Just war theory - Knowledge

29: 68: 2769:'s attitude towards war. The document offers criteria of distinguishing between an aggressive war, which is unacceptable, and a justified war, attributing the highest moral and sacred value of military acts of bravery to a true believer who participates in a justified war. Additionally, the document considers the just war criteria as developed in Western Christianity to be eligible for Russian Orthodoxy; therefore, the justified war theory in Western theology is also applicable to the Russian Orthodox Church. 2994:

has inherited some elements (the criteria of legitimate authority, just cause, right intention) from the older war theory that first evolved around AD 400, it has rejected two premises that underpinned all medieval just wars, including crusades: first, that violence could be employed on behalf of Christ's intentions for mankind and could even be directly authorized by him; and second, that it was a morally neutral force that drew whatever ethical coloring it had from the intentions of the perpetrators.

2780:, they will continue to accompany it. While recognizing war as evil, the Russian Orthodox Church does not prohibit its members from participating in hostilities if there is the security of their neighbours and the restoration of trampled justice at stake. War is considered to be necessary but undesirable. It is also stated that the Russian Orthodox Church has had profound respect for soldiers who gave their lives to protect the life and security of their neighbours. 6606: 3043:

proportionality criteria. One cannot invade if there is no chance of actually winning. However, wars are fought with imperfect knowledge, so one must simply be able to make a logical case that one can win; there is no way to know this in advance. These criteria move the conversation from moral and theoretical grounds to practical grounds. Essentially, this is meant to gather coalition building and win approval of other state actors.

2138:. Egyptian ethics of war usually centered on three main ideas, these including the cosmological role of Egypt, the pharaoh as a divine office and executor of the will of the gods, and the superiority of the Egyptian state and population over all other states and peoples. Egyptian political theology held that the pharaoh had the exclusive legitimacy in justly initiating a war, usually claimed to carry out the will of the gods. 2417:

greatest extent possible, and always justified. In terms of the traditional notion of jus in bello (justice in war, or the moral considerations which ought to constrain the use of violence in war), war is a coping mechanism for righteous combatants who, by divine edict, have no choice but to subject themselves to their political masters and seek to ensure that they execute their war-fighting duty as justly as possible.

2580:. Secondly, the war needs to be waged for just cause, on account of some wrong the attacked have committed. Thirdly, warriors must have the right intent, namely to promote good and to avoid evil. Aquinas came to the conclusion that a just war could be offensive and that injustice should not be tolerated so as to avoid war. Nevertheless, Aquinas argued that violence must only be used as a last resort. On the 2090:) dealing with the morality of post-war settlement and reconstruction. The just war theory postulates the belief that war, while it is terrible but less so with the right conduct, is not always the worst option. The just war theory presents a justfiable means of war with justice being an objective of armed conflict. Important responsibilities, undesirable outcomes, or preventable atrocities may justify war. 4551: 2146:, claimed, "I was nursed to be a conqueror...his son and his protector, he gave me to conquer what he conquered." Later pharaohs also considered their sonship of the god Amun-Re as granting them absolute ability to declare war on the deity's behalf. Pharaohs often visited temples prior to initiating campaigns, where the pharaoh was believed to receive their commands of war from the deities. For example, 4347: 5021: 2963:

practice would be sheer deception of the common people, of philistines, of ignorant people, by the astute slaveowners. Precisely in this way are the present-day imperialist bourgeoisie deceiving the peoples by means of "national ideology" and the term "defense of the fatherland" in the present war between slave-owners for fortifying and strengthening slavery.

3036:) are typically considered as violations of this criterion. The importance of this condition is key. Plainly, we cannot have a genuine process of judging a just war within a system that represses the process of genuine justice. A just war must be initiated by a political authority within a political system that allows distinctions of justice". 2584:, violence was only justified to the extent it was necessary. Soldiers needed to avoid cruelty and a just war was limited by the conduct of just combatants. Aquinas argued that it was only in the pursuit of justice, that the good intention of a moral act could justify negative consequences, including the killing of the innocent during a war. 2661:, took the lead in collaborating with a large number of other religious leaders, including some with whom he had differed in the past, to write a rebuttal of the Germans' contentions. Both German and British theologians based themselves on the just war theory, each group seeking to prove that it applied to the war waged by its own side. 2711:

that "it is one thing to wage a war of self-defense; it is quite another to seek to impose domination on another nation. The possession of war potential does not justify the use of force for political or military objectives. Nor does the mere fact that war has unfortunately broken out mean that all is fair between the warring parties".

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The principle of last resort stipulates that all non-violent options must first be exhausted before the use of force can be justified. Diplomatic options, sanctions, and other non-military methods must be attempted or validly ruled out before the engagement of hostilities. Further, in regard to the

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But picture to yourselves a slave-owner who owned 100 slaves warring against a slave-owner who owned 200 slaves for a more "just" distribution of slaves. Clearly, the application of the term "defensive" war, or war "for the defense of the fatherland" in such a case would be historically false, and in

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Just-war theorists combine a moral abhorrence towards war with a readiness to accept that war may sometimes be necessary. The criteria of the just-war tradition act as an aid in determining whether resorting to arms is morally permissible. Just-war theories aim "to distinguish between justifiable and

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issued a letter that all Catholics were to support the war because "Our Lord Jesus Christ does not stand for peace at any price... If by Pacifism is meant the teaching that the use of force is never justifiable, then, however well meant, it is mistaken, and it is hurtful to the life of our country."

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Peace, as taught by Sacred Scripture and the experience of men itself, is more than just the absence of war. And the Christian is aware that on earth a human society that is completely and always peaceful is, unfortunately, an utopia and that the ideologies which present it as easily attainable only

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to justify the pursuit of labelled terrorist for the safety of the government's state in a modern context. The actual fault lies with the aggressor and so by being the aggressor, they forfeit their rights for honourable treatment by their actions. That theory is used to justify the actions taken by

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The consensus among Christians on the use of violence has changed radically since the crusades were fought. The just war theory prevailing for most of the last two centuries—that violence is an evil that can, in certain situations, be condoned as the lesser of evils—is relatively young. Although it

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If this responsibility justifies the possession of sufficient means to exercise this right to defense, States still have the obligation to do everything possible "to ensure that the conditions of peace exist, not only within their own territory but throughout the world". It is important to remember

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The Just War theory, with some amendments, is still used by Christians today as a guide to whether or not a war can be justified. War may be necessary and right, even though it may not be good. In the case of a country that has been invaded by an occupying force, war may be the only way to restore

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standard (proposing that a war need only to serve a nation's interests to be justifiable). In many cases, philosophers state that individuals do not need to be plagued by a guilty conscience if they are required to fight. A few philosophers ennoble the virtues of the soldier while they also declare

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The reason for going to war needs to be just and cannot, therefore, be solely for recapturing things taken or punishing people who have done wrong; innocent life must be in imminent danger and intervention must be to protect life. A contemporary view of just cause was expressed in 1993 when the US

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According to this principle, there must be good grounds for concluding that aims of the just war are achievable. This principle emphasizes that mass violence must not be undertaken if it is unlikely to secure the just cause. This criterion is to avoid invasion for invasion's sake and links to the

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book 22 sections 69–76, Augustine argues that Christians, as part of a government, need not be ashamed of protecting peace and punishing wickedness when they are forced to do so by a government. Augustine asserted that was a personal and philosophical stance: "What is here required is not a bodily

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The historical aspect, or the "just war tradition", deals with the historical body of rules or agreements that have applied in various wars across the ages. The just war tradition also considers the writings of various philosophers and lawyers through history, and examines both their philosophical

