27:
131:
2165:
2893:(ICC). However, Article 5.2 of the Rome Statute states that "The Court shall exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression once a provision is adopted in accordance with articles 121 and 123 defining the crime and setting out the conditions under which the Court shall exercise jurisdiction with respect to this crime. Such a provision shall be consistent with the relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations." The Assembly of States Parties of the ICC adopted such a definition in 2010 at the
2790:
4410:
2766:(which is "a crime against international peace"). Acts of aggression are defined as armed invasions or attacks, bombardments, blockades, armed violations of territory, permitting other states to use one's own territory to perpetrate acts of aggression and the employment of armed irregulars or mercenaries to carry out acts of aggression. A war of aggression is a series of acts committed with a sustained intent. The definition's distinction between an
2687:
2663:. As the western governments, headed by Washington, were in favor of defining the governments of North Korea and the People's Republic of China as aggressor states, the Soviet government proposed to formulate a new UN resolution defining aggression and based on the 1933 convention. As a result, on November 17, 1950, the General Assembly passed resolution 378, which referred the issue to be defined by the
2667:. The commission deliberated over this issue in its 1951 session and due to large disagreements among its members, decided "that the only practical course was to aim at a general and abstract definition (of aggression)". However, a tentative definition of aggression was adopted by the commission on June 4, 1951, which stated:
2154:
of 1919: "Germany accepts the responsibility of
Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies." Maguire argues:
2671:
Aggression is the use of force by a State or
Government against another State or Government, in any manner, whatever the weapons used and whether openly or otherwise, for any reason or for any purpose other than individual or collective self-defence or in pursuance of a decision or recommendation by
2777:
The wording of the definition has been criticised by many commentators. Its clauses on the use of armed irregulars are notably vague, as it is unclear what level of "involvement" would entail state responsibility. It is also highly state-centric, in that it deems states to be the only actors liable
2476:
The charges in the
Indictment that the defendants planned and waged aggressive wars are charges of the utmost gravity. War is essentially an evil thing. Its consequences are not confined to the belligerent states alone, but affect the whole world. To initiate a war of aggression, therefore, is not
2600:
The parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or
2870:
but the
Assembly may not dictate to the Council. The resolution accompanying the definition states that it is intended to provide guidance to the Security Council to aid it "in determining, in accordance with the Charter, the existence of an act of aggression". The Security Council may apply or
2647:
Invasion, by the armed forces of a State, of the territory of an
American State, through the trespassing of boundaries demarcated in accordance with a treaty, judicial decision, or arbitral award, or, in the absence of frontiers thus demarcated, invasion affecting a region which is under the
2444:, which having sovereign power over Germany could choose to punish violations of international law and the laws of war. Because the court was limited to violations of the laws of war, it did not have jurisdiction over crimes that took place before the outbreak of war on September 1, 1939."
2813:, were non-state parties and thus were outside the scope of the definition. Moreover, the definition does not deal with the responsibilities of individuals for acts of aggression. It is widely perceived as an insufficient basis on which to ground individual criminal prosecutions.
2618:
The
Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and
2335:
Provision of support to armed bands formed in its territory which have invaded the territory of another State, or refusal, notwithstanding the request of the invaded State, to take, in its own territory, all the measures in its power to deprive those bands of all assistance or
3657:
J. Hogan-Doran and B. van Ginkel, "Aggression as a Crime under
International Law and the Prosecution of Individuals by the Proposed International Criminal Court" Netherlands International Law Review, Volume 43, Issue 3, December 1996, pp. 321–351, T.M.C. Asser Press
2834:
means that, in the absence of binding international law on the subject of aggression, no penalty exists for committing acts in contravention of the definition. It is only recently that heads of state have been indicted over acts committed in wartime, in the cases of
2115:(ICC). However, the Rome Statute stipulates that the ICC may not exercise its jurisdiction over the crime of aggression until such time as the states parties agree on a definition of the crime and set out the conditions under which it may be prosecuted. At the
2287:
refused to sign any treaty including Poland, it signed the definition of aggression in a separate pact with the Soviet Union on 5 July 1933, also in London, and exchanged ratifications on 14 December. It was registered in the Treaty Series on 16 April 1934.
2307:. Both treaties base their definition on the "Politis Report" of the Committee of Security Questions made 24 March 1933 to the Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments, in answer to a proposal of the Soviet delegation. The Greek politician
98:
provides that the UN Security
Council shall determine the existence of any act of aggression and "shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and
2589:
All
Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United
2188:. As critics had predicted, the League was powerless if a strong nation decided to pursue an aggressive policy against other countries, allowing a country such as Japan to commit blatant aggression without serious consequences.
2451:. One consequence of this is that nations who are starting an armed conflict must now argue that they are either exercising the right of self-defense, the right of collective defense, or – it seems – the enforcement of the
3595:
2159:
Originally
President Wilson resisted the effort to brand Germany with war guilt, but French and British leaders forced him to compromise. Naming Germany an 'aggressor' introduced the concept into positive international
2340:
The League prerogative under that convention to expel a League member found guilty of aggression was used by the League Assembly only once, against the Soviet government itself, on December 14, 1939, following the
2774:
of aggression make it clear that not every act of aggression would constitute a crime against peace; only war of aggression does. States would nonetheless be held responsible for acts of aggression.
2894:
2116:
2219:
argued that in the Ethiopian case, the League had "at least made certain efforts to fulfill its duty in the cases of illegal aggression undertaken by member states against other member states."
72:) can be considered wars of aggression; however, this alone usually does not constitute the definition of a war of aggression; certain wars may be unlawful but not aggressive (a war to settle a
2120:
87:, "War is essentially an evil thing. Its consequences are not confined to the belligerent states alone, but affect the whole world. To initiate a war of aggression, therefore, is not only an
3690:
From Nuremberg to Kampala – Reflections on the Crime of Aggression, Address by Judge Dr. jur. h. c. Hans-Peter Kaul of the ICC at the 4th International Humanitarian Law Dialogs, 2010
3592:
4255:
2871:
disregard this guidance as it sees fit. Legal commentators argue that the Definition of Aggression has had "no visible impact" on the deliberations of the Security Council.
