Law of war - Knowledge

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attack on a legitimate military objective. However, as Robbie Sabel, Professor of international law at the Hebrew University, who has written on this topic, notes: “Anyone with experience in armed conflict knows that you want to hit the enemy’s forces harder than they hit you… if you are attacked with a rifle, there is no rule that stipulates that you can only shoot back with a rifle, but using a machine gun would not be fair, or that if you are attacked with only one tank you cannot shoot back with two.”

53: 3675: 3689: 3025: 3184:" has determined that they are not eligible for POW status (e.g., Third Geneva Convention, Article 5.) At that point, an unlawful combatant may be interrogated, tried, imprisoned, and even executed for their violation of the laws of war pursuant to the domestic law of their captor, but they are still entitled to certain additional protections, including that they be "treated with humanity and, in case of trial, shall not be deprived of the 2734:

bello, the law of war, the way of making war, which involves behaving as soldiers invested with a mission for which all violence is not allowed. In any case, the very idea of a right to war is based on an idea of war that can be defined as an armed conflict, limited in space, limited in time, and by its objectives. War begins with a declaration (of war), ends with a treaty (of peace) or surrender agreement, an act of sharing, etc.

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The idea that there is a right to war concerns, on the one hand, the jus ad bellum, the right to make war or to enter war, assuming a motive such as to defend oneself from a threat or danger, presupposes a declaration of war that warns the adversary: war is a loyal act, and on the other hand, jus in

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additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, prohibits attacking people parachuting from an aircraft in distress regardless of what territory they are over. Once they land in territory controlled by the enemy, they must be given an opportunity to surrender before being attacked unless it is apparent

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Historian Geoffrey Best called the period from 1856 to 1909 the law of war's "epoch of highest repute." The defining aspect of this period was the establishment, by states, of a positive legal or legislative foundation (i.e., written) superseding a regime based primarily on religion, chivalry, and

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Combatants also must be commanded by a responsible officer. That is, a commander can be held liable in a court of law for the improper actions of their subordinates. There is an exception to this if the war came on so suddenly that there was no time to organize a resistance, e.g. as a result of a

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is a principle under international humanitarian law governing the legal use of force in an armed conflict, whereby belligerents must make sure that the harm caused to protected civilians or civilian property is not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage expected by an

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Stop, O people, that I may give you ten rules for your guidance in the battlefield. Do not commit treachery or deviate from the right path. You must not mutilate dead bodies. Neither kill a child, nor a woman, nor an aged man. Bring no harm to the trees, nor burn them with fire, especially those

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provides a widely accepted definition of military objective: "In so far as objects are concerned, military objectives are limited to those objects which by their nature, location, purpose or use make an effective contribution to military action and whose total or partial destruction, capture or

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is a principle that demands a certain amount of fairness and mutual respect between adversaries. Parties to a conflict must accept that their right to adopt means of injuring each other is not unlimited, they must refrain from taking advantage of the adversary's adherence to the law by falsely

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20:19–20 limits the amount of environmental damage, allowing only the cutting down of non-fruitful trees for use in the siege operation, while fruitful trees should be preserved for use as a food source. Similarly, Deuteronomy 21:10–14 requires that female captives who were forced to marry the

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restrictions against using arms, projectiles, or materials calculated to cause suffering or injury manifestly disproportionate to the military advantage realized by the use of the weapon for legitimate military purposes. In some countries, weapons are reviewed prior to their use in combat to

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projectiles, there is a developing scientific debate and concern expressed regarding the effect of the use of such projectiles and it is possible that, in future, there may be a consensus view in international legal circles that use of such projectiles violates general principles of the law

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One should not attack chariots with cavalry; chariot warriors should attack chariots. One should not assail someone in distress, neither to scare him nor to defeat him ... War should be waged for the sake of conquest; one should not be enraged toward an enemy who is not trying to kill

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of the same year and to submit to the Institute its opinion and supplementary proposals on the subject. The work of the Institute led to the adoption of the Manual in 1880 and it went on to form part of the basis for the codification of the laws of war at the 1899 Hague Peace

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In either case, people protected by the Red Cross/Crescent/Star or white flag are expected to maintain neutrality, and may not engage in warlike acts. In fact, engaging in war activities under a protected symbol is itself a violation of the laws of war known as

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1938 Amsterdam Draft Convention for the Protection of Civilian Populations Against New Engines of War. (Officially the Draft Convention for the Protection of Civilian Populations Against New Engines of War. Amsterdam, 1938). This convention was never

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However, their employment is forbidden during a combat, that is, the opening of fire whilst in the guise of the enemy. But there is no unanimity as to whether the uniform of the enemy may be worn and his flag displayed for the purpose of approach or

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determine if they comply with the law of war and are not designed to cause unnecessary suffering when used in their intended manner. This principle also prohibits using an otherwise lawful weapon in a manner that causes unnecessary suffering.

