32:
100:
926:
300:
551:
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912:
527:
shows much respect for). If the theory that connects these two
Juvenals is correct, then the inscription does show that Juvenal's family was reasonably wealthy, and that, if the poet really was the son of a foreign freedman, then his descendants assimilated into the Roman class structure more quickly
635:
Juvenal claims as his purview, the entire gamut of human experience since the dawn of history. Quintilian—in the context of a discussion of literary genres appropriate for an oratorical education—claimed that, unlike so many literary and artistic forms adopted from Greek models, "satire at least is
371:
It is impossible to tell how much of the content of these traditional biographies is fiction and how much is fact. Large parts clearly are mere deduction from
Juvenal's writings, but some elements appear more substantial. Juvenal never mentions a period of exile in his life, yet it appears in every
364:'s death (138 CE). Some sources place his death in exile, others have him being recalled to Rome (the latter of which is considered more plausible by contemporary scholars). If he was exiled by Domitian, then it is possible that he was one of the political exiles recalled during the brief reign of
883:
rule, an anti-Nazi teacher paid special attention to
Juvenal: "Mr. Bauer realized how topical Juvenal was, how he dealt at length with such phenomena as arbitrary government, tyranny, corruption, the degradation of public morals, the decline of the Republican ideal and the terrorizing acts of the
518:
and, moreover, the
Dalmatian legions do not seem to have existed prior to 166 CE. Therefore, it seems likely that this reference is to a Juvenal who was a later relative of the poet, however, as they both came from Aquinum and were associated with the goddess
359:
Only one of these traditional biographies supplies a date of birth for
Juvenal: it gives 55 CE, which most probably is speculation, but accords reasonably well with the rest of the evidence. Other traditions have him surviving for some time past the year of
1556:
384:'s poems, which is dated to 92, is impossible if, at this stage Juvenal was already in exile, or, had served his time in exile, since in that case, Martial would not have wished to antagonise Domitian by mentioning such a
680:(excluding Satire 16) range in length from approximately 130 (Satire 12) to 695 (Satire 6) lines. The poems are not entitled individually, but translators often have added titles for the convenience of readers.
691:
While
Juvenal's mode of satire has been noted from antiquity for its wrathful scorn toward all representatives of social deviance, some politically progressive scholars, such as William S. Anderson and later
380:—regard the exile as factual, and these scholars also supply a concrete date for the exile: 93 CE until 96, when Nerva became emperor. They argue that a reference to Juvenal in one of
888:. (...) In a second-hand bookshop I found an 1838 translation of Juvenal with an extensive commentary, twice the length of the translated text itself, written at the height of the
758:, giving several accounts of Jewish life in first-century Rome, have been regarded by scholars, such as J. Juster and, more recently, Peter Nahon, as a valuable source about early
798:, whose novels are rife with vicious satire, identified Juvenal as his most important influence. Juvenal also provided a source for the name for a forensically important beetle,
707:
as a literal account of normal Roman life and thought in the late first and early second centuries CE, just as it would be an error to give credence to every slander recorded in
1124:
According to Braund (1988 p. 25), Satire 7 – the opening poem of Book III – represents a "break" with satires one through six – Books I and II – where
Juvenal relinquishes the
399:
The only other biographical evidence available is a dedicatory inscription said to have been found at
Aquinum in the nineteenth century, which consists of the following text:
256:. One recent scholar argues that his first book was published in 100 or 101. A reference to a political figure dates his fifth and final surviving book to sometime after 127.
99:
532:
thinks it more likely that the tradition of the freedman father is false, and that
Juvenal's ancestors had been minor nobility of Roman Italy of relatively ancient descent.
348:
and in allotting to his life a period of exile, which supposedly was due to his insulting an actor who had high levels of court influence. The emperor who banished him was
337:
do make frequent and accurate references to the operation of the Roman legal system. His career as a satirist is supposed to have begun at a fairly late stage in his life.