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International legitimacy for the use of armed force, on the basis of rigorous assessment and with well-founded motivations, can only be given by the decision of a competent body that identifies specific situations as threats to peace and authorizes an intrusion into the sphere of autonomy usually

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that called war a last resort requiring conduct that would allow the restoration of peace. Aristotle argues that the cultivation of a military is necessary and good for the purpose of self-defense, not for conquering: "The proper object of practising military training is not in order that men may

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governs the justice of war termination and peace agreements, as well as the prosecution of war criminals, and publicly labelled terrorists. The idea has largely been added to help decide what to do if there are prisoners that have been taken during battle. It is, through government labelling and

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In terms of the traditional notion of jus ad bellum (justice of war, that is, the circumstances in which wars can be justly fought), war is a coping mechanism for righteous sovereigns who would ensure that their violent international encounters are minimal, a reflection of the Divine Will to the

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They who have waged war in obedience to the divine command, or in conformity with His laws, have represented in their persons the public justice or the wisdom of government, and in this capacity have put to death wicked men; such persons have by no means violated the commandment, "Thou shalt not

2268:. War was justified only as a last resort and only by the rightful sovereign; however, questioning the decision of the emperor concerning the necessity of a military action was not permissible. The success of a military campaign was sufficient proof that the campaign had been righteous. 2715:

The Charter of the United Nations ... is based on a generalized prohibition of a recourse to force to resolve disputes between States, with the exception of two cases: legitimate defence and measures taken by the Security Council within the area of its responsibilities for maintaining

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cited a presumptive moral imperative prohibiting violence against all innocent people as the prima facie basis for questioning whether the norms of just war theories could adequately serve as a rational moral justification for military conflict within the nuclear age.

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Just war conduct should be governed by the principle of proportionality. Combatants must make sure that the harm caused to civilians or civilian property is not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated by an attack on a

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describes a war that is fought for just, righteous or religious reasons, especially in defence of one's own beliefs. Though some core tenets in the Sikh religion are understood to emphasise peace and nonviolence, especially before the 1606 execution of

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Only duly constituted public authorities may wage war. "A just war must be initiated by a political authority within a political system that allows distinctions of justice. Dictatorships (e.g. Hitler's regime) or deceptive military actions (e.g. the

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But, say they, the wise man will wage Just Wars. As if he would not all the rather lament the necessity of just wars, if he remembers that he is a man; for if they were not just he would not wage them, and would therefore be delivered from all

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Don Hubert and Thomas G. Weiss et al. "The Responsibility to Protect: Supplementary Volume to the Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty". (Canada: International Development Research Centre,

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Rock SR. On War and Morality. By Robert L. Holmes. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989. 320p. Review of the book "On War and Morality" by Robert L. Holmes on Cambridege.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review

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Japan did not develop its own doctrine of just war but between the 5th and the 7th centuries drew heavily from Chinese philosophy, and especially Confucian views. As part of the Japanese campaign to take the northeastern island

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Nonetheless, he asserted, peacefulness in the face of a grave wrong that could be stopped by only violence would be a sin. Defense of one's self or others could be a necessity, especially when it is authorized by a legitimate

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unjustifiable uses of organized armed forces"; they attempt "to conceive of how the use of arms might be restrained, made more humane, and ultimately directed towards the aim of establishing lasting peace and justice".

2170:, signifying order and justice, was central to the Egyptian notion of just war and its ability to guarantee Egypt virtually no limits on what it could take, do, or use to guarantee the ambitions of the state. 3113:

targets. Moreover, combatants are not permitted to attack enemy combatants who have surrendered, or who have been captured, or who are injured and not presenting an immediate lethal threat, or who are

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amount of harm—proportionally—the principle of last resort would support using small intervention forces first and then escalating rather than starting a war with massive force such as

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Just war conduct should be governed by the principle of military necessity. An attack or action must be intended to help in the defeat of the enemy; it must be an attack on a

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Catholic Conference said: "Force may be used only to correct a grave, public evil, i.e., aggression or massive violation of the basic human rights of whole populations."

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to wage war, and he set out criteria for a just war. According to Aquinas, three requirements must be met. Firstly, the war must be waged upon the command of a rightful

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progressed and Egypt heightened its territorial ambition, so did the invocation of just war aid the justification of these efforts. The universal principle of

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Padre E. C. Crosse and 'the Devonshire Epitaph': The Astonishing Story of One Man at the Battle of the Somme (with Antecedents to Today's 'Just War' Dialogue)

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held that individuals should not resort immediately to violence, but God has given the sword to government for a good reason (based upon Romans 13:4). In

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war exists when a people tries to ward off the threat of coercive domination by another people, or to overthrow an already-existing domination. A war is

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Cian O'Driscoll, "Rewriting the Just War Tradition: Just War in Classical Greek Political Thought and Practice," International Studies Quarterly (2015).

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famously preached a Lenten sermon before Henry VIII, who was preparing for a war, quoting Cicero "Better an unjust peace rather than the justest war."

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visions of war's ethical limits and whether their thoughts have contributed to the body of conventions that have evolved to guide war and warfare.

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Just war conduct should be governed by the principle of distinction. The acts of war should be directed towards enemy combatants, and not towards

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Therefore, engaging in a preventive war without clear proof that an attack is imminent cannot fail to raise serious moral and juridical questions.

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standard (proposing that there has never been nor can there ever be a justifiable basis for war) or they may be inclined toward a more permissive

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In recent years, some theorists, such as Gary Bass, Louis Iasiello and Brian Orend, have proposed a third category within the just war theory.

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Enemy combatants who surrendered or who are captured no longer pose a threat. It is therefore wrong to torture them or otherwise mistreat them.

7280: 2983:, on the other hand, when a people try to impose domination on another people or try to retain an already-existing coercive rule over them." 2203:) asks if the suffering caused by war can ever be justified. A long discussion then ensues between the siblings, establishing criteria like 7484: 7458: 6375: 3196:

concerns justice after a war, including peace treaties, reconstruction, environmental remediation, war crimes trials, and war reparations.

5110:, 2007). Discusses the contemporary relevance of just war theory. Offers an annotated bibliography of current writings on just war theory. 2932:

The just war tradition addresses the morality of the use of force in two parts: when it is right to resort to armed force (the concern of

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While not breaking down the conditions necessary for war to be just, Augustine nonetheless originated the very phrase itself in his work

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In the twenty-first century there has been significant debate between traditional just war theorists, who largely support the existing

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claimed that "I went north because I was strong (enough) to attack the Asiatics through the command of Amon, the just of counsels." A

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Those wars are unjust which are undertaken without cause. For aside from vengeance or to fight off enemies no just war can be waged.

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caught in circumstances that they did not create. The prohibited acts include bombing civilian residential areas that include no

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were, as a matter of course, judged according to the norms (as established in Aquinas' just war theory) by philosophers such as

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A History of the Parish of Trinity Church in the City of New York: The rectorship of Dr. William Thomas Manning 1908 to 1921

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In every case, exercising the right to self-defence must respect "the traditional limits of necessity and proportionality".

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enslave those who do not deserve slavery, but in order that first they may themselves avoid becoming enslaved to others" (

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theory, codified as a set of rules, which today still encompass the points commonly debated, with some modifications.

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nourish vain hopes. The cause of peace will not go forward by denying the possibility and the obligation to defend it.

