355:. The Prosecutor had obtained the evidence from the United Nations and other sources on the condition of confidentiality, but the judges ruled that the Prosecutor had incorrectly applied the relevant provision of the Rome Statute and, as a consequence, "the trial process has been ruptured to such a degree that it is now impossible to piece together the constituent elements of a fair trial". On 2 July 2008, the court ordered Lubanga's release, on the grounds that "a fair trial of the accused is impossible, and the entire justification for his detention has been removed", but an Appeal Chamber agreed to keep him in custody while the Prosecutor appealed. By 18 November 2008, the Prosecutor had agreed to make all the confidential information available to the court, so the Trial Chamber reversed its decision and ordered that the trial could go ahead. The Prosecutor was widely criticised for his actions, but the court was also praised for its "determination to ensure fairness to the defence".
260:
96:
324:
that there were no factors in favor of his early release. They found no evidence that he had genuinely dissociated from his crimes and also determined that
Lubanga had not taken any significant action for the benefit of victims of his crimes. In the second review decision, judges ruled that there had been no changes in Lubanga’s cooperation with the court or in his actions to benefit victims. In December 2015, Lubanga was transferred to the DRC to serve the rest of his sentence from his home country’s
240:
Between 18 February and 3 March 2003, the UPC are reported to have destroyed 26 villages in one area, killing at least 350 people and forcing 60,000 to flee their homes. Human rights organisations claim that at one point
Lubanga had 3,000 young soldiers between the ages of 8 and 15. He reportedly ordered every family in the area under his control to help the war effort by donating something: money, a cow, or a child to join his militia.
157:
of "conscripting and enlisting minors under the age of fifteen years and using them to participate actively in hostilities," began on 26 January 2009, and he was found guilty on 14 March 2012, and faced a sentence of up to 30 years. On 10 July 2012, Trial
Chamber I of the International Criminal Court
358:
Human rights groups have expressed their concern about the narrow scope of the charges against
Lubanga, and urged the Prosecutor to add more crimes to the indictment. Several organisations wrote to the Prosecutor in 2006 arguing that "the failure to include additional charges in the case against Mr.
331:
In
November 2017, ICC judges Silvia Fernández de Gurmendi, Howard Morrison, and Piotr Hofmańsk declined to reduce Lubanga’s sentence, after determining that since the initial review of the sentence two years earlier, there had been no significant change in circumstances to warrant his early release.
239:
has accused the UPC, under
Lubanga's command, of "ethnic massacres, murder, torture, rape and mutilation, as well as the recruitment of child soldiers". Between November 2002 and June 2003, the UPC allegedly killed 800 civilians on the basis of their ethnicity in the gold mining region of Mongbwalu.
1320:
and (*) indicate that a person was convicted by the ICC and that the conviction remains valid; a name in (parentheses) indicates that charges were dropped or a conviction was overturned; †indicates a person deceased before or during trial; (x) after a name indicates that the case was closed by the
323:
During the first review in
October 2015, Lubanga pleaded with ICC judges to grant him early release, promising to promote reconciliation and offering "sincere apologies for all victims for the suffering they endured". In September 2015, judges decided not to reduce Lubanga’s sentence after finding
158:(ICC) sentenced Lubanga to a total period of 14 years of imprisonment, also ordering that the time from Lubanga's surrender to the ICC in 2006 until the sentencing day should be deducted from the 14-year term, which meant he would spend 6 fewer years in prison. He was released from prison in 2020.
359:
Lubanga could undercut the credibility of the ICC in the DRC. Moreover, the narrow scope of the current charges may result in severely limiting victims' participation in the first proceedings before the ICC. This could negatively impact on the right of victims to reparations."
1003:"Decision on the consequences of non-disclosure of exculpatory materials covered by Article 54(3)(e) agreements and the application to stay the prosecution of the accused, together with certain other issues raised at the Status Conference on 10 June 2008"
210:(UPC). In early 2002, Lubanga was sidelined from the military control of the RCD-ML and he split from the group. In September 2002, he became President of the UPC and founded its military wing, the Patriotic Force for the Liberation of the Congo (FPLC).
306:
On 14 March 2012 Lubanga was found guilty of abducting boys and girls under the age of 15 and forcing them to fight in a war in the
Democratic Republic of Congo in 2002 and 2003. He faced a maximum sentence of 30 years when sentenced in July 2012.
