1756:. He is widely considered one of the most important English-language political philosophers of the 20th century. His theory of justice uses a method called "original position" to ask us which principles of justice we would choose to regulate the basic institutions of our society if we were behind a "veil of ignorance". Imagine we do not know who we areâour race, sex, wealth, status, class, or any distinguishing featureâso that we would not be biased in our own favour. Rawls argued from this "original position" that we would choose exactly the same political liberties for everyone, like freedom of speech, the right to vote, and so on. Also, we would choose a system where there is only inequality because that produces incentives enough for the economic well-being of all society, especially the poorest. This is Rawls's famous "difference principle". Justice is fairness, in the sense that the fairness of the original position of choice guarantees the fairness of the principles chosen in that position.
1377:, he criticised what he called the "weak social thesis" to explain law. He formulates the weak social thesis as "(a) Sometimes the identification of some laws turn on moral arguments, but also with, (b) In all legal systems the identification of some law turns on moral argument." Raz argues that law's authority is identifiable purely through social sources, without reference to moral reasoning. This view he calls "the sources thesis". Raz suggests that any categorisation of rules beyond their role as authority is better left to sociology than to jurisprudence. Some philosophers used to contend that positivism was the theory that held that there was "no necessary connection" between law and morality; but influential contemporary positivistsâincluding Joseph Raz,
726:
1552:, Dworkin argued that law is an "interpretive" concept that requires barristers to find the best-fitting and most just solution to a legal dispute, given their constitutional traditions. According to him, law is not entirely based on social facts, but includes the best moral justification for the institutional facts and practices that form a society's legal tradition. It follows from Dworkin's view that one cannot know whether a society has a legal system in force, or what any of its laws are, until one knows some truths about the moral justifications of the social and political practices of that society. It is consistent with Dworkin's viewâin contrast with the views of legal positivists or legal realistsâthat
1211:
802:, where Aristotle notes that, aside from the "particular" laws that each people has set up for itself, there is a "common" law that is according to nature. The context of this remark, however, suggests only that Aristotle thought that it could be rhetorically advantageous to appeal to such a law, especially when the "particular" law of one's own city was adverse to the case being made, not that there actually was such a law. Aristotle, moreover, considered certain candidates for a universally valid, natural law to be wrong. Aristotle's theoretical paternity of the natural law tradition is consequently disputed.
1339:
are divided into rules of adjudication (how to resolve legal disputes), rules of change (how laws are amended), and the rule of recognition (how laws are identified as valid). The validity of a legal system comes from the "rule of recognition", which is a customary practice of officials (especially barristers and judges) who identify certain acts and decisions as sources of law. In 1981, Neil MacCormick wrote a pivotal book on Hart (second edition published in 2008), which further refined and offered some important criticisms that led MacCormick to develop his own theory (the best example of which is his
919:(the rights of peoples), and thus is an important figure in the transition to modernity. He extrapolated his ideas of legitimate sovereign power to international affairs, concluding that such affairs ought to be determined by forms respecting of the rights of all and that the common good of the world should take precedence before the good of any single state. This meant that relations between states ought to pass from being justified by force to being justified by law and justice. Some scholars have upset the standard account of the origins of International law, which emphasises the seminal text
1400:
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the influence of analytical legal philosophy; but with increasing criticism of dominant orientations of legal philosophy in
English-speaking countries in the present century, it has attracted renewed interest. Increasingly, its contemporary focus is on providing theoretical resources for jurists to aid their understanding of new types of regulation (for example, the diverse kinds of developing transnational law) and the increasingly important interrelations of law and culture, especially in multicultural Western societies.
1615:
971:, Lon L. Fuller defended a secular and procedural form of natural law. He emphasised that the (natural) law must meet certain formal requirements (such as being impartial and publicly knowable). To the extent that an institutional system of social control falls short of these requirements, Fuller argued, we are less inclined to recognise it as a system of law, or to give it our respect. Thus, the law must have a morality that goes beyond the societal rules under which laws are made.
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1307:, are understood to derive their authority or the extent to which they are binding. Kelsen contends that the extent to which legal norms are binding, their specifically "legal" character, can be understood without tracing it ultimately to some suprahuman source such as God, personified Nature orâof great importance in his timeâa personified State or Nation.
1644:, emphasize the role of character in morality. Virtue jurisprudence is the view that the laws should promote the development of virtuous character in citizens. Historically, this approach has been mainly associated with Aristotle or Thomas Aquinas. Contemporary virtue jurisprudence is inspired by philosophical work on virtue ethics.
482:, which holds that there is no necessary connection between law and morality and that the force of law comes from basic social facts; and "legal realism", which argues that the real-world practice of law determines what law is, the law having the force that it does because of what legislators, lawyers, and judges do with it. Unlike
927:, and argued for Vitoria and, later, SuĂĄrez's importance as forerunners and, potentially, founders of the field. Others, such as Koskenniemi, have argued that none of these humanist and scholastic thinkers can be understood to have founded international law in the modern sense, instead placing its origins in the post-1870 period.
793:
taken as a statement that is similar to the views of modern natural law theorists. But it must also be remembered that
Aristotle is describing a view of morality, not a system of law, and therefore his remarks as to nature are about the grounding of the morality enacted as law, not the laws themselves.
1697:
Utilitarianism is the view that the laws should be crafted so as to produce the best consequences for the greatest number of people. Historically, utilitarian thinking about law has been associated with the philosopher Jeremy
Bentham. John Stuart Mill was a pupil of Bentham's and was the torch bearer
1338:
Hart claimed that law is the union of primary rules and secondary rules. Primary rules require individuals to act or not act in certain ways and create duties for the governed to obey. Secondary rules are rules that confer authority to create new primary rules or modify existing ones. Secondary rules
1231:
John Austin and Jeremy
Bentham were early legal positivists who sought to provide a descriptive account of law that describes the law as it is. Austin explained the descriptive focus for legal positivism by saying, "The existence of law is one thing; its merit and demerit another. Whether it be or be
788:
and begins by asking what sort of mean a just act is. He argues that the term "justice" actually refers to two different but related ideas: general justice and particular justice. When a person's actions toward others are completely virtuous in all matters, Aristotle calls them "just" in the sense of
454:. That includes questions of how persons and social relations are understood in legal terms, and of the values in and of law. Work that is counted as jurisprudence is mostly philosophical, but it includes work that also belongs to other disciplines, such as sociology, history, politics and economics.
1257:
answer to "what is law?" was that law is "commands, backed by threat of sanctions, from a sovereign, to whom people have a habit of obedience". H. L. A. Hart criticized Austin and
Bentham's early legal positivism because the command theory failed to account for individual's compliance with
1140:
strongly defended and developed Pound's ideas. In the 1930s, a significant split between the sociological jurists and the
American legal realists emerged. In the second half of the twentieth century, sociological jurisprudence as a distinct movement declined as jurisprudence came more strongly under
472:
Contemporary philosophy of law, which deals with general jurisprudence, addresses problems internal to law and legal systems and problems of law as a social institution that relates to the larger political and social context in which it exists. Ancient natural law is the idea that there are rational
1503:
are a new theory of jurisprudence that has developed since the 1970s. The theory can generally be traced to
American legal realism and is considered "the first movement in legal theory and legal scholarship in the United States to have espoused a committed Left political stance and perspective". It
1410:
Legal realism is the view that a theory of law should be descriptive and account for the reasons why judges decide cases as they do. Legal realism had some affinities with the sociology of law and sociological jurisprudence. The essential tenet of legal realism is that all law is made by humans and
985:
Sophisticated positivist and natural law theories sometimes resemble each other and may have certain points in common. Identifying a particular theorist as a positivist or a natural law theorist sometimes involves matters of emphasis and degree, and the particular influences on the theorist's work.
792:
Aristotle moves from this unqualified discussion of justice to a qualified view of political justice, by which he means something close to the subject of modern jurisprudence. Of political justice, Aristotle argues that it is partly derived from nature and partly a matter of convention. This can be
494:
is concerned with "evaluative" theories of law. It deals with what the goal or purpose of law is, or what moral or political theories provide a foundation for the law. It not only addresses the question "What is law?", but also tries to determine what the proper function of law should be, or what
1601:
In addition to the question, "What is law?", legal philosophy is also concerned with normative, or "evaluative" theories of law. What is the goal or purpose of law? What moral or political theories provide a foundation for the law? What is the proper function of law? What sorts of acts should be
1559:
Interpretation, according to
Dworkin's "integrity theory of law", has two dimensions. To count as an interpretation, the reading of a text must meet the criterion of "fit". Of those interpretations that fit, however, Dworkin maintains that the correct interpretation is the one that portrays the
685:
In its general sense, natural law theory may be compared to both state-of-nature law and general law understood on the basis of being analogous to the laws of physical science. Natural law is often contrasted to positive law which asserts law as the product of human activity and human volition.
1155:
Legal positivism is the view that the content of law is dependent on social facts and that a legal system's existence is not constrained by morality. Within legal positivism, theorists agree that law's content is a product of social facts, but theorists disagree whether law's validity can be
1665:
formulated one influential deontological theory of law. He argued that any rule we follow must be able to be universally applied, i.e. we must be willing for everyone to follow that rule. A contemporary deontological approach can be found in the work of the legal philosopher Ronald
Dworkin.
1354:
In recent years, debates on the nature of law have become increasingly fine-grained. One important debate is within legal positivism. One school is sometimes called "exclusive legal positivism" and is associated with the view that the legal validity of a norm can never depend on its moral
1432:. Holmes's writings on jurisprudence also laid the foundations for the predictive theory of law. In his article "The Path of the Law", Holmes argues that "the object of study...is prediction, the prediction of the incidence of the public force through the instrumentality of the courts."
