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proportionality criteria. One cannot invade if there is no chance of actually winning. However, wars are fought with imperfect knowledge, so one must simply be able to make a logical case that one can win; there is no way to know this in advance. These criteria move the conversation from moral and theoretical grounds to practical grounds. Essentially, this is meant to gather coalition building and win approval of other state actors.
25:
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The principle of last resort stipulates that all non-violent options must first be exhausted before the use of force can be justified. Diplomatic options, sanctions, and other non-military methods must be attempted or validly ruled out before the engagement of hostilities. Further, in regard to the
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According to this principle, there must be good grounds for concluding that aims of the just war are achievable. This principle emphasizes that mass violence must not be undertaken if it is unlikely to secure the just cause. This criterion is to avoid invasion for invasion's sake and links to the
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According to the principle of right intention, the aim of war must not be to pursue narrowly defined national interests, but rather to re-establish a just peace. This state of peace should be preferable to the conditions that would have prevailed had the war not occurred. Wars cannot be fought
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Article 2, paragraph 4 of the
Charter states: "All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations."
457:, which ended the Thirty Years' War, scholars became concerned with finding a way to control interstate war while respecting state sovereignty. It wasn’t until the formation of the United Nations after World War II that notions of jus ad bellum were formalized.
680:
Don Hubert and Thomas G. Weiss et al. "The
Responsibility to Protect: Supplementary Volume to the Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty". (Canada: International Development Research Centre,
818:
449:
St. Thomas
Aquinas is one of the earliest philosophers on what makes a just war. His list of criteria were intended to protect civilians and guarantee that wars were not just fought for the interest of private parties.
796:
342:
Proper authority is what differentiates war from murder: "It is the rules of warfare that give the practice meaning, that distinguish war from murder and soldiers from criminals." A soldier is treated as a
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and not a criminal because they are operating under the proper authority of the state and cannot be held individually responsible for actions committed under the orders of their military leadership.
309:" when force is used, are addressed to issues of conduct within a war, but the same doctrines can also shed light on the question of when it is lawful (or unlawful) to go to war in the first place.
258:
In addition to bilateral non-aggression pacts, the twentieth century saw multilateral treaties defining entirely new restrictions against going to war. The three most notable examples are the
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notes the drop in formal declarations of war since the 1950s. This may be as a result of the nuance of war in modern times, given the rise of non-state actors such as terrorist groups.
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amount of harm—proportionally—the principle of last resort would support using small intervention forces first and then escalating rather than starting a war with massive force such as
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later clarifies: "Nothing in the present
Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the
181:, refers to "the conditions under which States may resort to war or to the use of armed force in general". This is distinct from the set of rules that ought to be followed
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Finnemore, M. (1999). "Rules of war and wars of rules: The international red cross and the restraint of state violence". In John Boli and George M. Thomas (ed.).
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simply to annex property or install a regime change. Current doctrines of "anticipatory self-defense" or preemptive strikes, sometimes associated with the
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By contrast, agreements defining limits on acceptable conduct while already engaged in war are considered "rules of war" and are referred to as the
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The principle of right authority suggests that a war is just only if waged by a legitimate authority. Such authority is rooted in the notion of
216:, which, as noted above, concerns whether a war is conducted justly, or lawfully (regardless of whether the initiation of hostilities was just).
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360:, have challenged concepts of right intention/just cause. Right cause includes humanitarian intervention, particularly when actions "
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Brander, Kenneth Rabbi. "Is All Fair in Love & War?" Just & Unjust Wars through the prism of Jewish and
Secular Thought",
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Since the 1950s, declarations of jus ad bellum have dropped dramatically. In "Why States No Longer
Declare War"
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rules focus on the criteria concerning what conditions make an armed conflict just, or lawful."
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before a nation may initiate any use of force against another, beyond the inherent right of
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883:"Just War Theory and the Last of Last Resort - Ethics & International Affairs"
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Constructing World
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857:"Revisiting ad bellum Proportionality: Challenging the Factors Used to Assess It"
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An international agreement limiting the justifiable reasons for a country to
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Humanitarian
Military Intervention: The Conditions for Success and Failure
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It is well recognized that the ends must be proportional to the means in
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210:, but the term "laws of war" is more often considered to refer only to
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Fazal, Tanisha M. (2012). "Why States No Longer
Declare War".
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covers more in depth the nature of humanitarian intervention.
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publicly, but also must be declared by the proper authority.
191:, which govern the behavior of parties in an armed conflict.
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603:"International Humanitarian Law: Answers to Your Questions"
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A manual of moral theology for
English-speaking countries
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outlawing war as an instrument of national policy, the
863:. Stockton Center for International Law. p. 1500
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The New Warfare: Rethinking Rules for an Unruly World
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notes that to be a just war, war has not only to be
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Legal doctrine of armed conflict (international law)
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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266:(known also as the Nuremberg Charter) defining "
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797:"Proportionality and Necessity in Jus in Bello"
725:. Stanford University Press. pp. 149–165.
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1056:Joseph R. Cerami, James F. Holcomb (Editors).
1073:Chapter 3. Ethical issues in War, An overview
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747:"War (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)"
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817:van Steenberghe, Raphael (March 5, 2012).
696:Rochester, J. Martin (February 19, 2016).
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1037:Characteristics Of Intractable Conflicts
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959:
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607:International Committee of the Red Cross
578:International Committee of the Red Cross
544:International Committee of the Red Cross
1059:U.S. Army War College guide to strategy
909:"The Church's Just War Theory - Part 1"
829:. Cambridge University Press: 107–124.
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318:Proper authority and public declaration
301:Doctrines concerning the protection of
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206:is sometimes considered a part of the
1062:. Strategic Studies Institute, 2001.
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665:"United Nations Charter (Full text)"
651:"United Nations Charter (Full text)"
637:"United Nations Charter (Full text)"
609:. 9 June 2020. Section 2: "What are
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1080:Stanford encyclopedia entry for war
1042:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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381:Ends Proportional to Means
1052:Essay hosted at USAF site
913:www.catholiceducation.org
835:10.1017/S0021223711000082
366:responsibility to protect
286:against an armed attack.
700:. Taylor & Francis.
225:public international law
1112:Latin legal terminology
943:Encyclopedia Britannica
1008:"Book 6: On War"
372:Probability of success
276:United Nations Charter
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939:"Peace of Westphalia"
855:Beer, Yishai (2021).
498:List of Latin phrases
362:shock the conscience
268:crimes against peace
43:improve this article
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919:on October 28, 2014
566:""Can jus ad bellum
529:for "right to war"
455:Peace of Westphalia
260:Kellogg-Briand Pact
751:plato.stanford.edu
429:. You can help by
333:St. Thomas Aquinas
295:Geneva Conventions
239:Article 51 of the
1076:, Cook, Martin L.
1068:978-1-58487-033-3
823:Israel Law Review
781:978-0-19-925243-5
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514:References
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351:Just cause
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