1640:
487:
1493:
219:
712:
159:
607:
532:
682:
1553:
1283:
1192:
1147:
1666:
1568:
381:
1042:
592:
366:
1433:
1162:
742:
338:
1508:
997:
967:
637:
189:
1358:
1087:
1072:
1222:
1177:
1057:
1388:
862:
457:
1418:
1253:
892:
577:
234:
1463:
1403:
1313:
411:
204:
787:
1538:
1328:
922:
907:
727:
652:
517:
472:
294:
279:
174:
144:
1624:
1583:
1343:
1027:
817:
757:
697:
502:
442:
1373:
1117:
1012:
937:
877:
667:
547:
396:
1794:
1523:
1238:
1207:
1102:
847:
129:
264:
1132:
982:
622:
324:
309:
249:
832:
772:
1268:
1478:
1298:
562:
802:
351:
952:
1448:
1717:
establishes that a distinctive emblem should be worn by medical personnel on the field of battle as an indication of their humanitarian mission and their non-combatant status. At that time, the chosen symbol was a red cross on a white background. Muslim nations have objected to this symbol due to its
1709:
on the field of battle to be fired upon and to die while collecting and caring for the wounded. There was a growing recognition of the need to distinguish medical personnel from combatants, to make it easier for military commanders to avoid and protect them. Allowing each country to develop its own
1776:
In 2005, an international delegation finally achieved a comprehensive solution to these difficulties with the adoption of
Protocol III. Magen David Adom is granted protections under the Geneva Conventions as long as they display the Red Crystal in the context of international conflict. As of July
1692:
may be displayed by medical and religious personnel at times of war, instead of the traditional Red Cross or Red
Crescent symbols. People displaying any of these protective emblems are performing a humanitarian service and must be protected by all parties to the conflict.
1805:
recognizes an additional distinctive emblem, the Red
Crystal, that may be used in addition to, and for the same purposes as, the Red Cross and Red Crescent symbols. All three emblems are appointed the same legal status.
1841:. Misuse may diminish their protective value and undermine the effectiveness of humanitarian workers. Use of one of the emblems to protect combatants and military equipment with the intent of misleading an adversary is
1825:
of the protected status of individuals. Members of the armed forces may use these markings at all times. Civilian institutions such as hospitals may use these markings temporarily, within the context of an armed
2012:
The red lion and sun, while still a recognized protective symbol today, has fallen into disuse. Iran/Persia was the only country to use this symbol, and they have since switched to the Red
Crescent after the
2702:
2697:
1689:
2662:
1757:
1753:
They may be perceived as having religious, cultural or political connotations. This perception conflicts with neutral, humanitarian status of medical personnel in armed conflicts.
1813:
Protective use. Medical and religious personnel may mark themselves, their vehicles, ships and buildings as a sign of their humanitarian mission and protected status under the
2657:
2707:
2667:
1925:"Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem (Protocol III), 8 December 2005"
1899:"Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem (Protocol III), 8 December 2005"
45:
Protocol additional to the Geneva
Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem (Protocol III), 8 December 2005
1924:
2632:
1898:
2712:
2692:
2677:
1830:
2672:
2627:
2092:
1710:
emblem would have led to confusion. What was needed to save lives was a single neutral emblem that all countries recognized and used equally.
2682:
2272:
2164:
2512:
2362:
1951:
20:
2241:
1858:
2687:
1782:
2622:
2607:
2352:
2647:
2642:
2612:
2392:
1726:
introduced the Red
Crescent as an alternative, less Christian emblem. Additional emblems have been proposed, including the red
1627:
2722:
2652:
2332:
2052:
2717:
2527:
2492:
2467:
2637:
2267:
2457:
1990:
2587:
2567:
2497:
2367:
2157:
31:
2592:
2542:
2442:
2337:
1768:, they were not granted membership. Without membership, they were not eligible for certain protections under the
2137:
1821:. The protections of the Geneva Convention do not depend on the wearing of the emblem. The emblems are merely a
2552:
2502:
2462:
2407:
2292:
2282:
24:
2577:
2562:
2557:
2537:
2522:
2417:
2317:
1602:
2617:
2602:
2477:
2427:
2422:
2397:
2382:
2372:
2357:
2342:
2302:
2297:
2287:
2277:
2075:
2597:
2582:
2547:
2532:
2517:
2507:
2482:
2472:
2452:
2432:
2412:
2402:
2387:
2347:
2322:
2312:
2307:
2262:
2150:
2572:
2487:
2447:
2437:
2327:
1980:
1833:
may wear the emblems in both times of conflict and times of peace as an indication of their membership.