640:
were supposed to be simple interpretations of the traditional customs, butâapart from considering what traditional customs applied in each caseâsoon developed a more equitable interpretation, coherently adapting the law to newer social exigencies. The law was then adjusted with evolving
986:
The natural law theorists of the distant past, such as
Aquinas and John Locke made no distinction between analytic and normative jurisprudence, while modern natural law theorists, such as John Finnis, who claim to be positivists, still argue that law is moral by nature. In his book
1006:
Analytic, or "clarificatory", jurisprudence means taking a neutral point of view and using descriptive language when referring to various aspects of legal systems. This was a philosophical development that rejected natural law's fusing of what law is and what it ought to be.
1236:
authority. Through the sovereign's authority come laws, which for Austin and Bentham are commands backed by sanctions for non-compliance. Along with Hume, Bentham was an early and staunch supporter of the utilitarian concept, and was an avid prison reformer, advocate for
531:
meaning prudence (also: discretion, foresight, forethought, circumspection). It refers to the exercise of good judgment, common sense, and caution, especially in the conduct of practical matters. The word first appeared in written English in 1628, at a time when the word
1124:) encouraged the use of sociological insights in the development of legal and juristic theory. The most internationally influential advocacy for a "sociological jurisprudence" occurred in the United States, where, throughout the first half of the twentieth century,
784:. Indeed, his treatment of what he calls "political justice" derives from his discussion of "the just" as a moral virtue derived as the mean between opposing vices, just like every other virtue he describes. His longest discussion of his theory of justice occurs in
1048:
law?"; "What is the relationship between law and power/sociology?"; and "What is the relationship between law and morality?" Legal positivism is the dominant theory, although there is a growing number of critics who offer their own interpretations.
789:"general justice"; as such, this idea of justice is more or less coextensive with virtue. "Particular" or "partial justice", by contrast, is the part of "general justice" or the individual virtue that is concerned with treating others equitably.
1454:). Karl Llewellyn, another founder of the U.S. legal realism movement, similarly believed that the law is little more than putty in the hands of judges who are able to shape the outcome of cases based on their personal values or policy choices.
1160:
legal positivism is an example of exclusive legal positivism. Legal positivists who argue that law's validity can be explained by incorporating moral values are labeled inclusive (or soft) legal positivists. The legal positivist theories of
477:
rejects natural law's fusing of what law is and what it ought to be. It espouses the use of a neutral point of view and descriptive language when referring to aspects of legal systems. It encompasses such theories of jurisprudence as
1439:, judges start with the facts before them and then move to legal principles. Before legal realism, theories of jurisprudence turned this method around where judges were thought to begin with legal principles and then look to facts.
1606:, and what sorts of punishment should be permitted? What is justice? What rights do we have? Is there a duty to obey the law? What value has the rule of law? Some of the different schools and leading thinkers are discussed below.
3238:
653:, schools of law were created, and practice of the law became more academic. From the early Roman Empire to the 3rd century, a relevant body of literature was produced by groups of scholars, including the Proculians and
1077:
did not have a legal language that would support codification because the traditions, customs, and beliefs of the German people did not include a belief in a code. Historicists believe that law originates with society.
469:. General jurisprudence can be divided into categories both by the type of question scholars seek to answer and by the theories of jurisprudence, or schools of thought, regarding how those questions are best answered.
1280:
describes law as "binding norms", while at the same time refusing to evaluate those norms. That is, "legal science" is to be separated from "legal politics". Central to the Pure Theory of Law is the notion of a
1578:
Consequences of the operation of legal rules or legal proceduresâor of the behavior of legal actors (such as lawyers and judges)âmay be either beneficial (therapeutic) or harmful (anti-therapeutic) to people.
1201:
and the Cromwellian dictatorship had taken place; and, in reacting to that, Hobbes felt that absolute authority vested in a monarch, whose subjects obeyed the law, was the basis of a civilized society.
949:(which corresponds to modern international law) was something common to the majority of countries, although, being positive law, not natural law, it was not necessarily universal. On the other hand,
686:
Another approach to natural-law jurisprudence generally asserts that human law must be in response to compelling reasons for action. There are two readings of the natural-law jurisprudential stance.
1197:, Hobbes argues that without an ordered society life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short." It is commonly said that Hobbes's views on human nature were influenced by his times. The
1564:
a single best moral justification for the complex practices of any given community, and others have doubted whether, even if there is, it should be counted as part of the law of that community.
473:
objective limits to the power of legislative rulers. The foundations of law are accessible through reason, and it is from these laws of nature that human laws gain whatever force they have.
1702:
philosophy throughout the late nineteenth century. In contemporary legal theory, the utilitarian approach is frequently championed by scholars who work in the law and economics tradition.
1156:
explained by incorporating moral values. Legal positivists who argue against the incorporation of moral values to explain law's validity are labeled exclusive (or hard) legal positivists.
1092:
An effort to systematically inform jurisprudence from sociological insights developed from the beginning of the twentieth century, as sociology began to establish itself as a distinct
4287:
887:... this is the first precept of the law, that good is to be done and promoted, and evil is to be avoided. All other precepts of the natural law are based on this ...
1232:
not is one enquiry; whether it be or be not conformable to an assumed standard, is a different enquiry." For Austin and Bentham, a society is governed by a sovereign who has
486:, which seeks to investigate the content of folk legal concepts using the methods of social science, the traditional method of both natural law and analytic jurisprudence is
1457:
The Scandinavian school of legal realism argued that law can be explained through the empirical methods used by social scientists. Prominent Scandinavian legal realists are
1355:
correctness. A second school is labeled "inclusive legal positivism", a major proponent of which is Wil Waluchow, and is associated with the view that moral considerations
709:
Notions of an objective moral order, external to human legal systems, underlie natural law. What is right or wrong can vary according to the interests one is focused on.
1335:, Hart rejected Kelsen's views that sanctions were essential to law and that a normative social phenomenon, like law, cannot be grounded in non-normative social facts.
3189:
693:
holds that if a human law fails to be in response to compelling reasons, then it is not properly a "law" at all. This is captured, imperfectly, in the famous maxim:
1385:âreject that view. Raz claims it is a necessary truth that there are vices that a legal system cannot possibly have (for example, it cannot commit rape or murder).
860:
Eternal law refers to divine reason, known only to God. It is God's plan for the universe. Man needs this plan, for without it he would totally lack direction.
1272:
Hans Kelsen is considered one of the preeminent jurists of the 20th century and has been highly influential in Europe and Latin America, although less so in
1414:
There are two separate schools of legal realism: American legal realism and Scandinavian legal realism. American legal realism grew out of the writings of
777:). Aquinas's influence was such as to affect a number of early translations of these passages, though more recent translations render them more literally.
705:
holds that if a human law fails to be in response to compelling reasons, then it can still be called a "law", but it must be recognised as a defective law.
1435:
For the American legal realists of the early twentieth century, legal realism sought to describe the way judges decide cases. For legal realists such as
1523:
is "a compound of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by
8281:
1442:
It has become common today to identify Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., as the main precursor of American Legal Realism (other influences include
2584:
713:, one of the most important of modern natural lawyers, has argued that the maxim "an unjust law is no law at all" is a poor guide to the classical
1136:. In the United States, many later writers followed Pound's lead or developed distinctive approaches to sociological jurisprudence. In Australia,
3239:"In Praise of John Rawls, The Man Who Made Moral Philosophy Respectable Again â And Whose Views Also Profoundly Informed American Legal Thought"
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The desires to live and to procreate are counted by Aquinas among those basic (natural) human values on which all other human values are based.
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practices of the community in their best light, or makes them "the best that they can be". But many writers have doubted whether there
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holds that the law is largely contradictory, and can be best analyzed as an expression of the policy goals of a dominant social group.
1373:
Joseph Raz's theory of legal positivism argues against the incorporation of moral values to explain law's validity. In Raz's 1979 book
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methods and data to study the extent to which a legal rule or practice affects the psychological well-being of the people it impacts.
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Despite its decline in popularity, legal realism continues to influence a wide spectrum of jurisprudential schools today, including
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Koskenniemi: "International Law and raison d'Ă©tat: Rethinking the Prehistory of International Law", in Kingsbury & Strausmann,
633:, later a private individual appointed to judge a specific case) would then prescribe a remedy according to the facts of the case.
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765:. This was based on Aquinas' conflation of natural law and natural right, the latter of which Aristotle posits in Book V of the
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Alan Hunt, "The Theory of Critical Legal Studies", Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1986): 1-45, esp. 1, 5. See
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645:(legal concepts), while remaining in the traditional mode. Praetors were replaced in the 3rd century BC by a laical body of
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The Rights of Strangers: theories of international hospitality, the global community, and political justice since Vitoria
8153:
3677:"L'Ircocervo. Rivista elettronica italiana di metodologia giuridica, teoria generale del diritto e dottrina dello stato"
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2976:"Jurisprudence". West's Encyclopedia of American Law. Ed. Jeffrey Lehman, Shirelle Phelps. Detroit: Thomson/Gale, 2005.
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3614:(Juristische Methodenlehre), translated from the tenth German Edition by Kirk W. Junker, P. Matthew Roy. Durham:
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in a society may know what its laws are, because no-one may know the best moral justification for its practices.
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665:(5th century) that legal studies were once again undertaken in depth, and it is from this cultural movement that
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1424:, he claims that "he life of the law has not been logic: it has been experience". This view was a reaction to
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3512:. Birmingham, AL: Legal Classics Library. (Contains penetrating classic "The Bramble Bush" on nature of law).