286:
On 17 March 2006, Lubanga became the first person ever arrested under an ICC arrest warrant, when the
Congolese authorities arrested him and transferred him into ICC custody. He was flown to the Hague, where he was held in the
1372:
315:
On 10 July 2012, Lubanga was sentenced for 14 years by the ICC The sentencing was a landmark for the first permanent international criminal court, which recently celebrated its 10th anniversary. Presiding judge
362:
Lubanga's lawyer complained that the defence team was given a smaller budget than the
Prosecutor, that evidence and witness statements were slow to arrive, and that many documents were so heavily
1804:
229:, capital of the gold-rich Ituri region, in 2002, and demanded that the Congolese government recognise Ituri as an autonomous province. Lubanga was arrested on 13 June 2002 while on a mission to
984:
1814:
1794:
1789:
146:(1999–2007). Rebels under his command have been accused of massive human rights violations, including ethnic massacres, murder, torture, rape, mutilation, and forcibly conscripting
1123:
418:
247:
in March 2003. Lubanga later moved to Kinshasa and registered the UPC as a political party, but was arrested on 19 March 2005 in connection with the killing of nine Bangladeshi
1809:
283:
of "conscripting and enlisting children under the age of fifteen years and using them to participate actively in hostilities", and issued a sealed warrant for his arrest.
271:(ICC) to investigate and prosecute "crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court allegedly committed anywhere in the territory of the DRC since the entry into force of the
251:
in Ituri on 25 February 2005. He was initially detained in one of Kinshasa's most luxurious hotels but after a few months he was transferred to Kinshasa's central prison.
1308:
516:
1247:
819:
576:
147:
1715:
1480:
971:
320:
said the time Lubanga had spent in the court's detention centre in The Hague would be taken into account, meaning his sentence had only 8 more years to run.
941:
1671:
1429:
1216:
1595:
1534:
292:
275:, on 1 July 2002." On 10 February 2006, a Pre-Trial Chamber of the ICC found that there were reasonable grounds to believe that Lubanga bore individual
1637:
1819:
1299:
1155:
800:
272:
465:
952:
1030:
1002:
1163:
288:
912:
879:
1057:
558:
167:
175:
1154:
Avocats Sans Frontières, Center for Justice and Reconciliation, Coalition Nationale pour la Cour Pénale Internationale – RCD,
1799:
439:
363:
1292:
1779:
765:
1167:
1207:
244:
131:
95:
1109:
1285:
153:
On 17 March 2006, Lubanga became the first person arrested under a warrant issued by the ICC. His trial, for the
500:
347:
The trial was halted on 13 June 2008 when the court ruled that the Prosecutor's refusal to disclose potentially
1748:
1277:
1227:
1073:
The Appeals Chamber gives suspensive effect to the appeal against the decision on the release of Thomas Lubanga
203:
1172:
291:
since 17 March 2006. Before embarking the plane, Lubanga wept openly. As of January 2009, he is one of four
259:
1459:
1192:
751:
703:
268:
135:
112:
1352:
785:
207:
139:
985:
Victor Tsilonis, Thomas Lubanga Dyilo: the Chronicle of a Case Foretold, 2008 (05) Intellectum, pp.27–42
1272:
1087:
1072:
1058:
Trial Chamber I ordered the release of Thomas Lubanga Dyilo – Implementation of the decision is pending
864:
849:
472:
1088:
Stay of proceedings in the Lubanga case is lifted – trial provisionally scheduled for 26 January 2009
1037:
1009:
1659:
332:
The judges also stated that they saw no reason to schedule a further review of Lubanga’s sentence.
786:
In-Depth: Justice for a Lawless World? Rights and reconciliation in a new era of international law
1362:
916:
183:
17:
1774:
1651:
1514:
276:
865:
The Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court opens its first investigation
1609:
1438:
1410:
1397:
352:
325:
300:
263:
The former seat of the International Criminal Court in The Hague, where Lubanga stood trial.
82:
1784:
1769:
1543:
1403:
1263:
1242:
966:
678:
635:
348:
1238:
640:
8:
1626:
1268:
658:
942:
Lubanga, ICC Convict No.1 and Longest-Serving Detainee, Completes His Sentence Next Week
1733:
1159:
495:
236:
78:
1334:
1259:
1138:
834:
718:
683:
435:
233:
but he was released ten weeks later in exchange for a kidnapped government minister.