26:
2889:
lists the crime of aggression as one of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community, and provides that the crime falls within the jurisdiction of the
2477:
only an international crime; it is the supreme international crime differing only from other war crimes in that it contains within itself the accumulated evil of the whole.
4270:
4213:
4208:
4617:
4652:
2805:
The Definition of Aggression also does not cover acts by international organisations. The two key military alliances at the time of the definition's adoption,
2550:, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of
4303:
3689:
2521:
2374:
4446:
3099:
2546:
To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the
3491:
3467:
2489:
were guilty of "substituting power for principle" at Nuremberg: "I thought at the time and still think that the Nuremberg trials were unprincipled.
4612:
2886:
2506:
2104:
91:; it is the supreme international crime differing only from other war crimes in that it contains within itself the accumulated evil of the whole."
3678:
3052:
4238:
2111:
as one of the "most serious crimes of concern to the international community", and provides that the crime falls within the jurisdiction of the
4642:
4233:
4184:
2786:, were key players in their respective conflicts despite being non-state parties; they would not have come within the scope of the definition.
2632:
2304:
3509:
4243:
4226:
2420:
Planning, preparation, initiation or waging of a war of aggression or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances;
4221:
3378:
2295:
prohibiting aggression, and were seeking an agreed definition of the latter. Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia were members of the
4622:
4174:
2135:
over this crime. The relevant amendments to the Statute entered into force on July 17, 2018 after being ratified by 35 States Parties.
2329:
Attack by its land, naval or air forces, with or without a declaration of war, on the territory, vessels or aircraft of another State.
2215:
In November 1935, the League of Nations condemned Italy's aggression in Ethiopia and imposed economic sanctions. The prominent jurist
4510:
3246:"Between Sovereignty and Race: The Bombardment of Hospitals in the Italo-Ethiopian War and the Colonial Imprint of International Law"
2639:
In addition to other acts which the Organ of Consultation may characterize as aggression, the following shall be considered as such:
4729:
4439:
4346:
2196:
were also aware of this, and ultimately both followed Japan's example in aggression against their neighbors: in the case of Italy,
1054:
4250:
3669:
2311:
was behind the inclusion of "support for armed bands" as a form of aggression. Ratifications for both treaties were deposited in
2151:
1481:
4179:
2751:, which defined the crime of aggression. This definition is not binding as such under international law, though it may reflect
2859:, rather than with the broader offence of "a crime against international peace" as envisaged by the Definition of Aggression.
4285:
3228:
3129:
3036:
2275:(16 October), Romania (16 October), the Soviet Union (16 October) and Turkey, which ratified both treaties on 23 March 1934.
3398:
3776:
3722:
2844:
2388:
4724:
4432:
2244:
1837:
130:
3641:
The Emerging System of International Criminal Law: Developments in Codification and Implementation, Kluwer (1997) 508 p.
4480:
4260:
4203:
3981:
3781:
3207:
3011:
Judgment of the International Military Tribunal for the Trial of German Major War Criminals: The Nazi Regime in Germany
2032:
1810:
425:
2644:
Unprovoked armed attack by a State against the territory, the people, or the land, sea or air forces of another State;
3183:
3156:
3095:
2730:
2469:
2255:, and came into effect on 17 February 1934, when it was ratified by all of them but Turkey. The second was signed by
1486:
2712:
2279:
acceded to the second convention on 31 January 1934. The second convention was the first to be registered with the
1564:
4308:
3961:
3611:
2867:
2744:
2411:
2352:
2280:
1909:
1547:
1334:
179:
69:
4683:
4627:
4111:
3752:
2697:
2436:"The legal basis for the jurisdiction of the court was that defined by the Instrument of Surrender of Germany,
2181:
1673:
2635:, signed in Rio de Janeiro on September 2, 1947, included a clear definition of aggression. Article 9 stated:
4500:
3270:
2863:
2502:
2090:
1537:
3085:
4647:
4632:
4463:
4313:
4265:
4198:
3843:
3763:
2890:
2664:
2423:
Participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the acts mentioned under (i).
2112:
2027:
731:
491:
3450:
UN General Assembly Resolution 378 (V) on the Duties of States in the Event of the Outbreak of Hostilities
4688:
4470:
4295:
3647:
Individual Responsibility in International Law for Serious Human Rights Violations, Nijhoff (1992) 252 p.
3484:
3460:
2752:
2447:
For committing this crime, the Nuremberg Tribunal sentenced a number of persons responsible for starting
2201:
2037:
1224:
1026:
897:
435:
3059:
2778:
for acts of aggression. Domestic or transnational insurgent groups, such as those that took part in the
2511:
2407:
4525:
4455:
4357:
4280:
4193:
2934:
2197:
1501:
31:
2659:
The discussions on definition of aggression under the UN began in 1950, following the outbreak of the
2326:
Invasion by its armed forces, with or without a declaration of war, of the territory of another State.
4678:
4275:
4166:
3903:
3833:
2124:
1611:
1119:
468:
342:
196:
20:
2816:
While this Definition of Aggression has often been cited by opponents of conflicts such as the 1999
4150:
3971:
3898:
3816:
3806:
3715:
2062:
1929:
1476:
1169:
987:
835:
2357:
4536:
4370:
4068:
4016:
3965:
3811:
3801:
3684:
2836:
2708:
2362:
2292:
2015:
1997:
1753:
1312:
1234:
1179:
777:
440:
4693:
4668:
4561:
4001:
3877:
3796:
3694:
2919:
2779:
2486:
2441:
2272:
2256:
1882:
1857:
1579:
1491:
1364:
1239:
840:
817:
263:
162:
95:
3374:
3146:
4719:
4714:
4341:
4021:
4006:
3996:
3976:
3923:
3173:
3026:
2830:
2252:
1471:
1404:
1357:
1011:
974:
937:
855:
807:
691:
501:
309:
218:
3279:
3245:
2608:
shall, when it deems necessary, call upon the parties to settle their dispute by such means.