2245:, military force may be justified if all peaceful means to settle a conflict have been exhausted, thus resulting in a 7604: 7362: 7026: 6684: 5523: 5229: 5203: 5057: 4856: 4723: 4148: 4123: 4081: 4056: 3656: 3607: 3575: 3548: 2895: 2162:"provides an unequivocal statement of the pharaoh's divine mandate to wage war on his enemies." As the period of the 1423: 7441: 7431: 7046: 5435: 2675: 2280:

people, who were likened to "bandits" and "wild-hearted wolf cubs" and accused of invading Japan's frontier lands.

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has been added to deal with the fact that some hostile actions may take place outside a traditional battlefield.

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The damage inflicted by the aggressor on the nation or community of nations must be lasting, grave and certain.

1610: 5357:(Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007). Covers the basics and some of the most controversial current debates. 4740: 7529: 7404: 6991: 6208: 5625: 2703: 2027: 1474: 3906: 2462: 2449: 7135: 7056: 7036: 6819: 6739: 6724: 6689: 6455: 6415: 6328: 5327: 4655: 4197:

Mews, Stuart. "Davidson, Randall Thomas, Baron Davidson of Lambeth (1848–1930), Archbishop of Canterbury",

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has had a lasting impact on later generations of thinkers and was part of an emerging consensus in

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who reject many traditional assumptions, although not necessarily advocating a change in the law.

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Cox, Rory (2017). "Expanding the History of the Just War: The Ethics of War in Ancient Egypt".

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Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India

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All other means of putting an end to it must have been shown to be impractical or ineffective.

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Combatants may not use weapons or other methods of warfare that are considered evil, such as

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on just war. In the 13th century Aquinas reflected in detail on peace and war. Aquinas was a

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and contemplated the teachings of the Bible on peace and war in combination with ideas from

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The use of arms must not produce evils and disorders graver than the evil to be eliminated.

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wrote numerous works on peace which criticized Just War theory as a smokescreen and added

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Nájera, Luna. "Myth and Prophecy in Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda's Crusading "Exhortación"

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In the same document, it is stated that wars have accompanied human history since the

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Guthrie, Charles; Quinlan, Michael (2007). "III: The Structure of the Tradition".

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No war is undertaken by a good state except on behalf of good faith or for safety.

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Rory Cox, "The Ethics of War up to Thomas Aquinas" in (eds. Lazar & Frowe)

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elaborates on the just war doctrine in paragraphs 500 to 501, while citing the

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A 2017 study found that the just war tradition can be traced as far back as to

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cannot attack cavalry, only other chariots; no attacking people in distress),

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priests. More broadly, conventions of war and treaty-making were part of the

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action, but an inward disposition. The sacred seat of virtue is the heart."

2219:(no attacking out of rage), and fair treatment of captives and the wounded. 7228: 7066: 6920: 6858: 6824: 6794: 6544: 6487: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6283: 6253: 5987: 5860: 5794: 5789: 5724: 5580: 5565: 5087: 4709:

Opyt kritiko-istoricheskogo issledovaniya zakonov isskusstva vedeniya voyny

2940: 2918: 2910: 2855: 2819: 2740: 2632: 2316: 2293: 2261: 2155: 2013: 1939: 1919: 1914: 1809: 1754: 1388: 1383: 1206: 1121: 869: 603: 504: 301: 205: 4915:

Humanitarian Military Intervention: The Conditions for Success and Failure

4716:

Critico-historical research into the laws of the art of the conduct of war

2614: 2060:

that aims to ensure that a war is morally justifiable through a series of

7238: 6975: 6940: 6905: 6885: 6799: 6243: 6047: 5824: 5485: 5410:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with John Keane and Niall Ferguson (3 June 1999) 5265: 5209: 5187: 4010: 3962: 3749: 3642: 3515: 3219: 3163: 2871: 2773: 2581: 2343: 2187: 2098: 1924: 1675: 1640: 1479: 1166: 1131: 844: 787: 690: 474: 195: 190: 4339: 4322: 3995: 7270: 7082: 6960: 6945: 6935: 6754: 6303: 6273: 6268: 6248: 6198: 6109: 5967: 5910: 5870: 5865: 5635: 5558: 5107: 4712:Опыт критико-исторического исследования законов искусства ведения войны 4563: 4538: 4496: 4454: 3770: 3524: 2777: 2604: 2597: 2234: 2139: 2114: 1881: 1851: 1573: 942: 2788:

The just war theory, propounded by the medieval Christian philosopher

2288:

The notion of just war in Europe originates and is developed first in

2276:, Japanese military action was portrayed as an effort to "pacify" the 2093:

Opponents of the just war theory may either be inclined to a stricter

7208: 6694: 6519: 6431: 6163: 6143: 6042: 5952: 5925: 5905: 5850: 5719: 5528: 3784: 3169: 3122: 3102: 3081: 3003:

The just war theory has two sets of criteria, the first establishing

2577: 2514: 2300: 1871: 1695: 1645: 1595: 1585: 1580: 1445: 1236: 1231: 1196: 638: 324: 291: 180: 5330:'s theories of war in relation to the war against the Ottoman Turks. 5095: 4530: 4488: 4446: 7297: 6950: 6549: 6514: 6148: 6133: 6057: 6052: 6017: 6007: 5920: 5855: 5829: 5146:

Why we fight: the origins, nature, and management of human conflict

3106: 2859: 2816: 2631:

A leading humanist writer after the Reformation was legal theorist

2522: 2483:

and other times, severely disrupting the conduct of wars. The 1179

2242: 2179: 2094: 2065: 2053: 1886: 1861: 1494: 1126: 1101: 719: 274: 148: 19:"Just war" redirects here. For the 1996 science fiction novel, see 3414: 2260:

produced a massive body of work on warfare, much of it during the

6173: 6062: 6027: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5885: 5875: 5385: 4597:"Francisco de Vitoria on the Ius Gentium and the American Indios" 2223: 2199: 1896: 1856: 1620: 1454: 1450: 797: 782: 658: 319: 314: 284: 223: 185: 5279:(Washington, D.C., Catholic University of America Press, 2023). 4659: 3989: 3862:

Christians and War: Augustine of Hippo and the "Just War theory"

7218: 7168: 6915: 6845: 6158: 6099: 6032: 5957: 5834: 5444: 5335:

The ethics of war and peace: Religious and secular perspectives

5214:

The Rosicrucian Philosophy in Questions and Answers – Volume II

5155:

Crawford, Neta. "Just War Theory and the US Countertenor War",

5102:

Brough, Michael W., John W. Lango, Harry van der Linden, eds.,

4631: 4027: 3979: 3726: 2555:. Other significant influences on Aquinas just war theory were 2480: 2338: 2277: 2273: 2159: 2147: 1403: 804: 621: 357: 6955: 6138: 6128: 5086:(2006). Showing the Catholic view in three points, including 4350:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

4346: 3625:"A Confucian Contribution to the Catholic Just War Tradition" 2938:) and what is acceptable in using such force (the concern of 2518: 2472: 2321: 2208: 2151: 879: 415: 410: 3210:

anyone fighting in a war to treat prisoners outside of war.

3109:

against civilians or prisoners of war (POWs), and attacking

2792:, was developed further by legal scholars in the context of 6400:

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

6178: 6094: 5940: 5935: 5895: 3850:

The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages

3828: 3597: 2951:

theorized on the advantages and potential benefits of war.

