306:
358:
363:
368:
95:
886:
947:
le nom dynastique de leur fils, comme: Nyira-Yuhi, la mère de Yuhi-Musinga, Nyira-Kigeri, la mère de Kigeri-Rwabugiri, etc . . . Les rois du nom de Mutara devaient être des rois pacifiques et sociologues; il leur fallait des conseillers experts pour bien gérer les intérêts du royaume, et le premier
686:
As the kings centralized their power and authority, they distributed land among individuals rather than allowing it to be passed down through lineage groups, of which many hereditary chiefs had been Hutu. Most of the chiefs appointed by the Mwamis were Tutsi. The redistribution of land, enacted
710:
state. Rwabugiri did not bother to assess the ethnic identities of conquered peoples and simply labeled all of them "Hutu". The title "Hutu", therefore, came to be a trans-ethnic identity associated with subjugation. While further disenfranchising Hutus socially and politically, this helped to
670:
The position of Queen Mother was an important one, managing the royal household and being heavily involved in court politics. When their sons ascended to the throne, mothers would take a new name. This would be composed of
726:
The borders of the kingdom were rounded out in the late 19th century by Mwami
Rwabugiri, who is regarded as Rwanda’s greatest king. By 1900, Rwanda was a unified state with a centralized military structure.
1014:
3213:
3314:
867:
734:
was extremely limited until the end of the 19th century. The first
Europeans did not arrive in Rwanda until 1894, making Rwanda one of the last regions of
738:
to have been explored by
Europeans. In 1897, Germany established a presence in Rwanda with the formation of an alliance with the king, beginning the
960:
695:, under which appointed Tutsi chiefs demanded manual labor in return for the right of Hutus to occupy their land. This system left Hutus in a
2261:
2089:
2004:
1743:
552:
667:
Before the 19th century, it was believed that the Tutsis held military leadership power while the Hutus possessed agricultural skills.
3324:
2158:
2476:
1206:
3319:
1748:
1306:
2528:
2083:
1592:
2493:
3334:
1713:
1267:
624:
has been maintained outside Rwanda ever since the abolition of the monarchy. As of 9 January 2017, the current proclaimed
2981:
1445:
948:
conseiller choisi fut la mère du roi, d'où le nom de
Nyiramavugo qui signifie : mère du bon conseil, du bon langage.
597:
while retaining some of its autonomy. The Tutsi monarchy was abolished in 1961 after ethnic violence erupted between the
2986:
2251:
1172:
923:
851:
2796:
1671:
1219:
606:
2194:
1738:
545:
2773:
2276:
1240:
1109:"MOVING BEYOND COLONIAL CONTROL? ECONOMIC FORCES AND SHIFTING MIGRATION FROM RUANDA-URUNDI TO BUGANDA, 1920–60"
468:
2610:
3264:
2246:
2234:
1753:
1511:
1450:
1433:
1340:
776:
3127:
3041:
2936:
2851:
2768:
2266:
2138:
1993:
1577:
1396:
1355:
1235:
1199:
831:
518:
362:
968:
794:
3329:
3274:
3189:
2778:
2676:
1535:
1440:
1000:
538:
337:
2966:
812:
648:, or 'original owners of the land', Singa, Gesera and Zigaba) establishing the Kingdom of Rwanda. The
357:
3309:
3244:
2931:
2866:
2856:
2841:
2176:
2123:
2033:
1640:
1562:
1413:
940:
3066:
991:
367:
2686:
2666:
2631:
2584:
2538:
1890:
1706:
1460:
1455:
1350:
1335:
731:
94:
2564:
2256:
2239:
2229:
2204:
2048:
1774:
1557:
1486:
1345:
1250:
756:
184:
3284:
3199:
3046:
2758:
2691:
2559:
2508:
2440:
2340:
2330:
2128:
2063:
1870:
1799:
1582:
1547:
1401:
1386:
1192:
675:, meaning "mother of", followed by, usually, the regal name of the new king; only kings named
609:, Rwanda became a Hutu-dominated republic and received its independence from Belgium in 1962.