4637:
4495:
3353:
League of Nations Assembly resolution of December 14, 1939, expelling the Soviet government
2961:
2704:
2517:
2403:
2392:
2379:
1862:
1764:
1621:
1616:
1434:
1399:
1134:
954:
812:
748:
602:
572:
169:
3364:
League of Nations Council resolution of December 14, 1939, expelling the Soviet government
8:
4734:
4594:
4541:
4505:
4413:
4375:
4106:
4086:
3708:
3438:
2924:
2880:
2559:
2558:, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a
2300:
2108:
1713:
1698:
1574:
1461:
1439:
1414:
1374:
1284:
1094:
999:
949:
716:
706:
671:
463:
453:
223:
147:
73:
2164:
4578:
4573:
4546:
4485:
4336:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4123:
4101:
4096:
4063:
4053:
3913:
3908:
3791:
3742:
3283:
3275:
2956:
2570:
2509:
article 5.2 were framed to include the Nuremberg Principles. The specific principle is
2482:
2462:
2240:
2209:
2150:
The origin of the concept, the author Peter Maguire argues, emerged from the debate on
2047:
1902:
1822:
1743:
1688:
1663:
1584:
1530:
1496:
1427:
1344:
1254:
1159:
1104:
994:
959:
912:
787:
758:
711:
649:
624:
458:
272:
191:
3581:
2528:
war crime trials. The Charter's provisions based on the Nuremberg Principle VI.a are:
4490:
4128:
4091:
3928:
3886:
3870:
3539:
L. F. Damrosch, "Enforcing International Law through Non-forcible Measures", p. 202.
3287:
3224:
3203:
3179:
3152:
3125:
3032:
2986:
2939:
2914:
2825:
2555:
2490:
2185:
2083:
1992:
1939:
1842:
1832:
1827:
1797:
1780:
1775:
1748:
1693:
1394:
1384:
1379:
1369:
1289:
1279:
1274:
1249:
1219:
1109:
1079:
1074:
1064:
1059:
1049:
964:
917:
887:
726:
519:
496:
430:
65:
50:
3009:
2437:
2052:
4607:
4556:
4331:
4116:
3265:
3257:
2605:
2431:
2399:
2308:
2205:
2193:
2169:
2128:
2057:
2022:
1954:
1847:
1785:
1678:
1606:
1599:
1456:
1389:
1339:
1329:
1204:
1124:
1084:
1069:
1036:
1021:
892:
877:
830:
738:
696:
639:
634:
592:
415:
392:
299:
228:
157:
140:
80:
3681:
to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court on the crime of aggression
2565:
To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of
57:, usually for territorial gain and subjugation, in contrast with the concept of a
4673:
4475:
4398:
4290:
3918:
3881:
3786:
3599:
3495:
3471:
3402:
3394:
3382:
3261:
2929:
2748:
1867:
1852:
1770:
1726:
1668:
1324:
1319:
1209:
1199:
1114:
1089:
1031:
872:
802:
792:
644:
629:
552:
524:
324:
304:
152:
58:
3449:
3427:
2626:
2319:, the Soviet signatory. The convention defined an act of aggression as follows:
2138:
Possibly the first trial for waging aggressive war is that of the Sicilian king
4365:
3934:
3892:
3685:
Stefano Pietropaoli, Defining evil. The war of aggression and international law
3552:
3301:
3007:
2966:
2798:
2794:
2540:
2316:
2296:
2236:
2042:
1790:
1214:
1174:
1152:
1139:
1129:
1099:
1016:
969:
772:
763:
654:
607:
587:
577:
547:
514:
402:
359:
314:
186:
119:
76:
where the initiator has a reasonable claim, and limited aims, is one example).
3363:
3352:
19:
This article is about the type of military conflict. For the metal album, see
4708:
4424:
3986:
3865:
3644:
3638:
3090:
2976:
2950:
2783:
2184:
had a significant negative effect on the moral strength and influence of the
2131:
accepting the definition of the crime and the conditions for the exercise of
1889:
1877:
1733:
1653:
1569:
1552:
1409:
1264:
1244:
927:
922:
902:
882:
797:
768:
743:
619:
597:
582:
557:
397:
319:
282:
277:
174:
2789:
4515:
4036:
3940:
3838:
3223:. Interlink Illustrated Histories. New York: Interlink Books. p. 104.
2566:
2525:
2452:
2448:
2189:
2173:
2132:
2076:
2002:
1982:
1977:
1872:
1817:
1451:
1446:
1269:
1184:
932:
666:
567:
364:
268:
84:
54:
3510:"Creating a Special Tribunal for Aggression Against Ukraine Is a Bad Idea"
4402:
3991:
3826:
3771:
2971:
2810:
2216:
1987:
1738:
1703:
1542:
1229:
1194:
907:
850:
753:
537:
258:
253:
2468:
Reading the Tribunal's final judgment in court, British alternate judge
2303:, since the definition of aggression clearly covered its support of the
4043:
3821:
2856:
2817:
2660:
2577:, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;
2457:
2342:
1944:
1914:
1636:
1005:
4583:
3731:
3124:(2nd ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 312.
2981:
2852:
2284:
1934:
1758:
1708:
1658:
1648:
1643:
1508:
1299:
1294:
1259:
701:
387:
354:
243:
88:
2715:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
4551:
4380:
4031:
3861:
3582:
Part 2. Jurisdiction, admissibility and applicable law. Article 5.