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in warfare has been an especially tricky situation for the laws of war. Some scholars claim that private security contractors appear so similar to state forces that it is unclear if acts of war are taking place by private or public agents.

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However, because the laws of war are based on consensus (as the nature of international law often relies on self-policing by individual states), the content and interpretation of such laws are extensive, contested, and ever-changing.

2532:. "Certain fundamental principles provide basic guidance. For instance, the principles of distinction, proportionality, and necessity, all of which are part of customary international law, always apply to the use of armed force." 3515: 2611:, having been widely accepted by "all civilised nations" for about half a century, were by then part of the customary laws of war and binding on all parties whether the party was a signatory to the specific treaty or not. 3524: 4065: 2600:

customs. It is during this "modern" era that the international conference became the forum for debate and agreement between states and the "multilateral treaty" served as the positive mechanism for codification.

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To fulfill the purposes noted above, the laws of war place substantive limits on the lawful exercise of a belligerent's power. Generally speaking, the laws require that belligerents refrain from employing

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Attempts to define and regulate the conduct of individuals, nations, and other agents in war and to mitigate the worst effects of war have a long history. The earliest known instances are found in the

3247:, officially the Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight, renounced the usage of explosive projectiles with a mass of less than 400 grams. 3520:

1971 Zagreb Resolution of the Institute of International Law on Conditions of Application of Humanitarian Rules of Armed Conflict to Hostilities in which the United Nations Forces May be Engaged

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applicable to use of weapons in armed conflict. This is because in the future it may be the consensus view that depleted uranium projectiles breach one or more of the following treaties:

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claiming the law's protections, and they must recognize that they are members of a common profession that fights not out of personal hostility but on behalf of their respective States.

4977: 3638: 4601: 4128:"The Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Committee Established to Review the NATO Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: Use of Depleted Uranium Projectiles" 3165:. Also, nations that signed the Geneva Conventions are required to search for, try and punish, anyone who had committed or ordered certain "grave breaches" of the laws of war. ( 2804:, and the harm caused to protected civilians or civilian property must be proportional and not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated. 2406:

which are fruitful. Slay not any of the enemy's flock, save for your food. You are likely to pass by people who have devoted their lives to monastic services; leave them alone.

2588:, signed and ratified by the United States and Mexico in 1848, articulates rules for any future wars, including protection of civilians and treatment of prisoners of war. The 4353:(PDF) Page 57/58 "if international law is not enforced, persistent violations can conceivably be adopted as customary practice, permitting conduct that was once prohibited" 2671:

It has often been commented that creating laws for something as inherently lawless as war seems like a lesson in absurdity. But based on the adherence to what amounted to

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Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects

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E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/38 Human rights and weapons of mass destruction, or with indiscriminate effect, or of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering

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After a conflict ends, persons who have committed or ordered any breach of the laws of war, especially atrocities, may be held individually accountable for

5005: 3254:). Signed in Brussels 27 August. This agreement never entered into force, but formed part of the basis for the codification of the laws of war at the 1899 4155: 3360: 2953:

Impersonating enemy combatants by wearing the enemy's uniform is possibly allowed, however the issue is unsettled. Fighting in that uniform is unlawful

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Wars should be limited to achieving the political goals that started the war (e.g., territorial control) and should not include unnecessary destruction.

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by warring parties through the ages, it was believed by many, especially after the eighteenth century, that codifying laws of war would be beneficial.

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explains that "Civilians shall enjoy the protection afforded by this section, unless and for such time as they take a direct part in hostilities".

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Ottawa Treaty - Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction

3016:. Thus, such personnel descending by parachutes are legitimate targets and, therefore, may be attacked, even if their aircraft is in distress. 2383:

victors of a war, then not desired anymore, be let go wherever they want, and requires them not to be treated as slaves nor be sold for money.

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is governed by several constraints: an attack or action must be intended to help in the defeat of the enemy; it must be an attack on a

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Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts

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also contain rules of respect for the adversary. It is always a matter of establishing rules that protect civilians and the defeated.

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In the history of the early Christian church, many Christian writers considered that Christians could not be soldiers or fight wars.

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that is not reasonably necessary for military purposes and that belligerents conduct hostilities with regard for the principles of

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Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts

2904:(1945) Article 2, and other articles in the Charter, seek to curtail the right of member states to declare war; as does the older 5285: 1632: 2932:, provide that it is unlawful for belligerents to engage in combat without meeting certain requirements. Article 4(a)(2) of the 2546:(international agreements) that directly affect the laws of war by binding consenting nations and achieving widespread consent. 4652: 4252: 4250: 240: 4554:. Alabama: Bibliographer, Muir S. Fairchild Research Information Center Maxwell (United States) Air Force Base. Archived from 3601:

1994 ICRC/UNGA Guidelines for Military Manuals and Instructions on the Protection of the Environment in Time of Armed Conflict

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People and property that do not contribute to the war effort should be protected against unnecessary destruction and hardship.