314:(Life of Juvenal), a biography of the author that became associated with his manuscripts no later than the tenth century, is little more than an extrapolation from the
514:
Scholars usually are of the opinion that this inscription does not relate to the poet: a military career would not fit well with the pronounced anti-militarism of the
1723:
565:; all are in the Roman genre of satire, which, at its most basic in the time of the author, comprised a wide-ranging discussion of society and social mores in
376:
do display some knowledge of Egypt and
Britain, and it is thought that this gave rise to the tradition that Juvenal was exiled. Others, however—particularly
283:
from a number of perspectives, although their comic mode of expression makes it problematic to accept the content as strictly factual. At first glance the
252:. The details of Juvenal's life are unclear, although references within his text to known persons of the late first and early second centuries AD fix his
3610:
1111:
1610:
2152:
845:
and the troubling question of who can be trusted with power—"who will watch the watchers?" or "who will guard the guardians themselves?" (
2194:
2182:
1029:
2241:
866:
2157:
3529:
2167:
3474:
2162:
1896:
739:
and Tacitus; similarly, the stylistics of Juvenal's text fall within the range of post-Augustan literature, as represented by
3585:
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2269:
1796:
1292:
3534:
3409:
2562:
1416:
1356:
2115:
1546:
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1786:
1059:(From L to R: the inscription as preserved, the restored inscription, and the translation of the restored inscription.)
3605:
3454:
2214:
1781:
1776:
1752:
1603:
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892:. Though its price was more than I could really afford, I bought it. I read all of it very intensely, as if it was a
227:
75:
53:
46:
3600:
3580:
3469:
2142:
1791:
1718:
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356:. A preponderance of the biographies place his exile in Egypt, with the exception of one that opts for Scotland.
287:
could be read as a critique of Rome. That critique may have ensured their preservation by the Christian monastic
1095:
3595:
2489:
2414:
2172:
815:
that—rather than for wealth, power, eloquence, or children—one should pray for a "sound mind in a sound body" (
2985:
847:
2825:
2429:
1881:
1596:
806:
that the common people—rather than caring about their freedom—are only interested in "bread and circuses" (
779:
480:
267:—the originator of the Roman satire genre, and it fits within a poetic tradition that also includes
3575:
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3565:
3560:
3524:
3449:
3208:
2264:
2147:
1693:
333:, and to have practised rhetoric until he was middle-aged, both as amusement and for legal purposes. The
700:(mask), taken up by the author to critique the very attitudes he appears to be exhibiting in his works.
656:
was a formal literary genre rather than being simply clever, humorous critique in no particular format.
325:, give us the writer's full name and also tell us that he was either the son, or adopted son, of a rich
3484:
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2404:
2312:
2177:
2120:
787:
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2479:
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2347:
2337:
2289:
1636:
1551:
861:
817:
3105:
3015:
2524:
2504:
2499:
2484:
2437:
2377:
2332:
2134:
1541:
1502:
1478:
40:
20:
855:
ASICS, the footwear and sports equipment manufacturing company, is named after the acronym of the
3514:
3494:
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3424:
3414:
2820:
2509:
2409:
2389:
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1999:
1939:
1919:
1631:
529:
464:
3519:
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3439:
3253:
3228:
3193:
3075:
2800:
2447:
2209:
1740:
1531:
1492:
1468:
712:
392:, and this may explain the consistent descriptions of the life of the client he bemoans in the
57:
1284:
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3419:
3243:
2995:
2795:
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2587:
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2419:
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998:
121:
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3153:
3020:
2920:
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1713:
1585:, G. G. Ramsay (ed.), Loeb, London: William Heinemann, New York: G. P. Putnam's sons, 1928.
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8:
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1816:
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extant traditional biography. Many scholars think the idea to be a later invention; the
3479:
3203:
3010:
2865:
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2725:
2668:
2532:
1768:
1747:
1536:
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950:
900:) and beyond, even when most of my other books were lost or sold on the black market".