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The Progressive Revolution, 2007â08 Writings-Vol. 1; 2009 Writings-Vol. 2, Liberal Fascism through the Ages
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621:, the annual pronunciation of prosecutable offences, or in extraordinary situations, additions made to the
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John Rawls, who turned 80 this year, is the most distinguished moral and political philosopher of our age.
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sorts of acts should be subject to legal sanctions, and what sorts of punishment should be permitted.
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John Rawls, who died in 2002, was the most influential American philosopher of the twentieth century.
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1299:)âa hypothetical norm, presupposed by the jurist, from which all "lower" norms in the hierarchy of a
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to follow a particular course of action. But as a matter of pure logic, one cannot conclude that we
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3329:"The Transatlantic Divergence in Legal Thought: American Law and Economics vs. German Doctrinalism"
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In the English-speaking world, the most influential legal positivist of the twentieth century was
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is the "participation" in the eternal law by rational human creatures, and is discovered by reason
657:. The scientific nature of the studies was unprecedented in ancient times. After the 3rd century,
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1546:'s legal theory attacks legal positivists that separate law's content from morality. In his book
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and believed that the law had peoples' tacit consent. He believed that society was formed from a
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must be treated as a strictly separate question from normative and evaluative questions of what
849:, he is considered by many Catholics to be the Church's greatest theologian. Consequently, many
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Aristotle is often said to be the father of natural law. Like his philosophical forefathers
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3689:(Routledge, 1998.) Lon Fuller's classic of jurisprudence brought up to date 50 years later.
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The province of jurisprudence determined ; and, the uses of the study of jurisprudence
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by judging whether or not singular cases were capable of being prosecuted either by the
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Modern jurisprudence began in the 18th century and was based on the first principles of
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The most important questions of analytic jurisprudence are: "What are laws?"; "What is
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The best evidence of Aristotle's having thought there was a natural law comes from the
767:
103:
64:
27:
7682:
4066:
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933:, regarded as among the greatest scholastics after Aquinas, subdivided the concept of
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meant knowledge of, or skill in, a matter. It may have entered English via the French
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Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, p. 378 (2d Coll. Ed. 1978).
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3714:
The Opticon: Online Repository of Materials covering Spectrum of U.S. Jurisprudence
3149:
2951:
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1981:
1901:
1692:
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1485:
1150:
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3545:
The Inseparability of Law and Morality: Essays on Law, Race, Politics and Religion
1411:
thus should account for reasons besides legal rules that led to a legal decision.
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is the philosophy and theory of law. It is concerned primarily with both what law
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Lex Naturalis, Ius Naturalis: Law as Positive Reasoning & Natural Rationality
3473:
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2212:"Classical Chinese Jurisprudence and the Development of the Chinese Legal System"
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became a more bureaucratic activity, with few notable authors. It was during the
3666:
2326:, Loeb Classical Library; J. A. K. Thomson, trans. (revised by Hugh Tedennick),
1329:. Hart argued that the law should be understood as a system of social rules. In
761:). His association with natural law is largely due to how he was interpreted by
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1245:. Bentham's views about law and jurisprudence were popularized by his student
1057:
Historical jurisprudence came to prominence during the debate on the proposed
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Aquinas distinguished four kinds of law: eternal, natural, divine, and human:
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See H L A Hart, 'Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals' (1958) 71
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3596:(The Concept of Law), an introduction to Legal Theory, 6th ed., Stuttgart:
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3426:
The Politics of Jurisprudence: A Critical Introduction to Legal Philosophy
1217:
utilitarian theories remained dominant in law until the twentieth century.
992:(1980, 2011), John Finnis provides a restatement of natural law doctrine.
937:. Working with already well-formed categories, he carefully distinguished
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1966:
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268:
3247:
Rawls remained the most important American philosopher since John Dewey.
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4771:
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to protect people from the state of war that would exist otherwise. In
1157:
1008:
869:
1469:. Scandinavian legal realists also took a naturalist approach to law.
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5190:
5118:
5036:
5009:
4893:
4166:
4031:
3876:
3657:
3579:
3442:
3097:
Brooks, "Review of Dworkin and His Critics with Replies by Dworkin",
3036:
3034:
1721:
1622:
1238:
875:
729:
654:
614:
372:
5673:
3672:
2955:
2611:
2009:
820:
147:
114:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
26:"Concept of law" redirects here. For the book by H. L. A. Hart, see
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is revealed in the scriptures and is God's positive law for mankind
740:
606:
516:
20:
6385:
5718:
3031:
1359:, but do not necessarily, determine the legal validity of a norm.
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8183:
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4908:
4856:
4377:
3966:
1866:
1674:
1242:
1105:
1074:
714:
610:
3748:
3565:
Declarations of Independence: Cross-Examining American Ideology.
2669:
Leviathan: With selected variants from the Latin edition of 1668
7019:
6820:
6608:
6583:
6573:
6543:
6528:
5624:
5477:
5222:
5113:
5108:
5054:
4725:
4359:
3439:
Sociological Jurisprudence: Juristic Thought and Social Inquiry
1109:
572:
2887:"Rethinking Legal Realism: Toward a Naturalized Jurisprudence"
7049:
6538:
6473:
5565:
5509:
5415:
5256:
5059:
4558:
3078:
Constitutions and Constitutionalism in the Slaveholding South
2266:
The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory
1661:
is the "theory of duty or moral obligation". The philosopher
1618:
1017:, that people invariably slip from describing what the world
780:
Aristotle's theory of justice is bound up in his idea of the
264:
3535:
Understanding Jurisprudence: An Introduction to Legal Theory
2563:
On the Vocation of Our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence
1067:
On the Vocation of Our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence
7044:
6468:
5447:
5395:
5251:
4649:
4565:
4116:
3732:
Bibliography on the Philosophy of Law. Peace Palace Library
3674:
2131:
1851:
3652:
John Witte Jr.: A Brief Biography of Dooyeweerd, based on
1112:, the work of the "free law" theorists (e.g. Ernst Fuchs,
6613:
6508:
5909:
4519:
3413:
Law's Community: Legal Theory in Sociological Perspective
2992:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 124 n.1.
2591:
2254:(American Philological Society, 1953, 1991), p. 518.
1583:("TJ") studies law as a social force (or agent) and uses
596:
287:
33:
3136:"Editorial: Current Issues in Therapeutic Jurisprudence"
2264:
Golding, Martin P.; Edmundson, William A., eds. (2013).
1033:
the case. So analysing and clarifying the way the world
827:
was the most influential Western medieval legal scholar.
3682:
The Case of the Speluncean Explorers: Nine New Opinions
3656:, Inleiding tot de Wijsbegeerte van Herman Dooyeweerd (
878:
is supported by reason and enacted for the common good.
4488:
3719:
831:
Thomas Aquinas is the foremost classical proponent of
3736:
3702:
Evgeny Pashukanis - General Theory of Law and Marxism
3635:, 3rd Edition, Reprinted 2016: Eastern Book Company.
3339:(1) (published 3 March 2010): 295â360. Archived from
2731:
1343:, 2007). Other important critiques include those of
2851:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 47â48.
172:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2743:
3517:Introduction to Law, Legal Process, and Procedure
3333:Hastings International and Comparative Law Review
3327:Grechenig, Kristoffel R.; Gelter, Martin (2008).
3312:(9th ed.). Saint Paul, Minnesota, US: West.
2434:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
1759:There are many other normative approaches to the
8314:
3357:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3126:
2848:The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality
2821:The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality
2791:The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality
271:of law ask "what is law, and what should it be?"
3326:
3040:
2824:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 47.
2794:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 45.
2365:. Translated by Irwin, Terrence (2nd ed.).
1249:. Austin was the first chair of law at the new
3698:by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev.
2696:. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub. p. 184.
743:and Plato, Aristotle posited the existence of
6429:
5734:
4504:
4480:
3764:
3134:; Vols, Michel; et al. (December 2016).
2931:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co. pp. vi.
2374:
2372:
1640:Aretaic moral theories, such as contemporary
1081:
913:was perhaps the first to develop a theory of
839:. The work for which he is best known is the
583:all had competing theories of jurisprudence.
424:
6935:
3466:Justice, Legal Systems, and Social Structure
3017:. London: Stevens & Sons. pp. vii.
2942:Holmes, O.W. (1897). "The Path of the Law".
2928:A Selection of Cases on the Law of Contracts
1567:
1294:
1169:are examples of inclusive legal positivism.
953:, or civil law, is specific to each nation.
882:Natural law is based on "first principles":
537:
503:The English word is derived from the Latin,
6871:
3080:(University of Georgia Press, 1989). p. 1.
2914:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co. p. 1.
2512:The Roman Foundations of the Law of Nations
2497:e.g. James Brown Scott, cited in Cavallar,
2423:Shellens, "Aristotle on Natural Law", 75â81
2038:
2036:
670:
526:
520:
510:
504:
73:Learn how and when to remove these messages
6436:
6422:
5741:
5727:
4511:
4497:
3771:
3757:
3737:Norwegian Association for Legal Philosophy
3436:
3423:
3410:
3012:
2726:The Providence of Jurisprudence Determined
2528:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 18â19.
2369:
1720:John Rawls was an American philosopher; a
1590:
556:Ancient jurisprudence begins with various
431:
417:
3211:"The Enduring Significance of John Rawls"
3153:
2635:
2049:
1495:
1029:to do something merely because something
995:
250:Learn how and when to remove this message
232:Learn how and when to remove this message
130:Learn how and when to remove this message
6443:
5656:History of the American legal profession
4288:Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law
3708:Internet Encyclopedia: Philosophy of Law
3403:The Province of Jurisprudence Determined
3258:
3205:
2924:
2033:
1673:
1613:
1398:
1209:
819:
724:
263:
8019:Reflections on the Revolution in France
3720:Foundation for Law, Justice and Society
3530:. (Philosophical treatment of justice).