2377:
2138:
Press release from the
International Committee of the Red Cross welcoming the signing of Protocol III
2029:"Crystallizing an emblem: on the adoption of the third additional protocol to the Geneva Conventions"
2098:
2202:
2192:
2132:
2127:
1749:
Over time the adoption of a single, universal emblem has been met with two recurrent difficulties:
1731:
2197:
2187:
1818:
1714:
1669:
The Red
Crystal emblem approved by the States party to the Protocol III of the Geneva Conventions
1734:, the double emblem (both the red cross and red crescent together) by the Red Cross Society of
164:
2028:
1957:
1639:
224:
1861:: includes a list of states that signed and a list of states that have ratified Protocol III
1802:
1785:
by 79 countries and signed by a further 20. The treaty came into force on 14 January 2007.
1677:
53:
8:
284:
2173:
2014:
1814:
1769:
1681:
1227:
717:
1684:
relating to the
Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem. Under the protocol, the
2048:
1986:
1838:
822:
342:
2040:
1761:
1743:
1719:
1685:
1197:
1723:
1702:
1558:
687:
2044:
2256:
1765:
1739:
1573:
1047:
109:
Six months after two instruments of ratification or accession were deposited
1727:
1706:
1643:
A map showing the current status of
Protocol by country, as of July 2020:
597:
371:
2097:. International Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. 2007. Archived from
1760:. Members are required to use the red cross or red crescent emblem. Since
1665:
2223:
1874:
1498:
1438:
1288:
1167:
1152:
747:
2218:
2123:
Committee of the Red Cross: Full text of Protocol III with commentaries
2122:
1864:
1809:
There are two distinct uses that are recognized for all three emblems:
1631:
1513:
1363:
1092:
1077:
1002:
972:
642:
194:
2142:
1877:, a 1977 amendment adopted relating to the protection of victims of
1846:
1393:
1182:
1062:
867:
492:
462:
2133:
List of countries that have signed but not yet ratified Protocol III
1867:, a 1977 amendment adopted addressing the protection of victims in
1793:
1778:
1468:
1423:
1408:
1318:
1258:
897:
582:
416:
239:
209:
1705:
had become increasingly indiscriminate. It was not uncommon for a
2703:
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
2698:
Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1842:
1735:
1588:
1543:
1348:
1333:
1032:
927:
912:
837:
792:
762:
732:
702:
657:
537:
522:
507:
477:
447:
299:
179:
149:
1528:
1483:
1378:
1303:
1243:
1212:
1122:
1107:
1017:
942:
882:
852:
807:
672:
612:
567:
552:
401:
356:
134:
1953:
Towards a comprehensive solution to the question of the emblem
1453:
1137:
987:
957:
627:
329:
314:
269:
254:
30:"Geneva Protocol III" redirects here. For other topics, see
1273:
777:
386:
1956:. International Committee of the Red Cross. Archived from
155:
2663:
Treaties extended to the British Indian Ocean Territory
2039:. International Committee of the Red Cross: 296–319.
2658:
Treaties extended to the British Antarctic Territory
1559:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
708:
1612:English, Arabic, Chinese, Spanish, French, Russian
2708:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands
2128:List of countries that have ratified Protocol III
1188:
2254:
1982:Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949: Commentary
1549:
678:
2668:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
1564:
1038:
588:
362:
2633:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
2158:
1489:
1429:
1279:
1158:
1143:
738:
1985:. International Committee of the Red Cross.