889:
808:
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566:
260:
253:
115:
3118:
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2658:
1866:
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1288:
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identifies oratorical invective as a source for both satire and epigram. 1992 p. 127.
956:
931:
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832:
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693:
545:
520:
248:
104:
826:
3178:
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1833:
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1811:
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389:
201:
1528:
at the Tertullian Project. Together with a survey of the manuscript transmission.
1384:
896:. It was one of the few books to which I persistently held on throughout the war (
876:
831:
6.165; a rare bird in the earth, a modified form of which is the modern phrase "a
640:). At least in the view of Quintillian, earlier Greek satiric verse (e.g. that of
3273:
3085:
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3025:
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2905:
2780:
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2638:
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893:
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2284:
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2100:
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2004:
1989:
1954:
1914:
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1250:
720:
377:
264:
190:
1512:
1497:
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1081:
Lucilius experimented with other meters before settling on dactylic hexameter.
3549:
2860:
2830:
2745:
2279:
2256:
2069:
1924:
1909:
1856:
1663:
1275:
Braund, Susanna (2012). "Juvenal". In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.).
1100:. Institutiones oratoriae.Liber 10. Vol. 10. Bologna, Italy. p. 58.
1033:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 610–613.
1024:
1525:
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1944:
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330:
310:
Details of the author's life cannot be reconstructed definitively. The
1588:
1229:
Heinrich Boll, "What will become of this kid? Or: About Books", Ch, 17
3388:
3383:
3343:
3268:
3238:
3218:
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1994:
1969:
1848:
1346:. London: Penguin Books. (3rd revised edn; first edn published 1967).
964:
748:
708:
645:
603:
486:
246:. He is the author of the collection of satirical poems known as the
1419:
Juvenal: The Satires, with an Introduction and Notes by William Barr
1386:
Decii Junii Juvenalis et A. Persii Flacci Satirae. With a commentary
3348:
3333:
3323:
3308:
3223:
3213:
3183:
3173:
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2059:
1949:
1876:
1708:
1569:
1565:
1439:
Stramaglia, Antonio; Grazzini, Stefano; Dimatteo, Giuseppe (2015):
1157:
Peter Nahon, 2014. Idées neuves sur un vieux texte : Juvénal,
732:
641:
353:
326:
299:
1132:" in favor of the irony of a "much more rational and intelligent"
3368:
3363:
3353:
3318:
3313:
3303:
3248:
3233:
3050:
3045:
3030:
3000:
2955:
2935:
2915:
2602:
2457:
2236:
2044:
2039:
1929:
759:
744:
740:
736:
381:
361:
345:
272:
135:
879:
notes that in the high school he attended when growing up under
561:
Juvenal is credited with sixteen known poems divided among five
3378:
3258:
3188:
3128:
3123:
3090:
2850:
2835:
2785:
2765:
2187:
2064:
1959:
728:
562:
476:
473:
military tribune of the first cohort of the Dalmatian (legions)
349:
341:
268:
174:
1018:
802:. Juvenal is the source of many well-known maxims, including:
608:
as the clouds lifted the waters, and then asked for an oracle,
573:, concerning the scope and content of his work, Juvenal says:
219:
216:
3163:
2885:
2612:
1904:
1324:
The Loaded Table: Representations of Food in Roman Literature
1264:, Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
1068:
Peter Green: Introduction to Penguin Classics edition of the
1046:
Peter Green: Introduction to Penguin Classics edition of the
856:
365:
210:
1257:, Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
696:, have attempted to defend his work as that of a rhetorical
3373:
2940:
2880:
2462:
1838:
897:
239:
154:
1317:
Making Men: Sophists and Self-Presentation in Ancient Rome
550:
388:
as Juvenal. If Juvenal was exiled, he would have lost his
291:, although the majority of ancient texts did not survive.
