34:
1054:
1042:
218:
535:
that this use has created. Parties are also required, subject to certain qualifications, to provide information on their use of explosive weapons. Each party is responsible for the territory in their control after a conflict. The protocol does not apply to mines and other weapons covered by protocol
418:
Protocol I on Non-Detectable
Fragments prohibits the use of any weapon the primary effect of which is to injure by fragments which are not detectable in the human body by X-rays. The reason is that such fragments are difficult to remove and cause unnecessary suffering. The protocol applies when the
331:
dealing with specific weapons. The
Convention and its annexed protocols apply in all types of armed conflict, both international and non-international. This was not the case when the convention was first adopted, but the scope was expanded by two conferences in 1996 and 2001. Some provisions also
461:
Protocol III on
Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons prohibits, in all circumstances, making the civilian population as such, individual civilians or civilian objects, the object of attack by any weapon or munition which is primarily designed to set fire to objects or to
446:
and their transfer; prohibits the use of non-self-destructing and non-self-deactivating mines outside fenced, monitored and marked areas; prohibits directing mines and booby traps against civilians; requires parties to the conflict to remove mines and booby traps when the conflict ends; broadens
356:
first formulated on
October 10, 1980, in Geneva and entered into force on December 2, 1983. As of the end of September 2023, there are 127 state parties to the convention. Some of those countries have only adopted some of the five protocols, with two being the minimum required to be considered a
544:
As of 2017, the CCW has failed to achieve consensus to open negotiations on adding a compliance mechanism to help ensure parties honor their commitments. China and Russia have opposed restrictions on anti-vehicle mines, such as a requirement that such mines self-deactivate. In the 2010s the CCW
343:
CCWC lacks verification and enforcement mechanisms and spells out no formal process for resolving compliance concerns. A state-party can refute its commitment to the convention or any of the protocols, but it will remain legally bound until one year after notifying the treaty depositary, the UN
988:
Several states, including the U.S., Russia, the United
Kingdom, India, and Israel, were opposed to any legally binding restrictions... China has supported a binding legal agreement at the CCW, but has also sought to define autonomous weapons so narrowly that much of the A.I.-enabled military
478:
against military targets within a concentration of civilians, and limits the use of incendiary weapons delivered by other means. Forest and other plants may not be a target unless they are used to conceal combatants or other military objectives. Protocol III lists certain munition types like
501:. The parties to the protocol also agree to not transfer such weapons to any state or non-state entity. The protocol does not prohibit laser systems where blinding is an incidental or collateral effect, but parties that agree to it must take all feasible precautions to avoid such effects.
829:"Additional Protocol to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects (Protocol IV, entitled Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons)"
447:
obligations of protecting peacekeeping and other missions of the United
Nations and its agencies; requires States to enforce compliance with its provisions within their jurisdiction; and calls for penal sanctions in case of violation.
433:
Protocol II on
Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices was amended on May 3, 1996, to strengthen its provisions and extend the scope of application to cover both international and internal
401:
Protocol II was amended in 1996 (extending its scope of application), and entered in force on
December 3, 1998. The amendment extended the restrictions on landmine use to internal conflicts; established reliability standards for
877:"Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects (Protocol V)"
536:
II. The protocol came about as a result of a growing awareness during the 1990s that the protection against unexploded ordnance was insufficient. The protocol was adopted in 2003 and entered into force in 2006.
663:
807:"Protocol III to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects"
583:
Convention on
Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects: Status of the Treaty
719:"Protocol I to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects"
154:
1144:
945:
1689:
262:
Convention on
Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects
27:
Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects
1174:
403:
1484:
1344:
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1007:
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1021:
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and the clearance of explosive remnants of war. Parties to the convention must take legislative and other actions to ensure compliance with the convention.
1079:
898:
558:
221:
406:; and prohibited the use of non-detectable fragments in anti-personnel landmines (APL). The failure to agree to a total ban on landmines led to the
1084:
652:
428:
1734:
1694:
1099:
1534:
1264:
1164:
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Protocol V sets out obligations and best practice for the clearance of explosive remnants of war, adopted on November 28, 2003, in Geneva
1599:
1114:
1025:
1739:
1699:
1249:
165:
1704:
1299:
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which only have a secondary or additional incendiary effect; these munition types are not considered to be incendiary weapons.
1754:
1584:
608:
510:
1574:
1554:
1504:
419:"primary effect" is to injure by non-detectable fragments and does not prohibit all use of e.g. plastic in weapons design.