1723:
1614:
1564:
1498:
1493:
898:
581:
427:
391:
199:
1728:
1603:
1381:
1340:
930:
850:
Prosecutor receives referral of the situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo
770:
623:
296:
1307:
736:
540:
1738:
1697:
1550:
1519:
1488:
1449:
1444:
1417:
1357:
317:
218:
202:, Lubanga was a military commander and "minister of defence" in the pro-Uganda
171:
143:
31:
431:
1763:
1743:
1690:
1684:
1645:
1620:
1524:
1104:
1704:
1584:
1571:
1557:
1454:
1346:
929:
Reuters, Congo warlord jailed for 14 years in landmark case (10 July 2012)"
517:
United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
335:
On 15 March 2020, Lubanga was released after serving the 14-year sentence.
1679:
1578:
1470:
1464:
295:, including two rebels who fought against Lubanga in the Ituri conflict:
214:
179:
1186:
1173:
Joint letter to the Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court
953:
DRC: Former warlord Thomas Lubanga freed after serving 14-year sentence
619:
187:
594:
280:
154:
127:
124:
108:
535:
521:
Special report on the events in Ituri, January 2002 – December 2003
230:
884:
805:
35:
343:
Lubanga's trial, the ICC's first, led to several controversies:
1805:
Democratic Republic of the Congo people convicted of war crimes
704:
DRC: Chronology of key events: 2 August 1998 – 14 December 2002
1253:
1124:
Why the world's most powerful prosecutor should resign: Part 1
659:
FACTBOX —- Congo militia leader Thomas Lubanga faces ICC trial
248:
226:
222:
1309:
People publicly indicted in the International Criminal Court
426:(2 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 211–290,
206:(RCD-ML). In July 2001, he founded another rebel group, the
1815:
People extradited from the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1156:
Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l'Homme
1795:
Democratic Republic of the Congo people imprisoned abroad
1170:, Women’s Initiatives for Gender Justice (30 July 2006).
1790:
Democratic Republic of the Congo prisoners and detainees
972:
Road cleared for start of ICC's long-delayed first trial
684:
DRC: Who's who in Ituri – militia organisations, leaders
1139:
DRC: ICC begins hearings in case against militia leader
267:
In March 2004, the Congolese government authorised the
1256: — daily coverage of the trial and legal analysis
1810:
People convicted by the International Criminal Court
1321:
ICC because of a national-level trial of the accused
424:
The Congo Trials in the International Criminal Court
1269:
Report on the opening day of Thomas Lubanga's trial
801:
Congo hands first suspect to Hague war crimes court
719:
DRC: Opinion split in Ituri over rebel's indictment
652:
650:
417:
1085:International Criminal Court (18 November 2008).
1031:"Decision on the release of Thomas Lubanga Dyilo"
899:"Profile: DR Congo militia leader Thomas Lubanga"
559:First arrest for the International Criminal Court
462:International Criminal Court (10 February 2006).
204:Congolese Rally for Democracy-Liberation Movement
134:(DRC) and the first person ever convicted by the
1761:
697:
695:
693:
577:International court begins case of Congo warlord
1235:— special edition focusing on the Lubanga trial
1150:
1148:
737:Profile: DR Congo militia leader Thomas Lubanga
647:
392:"ICC Finds Congo Warlord Thomas Lubanga Guilty"
847:International Criminal Court (19 April 2004).
556:International Criminal Court (17 March 2006).
1293:
1164:International Center for Transitional Justice
1055:International Criminal Court (16 June 2008).
999:International Criminal Court (13 June 2008).
862:International Criminal Court (23 June 2004).
690:
570:
568:
1145:
1127:. Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
1099:
1097:
1070:International Criminal Court (7 July 2008).
1027:International Criminal Court (2 July 2008).
501:D.R. Congo: ICC Arrest First Step to Justice
385:
383:
381:
379:
1219:International Criminal Court Newsletter #10
1188:Africa and the International Criminal Court
811:
1300:
1286:
1079:
730:
728:
613:
565:
1094:
458:
456:
454:
452:
450:
376:
217:UPC became one of the main actors in the
896:
880:Congo suspect to face war crimes charges
552:
550:
258:
213:Under Lubanga's leadership, the largely
190:. He is married and has seven children.
182:-Gegere ethnic group. He studied at the
166:Lubanga was born on 29 December 1960 in
161:
1820:Democratic Republic of the Congo rebels
1049:
995:
993:
923:
725:
674:
672:
670:
668:
512:
510:
415:
303:. His trial opened on 26 January 2009.
243:The UPC was forced out of Bunia by the
14:
1762:
1209:The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo
962:
960:
871:
835:DRC: Another key Ituri leader arrested
792:
447:
1281:
1185:Stephanie Hanson (17 November 2006).
