remove this message
9967:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
7872:African Association of Political Science
7774:
7468:
7417:
7378:"1 The Context of Congo's Internal Wars"
6752:
6681:Modern African Wars: The Congo 1960–2002
6647:. London: Routledge. 2003. p. 272.
6623:. Helion and Company. 2013. p. 62.
5804:"Ces enfants-soldats qui ont tué Kabila"
5622:"Uganda and Rwanda: Friends or Enemies?"
5396:
5279:
5220:
4258:. Oxford University Press. p. 290.
4200:. Oxford University Press. p. 306.
3793:
3170:
3029:In March, the RCD-Goma faction captured
3002:
2847:
2772:personnel in August 1999 to support the
2579:and flew them to the government base of
2495:
10509:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
10184:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis
9042:Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement
9007:(RCD-K/ML or "RCD-Wamba", created 1999)
7770:
7768:
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7663:
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7595:
7518:
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7189:
7067:
6702:
6700:
6674:
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5954:
5926:
5579:
5415:
4574:
4525:
4449:
4440:(Report) International Rescue Committee
4250:
4192:
3960:
3896:On 19 December 2005 the United Nations
3439:
11309:
7728:
7185:
7183:
7106:
7063:
7061:
6948:"Congo: Delays in Rebel Leader's Case"
6792:
6790:
6440:
6438:
6151:. Human Rights Watch. 20 August 2002.
6048:
5975:from the original on 12 September 2018
5864:
5862:
5831:
5829:
5798:
5796:
5725:from the original on 19 September 2007
5674:
5477:from the original on 21 September 2021
5430:from the original on 24 September 2020
5346:from the original on 20 September 2021
5054:Howard W. French (24 September 2009).
4881:
4843:
4841:
4817:
4808:
4748:from the original on 14 September 2018
4702:Howard W. French (24 September 2009).
4670:
4610:
4608:
4580:
4310:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4292:from the original on 27 September 2013
3887:continuing rebellion of General Nkunda
3384:Africa) but after a summit meeting in
3290:Southern African Development Community
3041:Peace agreements (April–December 2002)
2844:Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila
2838:Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila
2827:Southern African Development Community
2628:Southern African Development Community
1686:Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila
1140:4,000 rebel casualties (Kinshasa only)
825:in June 2000 over Congolese territory.
21:Second Republic of the Congo Civil War
10932:
10698:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict
10619:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes
9799:
9217:
9005:RCD-Kisangani/Mouvement de Libération
8984:(faction of RCD-Goma created in 2002)
8798:
8645:
8209:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
8052:
8034:BBC News Q&A on DR Congo conflict
7815:from the original on 24 December 2016
7710:from the original on 27 February 2023
7501:from the original on 27 February 2023
7469:Laurance, William F (December 2001).
7451:from the original on 27 February 2023
7406:from the original on 27 February 2023
7344:from the original on 27 February 2023
7321:
7319:
7317:
7249:
7247:
7232:from the original on 7 September 2019
7033:from the original on 13 February 2020
6927:from the original on 12 November 2008
6708:"Zimbabwe losses add up in the Congo"
6683:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 41–42.
6522:from the original on 13 December 2010
6354:
6352:
6325:
6323:
6234:from the original on 8 September 2019
6143:
6141:
6061:from the original on 23 February 2016
6044:
6042:
5899:
5814:from the original on 27 February 2023
5675:Onishi, Norimitsu (17 January 2001).
5575:
5573:
5571:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5333:
5031:Hate messages on East Congolese radio
4989:
4971:from the original on 29 February 2020
4593:from the original on 21 February 2009
4536:. My Direct Democracy. Archived from
4513:from the original on 23 February 2016
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4108:– documentary film about the work of
3236:scout cars flown into the capital on
3175:Belligerents of the Second Congo War:
3128:2003 onwards: Transitional Government
2329:, taking control of border towns and
2275:to attract international assistance.
2040:
1831:
1726:
1641:
1515:
1470:
1448:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
1258:
1167:
9121:Nationalist and Integrationist Front
8999:Movement for the Liberation of Congo
7867:African Journal of Political Science
7765:
7660:
7592:
7513:
7370:
6997:from the original on 11 January 2023
6945:
6740:from the original on 28 January 2015
6697:
6669:
6287:from the original on 9 December 2020
6280:. United Nations. 16 December 2002.
6079:
6027:from the original on 29 October 2019
5908:from the original on 7 November 2013
5881:from the original on 25 October 2021
5847:from the original on 27 October 2021
5755:from the original on 25 October 2021
5495:
5257:. Human Rights Watch. Archived from
4683:from the original on 18 October 2017
4671:Rayner, Gordon (27 September 2011).
4622:from the original on 21 January 2010
4232:from the original on 5 February 2007
3871:Rwanda and Ugandan backing of rebels
3461:the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3118:Movement for the Liberation of Congo
2668:Movement for the Liberation of Congo
2613:Movement for the Liberation of Congo
2567:against their Tutsi brethren in the
2466:adding citations to reliable sources
2437:
2422:
1642:
195:adding citations to reliable sources
166:
143:{{Translated|de|Zweiter Kongokrieg}}
66:
25:
11162:2012 Congolese–Rwandan border clash
11036:East African campaign (World War I)
10788:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
10739:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
10255:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
8140:East African campaign (World War I)
7983:The Congo: Plunder & Resistance
7945:. Covers events up to January 2002.
7905:The African Stakes in the Congo War
7325:
7190:Muronzi, Chris (9 September 2019).
7180:
7058:
6849:Reyntjens, Filip (24 August 2009).
6787:
6714:from the original on 6 January 2014
6541:Gettleman, Jeffrey (31 July 2006).
6435:
5955:Baldauf, Scott (21 December 2011).
5927:Zajtman, Arnaud (10 January 2011),
5859:
5826:
5793:
4994:The African stakes of the Congo War
4854:Congo: The Epic History of a People
4838:
4616:"DR Congo war deaths 'exaggerated'"
4605:
4391:"DR Congo war deaths 'exaggerated'"
2064:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
1516:
1471:
1155:350,000+ violent deaths (1998–2001)
13:
10503:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
10039:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
7854:
7580:from the original on 9 August 2022
7314:
7244:
6985:Chris McGreal (3 September 2007).
6561:from the original on 18 March 2020
6460:"The war that might not have been"
6349:
6320:
6188:
6138:
6039:
6001:from the original on 29 March 2014
5937:from the original on 16 April 2017
5695:from the original on 23 March 2022
5568:
5530:
5473:. United Nations. 31 August 1999.
5416:Kasanda, Peter L. (23 July 1999).
5280:Kiwanuka, Semakula (28 May 1999).
5172:from the original on 23 March 2020
5056:"Kagame's Hidden War in the Congo"
4704:"Kagame's Hidden War in the Congo"
4562:from the original on 14 April 2011
4479:
4409:International Rescue Committee ()
4371:from the original on 26 April 2012
3904:
3180:– Democratic Republic of the Congo
2907:While the role of the disgruntled
1752:
14:
11393:
10733:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
10437:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
9336:Transitional Government (2003–06)
9086:Army for the Liberation of Rwanda
8714:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
8027:
7475:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
7332:. Wildlife Conservation Society.
6897:from the original on 26 June 2021
6480:Raja Seshadri (7 November 2005).
6423:from the original on 11 June 2020
6372:from the original on 11 June 2020
6333:. United Nations. 8 August 2002.
6126:from the original on 16 June 2014
6100:from the original on 5 March 2016
6049:Talbot, Chris (25 January 2001).
5781:from the original on 12 June 2020
5656:from the original on 10 June 2020
5598:from the original on 24 June 2021
5294:from the original on 16 June 2021
5202:from the original on 18 June 2020
5070:from the original on 6 April 2016
4826:from the original on 10 June 2020
4718:from the original on 6 April 2016
4652:from the original on 5 March 2017
3946:reported (via a leaked memo from
3350:because of his support for rebel
3284:Under the direction of President
3232:armoured personnel carriers, and
3033:, a town located on the coast of
2168:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
2054:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
1857:
41:This article has multiple issues.
11292:
11291:
10970:
10960:
10563:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention
9245:Democratic Republic of the Congo
9088:(ALiR, successor to RDR in 1997)
8081:Democratic Republic of the Congo
7907:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
7827:
7787:
7722:
7630:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00425.x
7462:
6966:from the original on 20 May 2021
6830:from the original on 17 May 2014
6227:. United Nations. 2 April 2002.
6155:from the original on 14 May 2021
5587:African Human Rights Law Journal
5580:Kasaija, Phillip Apuuli (2011).
5555:from the original on 6 June 2021
5551:. 20 December 2000. Appendix B.
5162:"DR Congo: The Bemba Earthquake"
4822:. Nottingham, UK: UKEssays.com.
4429:Les Roberts & others (2001)
4099:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4041:
3746:
3468:
3322:and several Western donors. The
2511:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2442:
2141:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1284:
1068:
1056:
1044:
1032:
1020:
981:
969:
957:
945:
933:
921:
909:
897:
885:
873:
859:
839:
804:
791:
778:
757:
670:
632:
620:
608:
577:
565:
542:
529:
516:
503:
490:
477:
464:
376:Democratic Republic of the Congo
323:
312:
171:
71:
30:
10580:Piracy off the coast of Somalia
8957:(Rwanda-Uganda backed alliance)
7874:. Vol. 7 No. 2. p. 11–38.
7808:. 20 January 2010. p. 43.
7125:
7109:"Mugabe's costly Congo venture"
7107:Pearce, Justin (25 July 2000).
7100:
7086:
7045:
7009:
6978:
6939:
6842:
6816:
6726:
6645:Africa south of the Sahara 2004
6637:
6613:
6573:
6534:
6516:"DR Congo Pygmies appeal to UN"
6508:
6405:
6337:from the original on 9 May 2021
6267:
6214:
6112:
6073:
6013:
5987:
5948:
5920:
5893:
5868:
5810:(in French). 10 February 2001.
5767:
5737:
5668:
5638:
5615:
5489:
5463:
5409:
5397:Blakeley, Grace (10 May 2014).
5390:
5366:The Europa world year book 2003
5358:
5327:
5273:
5247:
5221:Scherrer, Christian P. (2002).
5214:
5184:
5154:
5121:
5097:
5082:
5047:
4983:
4953:
4928:
4908:
4875:
4760:
4730:
4695:
4664:
4634:
4581:Bavier, Joe (22 January 2007).
4544:
4443:
4160:
3426:Uganda National Rescue Front II
2932:Joseph Kabila becomes president
2852:Rebel soldiers photographed in
2623:, seemed increasingly certain.