1797:Norwegian medics wearing a protective emblem
1756:These emblems are tied to membership in the
1504:
1354:
1083:
1068:
993:
963:
633:
185:
2078:. International Committee of the Red Cross.
1384:
1218:
1173:
1053:
858:
483:
453:
2713:Treaties extended to Akrotiri and Dhekelia
2165:
2151:
2033:Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law
1459:
1414:
1399:
1309:
1249:
888:
573:
407:
230:
200:
21:Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
2693:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands
2678:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
2087:
2085:
1859:List of parties to the Geneva Conventions
1837:Misuse of these emblems is prohibited by
1579:
1534:
1339:
1324:
1023:
918:
903:
828:
813:
783:
753:
723:
693:
648:
528:
513:
498:
468:
438:
290:
275:
170:
140:
1929:International Committee of the Red Cross
1903:International Committee of the Red Cross
1792:
1664:
1638:
1519:
1474:
1369:
1294:
1234:
1203:
1113:
1098:
1008:
933:
873:
843:
798:
663:
603:
558:
543:
392:
347:
125:
2673:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands
1949:
1444:
1128:
978:
948:
618:
320:
305:
260:
245:
215:
19:For Protocol III to the United Nations
2628:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
2255:
2172:
2082:
2026:
1978:
1264:
768:
377:
2146:
1972:
2683:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
2273:Treaties entered into force in 2007
1764:was unwilling to give up their red
1701:By the middle of the 19th century,
13:
2513:Treaties of the State of Palestine
2363:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
2076:"States party to the Protocol III"
1788:
14:
2734:
2116:
1622:
1581:
1566:
1551:
1536:
1521:
1506:
1491:
1476:
1461:
1446:
1431:
1416:
1401:
1386:
1371:
1356:
1341:
1326:
1311:
1296:
1281:
1266:
1251:
1236:
1220:
1205:
1190:
1175:
1160:
1145:
1130:
1115:
1100:
1085:
1070:
1055:
1040:
1025:
1010:
995:
980:
965:
950:
935:
920:
905:
890:
875:
860:
845:
830:
815:
800:
785:
770:
755:
740:
725:
710:
695:
680:
665:
650:
635:
620:
605:
590:
575:
560:
545:
530:
515:
500:
485:
470:
455:
440:
409:
394:
379:
364:
349:
336:
322:
307:
292:
277:
262:
247:
232:
217:
202:
187:
172:
157:
142:
127:
32:Geneva Protocol (disambiguation)
2688:Treaties extended to Montserrat
1829:Indicative use. Members of the
40:Geneva Conventions Protocol III
2623:Treaties extended to Greenland
2608:Treaties of the United Kingdom
2353:Treaties of the Czech Republic
2068:
2020:
2006:
1943:
1917:
1891:
1628:Geneva Convention/Protocol III
25:Protocol on Incendiary Weapons
1:
2648:Treaties extended to Guernsey
2643:Treaties extended to Anguilla
2613:Treaties of the United States
2393:Treaties of Georgia (country)
1885:
2723:Treaties concluded in Geneva
2653:Treaties extended to Bermuda
2333:Treaties of the Cook Islands
1777:2024, Protocol III has been
1654: State signatories (21)
7:
2718:Treaties extended to Jersey
2528:Treaties of the Philippines
2493:Treaties of the Netherlands
2468:Treaties of North Macedonia
2027:Pulles, Gerrit Jan (2005).
1852:
417:United Republic of Tanzania
10:
2739:
2638:Treaties extended to Aruba
2268:Treaties concluded in 2005
1950:Bugnion, Francois (2000).