1130:
826:
777:
743:
740:. BBC News. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
710:
547:
531:
529:
491:
489:
487:
389:
990:
758:
665:
507:
225:ethnic groups. It seized control of
176:Republic of the Congo (LĂ©opoldville)
1179:
957:
774:, p. A21. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
628:
24:
1260:2003 interview with Thomas Lubanga
877:Alexandra Hudson (18 March 2006).
764:Nora Boustany (5 November 2006). "
734:Arnaud Zajtman (9 November 2006).
526:
484:
366:that they were impossible to read.
142:(UPC) and was a key player in the
25:
1831:
1201:
913:"(ICC jails Lubanga to 14 years)"
766:Tribunal to Debut With Congo Case
193:
1373:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1121:Joshua Rozenberg (3 July 2008).
541:DR Congo rebel faces Hague trial
338:
293:people being detained by the ICC
132:Democratic Republic of the Congo
111:; first person convicted by the
94:
1115:
1110:Sudanese justice begins at home
1064:
1021:
978:
946:
935:
905:
890:
856:
841:
798:Wendel Broere (17 March 2006).
752:DRC: Ituri: Views from Kinshasa
641:Lubanga charged with war crimes
574:Mike Corder (26 January 2009).
1212: — Case Information Sheet
587:
416:Gaskins, Richard, ed. (2022),
409:
138:(ICC). He founded and led the
13:
1:
1195:. Retrieved 23 November 2006.
419:"The Trial of Thomas Lubanga"
370:
123:(born 29 December 1960) is a
42: and the post-surname is
1800:People of the Ituri conflict
1193:Council on Foreign Relations
599:International Criminal Court
584:. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
269:International Criminal Court
136:International Criminal Court
113:International Criminal Court
7:
1176:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
1142:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
1112:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
1091:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
1076:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
1046:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
975:. Retrieved 7 January 2008.
887:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
868:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
853:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
838:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
823:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
808:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
789:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
755:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
722:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
707:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
687:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
662:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
656:Reuters (29 January 2007).
643:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
562:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
544:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
504:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
481:. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
310:
249:United Nations peacekeepers
208:Union of Congolese Patriots
140:Union of Congolese Patriots
10:
1836:
1780:People from Ituri Province
1273:Radio France International
29:
1714:
1670:
1636:
1594:
1533:
1507:
1479:
1428:
1371:
1353:Patrice-Edouard NgaĂŻssona
1326:
1315:
1018:. Retrieved 17 June 2008.
932:" Retrieved 10 July 2012.
897:BBC News (10 July 2012).
625:" Retrieved 10 July 2012.
432:10.1017/9781009208772.008
104:
89:
60:
53:
1660:al-Hassan Ag Abdoul Aziz
1327:Central African Republic
1136:IRIN (9 November 2006).
1061:. Retrieved 2 July 2008.
523:, pp. 23–24. S/2004/573.
254:
1363:Mahamat Said Abdel Kani
351:had breached Lubanga's
277:criminal responsibility
184:University of Kisangani
1652:Ahmad al-Faqi al-Mahdi
832:IRIN (22 March 2005).
783:IRIN (20 April 2005).
264:
27:Congolese war criminal
1610:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
1411:Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui
1398:Callixte Mbarushimana
1233:on 27 September 2007.
353:right to a fair trial
326:Makala Central Prison
301:Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui
262:
221:between the Hema and
162:Early life and family
1404:Sylvestre Mudacumura
1390:Thomas Lubanga Dyilo
1254:www.lubangatrial.org
1243:Hague Justice Portal
1239:Thomas Lubanga Dyilo
1108:(11 December 2008).
969:(18 November 2008).
967:Agence France-Presse
820:Thomas Lubanga Dyilo
817:Trial Watch (2008).
636:Hague Justice Portal
349:exculpatory evidence
289:ICC detention centre
186:and has a degree in
121:Thomas Lubanga Dyilo
55:Thomas Lubanga Dyilo
1627:Mahmoud al-Werfalli
1460:Abdel Rahim Hussein
1043:on 14 January 2009.
466:"Warrant of Arrest"
1734:Maria Lvova-Belova
1160:Human Rights Watch
638:(30 August 2006).
496:Human Rights Watch
265:
237:Human Rights Watch
83:Congo-LĂ©opoldville
79:Orientale Province
1757:
1756:
1515:Charles Blé Goudé
1335:Jean-Pierre Bemba
681:(20 April 2005).