263:. These poems cover a range of Roman topics. This follows
207:
1934:
1255:
Beyond Anger: A Study of Juvenal’s Third Book of Satires
672:
Book V: Satires 13–16 (although Satire 16 is incomplete)
1434:
The Invisible Satirist: Juvenal and Second-Century Rome
1373:, ed. W. V. Clausen. London: Oxford University Press.
985:
The Invisible Satirist: Juvenal and Second-Century Rome
719:
are present in authors spanning the period of the late
610:
and then little by little spirit warmed the soft stones
243:
228:
907:
838:that "honesty is praised and left out in the cold"
591:
quidquid agunt homines, uotum, timor, ira, uoluptas,
213:
1547:
SORGLL: Juvenal, Satire I.1–30, read by Mark Miner
1537:
English translations of Satires 1, 2, 3, 6, 8 and 9
1174:"Theroux Metaphrastes: An Essay on Literature," in
204:
1191:is not Juvenal's coining but dates back to Seneca
1042:
1040:
1003:. Cambridge: Macmillan and Company. p. xviii.
765:
620:joy, running about—is the gist of my little book.
340:Biographies agree in giving his birthplace as the
259:Juvenal wrote at least 16 poems in the verse form
242:active in the late first and early second century
1395:3rd ed., 1996, New York: Oxford University Press.
1337:, Vol. 9, No. 1 (Autumn, 1989), pp. 175–196.
1187:Though in fact the description of a good wife as
3547:
1037:
684:Modern criticism and historical context of the
1412:, Los Angeles: University of California Press.
1016:
618:whatever men do—prayer, fear, rage, pleasure,
593:gaudia, discursus, nostri farrago libelli est.
535:
1604:
703:In any case it would be an error to read the
644:) or even Latin satiric prose (e.g. that of
1532:Works by Juvenal at Perseus Digital Library
1378:The Satires of Juvenal: A Verse Translation
835:", since black swans are rarer than white.)
581:
1611:
1597:
1402:, New York : Oxford University Press.
1310:The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome
1110:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1090:
585:nauigio montem ascendit sortesque poposcit
583:ex quo Deucalion nimbis tollentibus aequor
98:
1319:, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1279:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
589:et maribus nudas ostendit Pyrrha puellas,
329:. He is supposed to have been a pupil of
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1441:Giovenale tra storia, poesia e ideologia
1312:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1247:, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1017:Sellar, William; Postgate, John (1911).
1012:
1010:
875:In his autobiography, the German writer
549:
298:
39:This article includes a list of general
1618:
1285:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3522
587:paulatimque anima caluerunt mollia saxa
321:Traditional biographies, including the
3548:
1542:Juvenal's first 3 "Satires" in English
1526:English translations of all 16 satires
1303:A Commentary of the Satires of Juvenal
1274:
997:Mayor, John Eyton Bickersteth (1881).
824:that a perfect wife is a "rare bird" (
774:have inspired many authors, including
3611:People from the Province of Frosinone
1592:
1353:, New York: Oxford University Press.
1007:
996:
616:showed naked girls to their husbands,
191:[ˈdɛkɪmʊsˈjuːniʊsjʊwɛˈnaːlɪs]
189:
865:(a sound mind in a sound body) from
812:10.81; i.e. food and entertainment),
575:
402:
279:are a vital source for the study of
25:
1326:, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1271:, London: Bristol Classical Press.
1269:The Roman Satirists and their Masks
1178:(Boston: David Godine, 195), p. 23.
116:Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis
13:
1436:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1429:, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1366:, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1202:
829:in terris nigroque simillima cycno
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3622:
1448:
1094:(1924) . Arnaldo Beltrami (ed.).