2476: 2355:

Christian theory of the Just War begins around the time of

2167: 175: 170: 3335:

Just War: The Just War Tradition: Ethics in Modern Warfare

2763:

Basis of the Social Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church

2068:

and policymakers. The criteria are split into two groups:

6104: 5413: 3884: 3272:

De officiis. With an English translation by Walter Miller

2743:

in an address to a group of soldiers said the following:

2573: 2197:

or "righteous war"). In it, one of five ruling brothers (

48: 5078:"The Just War Theory: A Traditional Catholic Moral View" 3570:. London & New York: I.B.Tauris. pp. 3–4, 252. 3357: 2303:

who first introduced the concept and terminology to the

2191:, offers the first written discussions of a "just war" ( 5241:

Russia's Recent Invasion of Ukraine and Just War Theory

4706: 4512:"Reviewed work: On War and Morality., Robert L. Holmes" 3673:

The Greco-Roman Roots of the Western Just War Tradition

5324:

Bulletin for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies

5277:

Justice after War: Jus Post Bellum in the 21st Century

4995:

Justice after War: Jus Post Bellum in the 21st Century

4428:"Reviewed work: On War and Morality, Robert L. Holmes" 4352:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

3648:

Samurai, Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan

3441:"Just War Theory: Revisionists Versus Traditionalists" 3007:(the right to go to war), and the second establishing 2587: 2529:

and other philosophers whose writings are part of the

4138: 4113: 4799:. Catholic Education Resource Center. Archived from 4071: 4046: 3358:

Andersen-Rodgers, David; Crawford, Kerry F. (2023).

3275:. Robarts - University of Toronto. London Heinemann. 7266:

Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)

4813: 4594: 3817:

War and imperialism in Republican Rome, 327-70 B.C.

