Land mine - Knowledge

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enemy, or for interdiction of supporting units to isolate front line units from resupply. In most cases these minefields consist of a combination of anti-tank and anti-personnel mines, with the anti-personnel mines making removal of the anti-tank mines more difficult. Mines of this type used by the United States are designed to self-destruct after a preset period of time, reducing the requirement for mine clearing to only those mines whose self-destruct system did not function. Some designs of these scatterable mines require an electrical charge (capacitor or battery) to detonate. After a certain period of time, either the charge dissipates, leaving them effectively inert or the circuitry is designed such that upon reaching a low level, the device is triggered, thus destroying the mine.

2683: 2165:(IED), which is "a device placed or fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating explosive material, destructive, lethal, noxious, incendiary, pyrotechnic materials or chemicals designed to destroy, disfigure, distract or harass. They may incorporate military stores, but are normally devised from non-military components." Some meet the definition of mines or booby traps and are also referred to as "improvised", "artisanal" or "locally manufactured" mines. Other types of IED are remotely activated, so are not considered mines. 3162: 3562: 2278:, a weapon 12–15 cm across with four sharp spikes that are oriented so that when it is thrown on the ground, one spike always points up. As with modern antipersonnel mines, caltrops are designed to disable soldiers rather than kill them; they are also more effective in stopping mounted forces, who lack the advantage of being able to carefully scrutinize each step they take (though forcing foot-mounted forces to take the time to do so has benefits in and of itself). They were used by the 3577: 2580:). This had the advantage that it was difficult to detonate, so it could withstand the shock of firing by artillery pieces. It was also advantageous for land mines for several reasons: it was not detonated by the shock of shells landing nearby; it was lightweight, unaffected by damp, and stable under a wide range of conditions; it could be melted to fill a container of any shape, and it was cheap to make. Thus, it became the standard explosive in mines after the First World War. 3678: 2822: 3068: 47: 8360: 3873:(automatically or manually via strategic operators.) Development of systems such as Termite, by arms firm EMC Operations has led to criticism from proponents of past multilateral agreements against the placement of land mines and submunitions due to expectations of similar long-dormancy period issues after systems break or fail after it was announced that vehicles would likely be armed to destroy static targets, rather than focus purely on demining efforts. 3326: 3271: 3647:

to conventional remote control mine defusing robots that operate either through precise mechanical dismantling, electronic destabilization and kinetic triggering methods, fully autonomous methods are in development. Notably, these autonomous methods utilize unmanned ground systems, or more recently subterranean systems such as the EMC Operations Termite, using either outward pressure differentials along system bodies, or corkscrew mechanisms.

3488: 2983:. Only two of Afghanistan's twenty-nine provinces are believed to be free of landmines. The most heavily mined provinces are Herat and Kandahar. Since 1989, nearly 44,000 Afghan civilians have been recorded to have been killed or injured by landmines and explosive remnants of war (ERW) averaging to around 110 people per month. Improvised mines (IM) and ERW from armed clashes caused nearly 99 percent of the casualties recorded in 2021. 4097: 2217: 2886: 3314: 3927:, micro-relief disruption, chemical composition, and loss of productivity". The effects of an explosion depend on: "(i) the objectives and methodological approaches of the investigation; (ii) concentration of mines in a unit area; (iii) chemical composition and toxicity of the mines; (iv) previous uses of the land and (v) alternatives that are available for the affected populations". 3092: 3940:

Similarly, the penguins of the Falkland Islands have benefited because they are not heavy enough to trigger the mines present. However, these benefits can only last as long as animals, tree limbs, etc. do not detonate the mines. In addition, long idle periods could "potentially end up creating or exacerbating loss of productivity", particularly within land of low quality.

66: 2473:). It was triggered by a flintlock connected to a tripwire on the surface. It could sometimes cause heavy casualties but required high maintenance due to the susceptibility of black powder to dampness. Consequently, it was mainly employed in the defenses of major fortifications, in which role it used in several European wars of the eighteenth century and the 2247:, fallen trees with sharpened branches facing outwards. As with modern land mines, they were "victim-operated", often concealed, and formed zones that were wide enough so that the enemy could not do much harm from outside, but were under fire (from spear throws, in this case) if they attempted to remove the obstacles. A notable use of these defenses was by 2708:, where the open ground favored tanks. However, the first country to use them was Finland. They were defending against a much larger Soviet force with over 6,000 tanks, twenty times the number the Finns had; but they had terrain that was broken up by lakes and forests, so tank movement was restricted to roads and tracks. Their defensive line, the 2151:, which the protocol defines as "any device or material which is designed, constructed or adapted to kill or injure and which functions unexpectedly when a person disturbs or approaches an apparently harmless object or performs an apparently safe act". Such actions might include opening a door or picking up an object. Normally, mines are 2995:, both Russian and Ukrainian forces have used land mines. Ukrainian officials claim Russian forces planted thousands of land mines or other explosive devices during their withdrawal from Ukrainian cities, including in civilian areas. Russian forces have also utilized remotely delivered anti-personnel mines such as the 2259:, the leader of the Gauls, but Vercingetorix managed to send for reinforcements. To maintain the siege and defend against the reinforcements, Caesar formed a line of fortifications on both sides, and they played an important role in his victory. Lilies were also used by Scots against the English at the 2900:, a minimum-metal mine with a narrow diameter, making it difficult to detect with metal detectors or prodding. Its three-pronged pressure piece inspired the nickname "carrot mine". However, it was unreliable in wet conditions. In the 1960s the Canadians developed a similar, but more reliable mine, the 3522:

Anti-tank minefields can be scattered with anti-personnel mines to make clearing them manually more time-consuming; and anti-personnel minefields are scattered with anti-tank mines to prevent the use of armored vehicles to clear them quickly. Some anti-tank mine types are also able to be triggered by

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The extents of minefields are often marked with warning signs and cloth tape, to prevent friendly troops and non-combatants from entering them. Of course, sometimes terrain can be denied using dummy minefields. Most forces carefully record the location and disposition of their own minefields, because

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There is a common misperception that a landmine is armed by stepping on it and only triggered by stepping off, providing tension in movies. In fact the initial pressure trigger will detonate the mine, as they are designed to kill or maim, not to make someone stand very still until it can be disarmed.

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identified "almost 100 companies and government agencies in 48 countries" that had manufactured "more than 340 types of antipersonnel land mines in recent decades". Five to ten million mines were produced per year with a value of $ 50 to $ 200 million. The largest producers were probably China,

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technologies. As of 2008 a joint team of researchers at the University of New South Wales and Ohio State University was working to develop a system based on multi-sensor integration. Furthermore, defence firms have been increasingly competing on the creation of unmanned demining systems. In addition

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The Chinese had a lot of success with massed infantry attacks. The extensive forest cover limited the range of machine guns, but anti-personnel mines were effective. However, mines were poorly recorded and marked, often becoming as much a hazard to allies as enemies. Tripwire-operated mines were not

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The history of land mines can be divided into three main phases: In the ancient world, buried spikes provided many of the same functions as modern mines. Mines using gunpowder as the explosive were used from the Ming dynasty to the American Civil War. Subsequently, high explosives were developed for

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Shrapnel, or abrasions of bark or roots caused by detonated mines, can cause the slow death of trees and provide entry sites for wood-rotting fungi. When land mines make land unavailable for farming, residents resort to the forests to meet all of their survival needs. This exploitation furthers the

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operated in command mode and focuses specifically on anti-personnel mines, because these pose the greatest long term (post-conflict) risk to humans and animals since they are typically designed to be triggered by any movement or pressure of only a few kilograms, whereas anti-tank mines require much

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worse, many factions have not kept accurate records (or any at all) of the exact locations of their minefields, making removal efforts painstakingly slow. These facts pose serious difficulties in many developing nations where the presence of mines hampers resettlement, agriculture, and tourism. The

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Manual clearing remains the most effective technique for clearing mine fields, although hybrid techniques involving the use of animals and robots are being developed. Many animals are desirable due to having a strong sense of smell capable of detecting a land mine. Animals such as rats and dogs can

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every day made comprehensive detection and clearance efforts impractical. The only other viable option was the adoption of mine-protected vehicles which could remain mobile on the roads with little risk to their passengers even if a mine was detonated. South Africa is widely credited with inventing

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Such a device is typically detonated automatically by way of pressure when a target steps on it or drives over it, although other detonation mechanisms are also sometimes used. A land mine may cause damage by direct blast effect, by fragments that are thrown by the blast, or by both. Land mines are

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Near mines that have exploded or decayed, soils tend to be contaminated, particularly with heavy metals. Products produced from the explosives, both organic and inorganic substances, are most likely to be "long lasting, water-soluble and toxic even in small amounts". They can be implemented either

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discourage access for agriculture, water supplies and possibly conservation measures. Reconstruction and development of important structures such as schools and hospitals are likely to be delayed, and populations may shift to urban areas, increasing overcrowding and the risk of spreading diseases.