715:. Themes similar to those of the
1573:
924:
910:
200:
30:
1393:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
1223:
1181:
1168:
1151:
1139:
766:Literary and cultural influence
1340:Green, Peter (trans.) (1998):
1118:
1084:
1075:
1062:
1053:
990:
977:
499:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
1:
1236:
848:quis custodiet ipsos custodes
711:against the members of prior
638:satura quidem tota nostra est
445:II·VIR·QVINQ(VENNALIS)·FLAMEN
3586:2nd-century writers in Latin
2183:Frontiers and fortifications
1503:Resources in other libraries
1479:Resources in other libraries
1443:, Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.
1383:Macleane, Arthur J. (1867).
1343:Juvenal. The Sixteen Satires
1243:Anderson, William S. (1982)
862:"anima sana in corpore sano"
606:climbed a mountain in a boat
254:earliest date of composition
16:Early 2nd century Roman poet
7:
2242:Decorations and punishments
1572:(public domain audiobooks)
1277:Oxford Classical Dictionary
1000:Thirteen Satires of Juvenal
987:(Oxford, 2015), pp. 219–226
903:
470:(Decimus Junius?) Juvenalis
427:SVA PEC
10:
3627:
3149:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1724:historiography of the fall
1415:Rudd, Niall (tr.) (1991):
1376:Kelk, Christopher (2010),
1371:Persi et Juvenalis Saturae
1308:Edwards, Catherine (1993)
840:Probitas laudatur et alget
788:The Vanity of Human Wishes
543:
18:
3591:Ancient Romans in Britain
3530:External wars and battles
3397:
3291:
3104:
2696:
2689:
2611:
2523:
2428:
2303:
2255:
2133:
2083:
2022:
2013:
1895:
1847:
1767:
1684:
1654:
1645:
1627:
1557:Works by or about Juvenal
1498:Resources in your library
1474:Resources in your library
1072:, 1998 edition: pp. 23–24
1050:, 1998 edition: pp. 15 ff
818:mens sana in corpore sano
170:
160:
150:
142:
129:
97:
90:
3606:Silver Age Latin writers
1315:Gleason, Maud W. (1995)
1305:, London: Athlone Press.
1163:Revue des études latines
970:
183:Decimus Junius Juvenalis
21:Juvenal (disambiguation)
3601:Ancient Roman satirists
3581:1st-century Roman poets
3525:Roman–Iranian relations
2000:Optimates and populares
1349:Highet, Gilbert (1961)
1267:Braund, Susanna (1996)
1260:Braund, Susanna (1996)
1030:Encyclopædia Britannica
294:
194:), known in English as
60:more precise citations.
3535:Civil wars and revolts
2801:Sextus Pompeius Festus
2448:Conflict of the Orders
1807:Legislative assemblies
1410:Themes in Roman Satire
1262:Juvenal Satires Book I
1245:Essays on Roman Satire
669:Book IV: Satires 10–12
600:
582:
579:
558:
442:COH(ORTIS)··DELMATARVM
307:
3596:Ancient Roman writers
3244:Simplicius of Cilicia
2996:Quintus Curtius Rufus
2225:Siege in Ancient Rome
1834:Executive magistrates
1400:The Garden of Priapus
1380:, Edwin Mellen Press.
1329:Green, Peter (1989).
1322:Gowers, Emily (1993)
1195:56. (Ferguson (1979)
872:by Juvenal (10.356).
666:Book III: Satires 7–9
648:) did not constitute
553:
467:(this) sacred (thing)
302:
122:Aulus Persius Flaccus
3254:Stephanus Byzantinus
3159:Eusebius of Caesaria
3021:Sidonius Apollinaris
2711:Ammianus Marcellinus
2050:Tribune of the plebs
1552:Lessons From Juvenal
1427:The Roman Revolution
1425:Syme, Ronald (1939)
1398:Richlin, Amy (1992)
1351:Juvenal the Satirist
1301:Courtney, E. (1980)
1197:Juvenal: The Satires
660:Book I: Satires 1–5
523:(the only deity the
415:...] COH··DELMATARVM
306:, S. H. Gimber, 1837
19:For other uses, see
3430:Distinguished women
3081:Velleius Paterculus
2921:Nicolaus Damascenus
2901:Marcellus Empiricus
2290:Republican currency
1582:Juvenal and Persius
1432:Uden, James (2015)
1331:"Juvenal Revisited"
1097:Institutio Oratoria
940:Glossarium Eroticum
918:Ancient Rome portal
778:, who modeled his "
491:vowed and dedicated
418:II·VIR·QVINQ·FLAMEN
3576:2nd-century Romans
3571:1st-century Romans
3566:2nd-century deaths
3561:1st-century births
3204:Phlegon of Tralles
3011:Seneca the Younger
2485:Naming conventions
2215:Personal equipment
1748:Later Roman Empire
1513:Latin text of The
1251:Braund, Susanna M.