3498:. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield.
3449:
3293:For full discussion see Cotterrell 2018
2985:
2616:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2581:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2067:
1609:
1531:
19:For the "jurisprudence" of courts, see
8315:
3505:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
3468:. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press.
3396:
3361:
3307:
3046:
2941:
2907:
2884:
2691:
2662:
2597:
2523:
2015:
895:
6417:
5722:
4492:
4479:
3752:
3471:
3452:Lloyd's Introduction to Jurisprudence
2813:
2811:
2665:"Of the Natural Condition of Mankind"
2587:from the original on 4 December 2023.
2574:
2474:: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1995)
2300:Shellens, "Aristotle on Natural Law."
2209:
2167:
1681:believed law should create happiness.
1513:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
1428:that was popular the time due to the
1205:
1132:, used this term to characterise his
6372:
3667:LII Law about ... Jurisprudence
3612:Introduction to German Legal Methods
3503:Legal History: Law and Social Change
3347:
3233:
2749:
2737:
2252:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law
1507:
1052:
170:adding citations to reliable sources
141:
79:
38:
8129:The End of History and the Last Man
8039:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
5748:
4450:
4216:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
3364:Philosophy of law: the fundamentals
2844:
2817:
2787:
2642:. New York: Routledge. p. 54.
1144:
13:
3510:Karl N. Llewellyn on Legal Realism
3492:Hutchinson, Allan C., ed. (1989).
3390:
3066:Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
2808:
2671:. Hackett Publishing. p. 76.
2390:"Nicomachean Ethics", Bk. V, ch. 1
2068:Sommers, Roseanna (23 July 2021).
2057:Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
2029:Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
1927:Models of judicial decision making
1747:Justice as Fairness: A Restatement
14:
8369:
4640:Restitution and unjust enrichment
3778:
3646:
3501:Kempin Jr., Frederick G. (1963).
3218:The Chronicle of Higher Education
3064:Moore, "Critical Legal Studies",
2609:
2565:(Abraham A. Hayward trans., 1831)
2352:"Nicomachean Ethics" Bk. II ch. 6
1669:
805:
699:(an unjust law is no law at all).
54:This article has multiple issues.
8099:The Open Society and Its Enemies
6395:
6384:
6371:
6360:
6359:
5687:
5686:
5672:
4449:
4434:
4425:
4424:
3519:. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing.
1406:was a self-styled legal realist.
1388:
1325:, professor of jurisprudence at
1310:
1172:
560:texts of India. Dharmasutras of
294:
146:
84:
43:
6906:Family as a model for the state
6314:List of social science journals
5651:History of the legal profession
3300:
3287:
3252:
3227:
3199:
3179:
3170:
3120:
3104:
3091:
3070:
3058:
3006:
2979:
2970:
2935:
2918:
2901:
2885:Leiter, Brian (December 1997).
2878:
2865:
2838:
2781:
2755:
2718:
2685:
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2629:
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2568:
2555:
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2517:
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2405:
2393:
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2355:
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2316:
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2294:
2257:
2240:
1787:Artificial intelligence and law
1227:John Austin (legal philosopher)
1021:to asserting that we therefore
157:needs additional citations for
62:or discuss these issues on the
8256:Separation of church and state
8154:Collectivism and individualism
8109:The Origins of Totalitarianism
6271:Science and technology studies
4246:Natural Law and Natural Rights
3633:Jurisprudence and Legal Theory
2526:Natural Law and Natural Rights
2203:
2173:"Ancient Indian Jurisprudence"
2161:
2149:
2124:
2061:
2021:
1261:
989:Natural Law and Natural Rights
974:
680:
552:Roman law § Jurisprudence
1:
8296:Category:Political philosophy
8169:Critique of political economy
3693:The Roman Law Library, incl.
3515:Murphy, Cornelius F. (1977).
3464:Hartzler, H. Richard (1976).
2763:"The University of Edinburgh"
2575:Green, Leslie (Spring 2018).
2447:"Greek Theory of Natural Law"
2027:Shiner, "Philosophy of Law",
1998:
1767:, critical legal studies and
1705:
1647:
1430:Christopher Columbus Langdell
1362:
1128:, for many years the Dean of
956:
691:The strong natural law thesis
605:(traditional law), a body of
8194:Institutional discrimination
8189:History of political thought
6921:Negative and positive rights
3660:, 1982; pp. 1â4, 132).
3610:Zippelius, Reinhold (2008).
3592:Zippelius, Reinhold (2012).
3574:Zippelius, Reinhold (2011).
3196:at Metalibri Digital Library
2561:Friedrich Carl von Savigny,
2210:Chang, Wejen (Spring 2010).
2132:"jurisprudence - Wiktionary"
2070:"Experimental jurisprudence"
2003:
1972:Rule according to higher law
720:
498:
7:
8204:Justification for the state
7989:Two Treatises of Government
4323:Libertarian theories of law
3662:Redeemer University College
3558:University Press of America
3548:University Press of America
3508:Llewellyn, Karl N. (1986).
3041:Grechenig & Gelter 2008
2986:Schauer, Frederick (2009).
2311:Thomism and Aristotelianism
2055:Soper, "Legal Positivism",
1952:Postmodernist jurisprudence
1917:Libertarian theories of law
1774:
1769:libertarian theories of law
1542:American legal philosopher
1418:. At the start of Holmes's
853:have been named after him.
703:The weak natural law thesis
110:the claims made and adding
10:
8374:
6874:Bellum omnium contra omnes
5318:International legal theory
4797:International slavery laws
4792:International human rights
4787:International criminal law
3834:International legal theory
3553:Washington, Ellis (2013).
3543:Washington, Ellis (2002).
3450:Freeman, M. D. A. (2014).
3055:. DOI, 10.1093/ojls/6.1.1.
2667:. In Curley, Edwin (ed.).
2540:A Treatise of Human Nature
1977:Sociological jurisprudence
1857:International legal theory
1709:
1690:
1684:
1651:
1633:
1594:
1571:
1535:
1512:
1392:
1366:
1314:
1265:
1220:
1176:
1148:
1085:
1082:Sociological jurisprudence
1071:Friedrich Carl von Savigny
1014:A Treatise of Human Nature
999:
978:
960:
899:
809:
549:
545:
542:, which appeared earlier.
484:experimental jurisprudence
303:Foundations and Philosophy
25:
18:
8291:
8141:
7910:
7558:
7291:
7171:
7090:
7002:
6993:
6859:
6693:
6622:
6451:
6355:
6322:
6306:
6053:
5779:
5756:
5666:
5643:
5533:
5371:Administration of justice
5356:
5265:
5156:
5035:
4937:
4658:
4526:
4486:
4481:Links to related articles
4420:
4351:
4268:
4175:
3857:
3799:
3786:
3654:Hendrik van Eikema Hommes
3631:Pillai, P. S. A. (2016).
3569:Harper Collins Publishers
3526:, revised ed. Cambridge:
3472:Engle, Eric (July 2010).
3366:. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
3308:Garner, Bryan A. (2009).
3013:Olivecrona, Karl (1971).
2908:Holmes, O.W. Jr. (1881).
2268:. Malden, Massachusetts:
2217:Tsinghua China Law Review
2156:Oxford English Dictionary
1581:Therapeutic jurisprudence
1574:Therapeutic jurisprudence
1568:Therapeutic jurisprudence
1525:a body of fundamental law
845:. One of the thirty-five
590:had its origins with the
365:Methodological background
8079:The Revolt of the Masses
5148:Basic structure doctrine
4998:Natural and legal rights
4879:Public international law
4405:Rational-legal authority
4293:German historical school
4278:Analytical jurisprudence
3626:The Concept of Injustice
3528:Harvard University Press
3454:(9th ed.). London:
3428:(2nd ed.). Oxford:
3362:Murphy, Mark C. (2006).
3280:
3264:"What John Rawls Missed"
3116:Harvard University Press
2636:Martinich, A.P. (2013).
2181:Banaras Hindu University
1957:Publius Juventius Celsus
1817:Constitutional economics
1782:Analytical jurisprudence
851:institutions of learning
16:Theoretical study of law
8059:The Communist Manifesto
6985:Tyranny of the majority
6896:Consent of the governed
5959:international relations
5328:Principle of typicality
4802:International trade law
4518:
4373:Judicial interpretation
3742:9 February 2010 at the
3616:Carolina Academic Press
3538:Oxford University Press
3533:Wacks, Raymond (2009).
3437:Cotterrell, R. (2018).
3430:Oxford University Press
3424:Cotterrell, R. (2003).
3417:Oxford University Press
3411:Cotterrell, R. (1995).
3155:10.5204/qutlr.v16i3.692
2925:Langdell, C.C. (1871).
2663:Hobbes, Thomas (1668).
2094:10.1126/science.abf0711
1947:Political jurisprudence
1797:Cautelary jurisprudence
1591:Normative jurisprudence
1323:H. L. A. Hart
1311:H. L. A. Hart
1163:H. L. A. Hart
696:lex iniusta non est lex
492:Normative jurisprudence
342:Judicial interpretation
6936:
6886:Clash of civilizations
6872:
6286:Quantum social science
4460:WikiProject Philosophy
3814:Critical legal studies
3725:5 January 2016 at the
3495:Critical Legal Studies
3310:Black's law dictionary
2989:Thinking Like a Lawyer
2610:Himma, Kenneth Einar.