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largely reiterated existing law, although it showed greater regard to the rights of neutral entities. Never went into effect.

3176:. Unlawful combatants who have been captured may lose the status and protections that would otherwise be afforded to them as 4665:

Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare

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The Nuremberg War Trial judgment on "The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity" held, under the guidelines

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of a particular belligerent to a conflict—which may provide additional legal limits to the conduct or justification of war.

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for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare.

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Geneva Convention II for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea

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The law of war is binding not only upon states as such but also upon individuals and, in particular, the members of their

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Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem

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The following are particular examples of some of the substance of the laws of war, as those laws are interpreted today.

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Interpretations of international humanitarian law change over time and this also affects the laws of war. For example,

2276:). Laws of war define sovereignty and nationhood, states and territories, occupation, and other critical terms of law. 2183: 1961: 576: 143: 4938:(Free Press; 2012) 498 pages; on the evolution and legacy of a code commissioned by President Lincoln in the Civil War 4547: 4492:

Phelps, Martha Lizabeth (December 2014). "Doppelgangers of the State: Private Security and Transferable Legitimacy".

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Declaration II – On the Use of Projectiles the Object of Which is the Diffusion of Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases

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that they are engaging in a hostile act or attempting to escape. This prohibition does not apply to the dropping of

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is a principle under international humanitarian law governing the legal use of force in an armed conflict, whereby

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The Treaty of Armistice and Regularization of War signed on November 25 and 26, 1820 between the president of the

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for violating the laws of war may consist of a specific, deliberate and limited violation of the laws of war in

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Geneva Convention I for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field

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are guilty of violations of the laws of war and are responsible for damage to those that should be protected.

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Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques

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cites D. Schindler and J. Toman, The Laws of Armed Conflicts, Martinus Nihjoff Publisher, 1988, pp. 22–34.

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neutralization, in the circumstances ruling at the time, offers a definite military advantage." (Source:

2656: 2585: 2519: 2334:, king of Babylon, which in 1750 B.C., explains its laws imposing a code of conduct in the event of war: 2188: 1375: 1177: 1048: 586: 46: 17: 3229:, a compilation of extant international norms on the treatment of civilians assembled by German scholar 5280: 5086: 5014: 4825: 4262: 4194: 3436: 3104:, but they are not guilty of a war crime if a bomb mistakenly or incidentally hits a residential area. 2801: 1652: 233: 213: 3582:

Amended Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices

2909: 2418:' doctrine, in which he explained the circumstances when war could or could not be morally justified. 5239: 3417:

Geneva Convention on the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field

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declaration for the "Protection of Civilian Populations Against Bombing From the Air in Case of War

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had thirteen sections, of which twelve were ratified and entered into force, and two declarations:

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The opposite of positive laws of war is customary laws of war, many of which were explored at the

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1978 Red Cross Fundamental Rules of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts

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Modern laws of war, such as the 1949 Geneva Conventions, also include prohibitions on attacking

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of 1928 for those nations who ratified it.See certified true copy of the text of the treaty in

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Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices

3185: 3057: 2445: 2302: 1622: 1555: 1508: 1162: 1125: 1088: 1006: 958: 842: 652: 460: 369: 226: 4602:"Brussels Conference of 1874 – International Declaration Concerning Laws and Customs of War" 4569: 4416: 3351:

Declaration I – extending Declaration II from the 1899 Conference to other types of aircraft

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for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field.

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XI – Certain Restrictions with Regard to the Exercise of the Right of Capture in Naval War

8: 5275: 5155: 5102: 5065: 3645: 3423: 3394: 3173: 3013: 2478: 2426: 2379: 1864: 1849: 1725: 1612: 1590: 1565: 1525: 1435: 1245: 1150: 1100: 867: 857: 822: 614: 604: 374: 298: 4678:"Draft Convention for the Protection of Civilian Populations Against New Engines of War" 4131: 3301:

Declaration III – On the Use of Bullets Which Expand or Flatten Easily in the Human Body

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Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict

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1874 Project of an International Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War (

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Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict

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Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War

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1923 Hague Draft Rules of Aerial Warfare. Never adopted in a legally binding form.

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A 1904 article outlining the basic principles of the law of war, as published in

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pointed out in 2001 that although there is no specific treaty ban on the use of

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Protected civilian in this instance means civilians who are enemy nationals or

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III – Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of Principles of Geneva Convention of 1864

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List of declarations, conventions, treaties, and judgments on the laws of war:

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2 L. OPPENHEIM, INTERNATIONAL LAW §§ 67–69 (H. Lauterpacht ed., 7th ed. 1952).