3339:
P. Zadeikis, "An Aspect of the Lithuanian Record of Independence",
2944:
2874:
2821:
2139:
1949:
1924:
1557:
1189:
1164:
782:
337:
211:
45:
2222:
4058:
4048:
4026:
4011:
3326:
Leon Romaniecki, "The Soviet Union and International Terrorism",
2898:
2848:
2574:
2551:
2384:
2283:
on 29 March 1934, while the first was registered on 26 April. As
2276:
2260:
1959:
1919:
1683:
1517:
1513:
860:
845:
721:
382:
377:
347:
286:
248:
16:
Military conflict waged without the justification of self-defense
4568:
2902:
2840:
2312:
2268:
2264:
2248:
2232:
1466:
867:
684:
420:
3695:
Historical Review of Developments relating to Aggression, 2003
3568:
M. C. Bassiouni and B. B. Ferencz, "The Crime against Peace",
3341:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
3008:
The International Military Tribunal for Germany (1946-09-30),
2291:
The signatories of both treaties were also signatories of the
3700:
2866:
empowers the General Assembly to make recommendations to the
2654:
2627:
The Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Pact)
2547:
942:
478:
473:
3122:
An introduction to international criminal law and procedure
3086:"Crime of Aggression Activated at the ICC: Does it Matter?"
2862:
The definition is not binding on the Security Council. The
2806:
238:
233:
3593:
Review Conference of the Rome Statute concludes in Kampala
3028:
International justice and the International Criminal Court
2524:
that was issued in 1945 and formed the basis for the post
4618:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
4355:
2762:(which "gives rise to international responsibility") and
111:
4653:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
3304:
as a military occupation of its constitutional capital.
2332:
Naval blockade of the coasts or ports of another State.
3634:
List of reference documents (alphabetical by author):
3300:
Lithuanian authorities regarded Polish rule over the
2522:
London Charter of the International Military Tribunal
2375:
London Charter of the International Military Tribunal
2438:
political authority for Germany had been transferred
68:(i.e. not out of self-defense nor sanctioned by the
34:
re-enacting the destruction of a Polish border post.
3674:
Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
3175:
Law and War: International Law and American History
3031:(2 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 46.
2676:
4608:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
3543:, Académie de Droit International de La Haye, 1998
3375:"Skeleton Argument for High Court Judicial Review"
2801:were both accused of starting a war of aggression.
3572:, I, 313, 334 (M.C. Bassiouni ed., 2nd ed., 1999)
3395:"Tri-denting It Handbook, 3rd Ed (2001) – Part 6"
3271:20.500.11820/09cc2a58-72ab-49b1-bb5b-ae5fecd80b3c
2410:, specifically Principle VI(a), submitted to the
4706:
4638:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
4613:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
3171:
2887:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
2875:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
2105:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
3397:, Trident Ploughshares, Norwich NR2 1NR, 2001.
3144:
2223:The Convention for the Definition of Aggression
4454:
3243:
2633:Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
2377:defined three categories of crimes, including
2315:, as the convention was primarily the work of
2305:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
2235:on 3 and 4 July 1933. The first was signed by
4440:
3716:
3530:, pp. 69–70. Cambridge University Press, 2000
3414:H. K. Thompson, Jr. and Henry Strutz (1983).
3313:S. A. H., "Bulgaria and the Balkan Entente",
3148:War and the Law of Nations: A General History
2496:
2493:to suit the passion and clamor of the time."
2387:to prosecute the political leadership in the
2084:
2758:This definition makes a distinction between
2520:", which was based on the provisions of the
2229:Conventions for the Definition of Aggression
81:International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg
2368:
4623:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
4447:
4433:
3723:
3709:
3559:, p. 118. Cambridge University Press, 2003
3507:
3200:GCSE Modern World History - second edition
3003:
3001:
2655:Further discussions on defining aggression
2091:
2077:
4643:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
3269:
3178:(2nd ed.). Columbia UP. p. 89.
3024:
2731:Learn how and when to remove this message
2672:a competent organ of the United Nations.
2601:other peaceful means of their own choice.
2391:. The principles were later known as the
4347:Post-conflict reception of war criminals
3612:"ICC nations define crime of aggression"
2788:
2648:effective jurisdiction of another State.
2163:
1055:List of military strategies and concepts
25:
3244:Perugini, Nicola; Gordon, Neve (2019).
3083:
2998:
2152:Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles
4707:
3650:H. K. Thompson, Jr. and Henry Strutz,
2323:Declaration of war upon another State.
4428:
3704:
3368:
3218:
3119:
3014:, The Avalon Project, Yale University
3777:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868
3388:
2680:
2389:war-responsibility trials in Finland
2383:. This definition was first used by
3120:Cryer, Robert; et al. (2010).
53:waged without the justification of
13:
3782:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
3652:Dönitz at Nuremberg: A Reappraisal
3541:Recueil De Cours/Collected Courses
3508:Jon Heller, Kevin (7 March 2022).
3416:Dönitz at Nuremberg: A Reappraisal
2851:. However, both were charged with
14:
4746:
4271:Sudanese civil war (2023–present)
3662:
3096:New York University School of Law
4409:
4408:
4214:Myanmar civil war (2021–present)
3557:War, Aggression and Self-Defence
2685:
2677:General Assembly Resolution 3314
2481:Associate Supreme Court Justice
2363:Text of the Convention of 5 July
2358:Text of the Convention of 4 July
2353:Text of the Convention of 3 July
2119:on 11 June 2010, a total of 111
129:
4730:Aggression in international law
4304:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
3604:
3586:
3575:
3562:
3546:
3533:
3520:
3501:
3477:
3454:
3443:
3432:
3421:
3408:
3357:
3346:
3333:
3320:
3307:
3294:
3237:
3102:from the original on 2022-05-13
2868:United Nations Security Council
2745:United Nations General Assembly
2501:The relevant provisions of the
2412:United Nations General Assembly
2299:, and their signatures alarmed
2281:League of Nations Treaty Series
70:United Nations Security Council
4684:International humanitarian law
4628:Special Court for Sierra Leone
3730:
3315:Bulletin of International News
3212:
3192:
3165:
3138:
3113:
3077:
3045:
3018:
2182:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
2145:
1:
3629:
3151:. Cambridge UP. p. 289.
2824:, it has no binding force in
2503:Charter of the United Nations
2491:Law was created ex post facto
4648:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
4633:International Criminal Court
3844:International Criminal Court
3280:10.13169/statecrime.8.1.0104
3262:10.13169/statecrime.8.1.0104
3084:Whiting, Alex (2017-12-19).