2549:20 August 2006 at the
2018:, Jurisprudence entry.
1842:Feminist jurisprudence
1682:
1631:
1538:Interpretivism (legal)
1501:Critical legal studies
1496:Critical legal studies
1474:critical legal studies
1407:
1295:
1253:, from 1829. Austin's
1218:
1002:Analytic jurisprudence
996:Analytic jurisprudence
921:De iure belli ac pacis
890:
828:
736:
671:
613:established a working
571:In Ancient China, the
538:
527:
521:
511:
505:
488:philosophical analysis
475:Analytic jurisprudence
272:
32:. For law itself, see
6901:Divine right of kings
6323:Other categorizations
6176:International studies
6161:History of technology
6096:Communication studies
5979:public administration
5323:Principle of legality
5082:Delegated legislation
4782:Intellectual property
4383:Law without the state
3563:Zinn, Howard (1990).
3076:Don E. Fehrenbacher,
2692:Austin, John (1832).
2524:Finnis, John (1980).
1987:Strict interpretation
1847:Feminist legal theory
1677:
1625:(right), a detail of
1617:
1478:feminist legal theory
1416:Oliver Wendell Holmes
1404:Oliver Wendell Holmes
1402:
1213:
884:
847:Doctors of the Church
837:Roman Catholic Church
823:
728:
636:The sentences of the
267:
8328:Academic disciplines
8049:Democracy in America
7428:political philosophy
7411:political philosophy
7226:political philosophy
7055:political philosophy
6965:Separation of powers
6926:Night-watchman state
6911:Monopoly on violence
6445:Political philosophy
6156:Historical sociology
5541:Barristers' chambers
5483:Legal representation
5421:Justice of the peace
4767:Financial regulation
4343:Virtue jurisprudence
4283:Deontological ethics
3594:Das Wesen des Rechts
3522:Rawls, John (1999).
3237:(11 December 2002).
2873:The Authority of Law
2845:Raz, Joseph (1979).
2818:Raz, Joseph (1979).
2788:Raz, Joseph (1979).
2322:H. Rackham, trans.,
2270:Blackwell Publishing
2171:(27 November 2010).
1992:Virtue jurisprudence
1832:Defeasible reasoning
1827:Critical rationalism
1822:Critical race theory
1741:Political Liberalism
1726:political philosophy
1654:Deontological ethics
1636:Virtue jurisprudence
1628:The School of Athens
1610:Virtue jurisprudence
1597:Political philosophy
1532:Legal interpretivism
1482:critical race theory
1375:The Authority of Law
1251:University of London
1185:social contractarian
1096:, especially in the
911:Francisco de Vitoria
673:Corpus Juris Civilis
663:Eastern Roman Empire
166:improve this article
8239:Right-wing politics
8119:A Theory of Justice
8089:The Road to Serfdom
8009:The Social Contract
6716:Christian democracy
6336:Geisteswissenschaft
6330:Behavioral sciences
6256:Political sociology
6171:Information science
6116:Development studies
5576:Election commission
5288:Expressive function
4817:Landlordâtenant law
4716:Consumer protection
3695:Responsa prudentium
3524:A Theory of Justice
3456:Sweet & Maxwell
3441:. New York/London:
3262:(29 October 2019).
3043:, pp. 295â360.
2871:ch. 2, Joseph Raz,
2600:, pp. 132â135.
2339:Joe Sachs, trans.,
2330:, Penguin Classics.
2246:Adolf Berger, s.v.
2228:on 18 December 2021
2224:(2). Archived from
2086:2021Sci...373..394S
1922:Living Constitution
1735:A Theory of Justice
1716:A Theory of Justice
1347:, John Finnis, and
1341:Institutions of Law
1114:Hermann Kantorowicz
902:School of Salamanca
896:School of Salamanca
8251:Political violence
8246:Political theology
8229:Left-wing politics
8224:Political spectrum
6391:Society portal
5878:auxiliary sciences
5534:Legal institutions
5401:Lawsuit/Litigation
5391:Dispute resolution
5196:Catholic canon law
4904:State of emergency
4867:Will and testament
4591:Law of obligations
4544:Constitutional law
4534:Administrative law
4236:The Concept of Law
4226:Pure Theory of Law
3578:, 6th ed. Munich:
3354:The Concept of Law
3192:5 May 2007 at the
2944:Harvard Law Review
2612:"Legal Positivism"
2577:"Legal Positivism"
2485:"Summa Theologica"
2400:Nicomachean Ethics
2379:Nicomachean Ethics
2363:Nicomachean Ethics
2343:, Focus Publishing
2341:Nicomachean Ethics
2328:Nicomachean Ethics
2324:Nicomachean Ethics
2191:on 4 November 2011
2158:, 2nd edition 1989
1877:Law and literature
1812:Constitutional law
1753:The Law of Peoples
1730:Harvard University
1683:
1632:
1408:
1332:The Concept of Law
1305:constitutional law
1278:Pure Theory of Law
1219:
1206:Bentham and Austin
1130:Harvard Law School
1102:continental Europe
829:
786:Nicomachean Ethics
768:Nicomachean Ethics
747:or natural right (
737:
273:
95:possibly contains
29:The Concept of Law
8353:Social philosophy
8343:Philosophy of law
8310:
8309:
8304:
8303:
8214:Philosophy of law
8159:Conflict theories
7999:The Spirit of Law
7906:
7905:
6955:Original position
6411:
6410:
6251:Political economy
6246:Political ecology
6101:Community studies
6091:Cognitive science
6054:Interdisciplinary
5954:Political science
5716:
5715:
5376:Constitutionalism
5298:Law and economics
5136:Act of parliament
4874:Product liability
4827:Legal archaeology
4752:Environmental law
4746:Entertainment law
4586:International law
4473:
4472:
4445:Philosophy portal
4206:The Spirit of Law
3844:Philosophy of law
3824:Economic analysis
3809:Constitutionalism
3641:978-93-5145-326-0
3628:(Routledge, 2013)
3606:978-3-17-022355-4
3588:978-3-406-61191-9
3576:Rechtsphilosophie
3485:978-0-9807318-4-2
3343:on 13 March 2020.
3319:978-0-314-19949-2
3132:Perlin, Michael L
3099:Modern Law Review
3086:978-0-8203-1119-7
2740:, pp. 79â99.
2136:en.wiktionary.org
2080:(6553): 394â395.
1962:Philosophy of law
1942:New legal realism
1872:Law and economics
1862:Judicial activism
1765:constitutionalism
1761:philosophy of law
1521:Constitutionalism
1515:Constitutionalism
1508:Constitutionalism
1490:law and economics
1327:Oxford University
1303:, beginning with
1199:English Civil War
1053:Historical school
586:Jurisprudence in
525:meaning law, and
441:
440:
405:judicial opinions
352:Law and economics
260:
259:
252:
242:
241:
234:
216:
140:
139:
132:
97:original research
77:
8365:
8219:Political ethics
8209:Machiavellianism
8149:Authoritarianism
8134:
8124:
8114:
8104:
8094:
8084:
8074:
8064:
8054:
8044:
8034:
8024:
8014:
8004:
7994:
7984:
7974:
7964:
7954:
7944:
7934:
7924:
7000:
6999:
6941:
6877:
6867:Balance of power
6841:Social democracy
6836:Social Darwinism
6811:Multiculturalism
6756:Environmentalism
6731:Communitarianism
6438:
6431:
6424:
6415:
6414:
6399:
6389:
6388:
6375:
6374:
6363:
6362:
6266:Regional science
6111:Cultural studies
6086:Business studies
5743:
5736:
5729:
5720:
5719:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5677:
5676:
5500:Question of fact
5381:Criminal justice
4711:Construction law
4706:Conflict of laws
4671:Agricultural law
4513:
4506:
4499:
4490:
4489:
4477:
4476:
4453:
4452:
4438:
4428:
4427:
4308:Legal positivism
4261:
4251:
4241:
4231:
4221:
4211:
4201:
4191:
3849:Sociology of law
3773:
3766:
3759:
3750:
3749:
3489:
3459:
3446:
3433:
3420:
3407:
3385:
3358:
3344:
3323:
3294:
3291:
3275:
3274:
3268:The New Republic
3256:
3250:
3249:
3235:Dorf, Michael C.
3231:
3225:
3224:
3215:
3209:(20 July 2001).