2102:their apprehensions for war itself. A few, such as 6830:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 5206:. A defence of an updated form of just war theory. 5125: 4572:The Encyclopedia of War from Ancient Egypt to Iraq 4215: 2106:, argue for insurrection against oppressive rule. 5120: 5115:Just war thinkers from Cicero to the 21st century 4275:"Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church" 3805:The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic 2664: 2641:re-considered Just War and fighting wars justly. 7591: 4871: 3904: 3184: 35:was the first clear advocate of just-war theory. 6650: 4410: 4222:(2 ed.). Liberia Editrice Vaticana. 2000. 3480:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 3285: 3269:Cicero, Marcus Tullius; Miller, Walter (1913). 2732:Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church 2699:Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church 5350:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). 4768: 3332: 2487:adopted a version of it for the whole church. 7281:Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces 6636: 5429: 4320: 3635: 3602:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 99–100. 3538: 3286:Fellmeth, Aaron X.; Horwitz, Maurice (2009). 2021: 6376:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel 4970:Studies in Moral philosophy: Just War Theory 4684:. Eppc.org. 1 September 1998. Archived from 4269: 4267: 4051:. Cambridge University Press. p. viii. 4026:. The text seems from a missing fragment of 3268: 2826:were most influential in the formation of a 2533:. Aquinas' views on war drew heavily on the 5272:), an extended critique of just war theory. 4967: 4889:"War (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)" 4574:. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 345. 4076:. Cambridge University Press. p. vii. 3622: 3328: 3326: 2834:(1899 and 1907) and in the founding of the 2689:There must be serious prospects of success. 2542: 2534: 2466: 2453: 2077: 2069: 16:Doctrine about when a war is ethically just 6643: 6629: 5436: 5422: 4992: 3996:Augustine: Political and Social Philosophy 3978:The text seems from a missing fragment of 3811:(Goettingen 1949), pp. 22ff; P. Catalano, 2906:criticized the conquest of America by the 2842:declared war on Germany in 1917, Cardinal 2752: 2547:had been republished with commentary from 2283: 2028: 2014: 7234:Global Day of Action on Military Spending 5058:Learn how and when to remove this message 4997:. Catholic University of American Press. 4807: 4389: 4338: 4264: 3523: 3456: 2882:The first work dedicated specifically to 2572:Aquinas asserted that it is not always a 2437: 2117:and develop arguments to support it, and 4321:Knorre, Boris; Zygmont, Aleksei (2019). 4294: 4143:. Oxford University Press. p. 115. 4118:. Oxford University Press. p. 114. 3815:(Torino 1965), pp. 14ff.; W. V. Harris, 3813:Linee del sistema sovrannazionale romano 3323: 992:List of military strategies and concepts 27: 6408:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 4912: 4199:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3478:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3382: 2490: 2327:religious pollution and divine disfavor 7592: 7566: 6966:Soviet influence on the peace movement 5113:Brunsletter, D., & D. O'Driscoll, 4738: 4425: 4139:Seth Lazar; Helen Frowe, eds. (2018). 4114:Seth Lazar; Helen Frowe, eds. (2018). 3929: 3927: 3789:Roman Imperialism in the Late Republic 3641: 3598:Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). 3591: 2958:defined only three types of just war. 2947:In 1869 the Russian military theorist 2913:on the basis of just-war theory. With 2894:(1360–1431), who justified war by the 2056:, also referred to as a tradition, of 7153:World March for Peace and Nonviolence 6624: 5417: 5399:Catholic Teaching Concerning Just War 5307:McMahan, Jeff. "Just Cause for War," 5259:Khawaja, Irfan. Review of Larry May, 4562: 4477:The American Political Science Review 4295:Saunders, William (19 October 2000). 4163: 4042: 4040: 3998:, §3-c "War and Peace – The Just War" 3706: 3497: 3495: 3471: 3458:10.1146/annurev-polisci-060314-112706 3438: 3076:Once war has begun, just war theory ( 2783: 2421: 7310:Third Party Non-violent Intervention 5148:(University Press of America, 2013) 5014: 4467: 4141:The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of War 4116:The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of War 4008: 3960: 3807:(London 1925), pp. 33ff.; M. Kaser, 3686:The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of War 3563: 3557: 3300:10.1093/acref/9780195369380.001.0001 6424:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 5391:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5337:(Princeton University Press, 1998) 4913:Seybolt, Taylor B. (January 2007). 4881: 4741:"Just Wars in the Light of Marxism" 4718:]. Рипол Классик. p. 1ff. 4658:. JustWarTheory.com. Archived from 4509: 4383: 4096: 3924: 3905:Robert L. Holmes (September 2001). 3541:Just War in Comparative Perspective 3501: 3419:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3292:Guide to Latin in International Law 2588:Renaissance and Christian Humanists 13: 7567:Holmes, Robert L. (14 July 2014). 7535:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir 7432:Anti-war protests in Russia (2014) 6720:Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp 5355:On the Ethics of War and Terrorism 5256:(Princeton University Press, 1989. 5070: 4943:Ethics & International Affairs 4392:"Ben Salmon and the Army of Peace" 4301:Catholic Education Resource Center 4037: 3492: 3445:Annual Review of Political Science 3115:parachuting from disabled aircraft 2921:, just war theory was replaced by 2644: 2461:Starting in the 11th Century, the 2363: 2350: 2071: 14: 7636: 7027:International Day of Non-Violence 6685:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions 5378: 5367:, (Yale University Press, 2004). 5104:Rethinking the Just War Tradition 4794: 4753: 4011:"Cicero's Philosophy of Just War" 3963:"Cicero's Philosophy of Just War" 3629:Journal of Interreligious Studies 3391:. Britannica Blog. Archived from 3383:McHenry, Robert (22 March 2010). 3360:Human security: theory and action 2765:is crucial for understanding the 2325:("wrong, forbidden"), and risked 2079: 7437:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 6605: 6604: 5309:Ethics and International Affairs 5099:. A critique of just war theory. 5019: 4707:Genrikh Antonovich Leer (1869). 4345: 4218:Catechism of the Catholic Church 4007:Etymologies 18.1.2-3, quoted in 3600:Historical Dictionary of Sikhism 3385:"William James on Peace and War" 3205:public opinion, that people use 3014: 2676:Catechism of the Catholic Church 2215:(no poisoned or barbed arrows), 2129: 66: 7560: 6810:Social Democratic Party (Japan) 4986: 4961: 4931: 4906: 4845: 4788: 4762: 4747: 4732: 4700: 4674: 4648: 4625: 4588: 4556: 4545: 4503: 4461: 4419: 4404: 4365:"Social Concepts, Chapter VIII" 4357: 4314: 4288: 4243: 4208: 4191: 4157: 4132: 4107: 4090: 4074:Thomas Aquinas on War and Peace 4065: 4049:Thomas Aquinas on War and Peace 4001: 3953: 3898: 3873: 3855: 3834: 3822: 3794: 3719: 3700: 3691: 3678: 3665: 3616: 3532: 3504:International Studies Quarterly 3069: 7610:Catholic theology and doctrine 7573:. Princeton University Press. 6730:List of pacifist organisations 6392:The Theory of Moral Sentiments 5762:Value monism – Value pluralism 5178:Just War Theory: A Reappraisal 4945:. 12 June 2015. Archived from 4390:John Dear (23 February 2010). 4297:"The Church's Just War Theory" 3465: 3432: 3407: 3376: 3351: 3337:. Bloomsbury. pp. 11–15. 3279: 3262: 2665:Contemporary Catholic doctrine 2497:Thomas Aquinas § Just war 1: 5140:: 721 – via HeinOnline. 5042:and help improve the section. 4682:"Home > Publications >" 4639:: What the Public Should Know 4072:Gregory M. Reichberg (2017). 4047:Gregory M. Reichberg (2017). 3959:City of God, 22.6, quoted in 3791:(Ithaca 1968, 2nd ed.), p.11. 3651:. Routledge. pp. 21–22. 3255: 3148:legitimate military objective 3136:legitimate military objective 2704:Charter of the United Nations 2669:The just war doctrine of the 2333:) thus required a ritualized 2252: 2061: 7136:World Peace Bell Association 7037:Dialogue Among Civilizations 6740:New Socialist Party of Japan 6725:Iraq War resisters in Canada 6690:Coalition of Women for Peace 6456:On the Genealogy of Morality 6416:Critique of Practical Reason 4968:Thom Brooks (October 2012). 4758:. Marxists Internet Archive. 4743:. Marxists Internet Archive. 4595:Victor M. Salas Jr. (2012). 3250:Moral equality of combatants 3011:(right conduct within war). 2886:was the 15th-century sermon 2850:Armed conflicts such as the 2485:Third Council of the Lateran 7: 7304:The whole world is watching 7072:Peace & Love (festival) 7022:Imagine Piano Peace Project 5165:Elshtain, Jean Bethke, ed. 5090:'s position concerning war. 4917:. Oxford University Press. 4034:, by the Laelius character. 3986:, by the Laelius character. 3564:Syan, Hardip Singh (2013). 3294:. Oxford University Press. 3213: 3099:legitimate military targets 3034:1968 US bombing of Cambodia 2998: 2975:(1926-1995) stated that "a 2076:("right to go to war") and 1485:Military–industrial complex 964:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 7641: 7427:2011 intervention in Libya 7047:List of places named Peace 7032:International Day of Peace 6750:Peace and conflict studies 6670:Anti-nuclear organizations 6384:A Treatise of Human Nature 5443: 5289:MacDonald, David Roberts. 5182:Edinburgh University Press 4831:10.1177/004056397803900302 4756:"Socialism and War, ch. 1" 4643:W. W. Norton & Company 4397:National Catholic Reporter 3819:(Oxford 1979), pp. 161 ff. 3737:De provinciis consularibus 3240:Peace and conflict studies 3084:are to act or should act: 3020: 2627:(Dulce bellum inexpertis). 2494: 2441: 2404:Augustine further taught: 2124: 18: 7625:Christianity and violence 7543: 7472: 7337: 7161: 7062:Nobel Peace Prize Concert 7057:Mother's Day Proclamation 7007:Dances of Universal Peace 6984: 6838: 6820:The Women's Peace Crusade 6662: 6600: 6507: 6352: 6118: 5843: 5772: 5634: 5509: 5451: 5326:, 35:1 (2011). Discusses 4797:"Rethinking the Crusades" 4468:Rock, Stephen R. (1989). 