1161:, 6, 542–547. In:
951:Panem et circenses
809:panem et circenses
713:imperial dynasties
567:dactylic hexameter
559:
494:at his own expense
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1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1857:Twelve Tables
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1226:
1211:
1210:"About ASICS"
1205:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1177:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1113:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1002:
1001:
993:
986:
980:
976:
966:
963:
961:
959:
955:
953:
952:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
933:
922:
919:
908:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
878:
877:Heinrich Böll
873:
871:
869:
864:
863:
858:
850:
849:
844:
842:(I, line 74).
841:
837:
834:
830:
828:
823:
820:
819:
814:
811:
810:
805:
804:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
763:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
727:ranging from
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
687:
681:
679:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
658:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
629:
626:
625:
621:
615:
605:
599:
596:
594:
578:
577:
574:
572:
568:
564:
556:
552:
547:
539:
533:
531:
526:
522:
517:
507:
500:
496:
493:
490:
488:
484:
482:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
462:
461:
459:
454:SVA PEC(VNIA)
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
434:
432:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
409:...]RI·SACRVM
408:
407:
405:
404:
400:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
369:
367:
363:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
305:
301:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
250:
245:
241:
238:
234:
233:
224:
197:
192:
184:
176:
173:
169:
166:
163:
159:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
128:
124:
123:
117:
110:
106:
101:
96:
89:
80:
77:
69:
66:February 2011
59:
55:
49:
48:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
3475:Institutions
3339:Leptis Magna
3292:Major cities
3199:Philostratus
2986:Quadrigarius
2870:
2806:Rufus Festus
2669:Contemporary
2390:Romanization
2313:Architecture
1920:Collegiality
1769:Constitution
1620:Ancient Rome
1580:
1514:
1493:Online books
1486:
1469:Online books
1459:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1409:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1370:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1335:Grand Street
1334:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1276:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1244:
1225:
1214:. Retrieved
1204:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1175:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1096:
1086:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1055:
1047:
1028:
999:
992:
984:
979:
957:
949:
945:Junia (gens)
874:
867:
860:
854:
846:
839:
825:
816:
807:
791:
783:
771:
769:
755:
753:
716:
704:
702:
697:
690:
685:
677:
675:
653:
649:
637:
634:
601:
580:
570:
560:
554:
537:
524:
515:
513:
505:
498:
398:
393:
385:
373:
370:
358:
339:
334:
322:
320:
315:
311:
309:
303:
284:
281:ancient Rome
276:
258:
247:
195:
182:
181:
112:
105:Frontispiece
72:
63:
44:
3470:Geographers
3154:Dioscorides
3134:Cassius Dio
2756:Cassiodorus
2659:Renaissance
2265:Agriculture
2237:Auxiliaries
2178:Engineering
2015:Magistrates
1867:Citizenship
1862:Mos maiorum
1797:Late Empire
1406:Rudd, Niall
1359:The Satires
1146:Amy Richlin
636:all ours" (
627:—(1.81–86)
161:Nationality
109:John Dryden
58:introducing
3550:Categories
3359:Mediolanum
3299:Alexandria
3264:Themistius
3229:Porphyrius
3056:Tertullian
2991:Quintilian
2981:Propertius
2876:Lactantius
2826:Fulgentius
2761:Censorinus
2583:Sanitation
2568:Metallurgy
2525:Technology
2490:Demography
2438:Patricians
2405:Spectacles
2363:Literature
2358:Hairstyles
2195:Technology
1945:Praefectus
1897:Government
1887:Litigation
1872:Auctoritas
1817:Centuriate
1704:Principate
1699:Pax Romana
1659:Foundation
1517:of Juvenal
1487:By Juvenal
1364:Niall Rudd
1237:References
1216:2015-08-31
1176:Three Wogs
1126:indignatio
1092:Quintilian
851:6.347–48).