2453:needs additional citations for
2240:, had entrenched themselves in
1138:2,000 Ugandans (Kisangani only)
821:Note: Rwanda and Uganda fought
182:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
16:Major war in Africa (1998–2003)
9272:Colonial governors (1885–1960)
9174:White Legion (First Congo War)
8214:Torture and killing of Lumumba
7845:Journal of Conflict Resolution
7024:International Court of Justice
6122:. United Nations. 3 May 2001.
6080:Vick, Karl (23 January 2001).
4532:Bowers, Chris (24 July 2006).
4423:
4420:International Rescue Committee
4403:
4383:
4318:
4272:
4244:
4214:
4145:
3898:International Court of Justice
3434:Sudan People's Liberation Army
3342:government had fought against
2948:in the United States. Rwanda,
2252:(RPF) in the aftermath of the
2183:International Rescue Committee
1453:Torture and killing of Lumumba
413:is established, deployment of
141:You may also add the template
1:
10881:2014 Lesotho political crisis
10838:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)
10002:Communal conflicts in Nigeria
8961:Rally for Congolese Democracy
8145:Belgian Congo in World War II
7802:Human Security Report Project
7487:10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02363-1
5997:. BBC News. 7 February 2001.
5995:"Kabila praises Kagame talks"
5961:The Christian Science Monitor
5110:, Hurst & Company, 2009,
4767:Rochester, J. Martin (2016).
4618:. BBC News. 20 January 2010.
4346:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)67923-3
4174:
4074:Human Security Report Project
3818:rebels against Kinshasa (see
2952:, and the rebels agreed to a
2781:Uganda People's Defense Force
2731:, following the mediation of
2537:Rally for Congolese Democracy
2204:
11106:2009 Eastern Congo offensive
10875:SADC intervention in Lesotho
10478:OLA insurgency, 2018–present
10432:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)
10189:ECOWAS military intervention
9909:2011–2014 factional violence
9353:M23 offensive (2022–present)
9326:Second Congo War (1998–2003)
9301:Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65)
9277:Congo Free State (1885–1908)
9023:Front de Libération du Congo
9013:(RCD-N, split from RCD-K/ML)
8535:2009 Eastern Congo offensive
7933:Gondola, Ch. Didier (2002).
7918:Edgerton, Robert G. (2002).
7696:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.033
7281:10.1371/journal.pone.0027129
6946:Kron, Josh (12 March 2009).
6082:"The Ascendant Son in Congo"
5871:"Who Killed Laurent Kabila?"
4818:Essays, UK (November 2018).
3851:The ethnic violence between
3790:Areas of continuing conflict
3200:– DRC supporters politically
3058:after five days of talks in
2829:failed to make any headway.
2692:
2427:
2390:Democratic Republic of Congo
2290:moved methodically down the
1970:M23 offensive (2022–present)
1898:2009 Eastern Congo offensive
1570:Assassination of Habyarimana
364:2 August 1998 – 18 July 2003
7:
10552:Puntland–Somaliland dispute
10408:Insurgency in Northern Chad
9468:Foreign policy under Mobutu
9017:Union of Congolese Patriots
8500:Operation North Night Final
8402:Ascension of Laurent Kabila
8000:. New York: PublicAffairs.
7053:Contemporary Justice Review
6798:"No Namibian troops to DRC"
5565:Modified from the original.
4133:List of conflicts in Africa
4121:Battle of Kinsangani (1997)
4088:
3934:International Monetary Fund
3724:FĂ©lix Tshisekedi presidency
3303:Societé Minière de Bakwanga
3166:
3069:Signed on 6 September, the
2973:Economist Intelligence Unit
2864:was shot and killed at the
2193:from their homes or sought
2106:Child soldiers in the Congo
1629:Ascension of Laurent Kabila
1504:Non-aggression pact of 1979
1093:20,000–30,000 militia
10:
11398:
11337:Natural resource conflicts
11332:Ethnicity-based civil wars
11250:Great Lakes refugee crisis
10988:Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement
10843:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
10664:Abyei conflict (2022–2023)
10519:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
10385:Djotodia period, 2013–2014
10196:Western Togoland Rebellion
9311:State of Katanga (1960–63)
6917:"1999 World Report: Sudan"
6891:International Crisis Group
6859:Cambridge University Press
6023:. Ian Fisher. March 2001.
5633:International Crisis Group
4990:Clark, John Frank (2002).
3973:Animals and bushmeat trade
3928:Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe
3925:
3922:Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe
3874:
3279:
3153:International Crisis Group
3131:
3101:
3098:Pygmy genocide (2002–2003)
2969:Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement
2841:
2793:International Crisis Group
2758:Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement
2703:Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement
2696:
2431:
2327:Great Lakes refugee crisis
2213:
2210:Kabila's march to Kinshasa
2197:in neighboring countries.
1582:Great Lakes refugee crisis
105:Machine translation, like
18:
11288:
11175:
11154:
11028:
10980:
10895:
10852:
10824:
10815:
10754:
10725:
10680:Second Sudanese Civil War
10672:
10634:
10588:
10544:
10465:
10456:
10424:
10395:
10364:
10324:
10241:
10218:
10209:
10158:
10132:
10106:
10085:
10048:
9994:
9985:
9953:
9924:
9886:
9846:
9837:
9757:
9705:
9637:
9628:
9571:
9562:
9438:
9429:
9372:
9363:
9321:First Congo War (1996–98)
9252:
9204:
9186:
9153:
9144:National Liberation Front
9130:
9101:
9063:
9032:
8991:
8947:
8938:
8899:
8844:
8837:
8723:
8700:
8540:2014 North Kivu offensive
8518:
8473:
8410:
8354:
8311:
8219:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
8165:
8117:
8087:
7860:Baregu, Mwesiga (2002). "
7390:10.1515/9781626370821-003
7150:10.1007/s10708-005-8181-y
7068:Johnson, Dominic (2016).
6518:. BBC News. 23 May 2003.
6450:28 September 2007 at the
4961:"History of the Conflict"
4935:Reyntjens, Filip (2010).
4921:20 September 2021 at the
4882:Ngolet, Francois (2010).
3578:Intl. African Association
3333:
3256:with repeated strikes by
2278:With active support from
2049:
2041:
1908:2014 North Kivu offensive
1867:
1762:
1654:
1550:War in Uganda (1986–1994)
1545:Second Sudanese Civil War
1528:
1483:
1458:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
1294:
1204:
1144:
1130:
1083:
829:
720:Ugandan-aligned militias:
696:Rwandan-aligned militias:
448:
356:
306:
298:
293:
86:the corresponding article
10783:2008 invasion of Anjouan
10380:Civil War (2012–present)
10349:Pool Department conflict
9443:Administrative divisions
9109:Allied Democratic Forces
8688:Western DR Congo clashes
8377:AFD insurgency (1996–99)
7433:African Study Monographs
6465:14 December 2008 at the
6445:'No Zim soldiers in DRC'
5777:. CNN. 18 January 2001.
5060:New York Review of Books
4708:New York Review of Books
4450:Prunier, Gerard (2014).
4156:Deuxième guerre du Congo
4138:
4110:Médecins Sans Frontières
3989:, elephants and more as
3955:period of hyperinflation
3814:, where Rwanda supports
3714:Joseph Kabila presidency
3430:Allied Democratic Forces
3416:were fighting rebels in
3407:
3045:Under the leadership of
2101:Western DR Congo clashes
2081:2011 coup d'etat attempt
11382:Wars involving Zimbabwe
11208:Belgian colonial empire
11101:2008 Nord-Kivu campaign
10778:Hanish Islands conflict
10315:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
10166:Guinea-Bissau Civil War
10008:Herder–farmer conflicts
9932:Western Sahara conflict
9348:M23 rebellion (2012–13)
9289:Belgian Congo (1908–60)
9094:(FDLR, created in 2000)
8678:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
8629:M23 offensive (2022–24)
8530:2008 Nord-Kivu campaign
8448:Assassination of Kabila
8177:Force Publique mutinies
8015:. New York: Zed Books.
8011:Turner, Thomas (2007).
7996:Stearns, Jason (2011).
7985:. New York: Zed Books.
7885:Berkeley, Bill (2001).
7806:Simon Fraser University
7731:The Journal of Politics
7676:Biological Conservation
5749:africa-confidential.com
5334:Ali-Dinar, Ali B. Phd.
4861:, 2012. p. 423ff.
4802:Ernesto "Che" Guevara,
4396:21 January 2010 at the
4097:, 2009 conflict in the
4078:Simon Fraser University
4068:Dispute over death toll
3957:between 2007 and 2009.
3369:
3140:Transitional Government
2998:
2832:
2363:Prime Minister of Zaire
2250:Rwandan Patriotic Front
2096:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
1903:M23 rebellion (2012–13)
1893:2008 Nord-Kivu campaign
1298:Force Publique mutinies
964:José Eduardo dos Santos
152:For more guidance, see
11362:Wars involving Namibia
11352:Wars involving Burundi
11213:Kivu frontier incident
11013:East African Community
10601:Somali–Kenyan conflict
10497:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
10491:Second Afar insurgency
10098:Sierra Leone Civil War
9306:Congo Crisis (1960–65)
9267:Colonization (1867–85)
9115:Lord's Resistance Army
9050:(UNITA, in Second War)
9001:(MLC, created in 1998)
8858:/ FARDC, after Mobutu)
8277:Port Francqui incident
7922:. St. Martin's Press.
7847:, (2009); 53; 934–950.
6601:Cite journal requires
6393:Cite journal requires
6308:Cite journal requires
6255:Cite journal requires
6176:Cite journal requires
5496:Alao, Abiodun (2007).
5451:Cite journal requires
5315:Cite journal requires
5036:21 August 2006 at the
4458:. Barnes & Noble.
4416:29 August 2010 at the
4155:
3803:
3798:Meeting of victims of
3422:Lord's Resistance Army
3308:Namibian Defence Force
3209:Zimbabwe National Army
3201:
3008:
2857:
2785:Rwandan Patriotic Army
2713:Ernest Wamba dia Wamba
2532:
2286:, the Tutsi forces of
2267:of eastern Zaire. The
2012:Kasindi church bombing
1791:October 2020 offensive
1383:Port Francqui incident
1010:Ernest Wamba dia Wamba
830:Commanders and leaders
664:Anti-Burundi militias:
602:Anti-Rwandan militias:
11377:Wars involving Zambia
11372:Wars involving Uganda
11367:Wars involving Rwanda
11347:Wars involving Angola
10860:Bophuthatswana crisis
10524:Oromia–Somali clashes
10443:Boko Haram insurgency
10403:Civil War (2005–2010)
10020:Boko Haram insurgency
9943:Clashes, 2020–present
9170:(UNITA, in First War)
8755:during the Congo Wars
8668:2013 Kinshasa attacks
8391:Operation Thunderbolt
8366:Formation of the AFDL
8319:Stanleyville mutinies
7970:. C. Hurst & Co.