3269:
3249:
3229:
3092:
3056:
3011:
2956:
2748:
2743:
2518:
2465:
2290:
2199:
2168:
2108:
2058:
1840:
1830:
1506:
1406:
1136:
909:
2420:
3254:
3173:
3137:
3087:
2946:
2871:
2656:
2533:
2325:
2100:
2078:
2073:
2038:
1980:
1572:
1423:
1418:
1164:
Rwanda Before the
Genocide: Catholic Politics and Ethnic Discourse in the Late Colonial Era
613:
223:
36:
664:. Certainly some Hutus were nobility and, equally, considerable intermingling took place.
8:
3279:
3224:
3061:
3051:
3036:
3026:
2991:
2921:
2836:
2806:
2753:
2470:
2224:
2219:
2118:
2113:
1880:
1835:
1794:
1699:
1620:
1552:
1521:
1391:
1323:
688:
621:
652:
majority, 82–85% of the population, were mostly free peasants while the kings, known as
3178:
3001:
2996:
2961:
2941:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2881:
2876:
2821:
2728:
2574:
2445:
2335:
2315:
2271:
2214:
2209:
2186:
2153:
2143:
2133:
2015:
1625:
1587:
1374:
1360:
1279:
1257:
1128:
1071:
739:
629:
602:
590:
425:
389:
265:
171:
109:
3204:
3194:
3157:
3031:
3016:
2891:
2861:
2831:
2826:
2801:
2738:
2733:
2723:
2594:
2543:
2425:
2148:
1784:
1769:
1664:
1602:
1516:
1474:
1296:
1291:
1272:
1227:
1168:
1132:
1089:
1075:
1063:
919:
915:
847:
751:
478:
458:
346:
176:
905:
3220:
3184:
3102:
2926:
2696:
2641:
2604:
2579:
2569:
2503:
2455:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2355:
2350:
2043:
1789:
1567:
1501:
1313:
1301:
1284:
1120:
1058:
1053:
1041:
843:
839:
508:
488:
435:
158:
3097:
2846:
2816:
2811:
2671:
2661:
2626:
2616:
2599:
2435:
2390:
2305:
2023:
1998:
1845:
1680:
1645:
1635:
1630:
1610:
1428:
1162:
1140:
720:
498:
399:
150:
78:
64:
3239:
3021:
3006:
2971:
2711:
2706:
2589:
2523:
2395:
2053:
2028:
1933:
1850:
1804:
1615:
868:"Rwanda's new king named – a father of two living on an estate near Manchester"
653:
625:
582:
145:
127:
50:
1124:
1108:
3303:
2886:
2651:
2646:
2068:
1926:
1885:
1865:
1491:
1262:
1067:
617:
594:
570:
410:
115:
2415:
2976:
2498:
2460:
2360:
1943:
712:
707:
3208:
2717:
2513:
2405:
2400:
2320:
1911:
1895:
586:
140:
581:
monarchy. It was one of the oldest and the most centralized kingdoms in
2763:
2701:
2620:
1860:
1825:
1015:"Neighbours who kill 'without hatred': Hutus and Tutsis deny the depth"
3122:
3112:
2681:
1988:
1875:
700:
692:
644:, managed to incorporate several of its close neighbors (notably the
719:, or "shed Hutuness", by accumulating wealth and rising through the
3259:
3142:
3132:
2951:
2450:
1722:
661:
1184:
711:
solidify the idea that "Hutu" and "Tutsi" were socioeconomic, not
3152:
3107:
3082:
2636:
2345:
1963:
1916:
1855:
1779:
1733:
945:(in French). Vicariat Apostolique du Ruanda Kabgayi. p. 54.
696:
641:
204:
3234:
3147:
2410:
2310:
1953:
1809:
1215:
735:
574:
445:
324:
299:
1691:
679:
do not follow this convention, their mothers taking the name
657:
578:
3117:
1958:
1948:
1938:
1921:
649:
598:
16:
Bantu kingdom in southeast Africa (15th century to 1961)
885:
Ogot, Bethwell Allan (1984). "The Great Lakes region".