972:
1244:
1094:
1429:
1329:
492:
763:"Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices as amended on 3 May 1996"
1679:
1624:
1609:
1589:
1449:
1334:
1309:
1179:
1749:
1654:
1629:
1509:
1379:
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Protocol IV on Blinding Laser Weapons prohibits the use of laser weapons specifically designed to cause permanent
332:
apply after open hostilities has ended, such as the rules in protocols II and V about minimizing the dangers from
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1614:
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1529:
1339:
1259:
1219:
1194:
1189:
850:
527:. At the cessation of active hostilities, Protocol V establishes a responsibility on parties that have used
1709:
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1414:
1404:
1394:
1369:
1314:
1289:
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1199:
1169:
681:"The 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons: A useful framework despite earlier disappointments"
680:
1634:
1569:
1519:
1499:
1459:
1389:
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1354:
1294:
1209:
1032:
1664:
1549:
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1409:
1359:
1234:
281:
1016:
546:
301:
785:"Rule 84. The Protection of Civilians and Civilian Objects from the Effects of Incendiary Weapons"
260:
which are considered excessively injurious or whose effects are indiscriminate. The full title is
899:"Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V to the 1980 CCW Convention), 28 November 2003"
549:. As of 2021, most of the major powers oppose an international ban on lethal autonomous weapons.
365:
474:
of a substance delivered on the target. The protocol also prohibits the use of air-delivered
317:
784:
740:
1089:
292:
The aim of the Convention and its protocols is to provide new rules for the protection of
8:
921:"Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) At a Glance | Arms Control Association"
532:
443:
337:
328:
257:
700:
475:
762:
704:
631:"1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons and its Protocols -Ratification kit"
524:
471:
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273:
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828:
806:
718:
692:
528:
253:
202:
197:
187:
182:
1012:
1003:
667:
435:
192:
989:
equipment it is currently developing would fall outside the scope of such a ban.
920:
234:
696:
1068:
407:
321:
277:
580:
296:
from injury by weapons that are used in armed conflicts and also to protect
1046:
520:
387:
86:
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375:
123:
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313:
269:
225:
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309:
297:
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33:
1053:
1041:
973:"The world just blew a 'historic opportunity' to stop killer robots"
422:
371:
256:
in December 1983, seeks to prohibit or restrict the use of certain
515:
Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War requires the clearance of
741:"Rule 79. Weapons Primarily Injuring by Non-Detectable Fragments"
657:
344:
Secretary-General, of its intent to be free of its obligations.
38:
Participation in the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
391:
249:
177:
119:
609:"1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons – Factsheet"
463:
305:
467:
633:. International Committee of the Red Cross. March 31, 2004
516:
519:(unexploded ordnance), such as unexploded bomblets from
504:
1008:
United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
661:. House of Lords. January 5, 2004. col. WA11–WA12.
413:
1145:
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
611:. International Committee of the Red Cross. March 2014
486:
1030:
623:
576:
574:
1690:
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
559:
United Nations Commission on Conventional Armaments
462:cause burn injury to persons through the action of
450:
300:from unnecessary suffering. The convention covers
678:
571:
423:Protocol II: Mines, Booby Traps and Other Devices
364:Protocol I restricts weapons with non-detectable
1066:
588:
429:Protocol on Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices
347:
879:. United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
831:. United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
809:. United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
765:. United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
721:. United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
581:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs:
1745:Treaties extended to the Caribbean Netherlands
1175:Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
1645:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
653:"Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons"
438:. The protocol regulates, but does not ban,
1485:Treaties of the Mongolian People's Republic
1345:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
304:that are undetectable in the human body by
1215:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
1155:Treaties of the People's Republic of Benin
1080:Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
901:. International Committee of the Red Cross
787:. International Committee of the Red Cross
743:. International Committee of the Red Cross
672:
238:Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
222:Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
22:Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
851:"1995 Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons"
442:. It prohibits the use of non-detectable
1560:Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
1026:International Committee of the Red Cross
470:or a combination thereof, produced by a
1085:International humanitarian law treaties
946:"Autonomous weapons are a game-changer"
891:
1735:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
1067:
869:
843:
821:
799:
777:
733:
685:International Review of the Red Cross
511:Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War
505:Protocol V: Explosive Remnants of War
1695:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
970:
755:
711:
679:Mathews, Robert J. (December 2001).