7948:Miller, Eric (2010).
6679:Peter Abbott (2014).
5745:"Who killed Laurent?"
4436:27 April 2012 at the
4062:Virunga National Park
4036:Garamba National Park
3797:
3250:Air Force of Zimbabwe
3174:
3138:On 18 July 2003, the
3006:
2862:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
2851:
2577:hijacked three planes
2499:
2432:Further information:
2288:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
2149:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
2091:2013 Kinshasa attacks
1975:Anti-MONUSCO protests
1597:Formation of the AFDL
1131:Casualties and losses
846:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
772:Foreign state actors:
154:Knowledge:Translation
125:copyright attribution
11275:2014 Mutarule attack
10832:Mozambican Civil War
10792:Burundian conflicts
10772:Djiboutian Civil War
10485:Insurgency in Ogaden
10113:Liberian Civil Wars
10026:Niger Delta conflict
8864:(FAA, in Second War)
8825:Armed groups in the
8673:2014 Mutarule attack
8582:2017 Semuliki attack
8545:2017 CNPSC offensive
8506:Plaine Savo massacre
8150:Masisi-Lubutu revolt
7935:The History of Congo
7777:World Watch Magazine
7610:Conservation Biology
7121:on 29 November 2019.
7026:. 19 December 2005.
6893:. 17 November 1998.
6826:. 25 November 1999.
5902:"Murder in Kinshasa"
5900:programme, Special.
5843:. 11 February 2001.
5721:. 12 February 2001.
5627:26 June 2021 at the
4222:"Africa's great war"
4055:forest fragmentation
3961:Environmental impact
3440:Aftermath and legacy
3306:. In February 1999,
3185:– anti-DRC coalition
2860:On 16 January 2001,
2788:clashed in Kisangani
2587:elements and former
2462:improve this article
1913:2017 CNPSC offensive
1427:Violettes Imperiales
940:Constantine Chiwenga
751:Anti-Angolan forces:
559:Anti-Ugandan forces:
427:Continuation of the
191:improve this article
11357:Wars involving Chad
10871:Lesothan conflicts
10796:1993–2005 Civil War
10514:Afar–Somali clashes
10302:2022–2024 offensive
10297:2012–2013 rebellion
10139:Ivorian Civil Wars
9972:Tunisian revolution
9914:2014–2020 civil war
9894:2008 Kufra conflict
9831:conflicts in Africa
9154:Government-aligned,
8909:(FAA, in First War)
8772:tensions since 2022
8762:Belgian colonialism
8701:Perennial conflicts
8683:2018 Yumbi massacre
8586:Nationwide attacks
8474:Post-2003 conflicts
8397:Overthrow of Mobutu
7937:, Greenwood Press,
7840:24 May 2013 at the
7688:2014BCons.170..321N
7622:2006ConBi..20.1262D
7550:10.1038/nature01566
7542:2003Natur.422..611W
7272:2011PLoSO...627129B
6490:American University
6086:The Washington Post
5650:peacekeeping.un.org
4849:David van Reybrouck
4677:The Daily Telegraph
4648:. 7 December 2012.
4558:. 22 January 2008.
4053:as a result of the
3948:Minister of Finance
3588:Intl. Congo Society
3392:, on 24 September,
3190:– pro-DRC coalition
3149:command-and-control
2959:The Washington Post
2151:turned against his
2133:Great War of Africa
2007:August 2022 attacks
1671:Gbadolite Agreement
1624:Overthrow of Mobutu
1560:Burundian Civil War
387:Military stalemate
334:From top to bottom:
11235:Katanga insurgency
11230:Rwandan Revolution
11066:Massacres of Hutus
11029:Military relations
10998:Sun City Agreement
10918:Colour revolutions
10716:Sudanese civil war
10568:2009–present phase
10309:Batwa–Luba clashes
10178:Casamance conflict
10055:Tuareg rebellions
10015:Religious violence
9961:Algerian Civil War
9877:Terrorism in Egypt
9606:Telecommunications
9453:Court of Cassation
9417:Former place names
8743:Conflict resources
8708:Katanga insurgency
8663:Batwa–Luba clashes
8459:Effacer le tableau
8453:Kisangani massacre
8383:Kichwamba massacre
8371:Massacres of Hutus
8202:Congo-Stanleyville
8157:LĂ©opoldville riots
8130:Batetela rebellion
7176:– via JSTOR.
6952:The New York Times
6921:Human Rights Watch
6775:on 29 October 2013
6547:The New York Times
6419:. 7 October 2002.
6365:. United Nations.
5930:Murder in Kinshasa
5841:The Guardian Staff
5681:The New York Times
5423:. United Nations.
5287:. United Nations.
5261:on 8 December 2021
5198:. 19 August 1998.
4738:"Rwandan Genocide"
4540:on 7 October 2008.
3845:Katanga insurgency
3804:
3728:2019–present
3665:Congo–Léopoldville
3418:Orientale Province
3202:
3114:Effacer le tableau
3104:Effacer le tableau
3051:Sun City Agreement
3009:
2918:Murder in Kinshasa
2858:
2817:was repulsed near
2768:deployed about 90
2736:Muammar al-Gaddafi
2717:Forces for Renewal
2707:Six-Day War (2000)
2533:
2413:Banyamulenge Tutsi
2367:Étienne Tshisekedi
2310:and an admirer of
2300:Great Lakes region
2129:Africa's World War
2086:Batwa–Luba clashes
2059:Katanga insurgency
2027:Kirindera massacre
1806:Nyamamba and Mbogi
1697:Effacer le tableau
1691:Kisangani massacre
1676:Sun City Agreement
1602:Massacres of Hutus
1442:Other major events
1323:Congo-Stanleyville
1250:LĂ©opoldville riots
1243:1944 Kivu uprising
928:Emmerson Mnangagwa
731:Forces for Renewal
392:Sun City Agreement
206:"Second Congo War"
133:interlanguage link
11304:
11303:
11150:
11149:
11146:
11145:
11136:Kishishe massacre
11096:Makobola massacre
11046:Rwandan Civil War
11008:Gorilla Agreement
10926:
10925:
10891:
10890:
10811:
10810:
10762:Rwandan Civil War
10710:Blue Nile clashes
10692:Nomadic conflicts
10648:Nomadic conflicts
10452:
10451:
10291:March 23 Movement
10226:Angolan Civil War
10205:
10204:
9981:
9980:
9793:
9792:
9753:
9752:
9672:Human trafficking
9624:
9623:
9558:
9557:
9526:Political parties
9519:National Assembly
9463:Foreign relations
9425:
9424:
9211:
9210:
9182:
9181:
8934:
8933:
8831:Second Congo Wars
8792:
8791:
8696:
8695:
8658:2011 coup attempt
8641:
8640:
8637:
8636:
8610:
8609:
8514:
8513:
8493:Operation Artemis
8465:ICC investigation
8346:1991 Zaire unrest
8339:Battle of Kolwezi
8181:Secession crisis
8079:Conflicts in the
8021:978-1-84277-689-6
8006:978-1-58648-929-8
7991:978-1-84277-485-4
7976:978-1-85065-523-7
7958:978-3-8383-4027-2
7536:(6932): 611–614.
7079:978-3-86099-743-7
6872:978-0-521-11128-7
5515:978-1-58046-267-9
5116:978-1-85065-523-7
5009:978-1-4039-8244-5
4868:978-0-06-220011-2
4851:(25 March 2014).
4804:The African Dream
4534:"World War Three"
3787:
3786:
3732:
3731:
3631:
3630:
3554:
3553:
3536:Kingdom of Chokwe
3356:Angolan Civil War
3238:Angolan Air Force
3088:Sydney Sekeramayi
3024:International aid
2916:'s documentary, "
2494:
2493:
2486:
2423:Course of the war
2273:political capital
2224:began in 1996 as
2199:Conflict minerals
2137:Great African War
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2036:
2035:
1980:Kishishe massacre
1883:Makobola massacre
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1776:North Night Final
1718:ICC investigation
1637:
1636:
1565:Rwandan Civil War
1555:1991 Zaire unrest
1511:
1510:
1497:Battle of Kolwezi
1466:
1465:
1302:Secession crisis
1162:
1161:
1002:Jean-Pierre Bemba
444:
443:
422:Angolan Civil War
285:
284:
277:
267:
266:
259:
241:
165:
164:
98:
94:
64:
11389:
11317:Second Congo War
11295:
11294:
11245:Rwandan genocide
11203:Ngweshe Chiefdom
11112:
11111:
11084:
11083:
11073:Second Congo War
10975:
10974:
10965:
10964:
10953:
10946:
10939:
10930:
10929:
10866:Caprivi conflict
10822:
10821:
10801:2015–2018 unrest
10607:Likoni massacres
10596:Ethnic conflicts
10558:Somali Civil War
10463:
10462:
10261:Second Congo War
10216:
10215:
9992:
9991:
9871:Post-coup unrest
9865:Sinai insurgency
9844:
9843:
9820:
9813:
9806:
9797:
9796:
9773:
9766:
9635:
9634:
9596:Franc (currency)
9569:
9568:
9436:
9435:
9370:
9369:
9238:
9231:
9224:
9215:
9214:
9033:Anti-government,
8945:
8944:
8856:Mobuto Sese Seko
8842:
8841:
8819:
8812:
8805:
8796:
8795:
8784:Rwandan genocide
8643:
8642:
8612:
8611:
8602:Operation Shujaa
8563:
8562:
8516:
8515:
8478:
8477:
8423:Operation Kitona
8412:Second Congo War
8241:Battle of Kabalo
8097:Congo Free State
8073:
8066:
8059:
8050:
8049:
7848:
7831:
7825:
7824:
7822:
7820:
7814:
7799:
7791:
7785:
7784:
7772:
7763:
7762:
7737:(4): 1243–1255.
7726:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7715:
7667:
7658:
7657:
7616:(4): 1262–1271.
7601:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7520:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7506:
7466:
7460:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7424:
7415:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7374:
7368:
7367:
7361:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7323:
7312:
7311:
7301:
7283:
7251:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7231:
7224:
7212:
7206:
7205:
7200:. Archived from
7187:
7178:
7177:
7144:(1/2): 129–146.
7129:
7123:
7122:
7117:. Archived from
7104:
7098:
7097:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7065:
7056:
7049:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7038:
7032:
7021:
7013:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7002:
6982:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6971:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6932:
6913:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6883:
6877:
6876:
6856:
6846:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6820:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6800:. Archived from
6794:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6780:
6774:
6768:. Archived from
6767:
6759:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6736:. 22 July 2011.