833:black swan
800:Histeridae
784:Satire III
754:Juvenal's
723:and early
331:Quintilian
289:scriptoria
151:Occupation
41:references
3515:Quaestors
3445:Empresses
3435:Dynasties
3425:Dictators
3400:and other
3389:Volubilis
3384:Vindobona
3344:Londinium
3269:Theodoret
3239:Procopius
3219:Polyaenus
3194:Pausanias
3096:Vitruvius
3041:Symmachus
3036:Suetonius
2946:Petronius
2931:Obsequens
2896:Macrobius
2891:Lucretius
2816:Frontinus
2791:Eutropius
2776:Columella
2726:Augustine
2716:Appuleius
2664:Neo-Latin
2639:Classical
2630:Versions
2538:Aqueducts
2480:Patronage
2400:Sexuality
2373:Mythology
2348:Education
2338:Cosmetics
2163:Campaigns
2158:Structure
2111:Decemviri
1970:Imperator
1669:overthrow
1422:. Oxford.
1362:, Trans.
1189:rara avis
1106:cite book
983:Uden, J.
965:Satire VI
960:(Juvenal)
827:rara avis
786:and his "
749:Petronius
709:Suetonius
646:Petronius
604:Deucalion
487:Vespasian
436:RI·SACRVM
390:patrimony
235:), was a
3520:Tribunes
3510:Praetors
3460:Generals
3440:Emperors
3349:Lugdunum
3334:Eboracum
3324:Carthage
3309:Aquileia
3224:Polybius
3214:Plutarch
3184:Libanius
3174:Josephus
3169:Herodian
3061:Tibullus
2976:Priscian
2951:Phaedrus
2911:Manilius
2856:Jordanes
2841:Hydatius
2771:Claudian
2751:Catullus
2741:Boëthius
2736:Ausonius
2654:Medieval
2626:Alphabet
2598:Theatres
2573:Numerals
2558:Concrete
2548:Circuses
2515:Bagaudae
2505:Adoption
2500:Marriage
2473:Assembly
2378:Religion
2353:Folklore
2333:Clothing
2328:Calendar
2285:Currency
2275:Commerce
2173:Strategy
2135:Military
2121:Triumvir
2101:Dictator
2096:Interrex
2075:Governor
2060:Quaestor
2023:Ordinary
2005:Province
1995:Tetrarch
1985:Augustus
1950:Vicarius
1940:Officium
1877:Imperium
1827:Plebeian
1787:Republic
1709:Dominate
1676:Republic
1637:Timeline
1570:LibriVox
1417:Juvenal
1193:de Matr.