3207:Nussbaum, Martha
3203:
3197:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3157:
3124:
3118:
3110:Ronald Dworkin,
3108:
3102:
3095:
3089:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3029:
3028:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2891:Texas Law Review
2882:
2876:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2765:. Archived from
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2572:
2566:
2559:
2553:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2521:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2475:
2457:
2451:
2450:
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2430:
2424:
2421:
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2403:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2337:
2331:
2320:
2314:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2261:
2255:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2190:
2184:. Archived from
2177:
2169:Katju, Markandey
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2040:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
1982:Sociology of law
1902:Legal positivism
1732:; and author of
1693:Lysander Spooner
1486:sociology of law
1452:Benjamin Cardozo
1298:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1151:Legal positivism
1145:Legal positivism
1134:legal philosophy
1088:Sociology of Law
951:ius intra gentes
947:Ius inter gentes
943:ius intra gentes
939:ius inter gentes
931:Francisco SuĂĄrez
842:Summa Theologiae
833:natural theology
771:(Book IV of the
749:dikaion physikon
676:
594:âexperts in the
541:
530:
524:
514:
508:
480:legal positivism
433:
426:
419:
357:Sociology of law
298:
275:
274:
255:
248:
237:
230:
226:
223:
217:
215:
174:
150:
142:
135:
128:
124:
121:
115:
112:inline citations
88:
87:
80:
69:
47:
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8373:
8372:
8368:
8367:
8366:
8364:
8363:
8362:
8358:Social sciences
8313:
8312:
8311:
8306:
8305:
8300:
8287:
8276:Totalitarianism
8137:
8132:
8122:
8112:
8102:
8092:
8082:
8072:
8062:
8052:
8042:
8032:
8022:
8012:
8002:
7992:
7982:
7972:
7962:
7952:
7949:Treatise on Law
7942:
7932:
7922:
7902:
7560:
7554:
7293:
7287:
7173:
7167:
7086:
6989:
6975:State of nature
6970:Social contract
6950:Ordered liberty
6938:Noblesse oblige
6855:
6689:
6618:
6447:
6442:
6412:
6407:
6383:
6351:
6318:
6302:
6276:Science studies
6060:Administration
6049:
5775:
5752:
5750:Social sciences
5747:
5717:
5712:
5685:
5671:
5662:
5639:
5630:Political party
5603:Legal education
5591:Law enforcement
5571:Court of equity
5529:
5505:Question of law
5458:Practice of law
5438:Judicial review
5352:
5303:Legal formalism
5283:Comparative law
5278:Contract theory
5261:
5181:Legal pluralism
5152:
5141:Act of Congress
5065:Executive order
5031:
4933:
4852:Nationality law
4777:Immigration law
4701:Competition law
4654:
4522:
4517:
4482:
4474:
4469:
4455:WikiProject Law
4416:
4400:Question of law
4347:
4264:
4259:
4249:
4239:
4229:
4219:
4209:
4199:
4196:Treatise on Law
4189:
4171:
3853:
3819:Comparative law
3795:
3782:
3777:
3744:Wayback Machine
3727:Wayback Machine
3649:
3486:
3393:
3391:Further reading
3388:
3374:
3320:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3260:Jedediah, Purdy
3257:
3253:
3232:
3228:
3213:
3204:
3200:
3194:Wayback Machine
3184:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3128:Wexler, David B
3125:
3121:
3109:
3105:
3101:, vol. 69 no. 6
3096:
3092:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2956:10.2307/1322028
2940:
2936:
2923:
2919:
2906:
2902:
2883:
2879:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2843:
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2832:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2756:
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2679:
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2630:
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2604:
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2569:
2560:
2556:
2551:Wayback Machine
2537:
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2509:
2505:
2496:
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2483:
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2478:
2458:
2454:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2432:"Natural Law",
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2402:, Bk. V, ch. 7.
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2334:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2304:
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2295:
2280:
2262:
2258:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2175:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1897:Legal pluralism
1882:Legal formalism
1802:Comparative law
1777:
1718:
1710:Main articles:
1708:
1695:
1689:
1672:
1656:
1650:
1638:
1612:
1599:
1593:
1576:
1570:
1540:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1510:
1498:
1467:Karl Olivecrona
1463:Axel HÀgerström
1426:legal formalism
1397:
1391:
1371:
1365:
1319:
1313:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1276:countries. His
1270:
1264:
1229:
1221:Main articles:
1208:
1189:state of nature
1181:
1175:
1153:
1147:
1090:
1084:
1055:
1004:
998:
983:
977:
965:
959:
908:
900:Main articles:
898:
818:
816:Treatise on Law
810:Main articles:
808:
774:Eudemian Ethics
753:ÎŽÎčÎșÎ±ÎŻÎżÎœ ÏÏ
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745:natural justice
734:Francesco Hayez
723:
683:
659:juris prudentia
568:are examples.
554:
548:
501:
437:
256:
245:
244:
243:
238:
227:
221:
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181:"Jurisprudence"
175:
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151:
136:
125:
119:
116:
101:
89:
85:
48:
44:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8371:
8361:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8308:
8307:
8302:
8301:
8299:
8298:
8292:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8285:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8266:Social justice
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8242:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8174:Egalitarianism
8171:
8166:
8164:Contractualism
8161:
8156:
8151:
8145:
8143:
8139:
8138:
8136:
8135:
8125:
8115:
8105:
8095:
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8015:
8005:
7995:
7985:
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7945:
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7914:
7912:
7908:
7907:
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7895:
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7880:
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7855:
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7825:
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7815:
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7805:
7800:
7795:
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7755:
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7323:
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7313:
7308:
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7295:
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7280:
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7270:
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7110:
7105:
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7094:
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7079:
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7059:
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7027:
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7012:
7006:
7004:
6997:
6991:
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6988:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
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6962:
6960:Overton window
6957:
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6908:
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6898:
6893:
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6857:
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6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6791:Libertarianism
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
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6219:social science
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6151:Global studies
6148:
6146:Gender studies
6143:
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6129:social science
6125:Environmental
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5824:macroeconomics
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5045:Ballot measure
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5022:Legal treatise
5019:
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4988:Letters patent
4985:
4980:
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4958:
4949:
4943:
4941:
4939:Sources of law
4935:
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4924:Unenforced law
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4696:Commercial law
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4407:
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4397:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4363:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4338:Utilitarianism
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4303:Legal moralism
4300:
4298:Interpretivism
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
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3648:
3647:External links
3645:
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3572:
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3520:
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3478:. Eric Engle.
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3349:Hart, H. L. A.
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3187:Utilitarianism
3178:
3169:
3141:QUT Law Review
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3103:
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3069:
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3030:
3024:978-0420432506
3023:
3005:
2998:
2978:
2969:
2950:(8): 457â478.
2934:
2917:
2911:The Common Law
2900:
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2864:
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2807:
2800:
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2769:on 1 June 2006
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2381:, Bk. V, ch. 3
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2148:
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1687:Utilitarianism
1685:Main article:
1671:
1670:Utilitarianism
1668:
1652:Main article:
1649:
1646:
1634:Main article:
1611:
1608:
1592:
1589:
1585:social science
1572:Main article:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1555:
1544:Ronald Dworkin
1536:Main article:
1533:
1530:
1519:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1497:
1494:
1450:, and Justice
1448:Karl Llewellyn
1421:The Common Law
1393:Main article:
1390:
1387:
1367:Main article:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1345:Ronald Dworkin
1315:Main article:
1312:
1309:
1266:Main article:
1263:
1260:
1223:Jeremy Bentham
1207:
1204:
1177:Main article:
1174:
1171:
1149:Main article:
1146:
1143:
1104:. In Germany,
1094:social science
1086:Main article:
1083:
1080:
1065:. In his book
1054:
1051:
1000:Main article:
997:
994:
979:Main article:
976:
973:
967:Writing after
961:Main article:
958:
955:
897:
894:
880:
879:
873:
867:
861:
825:Thomas Aquinas
812:Thomas Aquinas
807:
806:Thomas Aquinas
804:
763:Thomas Aquinas
722:
719:
707:
706:
700:
682:
679:
629:(originally a
547:
544:
506:iurisprudentia
500:
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467:law of nations
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8323:Jurisprudence
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8199:Jurisprudence
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8029:Rights of Man
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7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7559:20th and 21st
7557:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7292:18th and 19th
7290:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7170:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7148:Nizam al-Mulk
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7089:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7056:
7053:
7052:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6992:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6858:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6831:Republicanism
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6692:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6621:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6439:
6434:
6432:
6427:
6425:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6394:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6342:Human science
6340:
6338:
6337:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6299:
6298:Vegan studies
6296:
6294:
6291:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6261:Public health
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6195:Philosophies
6194:
6192:
6191:Media studies
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6166:Human ecology
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6076:Anthrozoology
6074:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
6001:developmental
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5974:public policy
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5952:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5940:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5925:legal systems
5923:
5921:
5920:legal history
5918:
5916:
5915:jurisprudence
5913:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5839:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5751:
5744:
5739:
5737:
5732:
5730:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5561:Civil society
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5520:Trier of fact
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5406:Legal opinion
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5386:Court-martial
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5358:Jurisprudence
5355:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5247:Statutory law
5245:
5243:
5242:Socialist law
5240:
5236:
5235:Byzantine law
5233:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5186:Religious law
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5158:Legal systems
5155:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5126:Statutory law
5124:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4956:Statutory law
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4914:Transport law
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4832:Legal fiction
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4762:Financial law
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4721:Corporate law
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4645:Statutory law
4643:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:Core subjects
4525:
4521:
4514:
4509:
4507:
4502:
4500:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4485:
4478:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:Legal realism
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3839:Legal history
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3780:Jurisprudence
3774:
3769:
3767:
3762:
3760:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3675:Lircocervo.it
3673:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3598:W. Kohlhammer
3595:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3559:
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2752:, p. 81.
2751:
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2734:
2727:
2724:John Austin,
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2514:, pp. 297â339
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2044:Harv. L. Rev.
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1389:Legal realism
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1180:
1179:Thomas Hobbes
1173:Thomas Hobbes
1170:
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643:institutiones
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609:and customs.