730:
Owing to its isolation, Rwanda's engagement with the
942:Généalogies de la noblesse (les Batutsi) du Ruanda
829:
28:
3301:
830:Van Schuylenbergh, Patricia (11 January 2016).
612:After the revolution, the last ruling monarch,
904:
616:, was exiled and he eventually settled in the
3315:States and territories disestablished in 1962
1707:
1200:
989:
777:"Rwanda - Cultural institutions | Britannica"
640:In the 15th century, one kingdom, under King
546:
1042:"Comprehending Genocide: The Case of Rwanda"
795:"Colonialism of Central Africa | Britannica"
70:
56:
938:
42:
1714:
1700:
1207:
1193:
1039:
553:
539:
93:
1057:
706:Under Mwami Rwabugiri, Rwanda became an
699:-like status with Tutsi chiefs as their
1167:. Oxford University Press. p. 24.
1106:
3302:
1749:List of current non-sovereign monarchs
1160:
813:"Rwanda genocide of 1994 | Britannica"
1979:
1695:
1188:
106:Independent state (15th century–1897)
1040:Magnarella, Paul J. (January 2000).
884:
1214:
888:General History of Africa: Volume 4
838:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: 1–3.
715:, distinctions. In fact, one could
13:
1744:List of current sovereign monarchs
1107:De Haas, Michael (November 2019).
14:
3346:
961:"Bakiga People and their Culture"
894:. UNESCO Publishing. p. 516.
3325:1962 disestablishments in Africa
2262:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1090:"Kingdom of Rwanda | Britannica"
366:
361:
356:
304:
1739:Imperial, royal and noble ranks
1154:
1100:
1082:
1033:
1007:
983:
605:which started in 1959. After a
1721:
1241:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
1059:10.1080/11287462.2000.10800754
953:
932:
898:
878:
860:
844:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe047
823:
805:
787:
769:
577:, which grew to be ruled by a
1:
3320:1959 establishments in Rwanda
762:
589:. It was later annexed under
1754:List of monarchy referendums
911:The Rwanda Crisis, 1959-1994
7:
3335:Former monarchies of Africa
1593:Water supply and sanitation
745:
10:
3351:
1113:Journal of African History
1001:Cambridge University Press
836:The Encyclopedia of Empire
683:(mother of good counsel).
635:
3166:
3075:
2789:
2552:
2486:
2298:
2289:
2185:
2167:
2099:
2014:
1972:
1904:
1818:
1762:
1729:
1658:
1601:
1543:
1534:
1482:
1473:
1382:
1373:
1331:
1322:
1226:
1125:10.1017/S0021853719001038
691:, resulted in an imposed
687:between 1860 and 1895 by
601:and the Tutsi during the
320:
279:
275:
262:
252:
248:
240:
236:
217:
198:
194:
182:
170:
162:(official from 1922–1961)
154:(official from 1897–1916)
133:
123:
101:
92:
87:
23:
1891:Self-proclaimed monarchy
732:Indian Ocean slave trade
2159:Vatican City (Holy See)
965:ugandatourismcenter.com
757:List of kings of Rwanda
2441:Islands of Refreshment
1871:Legitimacy (political)
990:Johan Pottier (2002).
71:
57:
43:
29:
2252:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1841:Criticism of monarchy
1831:Abolition of monarchy
1161:Carney, J.J. (2013).
595:Belgian colonial rule
469:Coup d'Ă©tat of 5 July
134:Common languages
2084:United Arab Emirates
939:Leon Delmas (1950).
832:"Rwanda, Kingdom of"
88:c. 15th century–1961
3280:Trinidad and Tobago
3167:Commonwealth realms
3052:United Baltic Duchy
2195:Antigua and Barbuda
2187:Commonwealth realms
1881:Order of succession
1434:Chamber of Deputies
993:Re-imagining Rwanda
689:Kigeli IV Rwabugiri
656:, were exclusively
254:• Established
1512:Telecommunications
1280:Rwandan Revolution
1268:Colonial residents
1258:German East Africa
1094:www.britannica.com
916:C. Hurst & Co.
874:. 12 January 2017.