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V – The Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land

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Protocol III on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons

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Texts and commentaries of 1949 Geneva Conventions & Additional Protocols

4695:. Unanimous resolution of the League of Nations Assembly. 30 September 1938. 3295:

Declaration I – On the Launching of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons

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and the texts of Manou's law urged mercy on unarmed or wounded enemies. The

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Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War: A Moral and Historical Inquiry

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Judgement : The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity

3703: 3430: 3230: 3215: 3093: 2786:(sometimes called chivalry) are the five most commonly cited principles of 2711: 2692:

To this end, laws of war are intended to mitigate the hardships of war by:

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General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy

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governing the sick and wounded members of armed forces was signed in 1864.

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The meetings of forum were from 29.08.1938 until 02.09.1938 in Amsterdam.

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X – Adaptation to Maritime War of the Principles of the Geneva Convention

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II – The Limitation of Employment of Force for Recovery of Contract Debts

3226: 2940:(a) That of being commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates; 2811: 2589: 2441: 2387: 2358: 2343: 2138: 1889: 1854: 1693: 1380: 1345: 1058: 1001: 904: 688: 409: 404: 168: 4967:

The European Institute for International Law and International Relations

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United States; Department of Defense; Office of General Counsel (2016).

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of protected persons who fall into the hands of the enemy, particularly

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Combatants who break specific provisions of the laws of war are termed

3162: 3151: 3116: 3101: 3073: 2984: 2943:(b) That of having a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance; 2861: 2648: 2095: 2065: 1156: 163: 4570:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Geneva Convention, 1864" 3912: 3327:

VI – The Status of Enemy Merchant Ships at the Outbreak of Hostilities

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is established by the general practice of nations together with their

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gathered Kings and church leaders from around Ireland and Scotland to

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The first traces of a law of war come from the Babylonians. It is the

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Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations

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Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

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consisted of three main sections and three additional declarations:

5112: 4172:(Repr ed.). Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross. 4051:"THE UNITED STATES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAWS OF LAND WARFARE" 3606:

Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel

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Geneva Convention III Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War

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Ethics and the Laws of War: The moral justification of legal norms

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Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict

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I prescribe these laws so that the strong do not oppress the weak.

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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Geneva Convention, Relative to the treatment of prisoners of war

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recognizes Lawful Combatants by the following characteristics:

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Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War

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The modern law of war is made up from three principal sources:

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Red Cross, Red Crescent, Magen David Adom, and the white flag

2782: 2726: 2366: 2347: 1093: 629: 624: 4259:, See section "Allegations concerning War Crimes" Pages 4,5. 3195: 2318:

is considered distinct from other bodies of law—such as the

4713:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 3 October 2013. 3348:

XIII – The Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War

2678:

Some of the central principles underlying laws of war are:

389: 384: 4980:, U.S. Department of Defense (2015, updated December 2016) 4706: 4612:

Project on Chemical and Biological Warfare. Archived from

3996:

Adomnan of Iona. Life of St. Columba, Penguin Books, 1995.

3087: 2897:

or by an ultimatum with a conditional declaration of war.

5179:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

4512: 3598:

on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea

3424:

Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament

2661:

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material

2620:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

2263: 262: 93:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

3741:

Journal of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict

2685:

Wars should be brought to an end as quickly as possible.

5214:

International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals

2919: 4961: 3835:

citizens whose presence is outside the territory of a

3813:, an act that amounts to a violation of the law of war 3333:

VIII – The Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines

4919:(2nd ed.), New York: Basic Books, archived from 3330:

VII – The Conversion of Merchant Ships into War-ships

4168:

Dunant, Henry; Dunant, Henry; Dunant, Henry (1986).

3670: 3345:

XII – The Creation of an International Prize Court *

3312:

I – The Pacific Settlement of International Disputes

2452:, reflected to some extent in movements such as the 4936:

Lincoln's Code: The Laws of War in American History

3361:

London Declaration concerning the Laws of Naval War

2279:Among other issues, modern laws of war address the 5169:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials) 4225: 4167: 2893:required hostilities to be preceded by a reasoned 2850: 2835:is a principle based on the 1907 Hague Convention 4958:—International Committee of the Red Cross website 4764:. 30 April 1996. pp. 230–237. Archived from 3070:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2924:Modern laws of war regarding conduct during war ( 5267: 5199:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 5174:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 4610:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 4590:. Brussels. 27 August 1874 – via ICRC.org. 3632:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 3620:Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons 3286:I – Pacific Settlement of International Disputes 2737: 2718:, the wounded and sick, children, and protected 2524:acceptance that such practice is required by law 88:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 3336:IX – Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of War 2973:People parachuting from an aircraft in distress 5013: 4081:GEOFFREY BEST, HUMANITY IN WARFARE 129 (1980). 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3791:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC) 3354:Declaration II – on the obligatory arbitration 3136:has yet to come to a consensus on this issue. 2780:(sometimes called unnecessary suffering), and 4999: 4886:Roberts, Adam; Guelff, Richard, eds. (2000), 4885: 4857: 4518: 4256: 4241: 2486:by some of the major European powers in 1864. 2262:that regulates the conditions for initiating 2235: 234: 4723: 4625: 4623: 4287:"International Law and the Conflict in Gaza" 3781:List of weapons of mass destruction treaties 3660:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 2576:and the Chief of the Military Forces of the 2325: 4890:(Third ed.), Oxford University press, 3976:Aboul-Enein, H. Yousuf and Zuhur, Sherifa, 3866: 3559:1980 Protocol I on Non-Detectable Fragments 2506:§ International treaties on the laws of war 5184:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 5006: 4992: 4707:"International Committee of the Red Cross" 4451:"International Committee of the Red Cross" 4364:"Charter of the United Nations, Chapter 1" 3262:1880 Manual of the Laws and Customs of War 3145: 2242: 2228: 241: 227: 98:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 5204:Special Panels of the Dili District Court 4878:Moseley, Alex (2009), "Just War Theory", 4815: 4724:Doswald-Beck, Louise (31 December 1995). 4620: 4268: 3212:Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law 3196:International treaties on the laws of war 2641:United Nations Convention Against Torture 2629:The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4844:, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 4545: 4448: 3720:Customary international humanitarian law 3457:(entered into force on October 24, 1945) 3321:IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land 3030:International Committee of the Red Cross 3023: 2983:Modern laws of war, specifically within 2837:IV - The Laws and Customs of War on Land 2741: 2673:customary international humanitarian law 2477: 1206:List of military strategies and concepts 51: 4880:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4877: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4306: 4304: 3914:Department of Defense law of war manual 3268:. At its session in Geneva in 1874 the 3088:Applicability to states and individuals 2666: 2464:and his attempts to write laws of war. 41:"Jus in Bello" redirects here. For the 14: 5268: 4973:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project 4912: 4839: 4491: 3034:Comité international de la croix-rouge 2592:, promulgated by the Union during the 2311:that may cause unnecessary suffering. 30:"Laws of War" redirects here. For the 4987: 4762:International Review of the Red Cross 4731:International Review of the Red Cross 4284: 4199:European Journal of International Law 4192: 3641:(entered into force 12 February 2002) 3587:Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War 3576:Protocol IV on Blinding Laser Weapons 2946:(c) That of carrying arms openly; and 2878: 2448:also began promulgating teachings on 4962:International Law of War Association 4848: 4437: 4301: 4130:. Un.org. 2007-03-05. Archived from 4048: 3970: 3662:(entered into force 22 January 2021) 3289:II – Laws and Customs of War on Land 3111:use protected people or property as 2920:Lawful conduct of belligerent actors 2386:In the early 7th century, the first 27:International regulations of warfare 4285:Sabel, Robbie (December 18, 2023). 3460:1946 Judgment of the International 3272:appointed a committee to study the 3107:By the same token, combatants that 2561:on their conduct when dealing with 2414:contradicted this and wrote about ' 24: 4928: 4809: 4734:. pp. 583–594. Archived from 3655:(entered into force 1 August 2010) 3472:UN General Assembly Resolution 177 3202:List of international declarations 2653:Convention on Conventional Weapons 2272:) and the conduct of hostilities ( 25: 5297: 4942: 4680:. Amsterdam – via ICRC.org. 4649:this convention was never adopted 4291:Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 3796:Self-defence in international law 3389:Greco-German arbitration tribunal 3068:, or other emblem related to the 2710:Safeguarding certain fundamental 2467: 2307:; and the prohibition of certain 4818:"Illegal Targeting of Civilians" 4534:Treaties & Documents by date 4323: 3687: 3673: 3634:(entered into force 1 July 2002) 3318:III – The Opening of Hostilities 3186:rights of fair and regular trial 3169:, Article 129 and Article 130.) 2725:Facilitating the restoration of 280: 4780: 4750: 4717: 4699: 4685: 4670: 4658: 4638: 4594: 4580: 4562: 4539: 4524: 4485: 4409: 4381: 4356: 4335: 4278: 4186: 4161: 4145: 4120: 4093: 4084: 4075: 3893:from the original on 2013-12-30 3825: 3653:Convention on Cluster Munitions 2851:Example substantive laws of war 2618:, the chief prosecutor for the 5286:International humanitarian law 5245:International humanitarian law 5189:Special Court for Sierra Leone 4645:The Hague Rules of Air Warfare 4546:Phillips, Joan T. (May 2006). 