4426:Meyers, Diana T. (1992). 2874:. Other scholars such as 2373:Contra Faustum Manichaeum 2158:at the Temple of Amun at 1549:Loss-of-strength gradient 406:Combat information center 7605:Catholic social teaching 7323:Violence begets violence 7256:Non-aggression principle 7126:The Non-Violence Project 7106:Promoting Enduring Peace 7089:Promoting Enduring Peace 6745:Pacifist Socialist Party 5735:Universal prescriptivism 5157:Perspectives on Politics 4711: 4435:The Philosophical Review 4411:C. T. Bridgeman (1962). 3867:28 November 2006 at the 2892:Stanisław of Skarbimierz 2659:Archbishop of Canterbury 2649:At the beginning of the 2551:and the Dominican friar 2173: 1867:Military science fiction 1352:Technology and equipment 773:List of military tactics 7417:Military action in Iran 7052:Monuments and memorials 7002:Concert Yutel for Peace 6805:React, Include, Recycle 6735:List of peace activists 6700:Conscientious objectors 5524:Artificial intelligence 5261:War Crimes and Just War 5245:"Global Policy Journal" 4993:David Kwon (May 2023). 4203:Oxford University Press 3713:Perseus Digital Library 3230:Democratic peace theory 2949:Genrikh Antonovich Leer 2832:Hague Peace Conferences 2767:Russian Orthodox Church 2753:Russian Orthodox Church 2501:The just war theory by 2284:Ancient Greece and Rome 1935:Wartime sexual violence 1691:Full-spectrum dominance 1502:Supply-chain management 7338:Opposition to specific 7293:Swords to ploughshares 7287:Soldiers are murderers 6680:Anti-war organizations 5348:The Just War Revisited 5234:Rosicrucian Fellowship 4972:. Brill. p. 187. 4166:"John Colet of Oxford" 3852:(Brill, 1980), p. 150. 3732:Divinatio in Caecilium 3539:Paul Robinson (2017). 3039:Probability of success 2996: 2965: 2840:United States Congress 2750: 2737: 2638:De jura belli ac pacis 2619:The Complaint of Peace 2543: 2535: 2467: 2454: 2444:Peace and Truce of God 2438:Peace and Truce of God 2435: 2419: 2412:J. Mark Mattox writes, 2410: 2402: 2387: 2078: 2070: 2049: 1847:Awards and decorations 1820:Peace through strength 1795:Low-intensity conflict 1429:Conscientious objector 1302:Area of responsibility 36: 7340:wars or their aspects 7261:Nonviolent resistance 7111:Show of Peace Concert 6876:Anti-nuclear movement 6448:The Methods of Ethics 5686:Divine command theory 5681:Ideal observer theory 5318:11 March 2011 at the 5222:World War I reference 5218:The Philosophy of War 5176:Evans, Mark (editor) 4164:MacKenzie, Kathleen. 3911:ChristianityToday.com 3881:"What is a just war?" 3743:VII 14, 3; IX 19, 1; 3101:, committing acts of 2991: 2960: 2745: 2708: 2594:Renaissance humanists 2495:Further information: 2431: 2414: 2406: 2397: 2382: 439:Torpedo data computer 429:Ship gun fire-control 31: 7422:Sri Lankan Civil War 7316:Turn the other cheek 7131:University for Peace 7042:List of peace prizes 6565:Political philosophy 5096:Taking War Seriously 5093:Blattberg, Charles. 4769:Murray N. Rothbard. 4604:Ave Maria Law Review 4510:Lee, Steven (1992). 4009:Lockwood, Thornton. 3961:Lockwood, Thornton. 3831:1.32; 31.8.3; 36.3.9 3809:Das altroemische Ius 3801:William Warde Fowler 3623:Kwon, David (2023). 3472:Lazar, Seth (2020). 3439:Lazar, Seth (2017). 3389:blogs.britannica.com 2987:Jonathan Riley-Smith 2904:Francisco de Vitoria 2802:Francisco de Vitoria 2725:reserved to a State. 2611:Erasmus of Rotterdam 2491:Saint Thomas Aquinas 1965:Military occupations 1800:Military engineering 1702:Unrestricted Warfare 1559:Force multiplication 457:Military manoeuvrers 7570:On War and Morality 7464:Nuclear disarmament 7447:in Russian Far East 7204:Department of Peace 7189:Counter-recruitment 7184:Conflict resolution 7174:Central Park be-ins 7162:Slogans and tactics 7141:Japanese Peace Bell 6931:Non-interventionism 6926:Modern-war pacifism 6864:Christian anarchism 6535:Evolutionary ethics 6496:Reasons and Persons 6472:A Theory of Justice 5626:Uncertain sentience 5333:Nardin, Terry, ed. 5254:On War and Morality 5194:(London, New York: 4859:on 7 September 2013 4819:Theological Studies 4815:Childress, James F. 4795:Smith, Jonathan R. 4739:Wollenberg, Erich. 4656:"JustWarTheory.com" 4340:10.3390/rel11010002 3080:) also directs how 3028:Competent authority 2838:in 1920. After the 2776:, and according to 2553:Raymond of Penafort 1651:Penal military unit 1636:Rules of engagement 1312:Command and control 937:Operations research 401:Director (military) 391:Fire-control system 161:Command and control 42:Part of a series on 7358:American Civil War 7250:Make love, not war 7224:Economic sanctions 7179:Civil disobedience 7012:Festival for Peace 6985:Media and cultural 6971:Testimony of peace 6891:Christian pacifism 6530:Ethics in religion 6525:Descriptive ethics 6360:Nicomachean Ethics 5401:at Catholicism.org 5169:(NYU Press, 1992) 5144:Churchman, David. 5117:(Routledge, 2017). 4893:plato.stanford.edu 4613:on 9 December 2021 4566:(1 October 2009). 3763:Isidore of Seville 3745:Pro rege Deiotauro 3709:"Politics, Book 7" 3516:10.1093/isq/sqx009 3395:on 31 October 2015 3225:Christian pacifism 3178:biological weapons 3153:Fair treatment of 3142:Military necessity 2969:anarcho-capitalist 2954:The Soviet leader 2868:Elizabeth Anscombe 2828:just war tradition 2784:Just war tradition 2673:found in the 1992 2557:Alexander of Hales 2427:Isidore of Seville 2422:Isidore of Seville 2357:Augustine of Hippo 2266:Warring States era 2258:Chinese philosophy 1760:Counter-insurgency 1681:Command of the sea 1626:Jewish laws on war 1601:Geneva Conventions 1137:Divide and conquer 932:Military operation 897:Tactical objective 396:Fire-control radar 373:Electronic-warfare 37: 7580:978-1-4008-6014-2 7556: 7555: 7459:Military taxation 7329:War tax resisters 6896:Deterrence theory 6675:Anti-war movement 6618: 6617: 6585:Social philosophy 6570:Population ethics 6560:Philosophy of law 6540:History of ethics 6023:Political freedom 5700:Euthyphro dilemma 5491:Suffering-focused 5386:"Just war theory" 5373:978-0-300-10978-8 5365:Arguing about War 5344:O'Donovan, Oliver 5303:978-1-929569-45-8 5285:978-0-813236-51-3 5251:Holmes, Robert L. 5076:Benson, Richard. 5068: 5067: 5060: 4924:978-0-19-925243-5 4853:"Just War Theory" 4754:Lenin, Vladimir. 4581:978-1-4053-4778-5 4097:Aquinas, Thomas. 3907:"A Time For War?" 3775:Libro I regolarum 3675:, Routledge 2010. 3671:Gregory Raymond, 3415:"Just War Theory" 3369:978-1-5381-5992-7 3309:978-0-19-536938-0 3245:Right of conquest 3235:Deterrence theory 2923:international law 2896:Kingdom of Poland 2852:Spanish Civil War 2836:League of Nations 2815:, as well as the 2794:international law 2615:extra limitations 2544:Decretum Gratiani 2537:Decretum Gratiani 2264:, especially the 2038: 2037: 1930:Horses in warfare 1877:Anti-war movement 1780:Gunboat diplomacy 1770:Disaster response 1718:Philosophy of war 1713:Principles of war 1686:Deterrence theory 1631:Right of conquest 1554:Lanchester's laws 1322:Principles of war 1012:Counter-offensive 997:Military campaign 902:Target saturation 825:Counterinsurgency 434:Gun data computer 368:Close air support 330:Aircraft carriers 7632: 7585: 7584: 7564: 7383:list of protests 7244:Lesson of Munich 7199:Demilitarisation 7077:Peace journalism 6871:Anti-imperialism 6854:Anarcho-pacifism 6790:Peace psychology 6770:Peace conference 6765:Peace commission 6710:Culture of Peace 6645: 6638: 6631: 6622: 6621: 6608: 6607: 6555:Moral psychology 6500: 6492: 6484: 6480:Practical Ethics 6476: 6468: 6464:Principia Ethica 6460: 6452: 6444: 6436: 6428: 6420: 6412: 6404: 6396: 6388: 6380: 6372: 6368:Ethics (Spinoza) 6364: 6003:Moral imperative 5461:Consequentialism 5438: 5431: 5424: 5415: 5414: 5395: 5353:Steinhoff, Uwe. 5295:Cloverdale Books 5188:Fotion, Nicholas 5141: 5129: 5063: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5043: 5038:Please read the 5034:may need cleanup 5023: 5022: 5015: 5009: 5008: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4885: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4855:. Archived from 4849: 4843: 4842: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4803:on 23 July 2001. 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4652: 4646: 4641:. New York, NY: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4612: 4606:. Archived from 4601: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4560: 4554: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4516: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4483:(4): 1447–1448. 