817:www.britannica.com
799:www.britannica.com
781:www.britannica.com
603:Rwandan Revolution
446:Republic of Rwanda
390:German East Africa
110:German East Africa
44:Koninkrijk Roeanda
30:Ubwami bw'u Rwanda
3330:Former monarchies
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
2982:Piedmont-Sardinia
2734:Sip Song Chau Tai
2544:Thirteen Colonies
2285:
2284:
1689:
1688:
1654:
1653:
1578:Human trafficking
1530:
1529:
1469:
1468:
1446:Political parties
1397:Foreign relations
1369:
1368:
1297:Rwandan Civil War
1292:Bugesera invasion
1273:Ruzagayura famine
1246:Kingdom of Rwanda
819:. 9 October 2023.
752:History of Rwanda
567:Kingdom of Rwanda
563:
562:
530:
529:
519:COVID-19 pandemic
459:Bugesera invasion
330:
329:
316:
315:
312:
311:
266:Republic declared
219:• 1959–1961
177:Absolute monarchy
72:Königreich Ruanda
58:Royaume du Rwanda
25:Kingdom of Rwanda
3342:
3310:Rwandan monarchy
3221:Irish Free State
2987:Poland–Lithuania
2296:
2295:
2247:Papua New Guinea
1977:
1976:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1674:
1667:
1541:
1540:
1495:
1480:
1479:
1441:Decentralization
1380:
1379:
1329:
1328:
1314:Second Congo War
1302:Rwandan genocide
1285:Coup of Gitarama
1209:
1202:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1061:
1046:Global Bioethics
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1011:
1005:
1004:
998:
987:
981:
980:
978:
976:
971:on 26 March 2018
967:. Archived from
957:
951:
950:
936:
930:
929:
902:
896:
895:
893:
882:
876:
875:
864:
858:
857:
827:
821:
820:
809:
803:
802:
791:
785:
784:
773:
721:social hierarchy
693:patronage system
555:
548:
541:
526:
509:Second Congo War
453:
436:Coup of Gitarama
415:
376:
375:
370:
365:
360:
350:
332:
331:
308:
307:
296:
295:
281:
280:
232:
230:
213:
211:
163:
155:
119:
97:
82:
74:
68:
60:
54:
46:
40:
32:
21:
20:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3289:
3214:princely states
3162:
3098:Kingdom of Fiji
3071:
2817:Austria-Hungary
2785:
2548:
2482:
2281:
2267:Solomon Islands
2181:
2163:
2095:
2010:
1968:
1900:
1846:Democratization
1814:
1758:
1725:
1720:
1690:
1685:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1650:
1641:Public holidays
1597:
1563:Gender equality
1526:
1493:
1465:
1414:Law enforcement
1365:
1318:
1222:
1213:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1105:
1101:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1021:. 11 April 1994
1019:The Independent
1013:
1012:
1008:
996:
988:
984:
974:
972:
959:
958:
954:
937:
933:
926:
903:
899:
891:
883:
879:
866:
865:
861:
854:
828:
824:
811:
810:
806:
793:
792:
788:
775:
774:
770:
765:
748:
646:abasangwabutaka
638:
607:1961 referendum
559:
524:
499:First Congo War
451:
417:
414:(Ruanda-Urundi)
413:
412:
411:Belgian mandate
400:Rumanura famine
348:
341:
305:
268:
258:c. 15th century
255:
228:
226:
220:
209:
207:
201:
200:• Unknown
166:
161:
153:
113:
107:
105:
83:
76:
69:
62:
55:
48:
41:
34:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3348:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3218:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2972:Ottoman Empire
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2932:Kartli-Kakheti
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2614:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2341:Central Africa
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2277:United Kingdom
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1934:Prince regnant
1931:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1851:Decolonization
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1805:Personal union
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1775:Constitutional
1772:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1507:Stock Exchange
1504:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1461:Prime Minister
1458:
1456:Vice President
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1351:National parks
1348:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1307:Initial events
1299:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1153:
1119:(3): 379–406.
1099:
1081:
1052:(1–2): 23–43.