4463:10.1093/obo/9780199796953-0183 4449:Forsythe, David (2019-06-26), 4273:Illegal Targeting of Civilians 4041: 4020: 3999: 3990: 3958: 3929: 3904: 3735:Islamic military jurisprudence 3613:International Court of Justice 3462:Military Tribunal at Nuremberg 3270:Institute of International Law 3122: 2788:international humanitarian law 2540:international humanitarian law 209:International human rights law 103:International Court of Justice 68:International humanitarian law 13: 1: 4864:OTP letter to senders re Iraq 4840:Johnson, James Turner (198), 3854: 2802:legitimate military objective 2738:Principles of the laws of war 2633:Charter of the United Nations 2553:. These laws define both the 5209:Special Tribunal for Lebanon 5194:International Criminal Court 4888:Documents on the Laws of War 4872:International Criminal Court 4398:. United Nations. 1950-09-21 3859: 2557:rights of states as well as 2474:Sources of international law 108:International Criminal Court 7: 5250:International speech crimes 5031:Customary international law 4630:Brussels Conference of 1874 4457:, Oxford University Press, 3706:(includes list of treaties) 3666: 2900:Some treaties, notably the 2707:from unnecessary suffering. 2657:Chemical Weapons Convention 2586:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 2520:customary international law 1699:Military–industrial complex 1178:Operational manoeuvre group 47:Jus in Bello (Supernatural) 10: 5302: 5071:Convention Against Torture 5015:International criminal law 3978:Islamic Rulings on Warfare 3967:; Book 21, Number 21.3.10. 3437:Second London Naval Treaty 3245:St. Petersburg Declaration 3199: 3138: 2976: 2882: 2471: 2429:, where he gave them the ' 214:International criminal law 40: 29: 5240:Joint criminal enterprise 5222: 5153: 5084: 5021: 4519:Roberts & Guelff 2000 4231:Article 52 of Additional 3141:Convention on Mercenaries 2814:must distinguish between 2607:, that treaties like the 2397:, whilst instructing his 2326:Early sources and history 1763:Loss-of-strength gradient 620:Combat information center 36:Arma 3 § Laws of War 5160:(in order of foundation) 4913:Walzer, Michael (1997), 4816:Greenberg, Joel (2011), 4193:Stahn, C. (2006-11-01). 3839:nation. Article 51.3 of 3818: 3190:Fourth Geneva Convention 2891:Hague Convention of 1907 2609:Hague Convention of 1907 2081:Military science fiction 1566:Technology and equipment 987:List of military tactics 159:Fourth Geneva Convention 5098:Crimes against humanity 4667:. Geneva, 17 June 1925. 4394:University of Minnesota 4341:Jefferson D. Reynolds. 4244:, page 5, footnote 11). 4049:Doty, Grant R. (1998). 4009:. Publicaciones Defensa 4007:"Publicaciones Defensa" 3776:List of Articles of War 3715:Crimes against humanity 3368:Washington Naval Treaty 3167:Third Geneva Convention 3146:Remedies for violations 2979:Attacks on parachutists 2930:1949 Geneva Conventions 2484:First Geneva Convention 2149:Wartime sexual violence 1905:Full-spectrum dominance 1716:Supply-chain management 154:Third Geneva Convention 58:First Geneva Convention 5255:Universal jurisdiction 5230:Command responsibility 5123:Incitement to genocide 5061:United Nations Charter 4647:, 1922–12 to 1923–02, 4574:ihl-databases.icrc.org 4421:ihl-databases.icrc.org 4319:Curtis E. LeMay Center 3710:Command responsibility 3455:United Nations Charter 3307:1907 Hague Conventions 3281:1899 Hague Conventions 3256:Hague Peace Conference 3223:United States military 3037: 2957:, as is the taking of 2902:United Nations Charter 2794:in an armed conflict. 2753: 2487: 2454:Peace and Truce of God 2408: 2376: 2342:In ancient India, the 2340: 2061:Awards and decorations 2034:Peace through strength 2009:Low-intensity conflict 1643:Conscientious objector 1516:Area of responsibility 61: 4776:– via ICRC.org. 4746:– via ICRC.org. 4494:Politics & Policy 4170:A Memory of Solferino 4064:: 224. Archived from 4030:. Avalon.law.yale.edu 3129:contracted combatants 3027: 2745: 2565:and non-signatories. 2481: 2446:Roman Catholic Church 2403: 2371: 2336: 2287:and the treatment of 653:Torpedo data computer 643:Ship gun fire-control 55: 5156:International courts 5056:Nuremberg principles 4396:Human Rights Library 4346:Air Force Law Review 3552:1980 United Nations 3529:1977 United Nations 3523:1974 United Nations 3468:Nuremberg Principles 3370:, also known as the 3274:Brussels Declaration 3252:Brussels Declaration 3180:, but only after a " 2916:, p. 57 (No. 2137). 2790:governing the legal 2667:Purposes of the laws 2605:Nuremberg Principles 2570:Republic of Colombia 2551:Nuremberg War Trials 2431:Law of the Innocents 2378:An example from the 2179:Military occupations 2014:Military engineering 1916:Unrestricted Warfare 1773:Force multiplication 671:Military manoeuvrers 188:Related areas of law 74:Courts and Tribunals 5103:Crime of aggression 5066:Genocide Convention 4949:War & law index 4934:Witt, John Fabian. 4861:(9 February 2006), 4859:Moreno-Ocampo, Luis 4822:www.crimesofwar.org 4768:on 16 November 2006 4211:10.1093/ejil/chl037 4058:Military Law Review 3941:cref.u-bordeaux4.fr 3646:Geneva Protocol III 3403:Kellogg-Briand Pact 3397:(also known as the 3174:unlawful combatants 3014:intelligence agents 2910:League of Nations, 2906:Kellogg–Briand Pact 2889:Section III of the 2637:Genocide Convention 2482:The signing of the 2380:Book of Deuteronomy 2281:declarations of war 1865:Penal military unit 1850:Rules of engagement 1526:Command and control 1151:Operations research 615:Director (military) 605:Fire-control system 375:Command and control 256:Part of a series on 5108:Crime of apartheid 5046:Geneva Conventions 4954:2014-08-15 at the 4506:10.1111/polp.12100 4257:Moreno-Ocampo 2006 4242:Moreno-Ocampo 2006 4237:Geneva Conventions 4134:on August 16, 2000 4105:2016-09-08 at the 3845:Geneva Conventions 3544:Geneva Protocol II 3488:Geneva Conventions 3474:, 21 November 1947 3182:competent tribunal 3038: 3028:The emblem of the 2967:foreign occupation 2895:declaration of war 2885:Declaration of war 2879:Declaration of war 2798:Military necessity 2758:Military necessity 2754: 2645:Geneva Conventions 2594:American Civil War 2530:General Principles 2488: 2412:Augustine of Hippo 2293:military necessity 2258:is a component of 1974:Counter-insurgency 1895:Command of the sea 1840:Jewish laws on war 1815:Geneva Conventions 1351:Divide and conquer 1146:Military operation 1111:Tactical objective 610:Fire-control radar 587:Electronic-warfare 149:Geneva Conventions 62: 5281:International law 5263: 5262: 5089:international law 5051:Nuremberg Charter 5041:Hague Conventions 4978:Law of War Manual 4897:978-0-19-876390-1 4849:Lamb, A. (2013), 4558:on July 30, 2012. 