3053:"Resolution RC/Res.6 !"
2891:International Criminal Court
2665:International Law Commission
2259:(ratified 20 October 1933),
2113:International Criminal Court
7:
4689:International speech crimes
4471:Customary international law
4244:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2908:
2753:customary international law
2711:the claims made and adding
1548:Military–industrial complex
1027:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
4751:
4725:International criminal law
4511:Convention Against Torture
4456:International criminal law
4218:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
3570:International Criminal Law
2935:International criminal law
2878:
2855:, i.e., violations of the
2743:On December 14, 1974, the
2497:The United Nations Charter
2343:Soviet invasion of Finland
2172:and Nazi Germany's leader
2121:State Parties to the Court
18:
4679:Joint criminal enterprise
4661:
4592:
4523:
4462:
4395:
4324:
4159:
4077:
3953:
3904:Joint criminal enterprise
3854:
3834:Responsibility to protect
3762:
3751:
3738:
3654:, Torrance, Calif.: 1983.
3172:Peter H. Maguire (2013).
3025:Broomhall, Bruce (2003).
2117:Kampala Review Conference
1612:Loss-of-strength gradient
469:Combat information center
21:War of Aggression (album)
4599:(in order of foundation)
3486:Yearbook of the ILC 1951
3483:UN Doc. A/CN.4/L.13, in
3462:Yearbook of the ILC 1951
3145:Stephen C. Neff (2005).
2992:
2369:The Nuremberg Principles
1930:Military science fiction
1415:Technology and equipment
836:List of military tactics
4537:Crimes against humanity
4371:Crimes against humanity
4209:Libyan civil war (2011)
4069:Wartime sexual violence
4017:Human trophy collecting
4002:Enforced disappearances
3526:Ingrid Detter Delupis,
3418:. Torrance, California.
2168:Italian fascist leader
1998:Wartime sexual violence
1754:Full-spectrum dominance
1565:Supply-chain management
79:In the judgment of the
4694:Universal jurisdiction
4669:Command responsibility
4562:Incitement to genocide
4501:United Nations Charter
4022:Indiscriminate attacks
4007:Extrajudicial killings
3878:Command responsibility
3428:United Nations Charter
3377:. Emlyn.org.uk, 2006.
2920:Command responsibility
2864:United Nations Charter
2802:
2797:and Russian President
2780:Sierra Leone Civil War
2674:
2652:
2624:
2585:Article 2, paragraph 4
2479:
2442:Allied Control Council
2427:
2206:against Czechoslovakia
2177:
2162:
1910:Awards and decorations
1883:Peace through strength
1858:Low-intensity conflict
1492:Conscientious objector
1365:Area of responsibility
96:United Nations Charter
66:international legality
35:
4342:List of global issues
4171:Gaza–Israel conflict
3997:Desecration of graves
3977:Collective punishment
3221:Mussolini and Fascism
3219:Palla, Marco (2000).
2831:Nulla poena sine lege
2792:
2669:
2637:
2530:
2474:
2465:uncommon after 1945.
2461:. It has made formal
2416:
2204:(1939); and Germany,
2167:
2157:
502:Torpedo data computer
492:Ship gun fire-control
29:
4595:International courts
4496:Nuremberg principles
4397:‡ Does not apply to
4376:Crimes of aggression
4358:international crimes
4256:Sri Lankan Civil War
4064:Use of human shields
3962:humanitarian workers
3330:, 26, 3 (1974), 420.
2962:Nuremberg principles
2770:of aggression and a
2539:The Purposes of the
2518:Crimes against peace
2404:Crimes against Peace
2393:Nuremberg Principles
2380:crimes against peace
2028:Military occupations
1863:Military engineering
1765:Unrestricted Warfare
1622:Force multiplication
520:Military manoeuvrers
4542:Crime of aggression
4506:Genocide Convention
4234:Russo-Ukrainian War
3871:Civilian casualties
3317:, 15, 16 (1938), 4.
3250:State Crime Journal
2925:Crime against peace
2881:Crime of aggression
2560:breach of the peace
2348:Primary documents:
2293:Kellogg–Briand Pact
2109:crime of aggression
1714:Penal military unit
1699:Rules of engagement
1375:Command and control
1000:Operations research
464:Director (military)
454:Fire-control system
224:Command and control
105:Part of a series on
89:international crime
4547:Crime of apartheid
4486:Geneva Conventions
4337:War crime apologia
4251:Second Chechen War
3954:War crimes by type
3914:Military necessity
3909:Medical neutrality
3827:Protocol II (1977)
3792:Geneva Conventions
3743:List of war crimes
3598:2010-06-18 at the
3494:2015-09-12 at the
3470:2015-09-12 at the
3401:2007-09-25 at the
3381:2008-07-02 at the
2957:List of war crimes
2837:Slobodan Milošević
2828:. The doctrine of
2803:
2696:possibly contains
2571:self-determination
2483:William O. Douglas
2463:declaration of war
2400:Nuremberg Tribunal
2178:
1823:Counter-insurgency
1744:Command of the sea
1689:Jewish laws on war
1664:Geneva Conventions
1200:Divide and conquer
995:Military operation
960:Tactical objective
459:Fire-control radar
436:Electronic-warfare
94:Article 39 of the
36:
4702:
4701:
4528:international law
4491:Nuremberg Charter
4481:Hague Conventions
4422:
4421:
4391:
4390:
4332:War crimes trials
4160:War crimes by war
3949:
3948:
3929:Protected persons
3822:Protocol I (1977)
3668:Dinstein, Yoram.
3490:, p. 116, fn. 1,
3343:, 232 (1944), 50.