1696:
1231:(non-state observer of UN)
29:
18:
2458:Treaties of Liechtenstein
2237:
2211:
2180:
2045:10.1017/S1389135905002965
1621:
1616:
1608:
1598:
426:
113:
105:
94:14 January 2007
90:
82:
71:8 December 2005
67:
59:
49:
44:
2203:Fourth Geneva Convention
2193:Second Geneva Convention
1801:Article 2 of this brief
1722:. As early as 1876, the
1648: State parties (77)
1574:United States of America
2588:Treaties of Switzerland
2568:Treaties of South Sudan
2498:Treaties of New Zealand
2368:Treaties of El Salvador
2198:Third Geneva Convention
2188:First Geneva Convention
1819:First Geneva Convention
2593:Treaties of East Timor
2543:Treaties of San Marino
2443:Treaties of Kazakhstan
2338:Treaties of Costa Rica
1798:
1715:1864 Geneva Convention
1670:
1662:
165:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2553:Treaties of Singapore
2503:Treaties of Nicaragua
2463:Treaties of Lithuania
2408:Treaties of Guatemala
2293:Treaties of Australia
2283:Treaties of Argentina
1979:Pictet, Jean (1958).
1796:
1668:
1642:
1603:Swiss Federal Council
2578:Treaties of Suriname
2563:Treaties of Slovenia
2558:Treaties of Slovakia
2538:Treaties of Portugal
2523:Treaties of Paraguay
2418:Treaties of Honduras
2318:Treaties of Bulgaria
1845:and is considered a
1676:is a 2005 amendment
2618:Treaties of Uruguay
2603:Treaties of Ukraine
2478:Treaties of Moldova
2428:Treaties of Iceland
2423:Treaties of Hungary
2398:Treaties of Germany
2383:Treaties of Finland
2373:Treaties of Estonia
2358:Treaties of Denmark
2343:Treaties of Croatia
2303:Treaties of Belarus
2298:Treaties of Austria
2288:Treaties of Armenia
2278:Treaties of Albania
2101:on 25 February 2011
2094:Emblems of humanity
1817:, particularly the
1718:resemblance to the
1334:Republic of Moldova
41:
2598:Treaties of Uganda
2583:Treaties of Sweden
2548:Treaties of Serbia
2533:Treaties of Poland
2518:Treaties of Panama
2508:Treaties of Norway
2483:Treaties of Monaco
2473:Treaties of Mexico
2453:Treaties of Latvia
2433:Treaties of Israel
2413:Treaties of Guyana
2403:Treaties of Greece
2388:Treaties of France
2348:Treaties of Cyprus
2323:Treaties of Canada
2313:Treaties of Brazil
2308:Treaties of Belize
2263:Geneva Conventions
2174:Geneva Conventions
2015:Iranian Revolution
1815:Geneva Conventions
1799:
1770:Geneva Conventions
1758:National Societies
1682:Geneva Conventions
1671:
1663:
718:Dominican Republic
357:Russian Federation
327:
39:
2573:Treaties of Spain
2488:Treaties of Nauru
2448:Treaties of Kenya
2438:Treaties of Italy
2328:Treaties of Chile
2250:
2249:
2054:978-90-6704-244-4
1879:non-international
1839:international law
1637:
1636:
343:Republic of Korea
63:5–8 December 2005
2730:
2378:Treaties of Fiji
2167:
2160:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2024:
2018:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1895:
1881:armed conflicts.