1032:
1006:
982:
952:
931:
924:
906:GĂ©rard Prunier
897:
877:
859:
852:
822:
804:
786:
767:
766:
764:
761:
760:
759:
754:
747:
744:
637:
634:
626:King of Rwanda
622:court in exile
573:in modern-day
561:
560:
558:
557:
550:
543:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
521:
515:
514:
511:
505:
504:
501:
495:
494:
491:
485:
484:
481:
475:
474:
471:
465:
464:
461:
455:
454:
448:
442:
441:
438:
432:
431:
428:
422:
421:
418:
409:
406:
405:
402:
396:
395:
392:
386:
385:
382:
372:
371:
353:
352:
343:
342:
335:
328:
327:
322:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:
302:
293:
290:
289:
284:
277:
276:
273:
272:
269:
263:
260:
259:
256:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
238:
237:
234:
233:
221:
218:
215:
214:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
180:
179:
174:
168:
167:
165:
164:
156:
148:
143:
137:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
103:
99:
98:
90:
89:
85:
84:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3347:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3093:Easter Island
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:Jabal Shammar
2630:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:Liechtenstein
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1927:Queen regnant
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:Republicanism
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Head of state
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1800:Non-sovereign
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1558:Ethnic groups
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1487:National Bank
1485:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:Ruanda-Urundi
1261:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1176:
1174:9780199982288
1170:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1003:. p. 13.
1002:
995:
994:
986:
970:
966:
962:
956:
949:
944:
943:
935:
927:
925:9781850652434
921:
917:
913:
912:
907:
901:
890:
889:
881:
873:
869:
863:
855:
853:9781118455074
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
826:
818:
814:
808:
800:
796:
790:
782:
778:
772:
768:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
743:
741:
737:
733:
728:
724:
722:
718:
714:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
684:
682:
678:
674:
668:
665:
663:
662:Nyiginya clan
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:United States
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:Bantu kingdom
568:
556:
551:
549:
544:
542:
537:
536:
534:
533:
522:
520:
517:
516:
512:
510:
507:
506:
502:
500:
497:
496:
492:
490:
487:
486:
482:
480:
477:
476:
472:
470:
467:
466:
462:
460:
457:
456:
449:
447:
444:
443:
439:
437:
434:
433:
429:
427:
424:
423:
419:
416:
408:
407:
403:
401:
398:
397:
393:
391:
388:
387:
383:
381:
378:
377:
374:
373:
369:
364:
359:
355:
354:
351:
345:
344:
339:
334:
333:
326:
323:
321:Today part of
319:
303:
301:
298:
297:
294:
292:
291:
288:
285:
283:
282:
278:
274:
270:
267:
261:
257:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
225:
222:
216:
212:Dyn.) (first)
206:
203:
197:
193:
189:
187:
186:
181:
178:
175:
173:
169:
160:
157:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
136:
132:
129:
126:
122:
117:
116:Ruanda-Urundi
111:
104:
100:
96:
91:
86:
80:
73:
66:
59:
52:
45:
38:
31:
22:
19:
3270:South Africa
3265:Sierra Leone
3212:
3042:Two Sicilies
2977:Papal States
2777:
2716:
2609:
2475:
2430:
2235:Cook Islands
2088:
2074:Saudi Arabia
2003:
1583:Prostitution
1548:Demographics
1402:Human rights
1387:Constitution
1245:
1163:
1156:
1144:. Retrieved
1116:
1112:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
1018:
1009:
992:
985:
973:. Retrieved
969:the original
964:
955:
946:
941:
934:
918:p. 24.