608:
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539:jurisprudence
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182:
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177:Find sources:
171:
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155:This article
153:
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131:
123:
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109:
105:
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74:
67:
66:
61:
60:
55:
50:
41:
40:
35:
31:
30:
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8338:Legal ethics
8280:
8198:
8179:Elite theory
8127:
8117:
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8097:
8087:
8077:
8067:
8057:
8047:
8037:
8027:
8017:
8007:
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7987:
7977:
7967:
7957:
7947:
7937:
7927:
7917:
7216:Guicciardini
7172:Early modern
6995:Philosophers
6945:Open society
6881:Body politic
6751:Distributism
6741:Conservatism
6736:Confucianism
6655:Gerontocracy
6645:Dictatorship
6599:Sovereigntyâ
6589:Ruling class
6479:Emancipation
6464:Citizenshipâ
6400:
6376:
6364:
6334:
6141:Food studies
6081:Area studies
5914:
5834:mathematical
5829:econometrics
5787:Anthropology
5705:
5698:
5684:
5670:
5443:Jurisdiction
5411:Legal remedy
5366:Adjudication
5357:
5266:Legal theory
5104:Ratification
5099:Promulgation
5070:Proclamation
5050:Codification
4983:Human rights
4971:Divine right
4961:Constitution
4929:Women in law
4847:Military law
4842:Marriage law
4837:Maritime law
4736:Election law
4676:Aviation law
4666:Abortion law
4618:Property law
4554:Criminal law
4411:Usul al-Fiqh
4409:
4392:
4388:Legal system
4365:
4358:
4256:Law's Empire
4254:
4244:
4234:
4224:
4214:
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4194:
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3859:Philosophers
3801:Legal theory
3779:
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3680:
3632:
3625:
3622:Heinze, Eric
3611:
3593:
3575:
3564:
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3534:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3493:
3474:
3465:
3451:
3438:
3425:
3412:
3402:
3398:Austin, John
3363:
3353:
3341:the original
3336:
3332:
3309:
3301:Bibliography
3289:
3271:
3267:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3201:
3181:
3172:
3145:
3139:
3122:
3112:Law's Empire
3111:
3106:
3098:
3093:
3077:
3072:
3065:
3060:
3048:
3014:
3008:
2988:
2981:
2972:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2927:
2920:
2910:
2903:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2872:
2867:
2847:
2840:
2820:
2790:
2783:
2771:. Retrieved
2767:the original
2757:
2745:
2733:
2725:
2720:
2693:
2687:
2668:
2658:
2638:
2631:
2619:. Retrieved
2615:
2605:
2593:
2580:
2570:
2562:
2557:
2539:
2538:David Hume,
2534:
2525:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2479:
2463:
2460:Louis Pojman
2455:
2441:
2433:
2428:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2386:
2378:
2362:
2357:
2348:
2340:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2310:
2305:
2296:
2265:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2230:. Retrieved
2226:the original
2221:
2215:
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2186:the original
2179:
2163:
2151:
2139:. Retrieved
2135:
2126:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2043:
2028:
2023:
2011:
1807:Constitution
1763:, including
1758:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1719:
1696:
1657:
1639:
1626:
1600:
1577:
1558:
1549:Law's Empire
1547:
1541:
1499:
1471:
1456:
1444:Roscoe Pound
1441:
1437:Jerome Frank
1434:
1420:
1413:
1409:
1383:Leslie Green
1379:John Gardner
1374:
1372:
1353:
1340:
1337:
1330:
1320:
1301:legal system
1271:
1230:
1193:
1182:
1158:Joseph Raz's
1154:
1138:Julius Stone
1126:Roscoe Pound
1091:
1073:argued that
1066:
1059:codification
1056:
1045:
1043:
1041:to be done.
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1005:
987:
984:
969:World War II
966:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
925:Hugo Grotius
920:
914:
909:
891:
886:
885:
881:
855:
840:
830:
797:
795:
791:
785:
779:
772:
766:
758:ius naturale
756:
752:
748:
738:
708:
702:
694:
690:
684:
658:
651:Roman Empire
646:
642:
637:
635:
626:
622:
618:
615:body of laws
600:
595:
591:
588:ancient Rome
585:
570:
558:DharmaĆÄstra
555:
533:
502:
471:
456:
451:
450:and what it
447:
443:
442:
392:Legal debate
378:Prescriptive
347:Positive law
336:
329:Legal theory
269:Philosophers
261:
246:
228:
219:
209:
202:
195:
188:
176:
164:Please help
159:verification
156:
126:
117:
94:
70:
63:
57:
56:Please help
53:
28:
8053:(1835â1840)
7933:(c. 350 BC)
7923:(c. 375 BC)
7540:Tocqueville
7505:Saint-Simon
7470:Montesquieu
7321:Bolingbroke
7253:Machiavelli
7133:Ibn Khaldun
7098:Alpharabius
7091:Middle Ages
6916:Natural law
6891:Common good
6816:Nationalism
6776:Imperialism
6746:Corporatism
6721:Colonialism
6701:Agrarianism
6680:Technocracy
6660:Meritocracy
6640:Bureaucracy
6630:Aristocracy
6402:Wikiversity
6293:Social work
6181:Linguistics
6106:Criminology
6023:criminology
6006:personality
5964:comparative
5942:Linguistics
5935:private law
5792:archaeology
5615:Legislature
5546:Bureaucracy
5343:Rule of man
5338:Rule of law
5313:Libertarian
5176:Chinese law
5077:Legislation
5027:Regulations
5015:Law reports
4993:Natural law
4889:Reparations
4884:Refugee law
4807:Jurimetrics
4748:(Media law)
4686:Banking law
4681:Amnesty law
4659:Disciplines
4596:Private law
4333:Paternalism
4328:Natural law
4190:(c. 355 BC)
4037:Montesquieu
3829:Legal norms
3687:Peter Suber
3015:Law as Fact
2598:Murphy 2006
2016:Garner 2009
1967:Rule of law
1937:Natural law
1932:Originalism
1700:utilitarian
1621:(left) and
1602:subject to
1268:Hans Kelsen
1262:Hans Kelsen
1255:utilitarian
1247:John Austin
1241:, and firm
1011:argued, in
981:John Finnis
975:John Finnis
935:ius gentium
916:ius gentium
906:ius gentium
864:Natural law
782:golden mean
711:John Finnis
681:Natural law
602:mos maiorum
459:natural law
452:ought to be
383:Jurimetrics
8317:Categories
8261:Separatism
8069:On Liberty
7969:The Prince
7698:Huntington
7201:Campanella
7128:al-Ghazali
7077:Thucydides
7035:Lactantius
6980:Statolatry
6806:Monarchism
6786:Liberalism
6711:Capitalism
6694:Ideologies
6675:Plutocracy
6623:Government
6579:Revolution
6564:Propaganda
6514:Legitimacy
6489:Government
6347:Humanities
6281:historical
6214:psychology
6186:Management
6028:demography
5986:Psychology
5969:philosophy
5930:public law
5861:integrated
5608:Law school
5488:Prosecutor
5426:Magistrate
5213:Jewish law
5171:Common law
5092:Rulemaking
5087:Regulation
5037:Law making
4976:Divine law
4952:Legal code
4899:Sports law
4822:Law of war
4772:Health law
4757:Family law
4741:Energy law
4691:Bankruptcy
4628:Punishment
4623:Public law
4440:Law portal
4067:PetraĆŒycki
4057:Pashukanis
4052:Olivecrona
3987:HÀgerström
3902:Blackstone
3567:New York:
3415:. Oxford:
3148:(3): 1â3.
2703:0872204332
1999:References
1837:Divine law
1712:John Rawls
1706:John Rawls
1691:See also:
1659:Deontology
1648:Deontology
1604:punishment
1595:See also:
1369:Joseph Raz
1363:Joseph Raz
1349:Joseph Raz
1287:basic norm
1274:common law
1063:German law
1009:David Hume
957:Lon Fuller
870:Divine law
717:position.
677:was born.
631:magistrate
577:Confucians
566:BaudhÄyana
550:See also:
465:, and the
316:Philosophy
311:Definition
192:newspapers
104:improve it
59:improve it
8348:Roman law
7979:Leviathan
7959:Monarchia
7953:(c. 1274)
7788:Oakeshott
7733:Mansfield
7728:Luxemburg
7713:Kropotkin
7608:Bernstein
7561:centuries
7475:Nietzsche
7418:Jefferson
7346:Condorcet
7294:centuries
7273:Pufendorf
7138:Marsilius
7025:Confucius
7010:Aristotle
7003:Antiquity
6931:Noble lie
6851:Third Way
6846:Socialism
6771:Feudalism
6726:Communism
6706:Anarchism
6685:Theocracy
6670:Oligarchy
6650:Democracy
6635:Autocracy
6549:Pluralism
6534:Obedience
6499:Hierarchy
6459:Authority
6225:Planning
6204:economics
6121:Education
6018:Sociology
5996:cognitive
5947:semiotics
5898:political
5856:technical
5841:Geography
5814:Economics
5586:Judiciary
5581:Executive
5556:The bench
5493:Solicitor
5468:Barrister
5348:Sociology
5333:Pseudolaw
5273:Anarchist
5230:Roman law
5218:Parsi law
5203:Hindu law
5191:Canon law
5166:Civil law
5119:Concordat
5010:Precedent
4919:Trust law
4894:Space law
4731:Drugs law
4601:Procedure
4539:Civil law
4200:(c. 1270)
4082:Pufendorf
4017:Llewellyn
3877:Aristotle
3658:The Hague
3580:C.H. Beck
3443:Routledge
3351:(2012) .
3164:2201-7275
2750:Hart 2012
2738:Hart 2012
2414:1373b2â8.
2288:841495455
2118:236179587
2102:0036-8075
2004:Citations
1722:professor
1623:Aristotle
1296:Grundnorm
1258:the law.