6730:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6704:
6695:
6694:
6676:
6667:
6666:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6617:
6611:
6610:
6604:
6599:
6597:
6589:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6512:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6492:. Archived from
6476:
6470:
6442:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6409:
6403:
6402:
6396:
6391:
6389:
6381:
6379:
6377:
6371:
6364:
6356:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6327:
6318:
6317:
6311:
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5340:africa.upenn.edu
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5168:. 15 June 2018.
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5119:
5101:
5095:
5094:, 10 August 1998
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5045:
5044:, 12 August 1998
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4965:easterncongo.org
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4190:
4168:
4164:
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4149:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3704:Second Congo War
3637:
3636:
3598:Congo Free State
3560:
3559:
3516:Kingdom of Lunda
3496:Kingdom of Kongo
3478:
3477:
3472:
3462:
3444:
3443:
3344:Mobutu Sésé Seko
3071:Luanda Agreement
2866:Palais de Marbre
2766:Security Council
2591:militiamen from
2502:Operation Kitona
2489:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2469:
2446:
2438:
2434:Operation Kitona
2352:
2254:Rwandan genocide
2127:, also known as
2125:Second Congo War
2069:Operation Shujaa
2044:
2038:
2037:
2022:Mukondi massacre
2017:Makugwe massacre
2002:Otomabere attack
1888:Makombo massacre
1862:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1757:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1666:Lusaka Ceasefire
1660:Operation Kitona
1649:
1647:
1646:Second Congo War
1639:
1638:
1577:Rwandan genocide
1523:
1521:
1513:
1512:
1478:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1347:Battle of Kabalo
1289:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1221:Congo Free State
1199:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1073:
1072:
1061:
1060:
1049:
1048:
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481:
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470:
468:
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358:
357:
327:
316:
301:Rwandan genocide
294:Second Congo War
291:
290:
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273:
262:
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242:
240:
199:
175:
167:
144:
138:
111:Google Translate
96:
92:
75:
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67:
56:
34:
33:
26:
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11392:
11391:
11390:
11388:
11387:
11386:
11307:
11306:
11305:
11300:
11284:
11280:Kipupu massacre
11240:Kanyarwanda War
11198:Kaziba Chiefdom
11171:
11142:
11117:
11110:
11082:
11061:Lemera massacre
11051:First Congo War
11041:Simba rebellion
11024:
10993:Pretoria Accord
10976:
10969:
10959:
10957:
10927:
10922:
10887:
10848:
10817:Southern Africa
10807:
10750:
10721:
10668:
10653:Ethnic violence
10630:
10625:Baragoi clashes
10584:
10540:
10448:
10420:
10410:(2016–present)
10391:
10366:
10365:Central African
10360:
10326:
10320:
10249:First Congo War
10237:
10201:
10154:
10128:
10102:
10093:Ndogboyosoi War
10081:
10044:
10028:(2003–present)
10004:(1998–present)
9977:
9949:
9934:(1970–present)
9920:
9882:
9860:2011 revolution
9854:Egyptian Crisis
9833:
9824:
9794:
9789:
9776:
9769:
9762:
9749:
9745:Public holidays
9701:
9620:
9554:
9492:Law enforcement
9421:
9359:
9316:Zaire (1965–97)
9248:
9242:
9212:
9207:
9200:
9178:
9155:
9149:
9126:
9097:
9059:
9034:
9028:
8987:
8940:
8930:
8900:Anti-government
8895:
8838:National armies
8833:
8823:
8793:
8788:
8750:Sexual violence
8738:Mining industry
8725:
8719:
8692:
8633:
8606:
8569:
8561:
8557:Kipupu massacre
8522:
8510:
8484:
8469:
8436:Bogoro massacre
8414:
8406:
8358:
8356:First Congo War
8350:
8324:Shaba invasions
8307:
8294:Simba rebellion
8289:Kwilu rebellion
8284:Kanyarwanda War
8224:UN intervention
8169:
8161:
8135:Battle of Rejaf
8113:
8083:
8077:
8030:
7964:Prunier, Gerard
7889:. Basic Books.
7857:
7855:Further reading
7852:
7851:
7842:Wayback Machine
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7204:on 8 June 2023.
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6804:on 2 April 2015
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6509:
6499:
6497:
6496:on 4 March 2016
6477:
6473:
6467:Wayback Machine
6454:, 8 June 2006.
6452:Wayback Machine
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6215:
6205:
6203:
6202:. 19 March 2002
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5644:
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5629:Wayback Machine
5620:
5616:
5608:Licensed under
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5140:
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5098:
5091:Chicago Tribune
5087:
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5048:
5038:Wayback Machine
5029:
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5010:
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4923:Wayback Machine
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4438:Wayback Machine
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4418:Wayback Machine
4408:
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4398:Wayback Machine
4388:
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4368:
4340:(9504): 44–51.
4329:
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4319:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4280:"Archived copy"
4278:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4252:Prunier, GĂ©rard
4249:
4245:
4235:
4233:
4228:. 4 July 2002.
4220:
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4215:
4208:
4194:Prunier, GĂ©rard
4191:
4182:
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4172:
4171:
4165:
4161:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4091:
4070:
4044:
3975:
3963:
3951:Herbert Murerwa
3943:Financial Times
3930:
3924:
3907:
3905:Economic impact
3879:
3873:
3792:
3783:
3747:
3745:
3718:2001–2019
3708:1998–2003
3698:1996–1997
3694:First Congo War
3688:1971–1997
3669:1960–1971
3659:1960–1965
3648:post–1960
3627:1940–1945
3617:1908–1960
3607:1885–1908
3592:1879–1885
3582:1876–1879
3571:1876–1960
3550:1856–1891
3540:1800–1891
3530:1625–1884
3520:1600–1887
3510:1585–1889
3506:Kingdom of Luba
3500:1390–1914
3460:
3453:
3442:
3410:
3372:
3348:First Congo War
3336:
3282:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3169:
3164:
3136:
3130:
3106:
3100:
3056:Pretoria Accord
3043:
3035:Lake Tanganyika
3001:
2981:
2964:Washington Post
2934:
2846:
2840:
2835:
2721:Yoweri Museveni
2709:
2697:Main articles:
2695:
2589:Pascal Lissouba
2523:
2514:
2505:
2490:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2459:
2447:
2436:
2430:
2425:
2417:First Congo War
2386:
2346:
2344:MoĂŻse Nyarugabo
2304:Patrice Lumumba
2222:First Congo War
2218:
2216:First Congo War
2212:
2207:
2176:Ituri conflicts
2145:First Congo War
2139:, began in the
2121:
2120:
2119:
2110:
2045:
2042:
2032:
2031:
1935:Kipupu massacre
1878:Kasika massacre
1873:Lemera massacre
1863:
1858:
1856:
1819:
1796:Boga and Tchabi
1758:
1753:
1751:
1722:
1708:Pretoria Accord
1703:Bogoro massacre
1650:
1645:
1643:
1633:
1586:
1540:Shaba Invasions
1524:
1520:First Congo War
1519:
1517:
1507:
1479:
1475:Shaba Invasions
1474:
1472:
1462:
1400:Simba rebellion
1395:Kwilu rebellion
1390:Kanyarwanda War
1330:UN intervention
1290:
1285:
1283:
1254:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1158:
1139:
1118:
1112:
1107:
1095:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1051:Yoweri Museveni
1043:
1033:
1031:
1021:
1019:
992:
980:
968:
956:
944:
932:
920:
908:
896:
884:
872:
868:
858:
854:
838:
820:
819:
816:
805:
803:
792:
790:
779:
777:
768:
758:
756:
747:
744:-aligned forces
716:
689:
686:
671:
669:
660:
657:-aligned forces
633:
631:
619:
609:
607:
598:
578:
576:
566:
564:
555:
543:
541:
530:
528:
517:
515:
504:
502:
491:
489:
478:
476:
465:
463:
458:Pro-government:
404:Pretoria Accord
378:
365:
352:
332:
331:
330:
329:
328:
319:
318:
317:
281:
270:
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252:
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200:
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142:
136:
99:
76:
72:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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11193:Bwito Chiefdom
11190:
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11108:
11103:
11098:
11092:
11090:
11081:
11080:
11078:Dongo conflict
11075:
11070:
11069:
11068:
11063:
11058:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11032:
11030:
11026:
11025:
11023:
11022:
11021:
11020:
11010:
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11000:
10995:
10990:
10984:
10982:
10978:
10977:
10956:
10955:
10948:
10941:
10933:
10924:
10923:
10921:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10899:
10897:
10896:Related topics
10893:
10892:
10889:
10888:
10886:
10885:
10884:
10883:
10878:
10869:
10863:
10856:
10854:
10850:
10849:
10847:
10846:
10845:(2017–present)
10840:
10835:
10828:
10826:
10819:
10813:
10812:
10809:
10808:
10806:
10805:
10804:
10803:
10798:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10769:
10758:
10756:
10752:
10751:
10749:
10748:
10745:Kasese clashes
10742:
10741:(1996–present)
10736:
10735:(1987–present)
10729:
10727:
10723:
10722:
10720:
10719:
10718:(2023–present)
10713:
10707:
10701:
10695:
10694:(2009–present)
10689:
10683:
10676:
10674:
10670:
10669:
10667:
10666:
10661:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10638:
10636:
10632:
10631:
10629:
10628:
10622:
10616:
10610:
10604:
10603:(1963–present)
10598:
10592:
10590:
10586:
10585:
10583:
10582:
10577:
10576:
10575:
10570:
10565:
10555:
10554:(1998–present)
10548:
10546:
10542:
10541:
10539:
10538:
10537:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10506:
10500:
10494:
10488:
10482:
10481:
10480:
10473:Oromo conflict
10469:
10467:
10460:
10454:
10453:
10450:
10449:
10447:
10446:
10445:(2009–present)
10440:
10439:(1987–present)
10434:
10428:
10426:
10422:
10421:
10419:
10418:
10417:
10416:
10414:2021 offensive
10405:
10399:
10397:
10393:
10392:
10390:
10389:
10388:
10387:
10377:
10370:
10368:
10362:
10361:
10359:
10358:
10352:
10346:
10345:
10344:
10339:
10330:
10328:
10322:
10321:
10319:
10318:
10312:
10306:
10305:
10304:
10299:
10288:
10287:(2009–present)
10285:Ituri conflict
10282:
10279:Dongo conflict
10276:
10275:(2004–present)
10270:
10267:Ituri conflict
10264:
10258:
10257:(1996–present)
10252:
10245:
10243:
10239:
10238:
10236:
10235:
10234:(1975–present)
10229:
10222:
10220:
10213:
10211:Central Africa
10207:
10206:
10203:
10202:
10200:
10199:
10198:(2020–present)
10193:
10192:
10191:
10181:
10180:(1982–present)
10175:
10172:Guinea clashes
10169:
10162:
10160:
10156:
10155:
10153:
10152:
10151:
10150:
10145:
10136:
10134:
10130:
10129:
10127:
10126:
10125:
10124:
10119:
10110:
10108:
10104:
10103:
10101:
10100:
10095:
10089:
10087:
10083:
10082:
10080:
10079:
10078:(2012–present)
10073:
10072:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10052:
10050:
10046:
10045:
10043:
10042:
10041:(2021–present)
10036:
10035:
10034:
10023:
10022:(2009–present)
10017:
10012:
10011:
10010:
9998:
9996:
9989:
9983:
9982:
9979:
9978:
9976:
9975:
9969:
9964:
9957:
9955:
9951:
9950:
9948:
9947:
9946:
9945:
9940:
9938:War, 1975–1991
9928:
9926:
9925:Western Sahara
9922:
9921:
9919:
9918:
9917:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9904:2011 civil war
9896:
9890:
9888:
9884:
9883:
9881:
9880:
9879:(2013–present)
9874:
9868:
9867:(2011–present)
9862:
9857:
9850:
9848:
9841:
9835:
9834:
9823:
9822:
9815:
9808:
9800:
9791:
9790:
9788:
9787:
9782:
9775:
9774:
9767:
9759:
9758:
9755:
9754:
9751:
9750:
9748:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9722:
9717:
9711:
9709:
9703:
9702:
9700:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9642:Child marriage
9638:
9632:
9626:
9625:
9622:
9621:
9619:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9572:
9566:
9560:
9559:
9556:
9555:
9553:
9552:
9551:
9550:
9543:Prime Minister
9540:
9539:
9538:
9528:
9523:
9522:
9521:
9516:
9506:
9505:
9504:
9502:Chief of Staff
9494:
9489:
9488:
9487:
9477:
9472:
9471:
9470:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9439:
9433:
9427:
9426:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9373:
9367:
9361:
9360:
9358:
9357:
9356:
9355:
9350:
9340:
9339:
9338:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9297:
9296:
9286:
9285:
9284:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9258:
9256:
9250:
9249:
9247: articles
9241:
9240:
9233:
9226:
9218:
9209:
9208:
9205:
9202:
9201:
9199:
9198:
9192:
9190:
9188:United Nations
9184:
9183:
9180:
9179:
9177:
9176:
9171:
9165:
9159:
9157:
9151:
9150:
9148:
9147:
9141:
9134:
9132:
9128:
9127:
9125:
9124:
9118:
9112:
9105:
9103:
9099:
9098:
9096:
9095:
9089:
9083:
9073:
9067:
9065:
9061:
9060:
9058:
9057:
9051:
9045:
9038:
9036:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9026:
9020:
9014:
9008:
9002:
8995:
8993:
8992:Uganda-aligned
8989:
8988:
8986:
8985:
8979:
8978:in South Kivu)
8969:
8964:
8958:
8951:
8949:
8948:Rwanda-aligned
8942:
8936:
8935:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8928:
8922:
8916:
8910:
8903:
8901:
8897:
8896:
8894:
8893:
8887:
8882:
8876:
8871:
8865:
8859:
8848:
8846:
8845:Pro-government
8839:
8835:
8834:
8822:
8821:
8814:
8807:
8799:
8790:
8789:
8787:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8775:
8774:
8764:
8759:
8758:
8757:
8747:
8746:
8745:
8735:
8733:Child soldiers
8729:
8727:
8726:related topics
8721:
8720:
8718:
8717:
8716:(1987–present)
8711:
8710:(1963–present)
8704:
8702:
8698:
8697:
8694:
8693:
8691:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8653:Dongo conflict
8649:
8647:
8639:
8638:
8635:
8634:
8632:
8631:
8626:
8620:
8618:
8608:
8607:
8605:
8604:
8599:
8598:
8597:
8592:
8584:
8579:
8573:
8571:
8567:AFD insurgency
8560:
8559:
8554:
8553:
8552:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8526:
8524:
8523:(2004–present)
8512:
8511:
8509:
8508:
8503:
8496:
8488:
8486:
8482:Ituri conflict
8475:
8471:
8470:
8468:
8467:
8462:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8439:
8438:
8430:Ituri conflict
8426:
8418:
8416:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8387:
8386:
8385:
8373:
8368:
8362:
8360:
8352:
8351:
8349:
8348:
8343:
8342:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8321:
8315:
8313:
8309:
8308:
8306:
8305:
8304:
8303:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8280:
8279:
8274:
8272:Kindu atrocity
8269:
8262:
8261:
8260:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8205:
8204:
8199:
8198:
8197:
8187:
8179:
8173:
8171:
8163:
8162:
8160:
8159:
8154:
8153:
8152:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8125:Congo Arab war
8121:
8119:
8115:
8114:
8112:
8111:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8094:
8088:
8085:
8084:
8076:
8075:
8068:
8061:
8053:
8047:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8029:
8028:External links
8026:
8025:
8024:
8009:
7994:
7979:
7961:
7946:
7931:
7916:
7901:Clark, John F.
7898:
7883:
7856:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7826:
7786:
7764:
7743:10.1086/708241
7721:
7659:
7591:
7512:
7461:
7445:10.14989/91451
7416:
7398:
7369:
7313:
7266:(11): e27129.
7243:
7207:
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6977:
6938:
6908:
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6841:
6815:
6786:
6751:
6725:
6696:
6690:978-1782000761
6689:
6668:
6653:
6636:
6630:978-1909384668
6629:
6612:
6603:|journal=
6572:
6533:
6507:
6486:Case Study 163
6471:
6434:
6404:
6395:|journal=
6348:
6319:
6310:|journal=
6266:
6257:|journal=
6213:
6187:
6178:|journal=
6137:
6111:
6072:
6038:
6012:
5986:
5947:
5919:
5904:. Al Jazeera.
5892:
5858:
5825:
5792:
5766:
5736:
5706:
5667:
5637:
5614:
5594:(2): 659–682.
5567:
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5514:
5488:
5462:
5453:|journal=
5408:
5389:
5374:
5357:
5326:
5317:|journal=
5272:
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5231:
5213:
5183:
5153:
5138:
5120:
5104:Gerard Prunier
5096:
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5008:
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4952:
4945:
4927:
4907:
4892:
4874:
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4778:978-1317276432
4777:
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4464:
4442:
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4382:
4317:
4271:
4265:978-0199754205
4264:
4243:
4213:
4207:978-0199754205
4206:
4179:
4178:
4176:
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4159:
4143:
4142:
4140:
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4136:
4135:
4124:
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4101:
4095:Dongo conflict
4090:
4087:
4069:
4066:
4043:
4040:
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3962:
3959:
3926:Main article:
3923:
3920:
3906:
3903:
3872:
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3830:Ituri conflict
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3522:
3521:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:pre–1876
3486:
3474:
3473:
3465:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3409:
3406:
3371:
3368:
3335:
3332:
3324:European Union
3281:
3278:
3266:Mil Mi-24 Hind
3262:Hawker Hunters
3224:-manufactured
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3132:Main article:
3129:
3126:
3102:Main article:
3099:
3096:
3042:
3039:
3000:
2997:
2980:
2977:
2933:
2930:
2875:Rashidi Mizele
2842:Main article:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2751:Ituri conflict
2699:Ituri conflict
2694:
2691:
2676:Nelson Mandela
2492:
2491:
2450:
2448:
2441:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2405:CĂ©lestin Kifwa
2401:James Kabarebe
2385:
2382:
2214:Main article:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2076:Dongo conflict
2073:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1997:Masambo attack
1994:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
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1875:
1869:
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1824:
1821:
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1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:Ituri conflict
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1742:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1720:
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1392:
1387:
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1385:
1380:
1378:Kindu atrocity
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1326:
1325:
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1053:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1015:Laurent Nkunda
1012:
1004:
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978:
966:
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952:Perrance Shiri
942:
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832:
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474:
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429:Ituri conflict
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11178:
11174:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11159:
11157:
11153:
11137:
11134:
11133:
11132:
11131:M23 offensive
11129:
11127:
11126:M23 rebellion
11124:
11123:
11121:
11119:
11113:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11093:
11091:
11089:
11088:Kivu conflict
11085:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11053:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11033:
11031:
11027:
11019:
11016:
11015:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10985:
10983:
10979:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10954:
10949:
10947:
10942:
10940:
10935:
10934:
10931:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10903:War on terror
10901:
10900:
10898:
10894:
10882:
10879:
10876:
10873:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10864:
10861:
10858:
10857:
10855:
10851:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10833:
10830:
10829:
10827:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10814:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10793:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10773:
10770:
10767:
10763:
10760:
10759:
10757:
10753:
10746:
10743:
10740:
10737:
10734:
10731:
10730:
10728:
10724:
10717:
10714:
10711:
10708:
10705:
10704:Heglig Crisis
10702:
10699:
10696:
10693:
10690:
10687:
10686:War in Darfur
10684:
10681:
10678:
10677:
10675:
10671:
10665:
10662:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10643:
10642:Heglig Crisis
10640:
10639:
10637:
10633:
10626:
10623:
10620:
10617:
10614:
10613:Kenyan crisis
10611:
10608:
10605:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10593:
10591:
10587:
10581:
10578:
10574:
10571:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10561:
10560:
10559:
10556:
10553:
10550:
10549:
10547:
10543:
10535:
10534:War in Amhara
10532:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10511:
10510:
10507:
10504:
10501:
10498:
10495:
10492:
10489:
10486:
10483:
10479:
10476:
10475:
10474:
10471:
10470:
10468:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10455:
10444:
10441:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10429:
10427:
10423:
10415:
10412:
10411:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10400:
10398:
10394:
10386:
10383:
10382:
10381:
10378:
10375:
10372:
10371:
10369:
10363:
10356:
10353:
10350:
10347:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10334:
10332:
10331:
10329:
10323:
10316:
10313:
10310:
10307:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10286:
10283:
10280:
10277:
10274:
10273:Kivu conflict
10271:
10268:
10265:
10262:
10259:
10256:
10253:
10250:
10247:
10246:
10244:
10240:
10233:
10230:
10227:
10224:
10223:
10221:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10208:
10197:
10194:
10190:
10187:
10186:
10185:
10182:
10179:
10176:
10173:
10170:
10167:
10164:
10163:
10161:
10157:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10140:
10138:
10137:
10135:
10133:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
10131:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10114:
10112:
10111:
10109:
10105:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10090:
10088:
10084:
10077:
10074:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10056:
10054:
10053:
10051:
10047:
10040:
10037:
10033:
10032:2016 conflict
10030:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10009:
10006:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9999:
9997:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9984:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9962:
9959:
9958:
9956:
9952:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9923:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9901:
9900:
9899:Libyan Crisis
9897:
9895:
9892:
9891:
9889:
9885:
9878:
9875:
9872:
9869:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9855:
9852:
9851:
9849:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9836:
9832:
9829:
9821:
9816:
9814:
9809:
9807:
9802:
9801:
9798:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9777:
9772:
9768:
9765:
9761:
9760:
9756:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9712:
9710:
9708:
9704:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9692:Social issues
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9639:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9627:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9573:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9561:
9549:
9546:
9545:
9544:
9541:
9537:
9534:
9533:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9511:
9510:
9507:
9503:
9500:
9499:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9486:
9483:
9482:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9469:
9466:
9465:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9440:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9428:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9387:Deforestation
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9374:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9362:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9345:
9344:
9343:Kivu conflict
9341:
9337:
9334:
9333:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9295:
9292:
9291:
9290:
9287:
9283:
9280:
9279:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9262:Early history
9260:
9259:
9257:
9255:
9251:
9246:
9239:
9234:
9232:
9227:
9225:
9220:
9219:
9216:
9203:
9197:
9194:
9193:
9191:
9189:
9185:
9175:
9172:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9160:
9158:
9152:
9146:(FLN/FROLINA)
9145:
9142:
9139:
9136:
9135:
9133:
9129:
9122:
9119:
9116:
9113:
9110:
9107:
9106:
9104:
9100:
9093:
9090:
9087:
9084:
9081:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9068:
9066:
9062:
9055:
9052:
9049:
9046:
9043:
9040:
9039:
9037:
9031:
9024:
9021:
9018:
9015:
9012:
9009:
9006:
9003:
9000:
8997:
8996:
8994:
8990:
8983:
8980:
8977:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8962:
8959:
8956:
8953:
8952:
8950:
8946:
8943:
8937:
8926:
8923:
8920:
8917:
8914:
8911:
8908:
8905:
8904:
8902:
8898:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8869:
8866:
8863:
8860:
8857:
8853:
8850:
8849:
8847:
8843:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8820:
8815:
8813:
8808:
8806:
8801:
8800:
8797:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8773:
8770:
8769:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8756:
8753:
8752:
8751:
8748:
8744:
8741:
8740:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8730:
8728:
8722:
8715:
8712:
8709:
8706:
8705:
8703:
8699:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8650:
8648:
8644:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8624:M23 rebellion
8622:
8621:
8619:
8617:
8613:
8603:
8600:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8587:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8577:Beni massacre
8575:
8574:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8558:
8555:
8551:
8550:Uvira clashes
8548:
8547:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8527:
8525:
8521:
8520:Kivu conflict
8517:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8501:
8497:
8495:
8494:
8490:
8489:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8476:
8472:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8460:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8437:
8434:
8433:
8432:
8431:
8427:
8425:
8424:
8420:
8419:
8417:
8413:
8409:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8392:
8388:
8384:
8381:
8380:
8379:
8378:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8347:
8344:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8326:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8316:
8314:
8310:
8302:
8301:
8297:
8296:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8256:
8255:
8254:
8253:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8236:Niemba ambush
8234:
8232:
8231:
8227:
8226:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8203:
8200:
8196:
8193:
8192:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8182:
8180:
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8175:
8174:
8172:
8168:
8164:
8158:
8155:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8122:
8120:
8116:
8110:
8109:Belgian Congo
8107:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8089:
8086:
8082:
8074:
8069:
8067:
8062:
8060:
8055:
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8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8031:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8010:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7980:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7962:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7944:
7943:0-313-31696-1
7940:
7936:
7932:
7929:
7928:0-312-30486-2
7925:
7921:
7917:
7914:
7913:1-4039-6723-7
7910:
7906:
7902:
7899:
7896:
7895:0-465-00642-6
7892:
7888:
7884:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7868:
7863:
7859:
7858:
7846:
7843:
7839:
7836:
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7811:
7807:
7803:
7796:
7790:
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7752:
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7709:
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7697:
7693:
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7673:
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7623:
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7607:
7600:
7598:
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7579:
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7559:
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7547:
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7535:
7531:
7527:
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7500:
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7492:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7465:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7423:
7421:
7405:
7401:
7399:9781626370821
7395:
7391:
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7339:
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7211:
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6682:
6675:
6673:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6654:1-85743-183-9
6650:
6646:
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5635:. 4 May 2000.
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5375:1-85743-227-4
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4893:9781403975751
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4771:. Routledge.
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4506:9781554588787
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4226:The Economist
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4047:
4042:Deforestation
4039:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3994:had been the
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3820:Kivu conflict
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3808:
3807:
3801:
3796:
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3613:Belgian Congo
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3483:Early history
3480:
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3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3243:combined arms
3239:
3235:
3234:EE-9 Cascavel
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3205:Robert Mugabe
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3159:
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3150:
3144:
3141:
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3005:
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2986:
2976:
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2965:
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2943:
2939:
2938:Joseph Kabila
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
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2823:African Union
2820:
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2800:
2796:
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2733:Libyan leader
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2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:hydroelectric
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2451:This section
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2420:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2402:
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2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2282:, Rwanda and
2281:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2269:Mobutu regime
2266:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:refugee camps
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2181:In 2008, the
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
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2092:
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2070:
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2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2039:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1990:2nd Kitshanga
1988:
1986:
1985:1st Kitshanga
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:Kagogo ambush
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1918:Uvira clashes
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1860:Kivu conflict
1853:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
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1612:
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1609:
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1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
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1580:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
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1530:
1527:
1522:
1514:
1505:
1502:
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1488:
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1482:
1477:
1469:
1459:
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1443:
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1407:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1342:Niemba ambush
1340:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
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1301:
1299:
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1280:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:Belgian Congo
1231:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1195:Conflicts in
1189:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1154:
1151:
1150:excess deaths
1148:5.4 million+
1147:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1075:Pierre Buyoya
1071:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1039:AntĂłnio Dembo
1030:
1028:
1027:Jonas Savimbi
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:
994:
989:
984:
979:
977:
976:JoĂŁo de Matos
972:
967:
965:
960:
955:
953:
948:
943:
941:
936:
931:
929:
924:
919:
917:
916:Robert Mugabe
912:
907:
905:
904:Martin Shalli
900:
895:
893:
892:Dimo Hamaambo
888:
883:
881:
876:
871:
867:
866:Joseph Kabila
862:
857:
853:
852:
847:
842:
837:
836:
834:
833:
828:
824:
813:
802:
800:
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787:
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773:
770:
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749:
743:
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501:
499:
488:
486:
475:
473:
462:
461:
459:
456:
455:
453:
452:
447:
437:
436:Kivu conflict
434:Start of the
433:
430:
426:
423:
419:
416:
412:
408:
405:
402:
399:
398:Joseph Kabila
395:
393:
390:
389:
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385:
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381:
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250:
247:February 2016
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236:
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215:
211:
208: –
207:
203:
202:Find sources:
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192:
186:
185:
180:This article
178:
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168:
155:
151:
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140:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:
112:
108:
104:
102:
101:
95:
89:
87:
82:You can help
78:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
11290:
11188:Banyamulenge
11072:
10764: /
10327:of the Congo
10260:
10086:Sierra Leone
9839:North Africa
9682:Prostitution
9657:Demographics
9581:Central Bank
9480:Human rights
9448:Constitution
9382:Conservation
9325:
9294:World War II
9131:Anti-Burundi
9011:RCD-National
8972:Banyamulenge
8941:rebel groups
8939:Militias and
8854:(FAZ, under
8830:
8616:M23 conflict
8498:
8491:
8457:
8428:
8421:
8411:
8390:
8375:
8300:Dragon Rouge
8299:
8265:
8258:Camp Massart
8251:
8229:
8167:Congo Crisis
8092:Colonization
8012:
7997:
7982:
7967:
7949:
7934:
7919:
7904:
7886:
7865:
7844:
7829:
7817:. Retrieved
7789:
7780:
7776:
7734:
7730:
7724:
7712:. Retrieved
7679:
7675:
7613:
7609:
7582:. Retrieved
7533:
7529:
7503:. Retrieved
7478:
7474:
7464:
7453:, retrieved
7436:
7432:
7408:, retrieved
7381:
7372:
7346:. Retrieved
7328:
7263:
7259:
7234:. Retrieved
7218:Cato Journal
7217:
7210:
7202:the original
7195:
7141:
7137:
7127:
7119:the original
7112:
7102:
7088:
7069:
7052:
7047:
7035:. Retrieved
7023:
7011:
6999:. Retrieved
6991:The Guardian
6990:
6980:
6968:. Retrieved
6951:
6941:
6929:. Retrieved
6911:
6899:. Retrieved
6881:
6852:
6844:
6832:. Retrieved
6818:
6806:. Retrieved
6802:the original
6777:. Retrieved
6770:the original
6742:. Retrieved
6728:
6716:. Retrieved
6680:
6644:
6639:
6620:
6615:
6594:cite journal
6575:
6563:. Retrieved
6546:
6536:
6524:. Retrieved
6510:
6498:. Retrieved
6494:the original
6485:
6474:
6455:
6425:. Retrieved
6416:
6407:
6386:cite journal
6374:. Retrieved
6339:. Retrieved
6301:cite journal
6289:. Retrieved
6269:
6248:cite journal
6236:. Retrieved
6216:
6204:. Retrieved
6199:
6190:
6169:cite journal
6157:. Retrieved
6128:. Retrieved
6114:
6102:. Retrieved
6085:
6075:
6063:. Retrieved
6054:
6029:. Retrieved
6015:
6003:. Retrieved
5989:
5979:12 September
5977:. Retrieved
5960:
5950:
5939:, retrieved
5929:
5922:
5910:. Retrieved
5895:
5883:. Retrieved
5874:
5849:. Retrieved
5840:
5816:. Retrieved
5807:
5783:. Retrieved
5769:
5757:. Retrieved
5748:
5739:
5727:. Retrieved
5709:
5697:. Retrieved
5680:
5670:
5658:. Retrieved
5649:
5640:
5632:
5617:
5600:. Retrieved
5591:
5585:
5557:. Retrieved
5549:Crisis Group
5548:
5499:
5491:
5479:. Retrieved
5465:
5444:cite journal
5432:. Retrieved
5411:
5403:ResearchGate
5402:
5392:
5365:
5360:
5348:. Retrieved
5339:
5329:
5308:cite journal
5296:. Retrieved
5275:
5263:. Retrieved
5259:the original
5249:
5222:
5216:
5204:. Retrieved
5195:
5186:
5174:. Retrieved
5166:Crisis Group
5165:
5156:
5129:
5123:
5107:
5099:
5089:
5084:
5072:. Retrieved
5063:
5059:
5049:
5026:
4993:
4985:
4973:. Retrieved
4964:
4955:
4936:
4930:
4910:
4883:
4877:
4853:
4828:. Retrieved
4803:
4768:
4762:
4752:13 September
4750:. Retrieved
4741:
4732:
4720:. Retrieved
4711:
4707:
4697:
4685:. Retrieved
4676:
4666:
4654:. Retrieved
4646:The Guardian
4645:
4636:
4624:. Retrieved
4595:. Retrieved
4586:
4576:
4564:. Retrieved
4555:
4546:
4538:the original
4527:
4515:. Retrieved
4495:
4469:. Retrieved
4453:
4445:
4425:
4411:Congo Crisis
4405:
4385:
4373:. Retrieved
4337:
4333:
4320:
4294:. Retrieved
4274:
4255:
4246:
4234:. Retrieved
4225:
4216:
4197:
4162:
4147:
4126:
4125:
4103:
4083:
4071:
4059:
4048:
4045:
4028:
4020:
4008:
3980:
3976:
3964:
3941:
3931:
3912:
3908:
3895:
3880:
3865:
3850:
3812:Banyamulenge
3805:
3703:
3681: /
3655:Congo Crisis
3647:
3642:Independence
3640:
3623:World War II
3570:
3565:Colonization
3563:
3546:Yeke Kingdom
3526:Kuba Kingdom
3488:
3481:
3411:
3377:Françafrique
3375:
3373:
3364:power vacuum
3337:
3320:South Africa
3317:
3301:
3283:
3247:
3214:
3203:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3157:
3145:
3137:
3107:
3092:
3084:
3068:
3047:South Africa
3044:
3028:
3021:
3013:Banyamulenge
3010:
2982:
2963:
2957:
2935:
2925:
2908:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2859:
2815:Ubangi River
2812:
2801:
2797:
2778:
2763:
2755:
2743:Emile Ilunga
2740:
2710:
2688:
2660:
2625:
2617:
2574:
2562:
2534:
2524:
2515:
2506:
2480:
2471:
2460:Please help
2455:verification
2452:
2409:
2398:
2387:
2371:
2355:
2324:
2277:
2265:Banyamulenge
2258:
2219:
2187:World War II
2180:
2161:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2122:
1695:
1658:
1644:
1607:
1589:
1532:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1406:Dragon Rouge
1405:
1371:
1364:Camp Massart
1357:
1335:
1287:Congo Crisis
1216:Colonization
1208:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1097:Interahamwe:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1006:
998:
850:
771:
750:
719:
712:Banyamulenge
695:
663:
601:
558:
457:
449:Belligerents
400:as president
386:
333:
286:
271:
253:
244:
234:
227:
220:
213:
201:
189:Please help
184:verification
181:
129:edit summary
120:
93:(April 2023)
91:
83:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
10913:Arab Winter
10908:Arab Spring
10877:(1998–1999)
10868:(1994–1999)
10834:(1977–1992)
10774:(1991–1994)
10768:(1990–1994)
10712:(2022–2023)
10700:(2011–2020)
10688:(2003–2020)
10682:(1983–2005)
10660:(2013–2020)
10635:South Sudan
10621:(2012–2013)
10615:(2007–2008)
10505:(2000–2018)
10499:(1998–2000)
10493:(1995–2018)
10487:(1994–2018)
10458:East Africa
10376:(2004–2007)
10357:(2016–2017)
10351:(2002–2003)
10333:Civil wars
10317:(2016–2019)
10311:(2013–2018)
10269:(1999–2007)
10263:(1998–2003)
10251:(1996–1997)
10232:Cabinda War
10228:(1975–2002)
10168:(1998–1999)
9987:West Africa
9974:(2010–2011)
9963:(1991–2002)
9873:(2013–2014)
9856:(2011–2014)
9576:Agriculture
9102:Anti-Uganda
9080:Interahamwe
9071:Interahamwe
9064:Anti-Rwanda
8570:(Post-2007)
8485:(Post-2003)
8443:Six-Day War
8415:(1998–2003)
8359:(1996–1997)
8190:South Kasai
8170:(1960–1965)
7783:(1): 14–21.
7682:: 321–328.
7481:(12): 670.
7001:3 September
6586:resrep12240
6458:. See also
6200:voanews.com
6104:16 February
6065:16 February
5941:3 September
5808:Le Monde.fr
5196:ipsnews.net
5074:27 February
4722:27 February
4656:13 December
4517:16 February
4389:(20100120)
4375:27 December
4112:in DR Congo
4051:edge effect
3967:Congo Basin
3459:History of
3382:Francophone
3270:Chengdu J-7
3064:Interahamwe
2946:Paul Kagame
2672:Paul Kagame
2593:Brazzaville
2392:(DRC) from
2347: [
2316:Che Guevara
2292:Congo River
2248:-dominated
1801:Plaine Savo
1681:Six-Day War
1608:Thunderbolt
1420:White Giant
1413:Dragon Noir
1311:South Kasai
1238:during WWII
1152:(1998–2008)
1063:Paul Kagame
988:Idriss DĂ©by
869:(2001–2003)
855:(1997–2001)
823:a short war
639:Interahamwe
420:End of the
11342:Proxy wars
11311:Categories
10825:Mozambique
10529:Tigray War
9647:Corruption
9509:Parliament
9475:Government
9392:Ecoregions
9282:Atrocities
9140:(CNDD-FDD)
9056:(in Ituri)
8724:Overview /
8246:Jadotville
8102:Atrocities
7819:21 January
7197:Al Jazeera
7138:GeoJournal
6993:. London.
6931:4 December
6861:. p.
6456:The Herald
6031:29 October
5885:25 October
5851:25 October
5818:25 October
5759:25 October
5699:25 October
4830:29 October
4679:. London.
4626:21 January
4597:22 January
4566:30 January
4471:20 October
4236:7 February
4175:References
4076:(HSRP) of
3938:World Bank
3889:in Congo.
3875:See also:
3753:DRC Portal
3737:See also:
3602:Atrocities
3386:Libreville
3296:'s ruling
3286:Sam Nujoma
3254:Mbuji-Mayi
3218:battalions
3193:Light blue
2944:President
2914:Al-Jazeera
2513:and allies
2474:March 2011
2312:Mao Zedong
2205:Background
2170:, and the
1619:Kinsangani
1614:Lubumbashi
1533:Background
1352:Jadotville
1226:Atrocities
1209:Background
880:Sam Nujoma
345:South Kivu
217:newspapers
46:improve it
11155:Incidents
10981:Diplomacy
10658:Civil War
10342:1997–1999
10337:1993–1994
10293:conflict
10148:2010–2011
10143:2002–2007
10122:1999–2003
10117:1989–1996
10064:2007–2009
10059:1990–1995
9677:Languages
9662:Education
9616:Transport
9586:Companies
9531:President
9458:Elections
9407:Volcanoes
9397:Mountains
9365:Geography
8982:RCD-Congo
8921:(RPF/RDF)
8312:1966–1995
8266:Grandslam
8230:Rum Punch
7880:1027-0353
7759:213051823
7751:0022-3816
7704:0006-3207
7638:0888-8892
7558:1476-4687
7495:0169-5347
7358:cite book
7338:951605195
7290:1932-6203
7220:, 29 (2)"
7174:154159372
7158:0343-2521
6960:0362-4331
6555:0362-4331
6526:8 January
6094:0190-8286
5969:0882-7729
5912:30 August
5729:20 August
5719:IRIN News
5689:0362-4331
5610:CC BY 4.0
5018:647537048
4902:612963298
4787:941068226
3835:Northern
3312:battalion
3258:BAE Hawks
3230:Crocodile
3188:Dark blue
3116:" by the
2993:sanctions
2854:Gbadolite
2774:ceasefire
2693:1999–2000
2608:Kisangani
2553:lynchings
2531:'s allies
2522:'s allies
2428:1998–1999
2411:were the
2256:of 1994.
2191:displaced
2135:, or the
1372:Grandslam
1336:Rum Punch
1104:RCD-Goma:
552:(alleged)
147:talk page
88:in German
52:talk page
11297:Category
11118:Movement
11116:March 23
10766:genocide
10466:Ethiopia
10374:Bush War
10367:Republic
10355:Pool War
10325:Republic
10242:DR Congo
10076:Mali War
9828:Cold War
9780:Category
9730:Football
9687:Religion
9497:Military
9431:Politics
9412:Wildlife
9044:(SPLA/M)
8974:(ethnic
8967:RCD–Goma
8890:Zimbabwe
8334:Shaba II
8195:Invasion
8118:Pre-1960
7966:(2009).
7903:(2002).
7838:Archived
7810:Archived
7708:Archived
7654:25757273
7646:16922242
7578:Archived
7566:12679788
7499:Archived
7449:archived
7404:archived
7342:Archived
7308:22096529
7260:PLOS ONE
7227:Archived
7166:41147983
7114:BBC News
7037:20 March
7028:Archived
6995:Archived
6964:Archived
6925:Archived
6923:. 1999.
6895:Archived
6828:Archived
6808:23 April
6738:Archived
6712:Archived
6663:52621809
6565:18 March
6559:Archived
6520:Archived
6463:Archived
6448:Archived
6427:13 March
6421:Archived
6376:13 March
6367:Archived
6341:13 March
6335:Archived
6291:13 March
6282:Archived
6238:13 March
6229:Archived
6159:13 March
6153:Archived
6130:25 March
6124:Archived
6098:Archived
6059:Archived
6055:wsws.org
6025:Archived
5999:Archived
5973:Archived
5935:archived
5906:Archived
5879:Archived
5845:Archived
5812:Archived
5785:12 March
5779:Archived
5753:Archived
5723:Archived
5693:Archived
5660:12 March
5654:Archived
5625:Archived
5596:Archived
5553:Archived
5524:85851531
5481:12 March
5475:Archived
5434:12 March
5425:Archived
5384:53387477
5350:12 March
5344:Archived
5298:12 March
5289:Archived
5265:12 March
5241:44979803
5206:11 March
5200:Archived
5176:11 March
5170:Archived
5148:53398145
5068:Archived
5042:BBC News
5034:Archived
4975:11 March
4969:Archived
4919:Archived
4824:Archived
4746:Archived
4716:Archived
4681:Archived
4650:Archived
4620:Archived
4591:Archived
4560:Archived
4511:Archived
4434:Archived
4414:Archived
4400:BBC News
4394:Archived
4366:Archived
4354:16399152
4306:cite web
4287:Archived
4254:(2009).
4230:Archived
4196:(2009).
4127:General:
4089:See also
4085:deaths.