910:
900:
887:
880:
872:the Guardian
871:
862:
835:
825:
816:
807:
798:
789:
780:
771:
740:colonial era
729:
725:
716:
708:expansionist
705:
685:
680:
676:
672:
669:
666:
645:
639:
611:
566:
564:
384: ?–1962
379:
287:Succeeded by
286:
231:Dyn.) (last)
183:
18:
3209:British Raj
3181:(Sri Lanka)
3067:WĂĽrttemberg
2779:South Yemen
2667:Maguindanao
2560:Afghanistan
2321:Barotseland
2257:Saint Lucia
2230:New Zealand
2139:Netherlands
1912:Chhatrapati
1896:Sovereignty
1836:Aristocracy
1407:LGBT rights
681:Nyiramavugo
587:East Africa
347:History of
271:1 July 1961
141:Kinyarwanda
118:(1922–1961)
112:(1897–1916)
37:Kinyarwanda
3304:Categories
3275:Tanganyika
3190:The Gambia
3118:Niuē-Fekai
3057:Yugoslavia
2957:Montenegro
2764:Upper Yafa
2759:Upper Asir
2396:Madagascar
2129:Luxembourg
1861:Government
1826:Abdication
1795:Hereditary
1723:Monarchies
1626:Literature
1573:Healthcare
1494:(currency)
1424:Parliament
1341:Ecoregions
1141:2321652697
763:References
426:Revolution
172:Government
3245:Mauritius
3138:Rarotonga
3123:Nuku Hiva
3113:Mangareva
3088:Bora Bora
2967:Neuchâtel
2937:Lithuania
2842:Catalonia
2729:Sri Lanka
2682:Manchukuo
2657:Kurdistan
2611:Indonesia
2534:Talamanca
2494:AraucanĂa
2477:and other
2456:Wassoulou
2200:Australia
1876:Oligarchy
1621:Languages
1553:Education
1522:Transport
1451:President
1392:Elections
1356:Volcanoes
1324:Geography
1133:213049347
1076:141600246
1068:1128-7462
717:kwihutura
703:masters.
513:1998–2003
503:1996–1997
493:1993–1994
483:1990–1994
479:Civil War
430:1959–1962
420:1922–1962
404:1916–1918
394:1885–1919
3260:Rhodesia
3255:Pakistan
3174:Barbados
3143:Rimatara
3133:Rapa Iti
3062:Valencia
3037:Tavolara
3027:Scotland
2992:Portugal
2952:Moldavia
2837:Bulgaria
2832:Brittany
2807:Asturias
2687:Mongolia
2677:Maldives
2539:Trinidad
2529:Suriname
2487:Americas
2471:Zimbabwe
2466:Zanzibar
2451:Wituland
2426:Ngazidja
2421:Ndzuwani
2356:Ethiopia
2079:Thailand
2059:Malaysia
2039:Cambodia
1989:Eswatini
1785:Elective
1770:Absolute
1681:Category
1588:Religion
1419:Military
1375:Politics
1361:Wildlife
1236:Timeline
1220:articles
1146:26 March
1137:ProQuest
1025:26 March
975:26 March
908:(1995).
746:See also
614:Kigeli V
489:Genocide
338:a series
336:Part of
224:Kigeli V
114:Part of
108:Part of
3250:Nigeria
3225:Ireland
3153:Tahuata
3128:Raiatea
3108:Huahine
3083:Abemama
3076:Oceania
3047:Tuscany
3002:Romania
2997:Prussia
2962:Navarre
2942:Majorca
2922:Ireland
2917:Imereti
2912:Iceland
2907:Hungary
2902:Hanover
2897:Granada
2887:Germany
2882:Georgia
2877:Galicia
2867:Finland
2857:Corsica
2852:Cilicia
2822:Bavaria
2812:Austria
2797:Albania
2769:Vietnam
2712:Sarawak
2702:Qu'aiti
2637:Kathiri
2600:Dapitan
2575:Bukhara
2524:Miskito
2446:Tunisia
2436:Shilluk
2346:Dahomey
2336:Burundi
2326:Bagirmi
2306:Adamawa
2225:Jamaica
2220:Grenada
2205:Bahamas