3230:978-1-56656-340-6
3131:978-0-521-13581-8
3038:978-0-19-925600-6
2987:War of liberation
2940:International law
2915:Right of conquest
2895:Review Conference
2826:international law
2764:war of aggression
2741:
2740:
2733:
2698:original research
2556:international law
2505:mentioned in the
2485:charged that the
2186:League of Nations
2101:
2100:
1993:Horses in warfare
1940:Anti-war movement
1843:Gunboat diplomacy
1833:Disaster response
1781:Philosophy of war
1776:Principles of war
1749:Deterrence theory
1694:Right of conquest
1617:Lanchester's laws
1385:Principles of war
1075:Counter-offensive
1060:Military campaign
965:Target saturation
888:Counterinsurgency
497:Gun data computer
431:Close air support
393:Aircraft carriers
83:, which followed
51:military conflict
42:, sometimes also
40:war of aggression
30:Colored Image of
4742:
4662:Related concepts
4600:
4557:Genocidal intent
4449:
4442:
4435:
4426:
4425:
4412:
4411:
4353:
4352:
4261:Syrian civil war
4204:2006 Lebanon War
4167:Afghanistan wars
3919:Prisoners of war
3760:
3759:
3755:humanitarian law
3725:
3718:
3711:
3702:
3701:
3697:(UN publication)
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3608:
3602:
3590:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3566:
3560:
3550:
3544:
3537:
3531:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3505:
3499:
3481:
3475:
3458:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3412:
3406:
3392:
3386:
3372:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3337:
3331:
3324:
3318:
3311:
3305:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3273:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3216:
3210:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3065:on 20 March 2012
3064:
3058:. Archived from
3057:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3005:
2736:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2716:
2713:inline citations
2689:
2688:
2681:
2606:Security Council
2432:Nuremberg Trials
2309:Nikolaos Politis
2208:(1938–1939) and
2200:(1935–1937) and
2198:against Ethiopia
2194:Benito Mussolini
2170:Benito Mussolini
2093:
2086:
2079:
1848:Humanitarian aid
1786:Security dilemma
1607:Power projection
1390:Economy of force
1370:Chain of command
1085:Defence in depth
1070:Commerce raiding
893:Defeat in detail
229:Defense ministry
133:
124:
123:
114:
102:
101:
74:boundary dispute
4750:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4674:Superior orders
4657:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4588:
4530:
4527:
4519:
4476:Peremptory norm
4458:
4453:
4423:
4418:
4399:airborne forces
4387:
4366:Atrocity crimes
4351:
4320:
4155:
4080:committed by...
4079:
4073:
3982:Criminal orders
3945:
3924:Proportionality
3882:Superior orders
3850:
3787:Geneva Protocol
3754:
3747:
3734:
3729:
3665:
3632:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3600:Wayback Machine
3591:
3587:
3580:
3576:
3567:
3563:
3551:
3547:
3538:
3534:
3525:
3521:
3506:
3502:
3496:Wayback Machine
3482:
3478:
3472:Wayback Machine
3459:
3455:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3422:
3413:
3409:
3403:Wayback Machine
3393:
3389:
3383:Wayback Machine
3373:
3369:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3347:
3338:
3334:
3325:
3321:
3312:
3308:
3299:
3295:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3217:
3213:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3118:
3114:
3105:
3103:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3023:
3019:
3006:
2999:
2995:
2930:Peremptory norm
2911:
2883:
2877:
2749:Resolution 3314
2737:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2702:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2657:
2651:
2629:
2499:
2426:
2371:
2271:(16 November),
2231:were signed in
2225:
2148:
2097:
2068:
2067:
2018:
2008:
2007:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1905:
1895:
1894:
1868:Multilateralism
1853:Law enforcement
1813:
1803:
1802:
1771:Just war theory
1729:
1719:
1718:
1669:Geneva Protocol
1639:
1629:
1628:
1602:
1592:
1591:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1430:
1420:
1419:
1360:
1350:
1349:
1315:
1305:
1304:
1235:Network-centric
1155:
1145:
1144:
1052:
1042:
1041:
990:
980:
979:
928:Rapid dominance
833:
823:
822:
778:Electromagnetic
687:
677:
676:
663:
616:
564:
540:
530:
529:
525:Combat training
506:
483:
449:Combat systems:
445:
407:
403:Auxiliary ships
369:
329:
325:Military police
291:
214:
204:
203:
143:
117:
116:
115:
110:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4748:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4533:
4531:
4526:Crimes against
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4452:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4429:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4362:
4360:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4325:Related topics
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4306:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4288:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4177:
4169:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4146:United Kingdom
4143:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4012:Hostage-taking
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3972:Child soldiers
3969:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3935:Ruse de guerre
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3893:Hors de combat
3889:
3884:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3866:non-combatants
3858:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3757:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3728:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3664:
3663:External links
3661:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3642:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3614:. 12 June 2010
3603:
3585:
3574:
3561:
3553:Yoram Dinstein
3545:
3532:
3528:The Law of War
3519:
3500:
3476:
3453:
3442:
3431:
3420:
3407:
3387:
3367:
3356:
3345:
3332:
3328:Soviet Studies
3319:
3306:
3302:Vilnius Region
3293:
3236:
3229:
3211:
3208:978-0719577130
3191:
3184:
3164:
3157:
3137:
3130:
3112:
3076:
3044:
3037:
3017:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2967:Preventive war
2964:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2879:Main article:
2876:
2873:
2845:Charles Taylor
2799:Vladimir Putin
2795:George W. Bush
2739:
2738:
2693:
2691:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2656:
2653:
2650:
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2645:
2641:
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2611:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2563:
2541:United Nations
2498:
2495:
2470:Norman Birkett
2425:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2317:Maxim Litvinov
2297:Little Entente
2267:(4 December),
2263:(4 December),
2237:Czechoslovakia
2224:
2221:
2147:
2144:
2107:refers to the
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2033:Military terms
2030:
2025:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1791:Tripwire force
1783:
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1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1313:Administrative
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1240:New generation
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1215:Fleet in being
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1153:Grand strategy
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:Scorched earth
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1017:Deep operation
1014:
1009:
1002:
997:
991:
986:
985:
982:
981:
978:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
946:
945:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
864:
863:
858:
853:
843:
834:
829:
828:
825:
824:
821:
820:
818:Unconventional
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
766:
764:Disinformation
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
735:
734:
729:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
688:
683:
682:
679:
678:
675:
674:
669:
662:
661:
660:
659:
658:
657:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
615:
614:
613:
612:
611:
610:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