4474: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4432: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4367:. Archived from 4361: 4355: 4349: 4344: 4342: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4271: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4221: 4212: 4206: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4173:Dalhousie Review 4170: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4100:Summa Theologica 4094: 4088: 4087: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4044: 4035: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3937:. Archived from 3931: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3877: 3871: 3859: 3853: 3846:Marcia L. Colish 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3798: 3792: 3757:XI 37; XIII 35; 3723: 3717: 3716: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3682: 3676: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3499: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3330: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3266: 3155:prisoners of war 2915:Alberico Gentili 2900:Teutonic Knights 2888:De bellis justis 2876:Robert L. Holmes 2864:Jacques Maritain 2813:Francisco Suárez 2798:Cardinal Cajetan 2735: 2655:Randall Davidson 2569:Summa Theologica 2561:Henry of Segusio 2549:Pope Innocent IV 2546: 2540: 2470: 2457: 2329:. A "just war" ( 2292:and then in the 2083: 2075: 2030: 2023: 2016: 1785:Humanitarian aid 1723:Security dilemma 1544:Power projection 1327:Economy of force 1307:Chain of command 1022:Defence in depth 1007:Commerce raiding 830:Defeat in detail 166:Defense ministry 70: 61: 60: 51: 39: 38: 21:Just War (novel) 7640: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7629: 7615:Just war theory 7600:Military ethics 7590: 7589: 7588: 7581: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7552: 7539: 7468: 7412:Afghanistan War 7363:Second Boer War 7339: 7333: 7157: 6980: 6834: 6780:Peace education 6663:Peace advocates 6658: 6649: 6619: 6614: 6596: 6503: 6498: 6490: 6482: 6474: 6466: 6458: 6450: 6442: 6434: 6426: 6418: 6410: 6402: 6394: 6386: 6378: 6370: 6362: 6348: 6121: 6114: 6038:Self-discipline 5998:Moral hierarchy 5946:Problem of evil 5891:Double standard 5881:Culture of life 5839: 5768: 5715:Non-cognitivism 5630: 5505: 5447: 5442: 5384: 5381: 5361:Walzer, Michael 5320:Wayback Machine 5239:Gutbrod, Hans. 5167:Just war theory 5133:UCLA Law Review 5073: 5071:Further reading 5064: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5037: 5030:Further reading 5024: 5020: 5013: 5012: 5005: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4966: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4949:on 21 June 2015 4937: 4936: 4932: 4925: 4911: 4907: 4897: 4895: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4812: 4808: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4775:lewrockwell.com 4767: 4763: 4752: 4748: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4665: 4663: 4662:on 6 March 2019 4654: 4653: 4649: 4630: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4599: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4568:"Ethics of War" 4561: 4557: 4550: 4546: 4531:10.2307/2216042 4514: 4508: 4504: 4489:10.2307/1961738 4472: 4466: 4462: 4447:10.2307/2185583 4430: 4424: 4420: 4409: 4405: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4265: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4168: 4162: 4158: 4151: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4112: 4108: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4070: 4066: 4059: 4045: 4038: 4032:On the Republic 4019: 4017: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3984:On the Republic 3971: 3969: 3958: 3954: 3944: 3942: 3941:on 25 July 2013 3933: 3932: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3869:Wayback Machine 3860: 3856: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3799: 3795: 3761:II 31; III 35; 3724: 3720: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3683: 3679: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3643:Friday, Karl F. 3640: 3636: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3537: 3533: 3500: 3493: 3483: 3481: 3470: 3466: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3331: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3288:"Bellum iustum" 3284: 3280: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3216: 3207:jus post bellum 3202:Jus post bellum 3198:Jus post bellum 3194:Jus post bellum 3190: 3187:Jus post bellum 3129:Proportionality 3119:airborne forces 3074: 3056:nuclear warfare 3025: 3019: 3001: 2973:Murray Rothbard 2824:Luigi Taparelli 2822:and the lawyer 2786: 2761:section in the 2755: 2736: 2729: 2671:Catholic Church 2667: 2651:First World War 2647: 2645:First World War 2624:Treatise on War 2590: 2527:Saint Augustine 2511:Dominican friar 2507:Medieval Europe 2499: 2493: 2446: 2440: 2424: 2392:The City of God 2369:Saint Augustine 2366: 2364:Saint Augustine 2360:justice. 2353: 2351:Christian views 2286: 2255: 2205:proportionality 2176: 2144:Twelfth Dynasty 2132: 2127: 2087:jus post bellum 2058:military ethics 2042:just war theory 2034: 2005: 2004: 1955: 1945: 1944: 1910: 1902: 1901: 1842: 1832: 1831: 1805:Multilateralism 1790:Law enforcement 1750: 1740: 1739: 1708:Just war theory 1666: 1656: 1655: 1606:Geneva Protocol 1576: 1566: 1565: 1539: 1529: 1528: 1470: 1460: 1459: 1367: 1357: 1356: 1297: 1287: 1286: 1252: 1242: 1241: 1172:Network-centric 1092: 1082: 1081: 989: 979: 978: 927: 917: 916: 865:Rapid dominance 770: 760: 759: 715:Electromagnetic 624: 614: 613: 600: 553: 501: 477: 467: 466: 462:Combat training 443: 420: 386:Combat systems: 382: 344: 340:Auxiliary ships 306: 266: 262:Military police 228: 151: 141: 140: 80: 54: 53: 52: 47: 33:Saint Augustine 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7638: 7628: 7627: 7622: 7620:Thomas Aquinas 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7587: 7586: 7579: 7558: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7525:United Kingdom 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7444: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7392: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7343: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7331: 7326: 7319: 7312: 7307: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7155: 7150: 7148:Women in Black 7145: 7144: 7143: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7092: 7091: 7086: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6988: 6986: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6911:Green politics 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6881:Antimilitarism 6878: 6873: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6848: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6785:Peace movement 6782: 6777: 6775:Peace congress 6772: 6767: 6762: 6760:Peace churches 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6715:ECOPEACE Party 6712: 6707: 6705:Counterculture 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6666: 6664: 6660: 6659: 6656:peace movement 6648: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6625: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6587: 6582: 6580:Secular ethics 6577: 6575:Rehabilitation 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6501: 6493: 6485: 6477: 6469: 6461: 6453: 6445: 6440:Utilitarianism 6437: 6429: 6421: 6413: 6405: 6397: 6389: 6381: 6373: 6365: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6125: 6123: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5800:Existentialist 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5695:Constructivism 5692: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5669:Non-naturalism 5666: 5651: 5646: 5640: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5515: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5496:Utilitarianism 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5457: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5441: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5402: 5396: 5380: 5379:External links 5377: 5376: 5375: 5358: 5351: 5341: 5331: 5312: 5305: 5297:, South Bend. 5287: 5273: 5257: 5248: 5237: 5207: 5192:War and Ethics 5185: 5174: 5163: 5153: 5142: 5118: 5111: 5100: 5091: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5027: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5010: 5004:978-0813236513 5003: 4985: 4979:978-9004228504 4978: 4960: 4930: 4923: 4905: 4880: 4870: 4844: 4825:(3): 427–445. 4806: 4787: 4761: 4746: 4731: 4724: 4699: 4673: 4647: 4624: 4587: 4580: 4555: 4544: 4525:(4): 559–562. 4502: 4460: 4441:(2): 481–484. 4418: 4415:. p. 256. 4403: 4382: 4371:on 9 June 2020 4356: 4313: 4287: 4263: 4242: 4228: 4207: 4190: 4156: 4149: 4131: 4124: 4106: 4089: 4082: 4064: 4057: 4036: 4000: 3988: 3952: 3923: 3897: 3872: 3854: 3833: 3821: 3793: 3718: 3699: 3690: 3688:, Oxford 2018. 3677: 3664: 3657: 3634: 3615: 3608: 3590: 3576: 3556: 3549: 3531: 3491: 3464: 3431: 3406: 3375: 3368: 3350: 3344:978-0747595571 3343: 3322: 3308: 3278: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3215: 3212: 3189: 3185:Ending a war: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3151: 3144: 3139: 3131: 3126: 3095:non-combatants 3091: 3073: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3052:carpet bombing 3047: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3029: 3021:Main article: 3018: 3013: 3000: 2997: 2956:Vladimir Lenin 2809:Luis de Molina 2806:Jesuit priests 2790:Thomas Aquinas 2785: 2782: 2754: 2751: 2727: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2666: 2663: 2646: 2643: 2629: 2628: 2608: 2589: 2586: 2503:Thomas Aquinas 2492: 2489: 2442:Main article: 2439: 2436: 2423: 2420: 2365: 2362: 2352: 2349: 2305:Hellenic world 2290:ancient Greece 2285: 2282: 2254: 2251: 2175: 2172: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2032: 2025: 2018: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1970:Military terms 1967: 1962: 1956: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1843: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1751: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1728:Tripwire force 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1551: 1546: 1540: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1504: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1482: 1477: 1471: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1448: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 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717: 712: 703: 701:Disinformation 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 672: 671: 666: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 625: 620: 619: 616: 615: 612: 611: 606: 599: 598: 597: 596: 595: 594: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 552: 551: 550: 549: 548: 547: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 500: 499: 498: 497: 492: 487: 478: 473: 472: 469: 468: 465: 464: 459: 454: 452:Basic training 449: 442: 441: 436: 431: 426: 419: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 381: 380: 378:Reconnaissance 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 343: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 305: 304: 299: 297:Special forces 294: 289: 288: 287: 277: 272: 265: 264: 259: 254: 252:Reconnaissance 249: 244: 239: 234: 227: 226: 217: 212: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 152: 147: 146: 143: 142: 139: 138: 137: 136: 131: 121: 120: 119: 114: 104: 103: 102: 95:Post-classical 92: 87: 81: 76: 75: 72: 71: 63: 62: 44: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7637: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7582: 