4472:978-0-19-979695-3 4455:International Law 4179:978-2-88145-006-8 4109:contained in the 4071:on July 18, 2006. 3786:Right of conquest 3770:Lex pacificatoria 3754:Law of occupation 3730:International law 3537:Geneva Protocol I 3470:formulated under 3448:League of Nations 3372:Five-Power Treaty 3238:Geneva Convention 3150:During conflict, 3134:International law 2332:Code of Hammurabi 2260:international law 2252: 2251: 2144:Horses in warfare 2091:Anti-war movement 1994:Gunboat diplomacy 1984:Disaster response 1932:Philosophy of war 1927:Principles of war 1900:Deterrence theory 1845:Right of conquest 1768:Lanchester's laws 1536:Principles of war 1226:Counter-offensive 1211:Military campaign 1116:Target saturation 1039:Counterinsurgency 648:Gun data computer 582:Close air support 544:Aircraft carriers 251: 250: 144:Hague Conventions 16:(Redirected from 5293: 5223:Related concepts 5161: 5118:Genocidal intent 5008: 5001: 4994: 4985: 4984: 4924: 4909: 4900: 4882: 4874: 4869: 4854: 4845: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4824:, archived from 4803: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4642: 4636: 4627: 4618: 4617: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4543: 4537: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4489: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4446: 4435: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4360: 4354: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4308: 4299: 4298: 4282: 4276: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4245: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4165: 4159: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4139: 4124: 4118: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4055: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4014: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3943:. 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2184:Military terms 2181: 2176: 2170: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2057: 2052: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1965: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1942:Tripwire force 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1881: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1765: 1760: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1718: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1696: 1691: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1662: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1582: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1512: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1467: 1464:Administrative 1462: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1391:New generation 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1366:Fleet in being 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1307: 1304:Grand strategy 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1291:Scorched earth 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1204: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1168:Deep operation 1165: 1160: 1153: 1148: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1004: 994: 985: 980: 979: 976: 975: 972: 971: 969:Unconventional 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 917: 915:Disinformation 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 886: 885: 880: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 839: 834: 833: 830: 829: 826: 825: 820: 813: 812: 811: 810: 809: 808: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 766: 765: 764: 763: 762: 761: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 714: 713: 712: 711: 706: 701: 692: 687: 686: 683: 682: 679: 678: 673: 668: 666:Basic training 663: 656: 655: 650: 645: 640: 633: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 595: 594: 592:Reconnaissance 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 557: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 519: 518: 513: 511:Special forces 508: 503: 502: 501: 491: 486: 479: 478: 473: 468: 466:Reconnaissance 463: 458: 453: 448: 441: 440: 431: 426: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 366: 361: 360: 357: 356: 353: 352: 351: 350: 345: 335: 334: 333: 328: 318: 317: 316: 309:Post-classical 306: 301: 295: 290: 289: 286: 285: 277: 276: 258: 257: 249: 248: 246: 245: 238: 231: 223: 220: 219: 217: 216: 211: 206: 193: 190: 189: 185: 184: 182: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 140: 137: 136: 132: 131: 129: 128: 122: 119: 118: 114: 113: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 79: 76: 75: 71: 70: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5298: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5157: 5152: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5135:Slave trading 5133: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5083: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5009: 5004: 5002: 4997: 4995: 4990: 4989: 4986: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4923:on 2011-09-10 4922: 4918: 4917: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4899: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4881: 4876: 4873: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4828:on 2013-07-06 4827: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4813: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4720: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4694: 4688: 4679: 4673: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4634: 4631: 4626: 4624: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4589: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4535: 4532: 4527: 