563:
562:
561:
560:
555:
550:
541:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
522:
517:
515:Basic training
512:
505:
504:
499:
494:
489:
482:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
444:
443:
441:Reconnaissance
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
406:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
368:
367:
362:
360:Special forces
357:
352:
351:
350:
340:
335:
328:
327:
322:
317:
315:Reconnaissance
312:
307:
302:
297:
290:
289:
280:
275:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
215:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
200:
199:
194:
184:
183:
182:
177:
167:
166:
165:
158:Post-classical
155:
150:
144:
139:
138:
135:
134:
126:
125:
107:
106:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4747:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4596:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4574:Slave trading
4572:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4522:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4445:
4443:
4438:
4436:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4415:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4309:Yugoslav Wars
4307:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:War in Donbas
4237:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4151:United States
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4037:Mass killings
4035:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3992:Death marches
3990:
3988:
3987:Death flights
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3817:Fourth (1949)
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3807:Second (1949)
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:International
3750:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3721:
3719:
3714:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3645:Lyal S. Sunga
3643:
3640:
3639:Lyal S. Sunga
3637:
3636:
3635:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3578:
3571:
3565:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3542:
3536:
3529:
3523:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3424:
3417:
3411:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3349:
3342:
3336:
3329:
3323:
3316:
3310:
3303:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3232:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3187:
3185:9780231518192
3181:
3177:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3158:9781139445238
3154:
3150:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3091:Just Security
3087:
3080:
3061:
3054:
3048:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3012:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2977:Voluntary war
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2951:Jus ad bellum
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2820:and the 2003
2819:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2793:US President
2791:
2787:
2785:
2784:Yugoslav Wars
2781:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2735:
2732:
2724:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2694:This section
2692:
2683:
2682:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2398:In 1950, the
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2373:In 1945, the
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1920:Warrior caste
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1890:Show of force
1888:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:Peacebuilding
1876:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:Air supremacy
1732:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:Islamic rules
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1654:Court-martial
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:Arms industry
1551:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1170:Broken-backed
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1012:Expeditionary
1010:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
989:
984:
983:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
944:
941:
940:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
883:Counterattack
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
837:
832:
827:
826:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
808:Psychological
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
744:Combined arms
742:
740:
737:
733:
730:
728:
725:
724:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
686:
681:
680:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
656:
653:
652:
651:
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583:Fortification
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398:Landing craft
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175:pike and shot
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64:Wars without
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:
41:
33:
32:Danzig Police
28:
22:
4720:Military law
4715:Wars by type
4516:Rome Statute
4403:paratroopers
4294:
4293: /
4281:World War II
4180:2023–present
4129:Soviet Union
3966:parachutists
3964: /
3941:Safe conduct
3933:
3891:
3880: /
3839:Rome Statute
3812:Third (1949)
3802:First (1949)
3673:
3651:
3633:
3616:. Retrieved
3606:
3588:
3577:
3569:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3535:
3527:
3522:
3514:Opinio Juris
3513:
3503:
3485:
3479:
3461:
3456:
3445:
3439:The Rio Pact
3434:
3423:
3415:
3410:
3390:
3370:
3359:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3314:
3309:
3296:
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3249:
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3220:
3214:
3202:2001, p 247
3199:
3194:
3174:
3167:
3147:
3140:
3121:
3115:
3104:. Retrieved
3094:. New York:
3089:
3079:
3067:. Retrieved
3060:the original
3047:
3027:
3020:
3010:
2949:
2884:
2861:
2829:
2815:
2804:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2742:
2727:
2718:
2695:
2670:
2658:
2638:
2630:
2613:
2595:
2584:
2567:equal rights
2533:
2526:World War II
2512:Principle VI
2510:
2500:
2480:
2475:
2467:
2456:
2453:criminal law
2449:World War II
2446:
2430:
2428:
2408:Principle VI
2397:
2378:
2372:
2347:
2339:
2290:
2245:Soviet Union
2228:
2226:
2214:
2190:Adolf Hitler
2179:
2174:Adolf Hitler
2158:
2149:
2137:
2133:jurisdiction
2102:
2003:Fifth column
1983:War resister
1978:Women in war
1873:Peacekeeping
1818:Arms control
1763:
1452:Mobilization
1447:Conscription
1405:Intelligence
1358:Organization
1004:
933:Encirclement
813:Radiological
749:Conventional
603:Subterranean
510:Development:
509:
486:
448:
410:
373:Naval units:
372:
365:Signal corps
332:
310:Intelligence
295:Specialties:
294:
219:Organization
170:Early modern
93:
85:World War II
78:
63:
55:self-defense
43:
39:
37:
4276:World War I
4266:Tigray war‎
3960:Attacks on
3887:Distinction
3772:Lieber Code
3618:26 December
3256:: 104–125.
3198:Ben Walsh,
2972:Six-day war
2857:laws of war
2811:Warsaw Pact
2336:protection.
2257:Afghanistan
2217:Hans Kelsen
2146:Definitions
2127:to adopt a
1988:War studies
1811:Non-warfare
1739:Appeasement
1704:Martial law
1543:War economy
1482:Transgender
1435:Recruitment
1195:Containment
1080:Culminating
988:Operational
908:Envelopment
851:Air assault
732:Air cavalry
692:Air defence
672:Information
573:Cold-region
538:Battlespace
487:Historical:
333:Land units:
259:Space force
254:Coast guard
187:Late modern
148:Prehistoric
4735:War crimes
4709:Categories
4579:Starvation
4314:Kosovo War
4227:Second war
4199:Korean War
4078:War crimes
4054:Starvation
4044:No quarter
3732:War crimes
3679:Amendments
3670:Aggression
3630:References
3466:, p. 132,
3106:2022-05-16
2853:war crimes
2818:Kosovo War
2760:aggression
2721:April 2022
2705:improve it
2661:Korean War
2614:Article 39
2596:Article 33
2458:jus cogens
2253:Yugoslavia
2129:resolution
2123:agreed by
2048:War crimes
2038:Operations
1945:Foot drill
1915:Battle cry
1828:deterrence
1487:Harassment
1462:Specialism
1285:Technology
1280:Succession
1225:Liberation
1160:Asymmetric
1095:Empty fort
1006:Blitzkrieg
975:Withdrawal
938:Investment
717:Camouflage
712:Biological
650:Underwater
625:Amphibious
544:Aerospace
411:Air units:
388:Submarines
197:fourth-gen
192:industrial
180:napoleonic
99:security".