4031:bushmeat
4024:bushmeat
4016:poaching
4011:bushmeat
3996:Bongando
3991:bushmeat
3987:gorillas
3936:and the
3916:Équateur
3861:Kinshasa
3839:, where
3816:RCD-Goma
3450:a series
3448:Part of
3428:and the
3294:Windhoek
3274:Eland-90
3167:Zimbabwe
3122:genocide
3060:Pretoria
2893:Le Monde
2870:Zimbabwe
2783:and the
2680:Windhoek
2636:Zimbabwe
2565:genocide
2374:Kinshasa
1940:Kangbayi
1811:Response
1492:Shaba II
1316:Invasion
1197:DR Congo
1091:Mai Mai:
1084:Strength
707:RCD-Goma
677:CNDD-FDD
537:Zimbabwe
472:DR Congo
371:Location
123:provide
11265:MONUSCO
11176:Related
10545:Somalia
10107:Liberia
9995:Nigeria
9764:Outline
9720:Cuisine
9707:Culture
9630:Society
9611:Tourism
9564:Economy
9254:History
9196:MONUSCO
9163:Mai-Mai
8913:Burundi
8879:Namibia
8779:MONUSCO
8595:2021–24
8329:Shaba I
8185:Katanga
7714:19 July
7684:Bibcode
7618:Bibcode
7584:19 July
7574:5905831
7538:Bibcode
7505:19 July
7455:15 July
7410:15 July
7348:19 July
7299:3212536
7268:Bibcode
7236:11 July
6901:26 June
6779:18 June
6500:21 July
6417:UN News
6206:13 June
6005:15 July
5602:24 June
5118:, p.182
4742:HISTORY
4687:5 April
4587:Reuters
4556:Reuters
4362:2400082
4296:25 June
4004:bonobos
4000:bonobos
3983:bonobos
3841:Mai-Mai
3837:Katanga
3679:Shaba I
3354:in the
3346:in the
3340:Angolan
3328:Finland
3280:Namibia
3228:tanks,
3226:T-54/55
2942:Rwandan
2926:kadogos
2909:kadogos
2902:kadogos
2898:kadogos
2819:Libenge
2804:acronym
2770:liaison
2684:Namibia
2664:Cabinda
2632:Namibia
2615:(MLC).
2547:in the
2378:Morocco
2358:Kasenga
2308:Marxist
2157:Ugandan
2153:Rwandan
1960:Bulongo
1930:Virunga
1815:UN 1484
1781:Marabho
1771:Artemis
1713:MONUSCO
1487:Shaba I
1306:Katanga
1124:Uganda:
1122:8,000+
1120:Rwanda:
1114:RCD-ML:
1099:20,000+
812:Burundi
682:FROLINA
649:Mai-Mai
589:UNRF II
524:Namibia
341:Walungu
231:scholar
145:to the
127:in the
90:.
11183:Border
11003:COMESA
10862:(1994)
10853:Others
10755:Others
10747:(2016)
10726:Uganda
10706:(2012)
10644:(2012)
10627:(2012)
10609:(1997)
10573:AMISOM
10425:Others
10281:(2009)
10219:Angola
10174:(2013)
10159:Others
9954:Others
9785:Portal
9715:Cinema
9667:Health
9601:Mining
9591:Energy
9514:Senate
9402:Rivers
9377:Cities
9054:CODECO
8976:Tutsis
8927:(UPDF)
8925:Uganda
8919:Rwanda
8907:Angola
8870:(FANT)
8862:Angola
8646:Others
8252:UNOKAT
8019:
8004:
7989:
7974:
7956:
7941:
7926:
7911:
7893:
7878:
7757:
7749:
7702:
7652:
7644:
7636:
7572:
7564:
7556:
7530:Nature
7493:
7396:
7336:
7306:
7296:
7288:
7172:
7164:
7156:
7076:
6970:20 May
6958:
6869:
6834:17 May
6744:17 May
6718:17 May
6687:
6661:
6651:
6627:
6584:
6553:
6092:
5967:
5687:
5559:6 June
5522:
5512:
5382:
5372:
5239:
5229:
5146:
5136:
5114:
5066:(14).
5016:
5006:
4943:
4900:
4890:
4865:
4785:
4775:
4714:(14).
4503:
4462:
4360:
4352:
4334:Lancet
4262:
4204:
4152:French
3891:Nkunda
3883:Kigali
3855:- and
3452:on the
3424:, the
3402:forces
3334:Angola
3222:Soviet
3183:Orange
3178:Violet
3031:Moliro
3017:Kigali
2989:coltan
2985:cobalt
2950:Uganda
2880:kadogo
2705:, and
2644:Harare
2640:Angola
2604:Matadi
2581:Kitona
2541:Bukavu
2529:Uganda
2525:Yellow
2520:Rwanda
2320:leader
2296:Mobutu
2284:Angola
2280:Uganda
2226:Rwanda
2195:asylum
2131:, the
1955:Mwenda
1950:Tingwe
1945:Lisasa
1786:Ndjala
1766:Bogoro
1358:UNOKAT
1126:13,000
1116:8,000
1111:20,000
1106:40,000
848:
809:
799:Rwanda
796:
786:Uganda
783:
740:Other
653:Other
547:
534:
521:
508:
495:
485:Angola
482:
469:
383:Result
233:
226:
219:
212:
204:
10673:Sudan
10589:Kenya
9887:Libya
9847:Egypt
9826:Post–
9771:Index
9740:Music
9735:Media
9697:Women
9652:Crime
9331:2000s
9156:other
9123:(FNI)
9117:(LRA)
9111:(ADF)
9035:other
9019:(UPC)
8963:(RCD)
8915:(FAB)
8892:(ZNA)
8885:Sudan
8881:(NDF)
8874:Libya
8852:Zaire
8827:First
7813:(PDF)
7798:(PDF)
7755:S2CID
7650:S2CID
7570:S2CID
7230:(PDF)
7223:(PDF)
7170:S2CID
7162:JSTOR
7031:(PDF)
7020:(PDF)
6773:(PDF)
6766:(PDF)
6582:JSTOR
6370:(PDF)
6363:(PDF)
6285:(PDF)
6278:(PDF)
6232:(PDF)
6225:(PDF)
5869:CRG.
5428:(PDF)
5421:(PDF)
5292:(PDF)
5285:(PDF)
4369:(PDF)
4358:S2CID
4330:(PDF)
4290:(PDF)
4283:(PDF)
4139:Notes
3857:Tutsi
3826:Ituri
3739:Years
3675:Zaire
3414:Sudan
3408:Sudan
3390:Gabon
3352:UNITA
3298:SWAPO
3198:Green
3110:Pygmy
3080:MONUC
3075:Bunia
2922:UNITA
2808:MONUC
2747:Ituri
2729:Libya
2725:Sirte
2656:Sudan
2652:Libya
2585:UNITA
2557:Bunia
2549:Kivus
2545:Uvira
2394:ZaĂŻre
2351:]
2336:ADFLC
2331:mines
2261:Tutsi
2246:Tutsi
2234:Zaire
2043:Other
1925:Oicha
1434:South
764:UNITA
742:Tutsi
550:Sudan
511:Libya
415:MONUC
238:JSTOR
224:books
107:DeepL
11255:FDLR
11056:AFDL
10396:Chad
10069:2012
10049:Mali
9725:Flag
9548:List
9536:List
9485:LGBT
8955:AFDL
8868:Chad
8829:and
8590:2020
8017:ISBN
8002:ISBN
7987:ISBN
7972:ISBN
7954:ISBN
7939:ISBN
7924:ISBN
7909:ISBN
7891:ISBN
7876:ISSN
7821:2010
7747:ISSN
7716:2022
7700:ISSN
7642:PMID
7634:ISSN
7586:2022
7562:PMID
7554:ISSN
7507:2022
7491:ISSN
7457:2022
7412:2022
7394:ISBN
7364:link
7350:2022
7334:OCLC
7304:PMID
7286:ISSN
7238:2015
7154:ISSN
7074:ISBN
7039:2020
7003:2007
6972:2021
6956:ISSN
6933:2016
6903:2021
6867:ISBN
6836:2014
6810:2015
6781:2013
6746:2014
6720:2014
6685:ISBN
6659:OCLC
6649:ISBN
6625:ISBN
6607:help
6567:2020
6551:ISSN
6528:2008
6502:2012
6429:2020
6399:help
6378:2020
6343:2020
6314:help
6293:2020
6261:help
6240:2020
6208:2021
6182:help
6161:2020
6132:2013
6106:2016
6090:ISSN
6067:2016
6033:2019
6007:2013
5981:2018
5965:ISSN
5943:2016
5914:2016
5887:2021
5853:2021
5820:2021
5787:2020
5761:2021
5731:2007
5701:2021
5685:ISSN
5662:2020
5604:2021
5561:2021
5520:OCLC
5510:ISBN
5483:2020
5457:help
5436:2020
5380:OCLC
5370:ISBN
5352:2020
5321:help
5300:2020
5267:2020
5237:OCLC
5227:ISBN
5208:2020
5178:2020
5144:OCLC
5134:ISBN
5112:ISBN
5076:2018
5014:OCLC
5004:ISBN
4977:2020
4941:ISBN
4898:OCLC
4888:ISBN
4863:ISBN
4832:2019
4783:OCLC
4773:ISBN
4754:2018
4724:2018
4689:2018
4658:2016
4628:2010
4599:2007
4568:2021
4519:2016
4501:ISBN
4473:2014
4460:ISBN
4377:2011
4350:PMID
4312:link
4298:2013
4260:ISBN
4238:2007
4202:ISBN
4072:The
4060:The
3853:Hutu
3394:Chad
3370:Chad
3338:The
3260:and
3248:The
2999:2002
2877:, a
2833:2001
2825:and
2654:and
2648:Chad
2638:and
2621:Cuba
2597:Inga
2569:Kivu
2543:and
2507:Blue
2340:Goma
2259:The
2238:Hutu
2220:The
2174:and
2172:Kivu
2155:and
2123:The
1109:MLC:
655:Hutu
627:ALiR
615:FDLR
498:Chad
409:The
361:Date
210:news
121:must
119:You
11260:RCD
7952:..
7864:."
7739:doi
7692:doi
7680:170
7626:doi
7546:doi
7534:422
7483:doi
7441:doi
7386:doi
7294:PMC
7276:doi
7146:doi
5506:134
5000:128
4342:doi
4338:367
2516:Red
2464:by
1590:War
1007:RCD
999:MLC
736:UPC
726:MLC
702:RCD
644:RDR
594:FNI
584:ADF
572:LRA
193:by
109:or
11313::
7870:.
7800:.
7781:21
7779:.
7767:^
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