2169:Oceania
2119:Denmark
2114:Belgium
2109:Andorra
2024:Bahrain
1999:Morocco
1994:Lesotho
1973:Current
1964:Pharaoh
1917:Emperor
1856:Dynasty
1810:Regency
1790:Federal
1780:Diarchy
1734:Monarch
1665:Outline
1611:Cuisine
1603:Culture
1536:Society
1517:Tourism
1475:Economy
1228:History
660:of the
642:Gihanga
636:History
630:Yuhi VI
583:Central
525:present
452:present
380:Kingdom
264:•
241:History
205:Gihanga
124:Capital
3285:Uganda
3235:Malawi
3200:Guyana
3179:Ceylon
3158:Tahiti
3148:Rurutu
3103:Hawaii
3032:Serbia
3017:Saxony
3007:Russia
2892:Greece
2872:France
2862:Cyprus
2847:Crimea
2827:Bosnia
2802:Aragon
2790:Europe
2754:Taiwan
2724:Sikkim
2707:Ryukyu
2692:Najran
2590:Chehab
2570:Bengal
2519:Mexico
2504:Brazil
2431:Rwanda
2411:Maravi
2311:Ankole
2299:Africa
2291:Former
2272:Tuvalu
2215:Canada
2210:Belize
2154:Sweden
2144:Norway
2134:Monaco
2101:Europe
2054:Kuwait
2049:Jordan
2034:Brunei
2029:Bhutan
1981:Africa
1954:Sultan
1905:Titles
1819:Topics
1568:Health
1502:Mining
1492:Franc
1429:Senate
1336:Cities
1218:
1216:Rwanda
1171:
1139:
1131:
1074:
1066:
922:
850:
736:Africa
713:ethnic
701:feudal
677:Mutara
673:nyira-
658:Tutsis
591:German
575:Rwanda
569:was a
349:Rwanda
340:on the
325:Rwanda
300:Rwanda
244:
190:
151:German
146:French
128:Nyanza
102:Status
79:German
75:
65:French
61:
47:
33:
3240:Malta
3230:Kenya
3205:India
3195:Ghana
3022:Savoy
3012:Samos
2927:Italy
2774:Yemen
2749:Tibet
2744:Syria
2697:Nepal
2672:Mahra
2652:Kumul
2647:Korea
2642:Khiva
2621:Qajar
2605:Hejaz
2595:China
2580:Burma
2509:Haiti
2499:Aztec
2416:Mwali
2406:Maore
2386:Libya
2381:Kongo
2376:Kaffa
2371:Gumma
2366:Gomma
2361:Ghana
2351:Egypt
2331:Bornu
2316:Aussa
2177:Tonga
2149:Spain
2069:Qatar
2044:Japan
1672:Index
1646:Sport
1636:Music
1631:Media
1346:Lakes
1251:kings
1129:S2CID
1072:S2CID
997:(PDF)
892:(PDF)
654:Mwami
579:Tutsi
523:2020–
450:1962–
185:Mwami
159:Dutch
51:Dutch
3185:Fiji
2739:Sulu
2718:Shan
2662:Laos
2627:Iraq
2617:Iran
2585:Cebu
2565:Asir
2553:Asia
2514:Inca
2461:Yeke
2401:Mali
2391:Luba
2240:Niue
2090:list
2064:Oman
2016:Asia
2005:list
1959:Shah
1949:Tsar
1944:khan
1939:Raja
1922:King
1763:Type
1616:Flag
1169:ISBN
1148:2022
1064:ISSN
1027:2018
977:2018
920:ISBN
848:ISBN
697:serf
650:Hutu
620:. A
599:Hutu
593:and
585:and
565:The
473:1973
463:1963
440:1961
2947:Man
1121:doi
1054:doi
840:doi
628:is
3306::
3223:/
3211:,
1135:.
1127:.
1117:60
1115:.
1111:.
1092:.
1070:.
1062:.
1050:13
1048:.
1044:.
1017:.
999:.
963:.
914:.
870:.
846:.
834:.
815:.
797:.
779:.
742:.
723:.
632:.
229:rd
227:(3
210:st
208:(1
3217:)
3207:(
2782:)
2776:(
2623:)
2619:(
1715:e
1708:t
1701:v
1208:e
1201:t
1194:v
1177:.
1150:.
1123::
1096:.
1078:.
1056::
1029:.
979:.
928:.
856:.
842::
801:.
783:.
554:e
547:t
540:v
81:)
77:(
67:)
63:(
53:)
49:(
39:)
35:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