4584:War crime
4296:Wehrmacht
4222:First war
4185:by Israel
4175:2008–2009
4112:Palestine
4032:Massacres
3862:Civilians
3288:182759859
2982:War crime
2709:verifying
2619:security.
2534:Article 1
2285:Lithuania
2142:in 1268.
2125:consensus
1935:War novel
1838:Grey-zone
1798:War games
1759:Overmatch
1709:War crime
1659:Desertion
1649:Ceasefire
1644:Armistice
1531:Logistics
1509:Mercenary
1497:Volunteer
1428:Personnel
1400:Engineers
1345:Sociology
1300:World war
1295:Total war
1275:Strategic
1265:Religious
1250:Political
1245:Perpetual
1220:Irregular
1135:Offensive
1110:Defensive
1105:Deception
1065:Attrition
918:Guerrilla
913:Formation
856:Airbridge
788:Loitering
702:Artillery
355:Artillery
305:Engineers
273:Irregular
244:Air force
4552:Genocide
4414:Category
4381:Genocide
4194:Iraq War
3596:Archived
3492:Archived
3488:, vol. 1
3468:Archived
3464:, vol. 2
3399:Archived
3379:Archived
3100:Archived
2945:Invasion
2909:See also
2822:Iraq War
2809:and the
2782:and the
2747:adopted
2590:Nations.
2402:defined
2301:Bulgaria
2212:(1939).
2140:Conradin
1950:War song
1925:War film
1558:Materiel
1477:Children
1457:Training
1395:Medicine
1380:Doctrine
1335:Training
1270:Resource
1255:Princely
1205:Economic
1190:Conquest
1185:Colonial
1180:Cold war
1165:Blockade
1050:Strategy
1022:Maneuver
783:Infantry
739:Chemical
593:Mountain
553:Airborne
416:Fighters
383:Warships
338:Infantry
264:Reserves
212:Military
59:just war
46:conquest
4464:Sources
4092:Germany
4087:Croatia
4059:Torture
4049:Perfidy
4027:Looting
3764:Sources
2899:Kampala
2849:Liberia
2703:Please
2575:peoples
2552:justice
2440:to the
2385:Finland
2277:Finland
2261:Estonia
2241:Romania
2202:Albania
2176:in 1940
2063:Writers
2058:Weapons
2023:Battles
1972:Related
1960:Wargame
1955:Uniform
1903:Culture
1684:Perfidy
1679:Justice
1600:Science
1585:Outpost
1538:History
1518:Warrior
1514:Soldier
1502:foreign
1440:counter
1340:Service
1290:Theater
1230:Limited
1210:Endemic
1125:Nuclear
898:Foxhole
873:Cavalry
861:Airdrop
846:Airlift
831:Tactics
803:Nuclear
793:Missile
722:Cavalry
707:Barrage
685:Weapons
645:Surface
426:Command
421:Bombers
378:Frogman
348:Cavalry
320:Medical
287:Militia
269:Regular
249:Marines
163:castles
153:Ancient
141:History
120:outline
49:, is a
44:war of
4569:Piracy
4401:(i.e.
4356:Other
4286:Allied
4141:Turkey
4136:Serbia
4124:Russia
4097:Israel
3899:Intent
3855:Topics
3286:
3278:
3227:
3206:
3182:
3155:
3128:
3069:14 May
3035:
2903:Uganda
2841:Serbia
2487:Allies
2472:said:
2414:, as:
2313:Moscow
2273:Poland
2269:Persia
2265:Latvia
2249:Turkey
2243:, the
2233:London
2210:Poland
2043:Sieges
1727:Theory
1467:Morale
1325:Policy
1320:Branch
1100:Mosaic
1090:Fabian
1037:Covert
970:Trench
955:Screen
878:Charge
868:Battle
841:Aerial
759:Denial
727:Horses
655:Seabed
608:Tunnel
588:Jungle
578:Desert
548:Aerial
4117:Hamas
4107:Japan
4102:Italy
3658:1996.
3284:S2CID
3276:JSTOR
3063:(PDF)
3056:(PDF)
2993:Notes
2548:peace
2543:are:
2507:RSICC
2429:See:
2406:, in
2016:Lists
1472:Women
1410:Ranks
1330:Staff
1260:Proxy
1175:Class
1130:Naval
1115:Depth
950:Swarm
943:Siege
923:Naval
903:Drone
798:Music
773:Robot
769:Drone
754:Cyber
697:Armor
667:Cyber
640:Green
635:Brown
598:Urban
558:Space
479:Radar
474:Sonar
343:Armor
300:Staff
278:Ranks
4291:Axis
3864:and
3797:1864
3620:2011
3225:ISBN
3204:ISBN
3180:ISBN
3153:ISBN
3126:ISBN
3071:2012
3033:ISBN
2885:The
2843:and
2807:NATO
2631:The
2604:The
2569:and
2554:and
2251:and
2227:Two
2192:and
2180:The
2160:law.
2103:The
2053:Wars
1570:Base
1120:Goal
1032:Raid
630:Blue
568:Land
239:Navy
234:Army
3266:hdl
3258:doi
2897:in
2847:of
2839:of
2772:war
2768:act
2707:by
2573:of
2455:of
1637:Law
1580:FOB
1575:MOB
620:Sea
112:War
4711::
4405:)
3672:,
3555:,
3512:.
3282:.
3274:.
3264:.
3252:.
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3000:^
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2514:.a
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