7576: 7572: 7571: 7563: 7559: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7542: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7530:United States 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7390:War on Terror 7388: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7349: 7346:War of 1812 ( 7345: 7344: 7342: 7336: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7320: 7317: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7288: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7276:Peacebuilding 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7251: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7214:Draft evasion 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7194:De-escalation 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7160: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7096:Peace One Day 7094: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6983: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6901:Direct action 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6859:Anarcho-punks 6857: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6825:War resisters 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6646: 6641: 6639: 6634: 6632: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6611: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6497: 6494: 6489: 6486: 6481: 6478: 6473: 6470: 6465: 6462: 6457: 6454: 6449: 6446: 6441: 6438: 6433: 6430: 6425: 6422: 6417: 6414: 6409: 6406: 6401: 6398: 6393: 6390: 6385: 6382: 6377: 6374: 6369: 6366: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6117: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5993:Moral courage 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5931:Good and evil 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5916:Family values 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5730:Quasi-realism 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5554:Environmental 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5476:Particularism 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5432: 5427: 5425: 5420: 5419: 5416: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5275:Kwon, David. 5274: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5231: 5230:0-911274-90-1 5227: 5224:, ed. 1918), 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5204:0-8264-9260-6 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5128: 5124:(2002–2003). 5123: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5106:(Albany, NY: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5062: 5059: 5051: 5041: 5040:editing guide 5035: 5031: 5026: 5017: 5016: 5006: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4981: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4926: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4874: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4757: 4750: 4742: 4735: 4727: 4725:9785458055901 4721: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4688:on 9 May 2009 4687: 4683: 4677: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4644: 4640: 4638: 4637:Crimes of War 4633: 4628: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4583: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4548: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4414: 4407: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4386: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4353: 4348: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4276: 4270: 4268: 4252: 4246: 4231: 4225: 4220: 4219: 4211: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4160: 4152: 4150:9780199943418 4146: 4142: 4135: 4127: 4125:9780199943418 4121: 4117: 4110: 4102: 4101: 4093: 4085: 4083:9781107019904 4079: 4075: 4068: 4060: 4058:9781107019904 4054: 4050: 4043: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4016: 4012: 4004: 3997: 3992: 3985: 3981: 3968: 3964: 3956: 3940: 3936: 3935:"City of God" 3930: 3928: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3858: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3830: 3825: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3759:De re publica 3756: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3725:Livy 9.1.10; 3722: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3694: 3687: 3681: 3674: 3668: 3660: 3658:9781134330225 3654: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3611: 3609:9781442236011 3605: 3601: 3594: 3579: 3577:9781780762500 3573: 3569: 3568: 3560: 3552: 3550:9781351924528 3546: 3543:. Routledge. 3542: 3535: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3496: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3371: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3346: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3327: 3311: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3274: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121:, or who are 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3023:Jus ad bellum 3017: 3016:Jus ad bellum 3012: 3010: 3006: 3005:jus ad bellum 2995: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2959: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2936: 2935:jus ad bellum 2930: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2911:conquistadors 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2845: 2844:James Gibbons 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2800:, the jurist 2799: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2759:War and Peace 2749: 2744: 2742: 2734: 2733: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2532: 2531:Western canon 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2451: 2448:The medieval 2445: 2434: 2430: 2428: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2394: 2393: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2361: 2358: 2348: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2331:bellum iustum 2328: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2195: 2194:dharma-yuddha 2190: 2189: 2184: 2181: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2136:Ancient Egypt 2130:Ancient Egypt 2122: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2074: 2073: 2072:jus ad bellum 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2050:bellum iustum 2047: 2043: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2008: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1949: 1948: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1857:Warrior caste 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1827:Show of force 1825: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1815:Peacebuilding 1813: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1743: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1671:Air supremacy 1669: 1668: 1665: 1660: 1659: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1611:Islamic rules 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1591:Court-martial 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1570: 1569: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1533: 1532: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1490:Arms industry 1488: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1464: 1463: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1361: 1360: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1291: 1290: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1246: 1245: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1107:Broken-backed 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1086: 1085: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 994: 993: 988: 983: 982: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 949:Expeditionary 947: 945: 944: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 929: 926: 921: 920: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 881: 878: 877: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 820:Counterattack 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 785: 784: 781: 779: 776: 775: 774: 769: 764: 763: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 745:Psychological 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 681:Combined arms 679: 677: 674: 670: 667: 665: 662: 661: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 626: 623: 618: 617: 610: 607: 605: 602: 601: 593: 590: 589: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 559: 558: 555: 554: 546: 543: 542: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 520:Fortification 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 507: 506: 503: 502: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 480: 479: 476: 471: 470: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 421: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 383: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 345: 341: 338: 336: 335:Landing craft 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 307: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 286: 283: 282: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 267: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 229: 225: 221: 220:Standing army 218: 216: 213: 211: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 153: 150: 145: 144: 135: 132: 130: 127: 126: 125: 122: 118: 115: 113: 112:pike and shot 110: 109: 108: 105: 101: 98: 97: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 82: 79: 74: 73: 69: 65: 64: 58: 50: 46: 45: 41: 40: 34: 30: 26: 22: 7569: 7562: 7373:World War II 7229:Flower power 7081: 6921:Isolationism 6795:Peace treaty 6589: 6545:Human rights 6488:After Virtue 6214:Schopenhauer 5988:Moral agency 5861:Common sense 5757:Universalism 5725:Expressivism 5705:Intuitionism 5676:Subjectivism 5621:Terraforming 5596:Professional 5407: 5389: 5364: 5354: 5347: 5334: 5323: 5308: 5290: 5276: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5240: 5221: 5213: 5210:Heindel, Max 5191: 5177: 5166: 5159:1(1), 2003. 5156: 5145: 5137: 5131: 5122:Butler, Paul 5114: 5103: 5094: 5088:John Paul II 5081: 5054: 5045: 5033: 4994: 4988: 4969: 4963: 4951:. 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