1762:Magen David Adom
1744:Magen David Adom
1659:
1653:
1647:
1626:
1625:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1001:
999:
998:
990:
986:
984:
983:
975:
971:
969:
968:
960:
956:
954:
953:
945:
941:
939:
938:
930:
926:
924:
923:
915:
911:
909:
908:
900:
896:
894:
893:
885:
881:
879:
878:
870:
866:
864:
863:
855:
851:
849:
848:
840:
836:
834:
833:
825:
821:
819:
818:
810:
806:
804:
803:
795:
791:
789:
788:
780:
776:
774:
773:
765:
761:
759:
758:
750:
746:
744:
743:
735:
731:
729:
728:
720:
716:
714:
713:
705:
701:
699:
698:
690:
686:
684:
683:
675:
671:
669:
668:
660:
656:
654:
653:
645:
641:
639:
638:
630:
626:
624:
623:
615:
611:
609:
608:
600:
596:
594:
593:
585:
581:
579:
578:
570:
566:
564:
563:
555:
551:
549:
548:
540:
536:
534:
533:
525:
521:
519:
518:
510:
506:
504:
503:
495:
491:
489:
488:
480:
476:
474:
473:
465:
461:
459:
458:
450:
446:
444:
443:
419:
415:
413:
412:
404:
400:
398:
397:
389:
385:
383:
382:
374:
370:
368:
367:
359:
355:
353:
352:
341:
340:
339:
332:
328:
326:
325:
317:
313:
311:
310:
302:
298:
296:
295:
287:
283:
281:
280:
272:
268:
266:
265:
257:
253:
251:
250:
242:
238:
236:
235:
227:
223:
221:
220:
212:
208:
206:
205:
197:
193:
191:
190:
182:
178:
176:
175:
167:
163:
161:
160:
152:
148:
146:
145:
137:
133:
131:
130:
101:
99:
78:
76:
42:
38:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2242:List of parties
2233:
2207:
2176:
2171:
2119:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1960:on 14 July 2011
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1855:
1791:
1789:Governing rules
1720:Christian cross
1699:
1686:protective sign
1661:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1623:
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2229:Protocol III
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2103:. Retrieved
2099:the original
2093:
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2058:. Retrieved
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2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1981:
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1962:. Retrieved
1958:the original
1952:
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1823:visible sign
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1728:lion and sun
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1700:
1674:Protocol III
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598:Burkina Faso
372:Sierra Leone
36:
2224:Protocol II
2181:Conventions
1875:Protocol II
1746:of Israel.
1690:Red Crystal
1499:Switzerland
1439:South Sudan
1289:Philippines
1168:New Zealand
1153:Netherlands
748:El Salvador
114:Signatories
16:2005 treaty
2257:Categories
2219:Protocol I
1886:References
1871:conflicts.
1865:Protocol I
1783:acceded to
1632:Wikisource
1599:Depositary
1514:East Timor
1364:San Marino
1093:Madagascar
1078:Luxembourg
1003:Kyrgyzstan
973:Kazakhstan
643:Costa Rica
195:Cape Verde
98:2007-01-14
75:2005-12-08
2212:Protocols
1847:war crime
1826:conflict.
1617:Full text
1609:Languages
1394:Singapore
1228:Palestine
1183:Nicaragua
1063:Lithuania
868:Guatemala
493:Australia
463:Argentina
433:79 States
120:20 States
106:Condition
91:Effective
2105:5 August
2060:4 August
1998:4 August
1964:4 August
1853:See also
1831:movement
1803:protocol
1779:ratified
1678:protocol
1469:Suriname
1424:Slovenia
1409:Slovakia
1319:Portugal
1259:Paraguay
898:Honduras
583:Bulgaria
240:Ethiopia
210:Colombia
83:Location
54:Protocol
1935:9 April
1909:1 April
1843:perfidy
1736:Eritrea
1697:History
1688:of the
1680:to the
1589:Uruguay
1544:Ukraine
1349:Romania
1033:Lesotho
928:Iceland
913:Hungary
838:Germany
823:Georgia
793:Finland
763:Estonia
733:Ecuador
703:Denmark
658:Croatia
538:Belgium
523:Belarus
508:Austria
478:Armenia
448:Albania
427:Parties
300:Jamaica
285:Ireland
180:Burundi
150:Bolivia
96: (
73: (
60:Drafted
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86:Geneva
68:Signed
23:, see
1931:. n.d
1905:. n.d
1454:Spain
1138:Nauru
988:Kenya
958:Italy
628:Chile
330:Nepal
315:Malta
270:Haiti
255:Ghana
225:Congo
2107:2009
2062:2009
2049:ISBN
2000:2009
1987:ISBN
1966:2009
1937:2019
1911:2019
1713:The
1274:Peru
778:Fiji
387:Togo
50:Type
2041:doi
1781:or
1742:by
1730:of
1630:at
2259::
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100:)
77:)
34:.
27:.
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