904:See also
821:10.356),
792:Satire X
733:Catullus
642:Hipponax
571:Satire I
354:Domitian
344:town of
342:Volscian
327:freedman
265:Lucilius
3490:Legions
3450:Fiction
3420:Consuls
3415:Climate
3369:Ravenna
3364:Pompeii
3354:Lutetia
3319:Bononia
3314:Berytus
3304:Antioch
3279:Zosimus
3274:Zonaras
3249:Sozomen
3234:Priscus
3209:Photius
3051:Terence
3046:Tacitus
3031:Statius
3016:Servius
3001:Sallust
2956:Plautus
2936:Orosius
2916:Martial
2871:Juvenal
2846:Hyginus
2831:Gellius
2690:Writers
2621:History
2603:Thermae
2593:Temples
2543:Bridges
2510:Slavery
2458:Equites
2430:Society
2410:Theatre
2383:Deities
2343:Cuisine
2323:Bathing
2305:Culture
2280:Finance
2257:Economy
2148:Borders
2143:History
2045:Tribune
2040:Praetor
1930:Legatus
1925:Emperor
1812:Curiate
1782:Kingdom
1777:History
1753:History
1736:decline
1694:History
1664:Kingdom
1647:History
1632:Outline
1559:at the
1515:Satires
1460:Juvenal
1408:(1982)
1253:(1988)
1159:Saturae
1134:persona
1130:persona
1070:Satires
1048:Satires
1027:(ed.).
958:Satires
859:phrase
772:Satires
760:Judaism
756:Satires
745:Statius
741:Persius
737:Martial
717:Satires
705:Satires
698:persona
686:Satires
678:Satires
555:Saturae
538:Satires
525:Satires
516:Satires
501:X.5382)
394:Satires
382:Martial
374:Satires
362:Hadrian
346:Aquinum
335:Satires
316:Satires
304:Juvenal
285:Satires
277:Satires
273:Persius
249:Satires
232:-vən-əl
196:Juvenal
136:Aquinum
120:And of
92:Juvenal
54:improve
3500:Nomina
3485:Legacy
3465:Gentes
3402:topics
3398:Lists
3379:Smyrna
3259:Strabo
3189:Lucian
3179:Julian
3129:Arrian
3124:Appian
3114:Aelian
3091:Vergil
2866:Justin
2851:Jerome
2836:Horace
2821:Fronto
2811:Florus
2786:Ennius
2766:Cicero
2746:Caesar
2644:Vulgar
2468:Tribes
2395:Romans
2205:Legion
2188:castra
2065:Aedile
2035:Censor
2030:Consul
1990:Caesar
1960:Lictor
1882:Status
1822:Tribal
1802:Senate
1792:Empire
1686:Empire
1622:topics
1457:about
1291:
1165:92:1–6
868:Satire
780:London
747:, and
729:Cicero
725:empire
654:Satura
650:satura
614:Pyrrha
557:, 1535
506:
481:Flamen
477:Duovir
350:Trajan
275:. The
269:Horace
187:Latin:
175:Satire
146:128 AD
43:, but
3556:Junii
3164:Galen
3106:Greek
3076:Varro
2886:Lucan
2698:Latin
2613:Latin
2588:Ships
2578:Roads
2563:Domes
2495:Women
2443:Plebs
2368:Music
1910:Forum
1905:Curia
1023:. In
971:Notes
857:Latin
790:" on
782:" on
569:. In
563:books
530:Green
521:Ceres
465:Ceres
366:Nerva
237:Roman
171:Genre
165:Roman
133:55 AD
107:from
3480:Laws
3455:Film
3374:Roma
2941:Ovid
2881:Livy
2649:Late
2463:Gens
2420:Wine
2232:Navy
2200:Army
1839:SPQR
1741:fall
1719:fall
1289:ISBN
1112:link
898:WWII
881:Nazi
770:The
731:and
612:and
536:The
295:Life
271:and
240:poet
155:Poet
143:Died
130:Born
2634:Old
2318:Art
2091:Rex
1935:Dux
1849:Law
1568:at
1519:at
1281:doi
735:to
463:To
352:or
230:JOO
113:The
3552::
1333:.
1287:.
1108:}}
1104:{{
1039:^
1009:^
794:.
762:.
751:.
743:,
396:.
368:.
318:.
244:AD
220:əl
217:ən
211:uː
208:dʒ
111:,
1612:e
1605:t
1598:v
1389:.
1297:.
1283::
1219:.
1136:.
1114:)
870:X
497:(
223:/
214:v
205:ˈ
202:/
198:(
185:(
118::
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
50:.
23:.
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