414:Protocol I: Non-Detectable Fragments
40:
1100:Treaties entered into force in 1983
487:Protocol IV: Blinding Laser Weapons
360:The convention has five protocols:
13:
1535:Treaties of the State of Palestine
1265:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
1165:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
539:
493:Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons
14:
1766:
1600:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
997:
390:(adopted on October 13, 1995, in
1052:
1040:
531:to assist with the clearance of
451:Protocol III: Incendiary Weapons
216:
32:
1115:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
964:
938:
913:
857:. Geneva Academy. June 23, 2014
658:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
561:, earlier attempt at regulation
386:Protocol IV restricts blinding
1740:Treaties extended to Greenland
1700:Treaties of the United Kingdom
1250:Treaties of the Czech Republic
645:
457:Protocol on Incendiary Weapons
1:
1705:Treaties of the United States
1300:Treaties of Georgia (country)
565:
352:The CCWC consist of a set of
348:Adoption and entry into force
287:
1755:Treaties concluded in Geneva
1585:Treaties of the Soviet Union
545:opened talks on restricting
7:
1575:Treaties of North Macedonia
1555:Treaties of the Philippines
1505:Treaties of the Netherlands
1022:State parties to the treaty
552:
10:
1773:
1245:Treaties of Czechoslovakia
1095:Treaties concluded in 1980
508:
490:
454:
426:
54: Acceded or succeeded
1430:Treaties of Liechtenstein
1330:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
697:10.1017/S1560775500183506
547:lethal autonomous weapons
282:explosive remnants of war
252:on October 10, 1980, and
215:
210:
171:
161:
147:
137:
129:
115:
100:
92:
82:
48: Signed and ratified
31:
26:
1680:Treaties of Turkmenistan
1625:Treaties of South Africa
1610:Treaties of Sierra Leone
1590:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
1450:Treaties of the Maldives
1335:Treaties of the Holy See
1310:Treaties of East Germany
1180:Treaties of Burkina Faso
1017:Arms Control Association
855:Weapons Law Encyclopedia
404:remotely delivered mines
264:. The convention covers
1750:United Nations treaties
1655:Treaties of Switzerland
1630:Treaties of South Korea
1510:Treaties of New Zealand
1380:Treaties of Ivory Coast
1275:Treaties of El Salvador
380:Protocol III restricts
104:10 April 1981
1725:Treaties of Yugoslavia
1715:Treaties of Uzbekistan
1660:Treaties of Tajikistan
1605:Treaties of Seychelles
1490:Treaties of Montenegro
1445:Treaties of Madagascar
1440:Treaties of Luxembourg
1400:Treaties of Kazakhstan
1225:Treaties of Costa Rica
1205:Treaties of Cape Verde
1140:Treaties of Bangladesh
666:March 3, 2016, at the
370:Protocol II restricts
1720:Treaties of Venezuela
1640:Treaties of Sri Lanka
1515:Treaties of Nicaragua
1465:Treaties of Mauritius
1435:Treaties of Lithuania
1325:Treaties of Guatemala
1125:Treaties of Australia
1120:Treaties of Argentina
971:Khan, Jeremy (2021).
1620:Treaties of Slovenia
1615:Treaties of Slovakia
1565:Treaties of Portugal
1545:Treaties of Paraguay
1530:Treaties of Pakistan
1340:Treaties of Honduras
1260:Treaties of Djibouti
1220:Treaties of Colombia
1195:Treaties of Cameroon
1190:Treaties of Cambodia
444:anti-personnel mines
354:additional protocols
258:conventional weapons
166:UN Secretary-General
1710:Treaties of Uruguay
1670:Treaties of Tunisia
1595:Treaties of Senegal
1580:Treaties of Romania
1495:Treaties of Morocco
1475:Treaties of Moldova
1425:Treaties of Liberia
1420:Treaties of Lesotho
1385:Treaties of Jamaica
1365:Treaties of Ireland
1350:Treaties of Iceland
1320:Treaties of Grenada
1305:Treaties of Germany
1285:Treaties of Finland
1280:Treaties of Estonia
1270:Treaties of Ecuador
1255:Treaties of Denmark
1230:Treaties of Croatia
1185:Treaties of Burundi
1160:Treaties of Bolivia
1150:Treaties of Belgium
1135:Treaties of Bahrain
1130:Treaties of Austria
1110:Treaties of Algeria
1105:Treaties of Albania
1075:1980 in Switzerland
925:www.armscontrol.org
533:unexploded ordnance
327:CCWC includes five
23:
16:Arms control treaty
1730:Treaties of Zambia
1685:Treaties of Uganda
1675:Treaties of Turkey
1650:Treaties of Sweden
1540:Treaties of Panama
1525:Treaties of Norway
1480:Treaties of Monaco
1470:Treaties of Mexico
1415:Treaties of Latvia
1405:Treaties of Kuwait
1395:Treaties of Jordan
1370:Treaties of Israel
1315:Treaties of Greece
1290:Treaties of France
1240:Treaties of Cyprus
1200:Treaties of Canada
1170:Treaties of Brazil
952:. January 25, 2018
476:incendiary weapons
382:incendiary weapons
320:weapons, blinding
274:incendiary devices
254:entered into force
21:
1635:Treaties of Spain
1570:Treaties of Qatar
1520:Treaties of Niger
1500:Treaties of Nauru
1460:Treaties of Malta
1390:Treaties of Japan
1375:Treaties of Italy
1355:Treaties of India
1295:Treaties of Gabon
1210:Treaties of Chile
691:(844): 991–1012.