1239:democracy
1215:Bentham's
1194:Leviathan
876:Human law
730:Aristotle
721:Aristotle
667:Justinian
655:Sabinians
647:prudentes
607:oral laws
581:Legalists
562:Äpastaáčba
528:prudentia
499:Etymology
463:civil law
373:Normative
222:June 2018
120:June 2018
108:verifying
65:talk page
8234:Centrism
7929:Politics
7919:Republic
7888:Voegelin
7868:Spengler
7853:Shariati
7828:Rothbard
7783:Nussbaum
7683:Habermas
7658:Fukuyama
7648:Foucault
7573:Ambedkar
7550:Voltaire
7520:de Staël
7495:Rousseau
7376:Franklin
7351:Constant
7311:Beccaria
7143:Muhammad
7123:Gelasius
7108:Averroes
7082:Xenophon
7062:Polybius
7015:Chanakya
6860:Concepts
6826:Populism
6796:Localism
6781:Islamism
6766:Feminism
6665:Monarchy
6569:Property
6559:Progress
6524:Monopoly
6494:Hegemony
6366:Category
6234:regional
6229:land use
6064:business
6033:internet
5991:abnormal
5893:military
5883:economic
5873:cultural
5846:physical
5807:physical
5797:cultural
5693:Category
5635:Tribunal
5620:Military
5463:Attorney
5433:Judgment
5293:Feminist
5208:Jain law
5005:Case law
4726:Cyberlaw
4633:Corporal
4611:Criminal
4581:Evidence
4571:Doctrine
4549:Contract
4430:Category
4352:Concepts
4318:Legalism
4270:Theories
4157:Voegelin
4127:Scaevola
4087:Radbruch
4062:Perelman
4047:Nussbaum
3992:Jellinek
3957:Habermas
3952:Gurvitch
3922:Durkheim
3892:Beccaria
3740:Archived
3723:Archived
3400:(1831).
3382:62281976
3190:Archived
2712:39539515
2585:Archived
2547:Archived
2412:Rhetoric
2195:11 April
2110:34437107
1892:Legalism
1775:See also
1738:(1971),
1459:Alf Ross
1234:de facto
799:Rhetoric
755:, Latin
741:Socrates
611:Praetors
534:prudence
519:form of
517:genitive
280:a series
278:Part of
21:Case law
8271:Statism
8184:Elitism
8142:Related
7943:(51 BC)
7873:Strauss
7848:Scruton
7843:Schmitt
7833:Russell
7753:Michels
7748:Maurras
7743:Marcuse
7703:Kautsky
7673:Gramsci
7668:Gentile
7638:Dworkin
7628:Du Bois
7623:Dmowski
7618:Chomsky
7613:Burnham
7598:Benoist
7568:Agamben
7535:Thoreau
7525:Stirner
7515:Spencer
7460:Mazzini
7450:Maistre
7445:Madison
7440:Le Play
7371:Fourier
7336:Carlyle
7316:Bentham
7306:Bastiat
7301:Bakunin
7278:Spinoza
7268:MĂŒntzer
7238:Leibniz
7211:Grotius
7191:Bossuet
7158:Plethon
7103:Aquinas
7072:Sun Tzu
7040:Mencius
7030:Han Fei
6801:Marxism
6761:Fascism
6594:Society
6519:Liberty
6504:Justice
6484:Freedom
6378:Commons
6209:history
6199:science
6134:studies
5868:History
5780:Primary
5766:History
5761:Outline
5707:Outline
5644:History
5551:The bar
5525:Verdict
5473:Counsel
5453:Justice
5308:History
5131:Statute
4947:Charter
4909:Tax law
4857:Probate
4465:changes
4378:Justice
4132:Schmitt
4122:Savigny
4102:Reinach
4027:Maistre
4022:Luhmann
3997:Jhering
3947:Grotius
3932:Ehrlich
3927:Dworkin
3917:Cardozo
3897:Bentham
3887:Bastiat
3872:Aquinas
3243:FindLaw
3114:(1986)
2964:1322028
2542:(1739)
2501:, p.164
2468:Belmont
2309:Jaffa,
2232:27 June
2082:Bibcode
2074:Science
1867:Justice
1243:atheist
1106:Austria
1100:and in
1075:Germany
715:Thomist
573:Daoists
546:History
515:is the
321:History
206:scholar
102:Please
8133:(1992)
8123:(1971)
8113:(1951)
8103:(1945)
8093:(1944)
8083:(1929)
8073:(1859)
8063:(1848)
8043:(1820)
8033:(1791)
8023:(1790)
8013:(1762)
8003:(1748)
7993:(1689)
7983:(1651)
7973:(1532)
7963:(1313)
7893:Walzer
7883:Taylor
7838:Sartre
7803:Popper
7798:Pareto
7793:Ortega
7778:Nozick
7768:Mouffe
7718:Laclau
7678:Guénon
7663:Gandhi
7603:Berlin
7593:Bauman
7588:Badiou
7578:Arendt
7545:Tucker
7435:Le Bon
7396:Herder
7386:Haller
7381:Godwin
7366:Fichte
7361:Engels
7356:Cortés
7326:Bonald
7283:SuĂĄrez
7258:Milton
7248:Luther
7221:Hobbes
7206:Filmer
7196:Calvin
7181:Boétie
7174:period
7153:Ockham
7020:Cicero
6821:Nazism
6609:Utopia
6584:Rights
6574:Regime
6544:People
6529:Nation
6069:public
6011:social
5903:social
5802:social
5625:Police
5596:Agency
5478:Lawyer
5223:Sharia
5114:Treaty
5109:Repeal
5055:Decree
4966:Custom
4862:Estate
4812:Labour
4576:Equity
4360:Dharma
4260:(1986)
4250:(1980)
4240:(1961)
4230:(1934)
4220:(1820)
4210:(1748)
4162:Walzer
4142:SuĂĄrez
4107:Renner
4072:Posner
4042:MĂŒller
4007:Kelsen
3982:Hobbes
3962:Haller
3942:Fuller
3937:Finnis
3907:Bobbio
3882:Austin
3639:
3604:
3586:
3482:
3380:
3370:
3316:
3162:
3084:
3021:
2996:
2962:
2897:: 268.
2875:(1979)
2855:
2828:
2798:
2773:24 May
2728:(1831)
2710:
2700:
2675:
2646:
2639:Hobbes
2621:31 May
2464:Ethics
2286:
2276:
2141:24 May
2116:
2108:
2100:
1750:, and
1554:no-one
1488:, and
1465:, and
1381:, and
1110:France
623:edicta
619:edicta
592:periti
579:, and
208:
201:
194:
187:
179:
8282:Index
7911:Works
7898:Weber
7863:Spann
7858:Sorel
7823:Röpke
7818:Rawls
7773:Negri
7763:Mosca
7758:Mises
7723:Lenin
7693:Hoppe
7688:Hayek
7653:Fromm
7643:Evola
7633:Dugin
7530:Taine
7510:Smith
7490:Renan
7485:Paine
7406:Iqbal
7391:Hegel
7341:Comte
7331:Burke
7243:Locke
7233:James
7186:Bodin
7118:Dante
7113:Bruni
7067:Shang
7050:Plato
6604:State
6554:Power
6539:Peace
6474:Elite
6452:Terms
6239:urban
6043:urban
6038:rural
5888:human
5851:human
5771:Index
5700:Index
5566:Court
5510:Trial
5416:Judge
5257:Yassa
5060:Edict
4606:Civil
4559:Crime
4177:Works
4167:Weber
4152:Unger
4147:Stahl
4137:Shang
4092:Rawls
4077:Pound
4012:Leoni
3977:Hegel
3867:Alexy
3791:Index
3685:, by
3281:Notes
3214:(PDF)
3185:see,
2960:JSTOR
2544:Etext
2248:iudex
2189:(PDF)
2176:(PDF)
2114:S2CID
1619:Plato
1039:ought
1027:ought
1023:ought
941:from
732:, by
638:iudex
627:iudex
512:Iuris
401:Legal
213:JSTOR
199:books
7813:Rand
7808:Qutb
7708:Kirk
7583:Aron
7500:Sade
7480:Owen
7465:Mill
7455:Marx
7423:Kant
7401:Hume
7263:More
7163:Wang
7045:Mozi
6469:Duty
6307:List
5448:Jury
5396:Fiqh
5252:Xeer
4650:Tort
4566:Deed
4186:Laws
4117:Rumi
4112:Ross
4032:Marx
4002:Kant
3972:Hart
3912:Bork
3637:ISBN
3602:ISBN
3584:ISBN
3480:ISBN
3378:OCLC
3368:ISBN
3314:ISBN
3160:ISSN
3082:ISBN
3019:ISBN
2994:ISBN
2853:ISBN
2826:ISBN
2796:ISBN
2775:2006
2708:OCLC
2698:ISBN
2673:ISBN
2644:ISBN
2623:2019
2284:OCLC
2274:ISBN
2234:2019
2197:2019
2143:2019
2106:PMID
2098:ISSN
1852:Fiqh
1714:and
1698:for
1679:Mill
1225:and
1165:and
1120:and
1108:and
904:and
814:and
625:. A
564:and
403:and
185:news
8333:Law
7878:Sun
7738:Mao
6614:War
6509:Law
5910:Law
4520:Law
4097:Raz
3967:Han
3150:doi
2952:doi
2090:doi
2078:373
2046:593
1728:at
1724:of
1492:.
1357:may
1061:of
1046:the
923:by
669:'s
597:jus
522:ius
288:Law
168:by
106:by
34:Law
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4954:/
4394:Li
4367:Fa
3624:,
3600:.
3582:.
3376:.
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3335:.
3331:.
3270:.
3266:.
3245:.
3241:.
3220:.
3216:.
3158:.
3146:16
3144:.
3138:.
3130:;
3033:^
2958:.
2948:10
2946:.
2895:76
2893:.
2889:.
2810:^
2706:.
2614:.
2583:.
2579:.
2472:CA
2470:,
2462:,
2371:^
2282:.
2272:.
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2214:.
2178:.
2134:.
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2096:.
2088:.
2076:.
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2035:^
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1744:,
1562:is
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