4520: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4474: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4433: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4397: 4395: 4390: 4384: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4338: 4331: 4330:public domain 4320: 4313: 4307: 4305: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4258: 4253: 4251: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4096: 4087: 4078: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4044: 4029: 4023: 4008: 4002: 3993: 3987: 3986:1-4289-1039-5 3983: 3979: 3973: 3966: 3961: 3947:on 2006-03-09 3946: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3915: 3907: 3889: 3882: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3865: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3824: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3690: 3685: 3682: 3676: 3671: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3538: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3399:Pact of Paris 3396: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3142: 3137: 3135: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3113:human shields 3110: 3109:intentionally 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3052:displaying a 3051: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2980: 2970: 2968: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2912:Treaty Series 2907: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2751: 2750: 2744: 2735: 2728: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2655:of 1980, the 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2582:Pablo Morillo 2579: 2575: 2574:Simón Bolívar 2571: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2384: 2381: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2363:Old Testament 2360: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2339: 2335: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2299: 2295:, along with 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2269:jus ad bellum 2265: 2261: 2257: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2168: 2163: 2162: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2071:Warrior caste 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2050: 2049: 2042: 2041:Show of force 2039: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2029:Peacebuilding 2027: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1958: 1957: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1885:Air supremacy 1883: 1882: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1825:Islamic rules 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1805:Court-martial 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1784: 1783: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1746: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1704:Arms industry 1702: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1678: 1677: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1575: 1574: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1505: 1504: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1460: 1459: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1321:Broken-backed 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1300: 1299: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1163:Expeditionary 1161: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1034:Counterattack 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 998: 995: 993: 990: 989: 988: 983: 978: 977: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 959:Psychological 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 895:Combined arms 893: 891: 888: 884: 881: 879: 876: 875: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 840: 837: 832: 831: 824: 821: 819: 816: 815: 807: 804: 803: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 773: 772: 769: 768: 760: 757: 756: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 734:Fortification 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 721: 720: 717: 716: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 696: 694: 693: 690: 685: 684: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 658: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 635: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 559: 555: 552: 550: 549:Landing craft 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 521: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 500: 497: 496: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 481: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 439: 435: 434:Standing army 432: 430: 427: 425: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 367: 364: 359: 358: 349: 346: 344: 341: 340: 339: 336: 332: 329: 327: 326:pike and shot 324: 323: 322: 319: 315: 312: 311: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 296: 293: 288: 287: 283: 279: 278: 272: 264: 260: 259: 255: 254: 244: 239: 237: 232: 230: 225: 224: 222: 221: 215: 212: 210: 207: 204: 203: 202:jus ad bellum 198: 195: 194: 192: 191: 187: 186: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 141: 139: 138: 134: 133: 127: 124: 123: 121: 120: 116: 115: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 80: 78: 77: 73: 72: 69: 66: 65: 59: 54: 48: 45:episode, see 44: 37: 33: 19: 5076:Rome Statute 4935: 4921:the original 4915: 4905: 4887: 4879: 4863: 4850: 4841: 4830:, retrieved 4826:the original 4821: 4796:. Retrieved 4794:. 1995-12-31 4791: 4782: 4770:. Retrieved 4766:the original 4761: 4752: 4740:. Retrieved 4736:the original 4729: 4719: 4710: 4701: 4687: 4672: 4660: 4648: 4640: 4614:the original 4605: 4596: 4582: 4573: 4564: 4556:the original 4551: 4541: 4526: 4514: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4476:, retrieved 4454: 4430: 4424:. Retrieved 4420: 4411: 4400:. Retrieved 4392: 4383: 4371:. Retrieved 4367: 4358: 4348: 4342: 4337: 4318: 4294: 4290: 4280: 4272: 4264: 4227: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4169: 4163: 4147: 4136:. Retrieved 4132:the original 4122: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4066:the original 4061: 4057: 4043: 4032:. Retrieved 4022: 4011:. Retrieved 4001: 3992: 3977: 3972: 3960: 3949:. Retrieved 3945:the original 3940: 3931: 3913: 3906: 3895:. 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