529:explosive weapons
525:explosive weapons
472:chemical reaction
280:and clearance of
231:
230:
157:
76:
75:
68: Only signed
1762:
1665:Treaties of Togo
1550:Treaties of Peru
1455:Treaties of Mali
1410:Treaties of Laos
1360:Treaties of Iraq
1235:Treaties of Cuba
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1020:
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990:
978:
974:
967:
951:
950:The Economist
947:
941:
926:
922:
916:
900:
894:
878:
872:
856:
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846:
830:
824:
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764:
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742:
736:
720:
714:
706:
702:
698:
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626:
610:
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584:
577:
575:
570:
560:
557:
556:
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548:
537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:cluster bombs
518:
512:
502:
500:
494:
484:
482:
477:
473:
469:
465:
458:
448:
445:
441:
437:
430:
420:
411:
409:
408:Ottawa Treaty
405:
396:
393:
389:
388:laser weapons
385:
383:
379:
377:
373:
369:
367:
363:
362:
361:
358:
355:
345:
341:
339:
335:
330:
325:
323:
322:laser weapons
319:
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279:
278:laser weapons
275:
271:
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164:
160:
156:
155:Complete List
150:
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132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
72:
57:
43:
42:
35:
30:
25:
19:
987:
982:December 31,
980:. Retrieved
976:
966:
954:. Retrieved
949:
940:
928:. Retrieved
924:
915:
903:. Retrieved
893:
881:. Retrieved
871:
859:. Retrieved
854:
845:
833:. Retrieved
823:
811:. Retrieved
801:
789:. Retrieved
779:
767:. Retrieved
757:
745:. Retrieved
735:
723:. Retrieved
713:
688:
684:
674:
656:
647:
635:. Retrieved
625:
613:. Retrieved
582:
543:
514:
496:
481:smoke shells
460:
432:
417:
400:
359:
353:
351:
342:
326:
291:
261:
245:
241:
237:
232:
87:Arms control
70:
18:
1090:Mine action
956:January 29,
930:January 29,
905:January 11,
883:January 11,
861:January 11,
835:January 11,
813:January 11,
791:January 11,
769:January 11,
747:January 11,
725:January 11,
376:booby traps
314:booby traps
276:, blinding
270:booby traps
140:signatories
124:Switzerland
1069:Categories
1013:Fact Sheet
1004:Convention
637:January 4,
615:January 4,
566:References
440:land mines
336:and other
318:incendiary
298:combatants
288:Objectives
266:land mines
226:Wikisource
162:Depositary
108:1981-04-10
705:145266359
499:blindness
372:landmines
366:fragments
329:protocols
310:landmines
302:fragments
294:civilians
211:Full text
172:Languages
143:50 States
130:Effective
664:Archived
553:See also
338:ordnance
138:Original
116:Location
1033:Portals
1024:at the
1015:at the
1006:at the
977:Fortune
357:party.
203:Spanish
198:Russian
188:English
183:Chinese
148:Parties
106: (
93:Drafted
703:
392:Vienna
316:, and
306:X-rays
250:Geneva
193:French
178:Arabic
120:Geneva
101:Signed
71:
66:
60:
52:
46:
1047:1980s
701:S2CID
464:flame
334:mines
984:2021
958:2018
932:2018
907:2015
885:2015
863:2015
837:2015
815:2015
793:2015
771:2015
749:2015
727:2015
639:2015
617:2015
468:heat
312:and
246:CCWC
233:The
83:Type
1059:Law
693:doi
517:UXO
244:or
242:CCW
224:at
151:127
1071::
986:.
975:.
948:.
923:.
853:.
699:.
689:83
687:.
683:.
655:.
590:^
573:^
466:,
410:.
374:,
340:.
308:,
284:.
272:,
268:,
122:,
1035::
960:.
934:.
909:.
887:.
865:.
839:.
817:.
795:.
773:.
751:.
729:.
707:.
695::
641:.
619:.
394:)
240:(
110:)
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