538:(17 March 2006).
498:(16 March 2006).
441:978-1-009-20877-2
118:
117:
16:(Redirected from
1827:
1724:Valery Gerasimov
1615:Abdullah Senussi
1565:Francis Muthaura
1499:Hamlet Guchmazov
1494:Mikhail Mindzaev
1302:
1295:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1234:
1232:
1226:. Archived from
1225:
1221:(November 2006)"
1196:
1183:
1177:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1128:
1119:
1113:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1077:
1068:
1062:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1036:. Archived from
1035:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1015:on 25 June 2008.
1014:
1008:. Archived from
1007:
997:
988:
982:
976:
964:
955:
950:
944:
939:
933:
927:
921:
920:
919:on 3 March 2016.
915:. Archived from
909:
903:
902:
894:
888:
875:
869:
860:
854:
845:
839:
830:
824:
815:
809:
796:
790:
781:
775:
762:
756:
747:
741:
732:
723:
714:
708:
699:
688:
676:
663:
654:
645:
632:
626:
617:
611:
610:
608:
606:
591:
585:
582:Associated Press
572:
563:
554:
545:
533:
524:
514:
505:
493:
482:
479:
477:
471:. Archived from
470:
460:
445:
444:
421:
413:
407:
406:
404:
402:
387:
200:Second Congo War
99:
98:
74:
71:29 December 1960
70:
68:
51:
50:
21:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1729:Sergey Kobylash
1710:
1666:
1632:
1604:Muammar Gaddafi
1590:
1529:
1503:
1475:
1424:
1382:Germain Katanga
1367:
1341:Noureddine Adam
1322:
1311:
1306:
1230:
1223:
1215:
1204:
1199:
1184:
1180:
1153:
1146:
1135:
1131:
1120:
1116:
1102:
1095:
1084:
1080:
1069:
1065:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1005:
1001:
998:
991:
983:
979:
965:
958:
951:
947:
940:
936:
928:
924:
911:
910:
906:
895:
891:
876:
872:
861:
857:
846:
842:
831:
827:
816:
812:
797:
793:
782:
778:
771:Washington Post
763:
759:
748:
744:
733:
726:
715:
711:
700:
691:
677:
666:
655:
648:
633:
629:
622:(10 July 2012)"
618:
614:
604:
602:
593:
592:
588:
573:
566:
555:
548:
534:
527:
515:
508:
494:
485:
478:on 7 June 2007.
475:
468:
464:
461:
448:
442:
414:
410:
400:
398:
388:
377:
373:
341:
313:
297:Germain Katanga
257:
196:
178:. He is of the
164:
93:
85:
75:
72:
66:
64:
56:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1833:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1749:Viktor Sokolov
1746:
1741:
1739:Vladimir Putin
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1698:Dominic Ongwen
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1656:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1551:Uhuru Kenyatta
1547:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1520:Laurent Gbagbo
1517:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1489:David Sanakoev
1485:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1450:Omar al-Bashir
1447:
1445:Abdallah Banda
1442:
1439:Bahr Abu Garda
1434:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1418:Bosco Ntaganda
1414:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1358:Alfred Yekatom
1355:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1266:
1257:
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1248:Thomas Lubanga
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1579:Joshua Sang
1508:Ivory Coast
1471:Ali Kushayb
1465:Saleh Jerbo
901:. BBC News.
390:BBC Staff.
198:During the
90:Nationality
1764:Categories
620:All Africa
605:24 January
371:References
188:psychology
109:War crimes
67:1960-12-29
1701: (*)
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281:war crime
155:war crime
130:from the
125:convicted
100:Congolese
536:BBC News
519:(2004).
401:14 March
396:BBC News
364:censored
311:Sentence
279:for the
231:Kinshasa
30:In this
1716:Ukraine
1481:Georgia
1318:Italics
1168:Redress
885:Reuters
806:Reuters
174:of the
170:in the
77:Djiba,
40:Lubanga
36:surname
18:Lubanga
1672:Uganda
1241:— the
749:IRIN.
716:IRIN.
580:. The
438:
34:, the
1596:Libya
1535:Kenya
1231:(PDF)
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1013:(PDF)
1006:(PDF)
601:. ICC
476:(PDF)
469:(PDF)
255:Trial
227:Bunia
223:Lendu
168:Djiba
44:Dyilo
1638:Mali
1264:IRIN
679:IRIN
634:The
607:2019
436:ISBN
403:2012
299:and
215:Hema
180:Hema
61:Born
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768:".
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