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The use of land mines is controversial because they are indiscriminate weapons, harming soldier and civilian alike. They remain dangerous after the conflict in which they were deployed has ended, killing and injuring civilians and rendering land impassable and unusable for decades. To make matters

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have all contributed to land mine saturation in Iraq from the 1980s through 2020. In 2019, Iraq was the most saturated country in the world with land mines. Countries that provided land mines during the Iran-Iraq War included Belgium, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt, France, Italy, Romania, Singapore,

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from mines, IEDs and explosive remnants of war; it estimates that another 1,000 per year go unrecorded. The estimate for all time is over half a million. In 2017, at least 2,793 were killed and 4,431 injured. 87% of the casualties were civilians and 47% were children (less than 18 years old). The

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Mines forced tanks to slow down and wait for soldiers to go ahead and remove the mines. The main method of breaching minefields involved prodding the dirt with a bayonet or stick at an angle of 30 degrees (to avoid putting pressure on the top of the mine and detonating it). Since all mines at the

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agree that they will not use, produce, stockpile or trade in anti-personnel land mines. In 1997, there were 122 signatories; as of early 2016, 162 countries have joined the Treaty. Thirty-six countries, including the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation and the United States, which

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Minefields may be laid by several means. The preferred, but most labour-intensive, way is to have engineers bury the mines, since this will make the mines practically invisible and reduce the number of mines needed to deny the enemy an area. Mines can be laid by specialized mine-laying vehicles.

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in South Africa. Namibian insurgents used anti-tank mines to throw South African military convoys into disarray before attacking them. To discourage detection and removal efforts, they also laid anti-personnel mines directly parallel to the anti-tank mines. This initially resulted in heavy South

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Anti-personnel mines are designed primarily to kill or injure people, as opposed to vehicles. They are often designed to injure rather than kill to increase the logistical support (evacuation, medical) burden on the opposing force. Some types of anti-personnel mines can also damage the tracks or

3233:. At first improvised, purpose-built designs were developed. Set off when a tank passes, they attack the tank at one of its weaker areas – the tracks. They are designed to immobilize or destroy vehicles and their occupants. In U.S. military terminology destroying the vehicles is referred to as a 3131:

Many mines combine the main trigger with a touch or tilt trigger to prevent enemy engineers from defusing it. Land mine designs tend to use as little metal as possible to make searching with a metal detector more difficult; land mines made mostly of plastic have the added advantage of being very

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was larger. Both were packed by the thousand into bombs. All three were designed to inactivate after a period of time, but any that failed to activate presented a safety challenge. Over 37 million Gravel mines were produced between 1967 and 1968, and when they were dropped in places like Vietnam

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cluster bomb which includes munitions to damage (crater) the runway as well as anti-personnel mines in the same cluster bomb. As a result of the anti-personnel mine ban it was withdrawn from British Royal Air Force service, and the last stockpiles of the mine were destroyed on October 19, 1999.

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Artillery and aircraft scatterable mines allow minefields to be placed in front of moving formations of enemy units, including the reinforcement of minefields or other obstacles that have been breached by enemy engineers. They can also be used to cover the retreat of forces disengaging from the

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mechanism was not fully described until the early 17th century. When the enemy stepped onto hidden boards, they dislodged a pin, causing a weight to fall. A cord attached to the weight was wrapped around a drum attached to two steel wheels; when the weight fell, the wheels struck sparks against

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tactics, they did not make much use of mines. After 1942, however, they were on the defensive and became the most inventive and systematic users of mines. Their production shot up and they began inventing new types of mines as the Allies found ways to counter the existing ones. To make it more

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Access denial can have positive effects on the environment. When a mined area becomes a "no-man's land", plants and vegetation have a chance to grow and recover. For example, formerly arable lands in Nicaragua returned to forests and remained undisturbed after the establishment of land mines.

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by wiping out vegetation and wildlife during explosions or demining. This extra burden can push threatened and endangered species to extinction. They have also been used by poachers to target endangered species. Displaced refugees hunt animals for food and destroy habitat by making shelters.

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also describes land mines that were set off by enemy movement. A 9-foot (3 m) length of bamboo was waterproofed by wrapping it in cowhide and covering it with oil. It was filled with compressed gunpowder and lead or iron pellets, sealed with wax and concealed in a trench. The triggering

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The most prominent ecological issue associated with land mines (or fear of them) is denial of access to vital resources (where "access" refers to the ability to use resources, in contrast to "property", the right to use them). The presence and fear of presence of even a single land mine can

3205:"Smart mines" utilize a number of advanced technologies developed in the late 20th and early 21st century. Most commonly, this includes mechanisms to deactivate or self-destruct the mine after a preset period of time. This is intended to reduce civilian casualties and simplify demining. 3099:

A conventional land mine consists of a casing that is mostly filled with the main charge. It has a firing mechanism such as a pressure plate; this triggers a detonator or igniter, which in turn sets off a booster charge. There may be additional firing mechanisms in anti-handling devices.

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In recent years, arms industry manufacturers have been utilizing non-static mines that can be specifically targeted in order to remove the imprecision of antipersonnel devices, promoting the use of movable underground systems, movable above ground systems and systems that can be expired

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Whereas the placing and arming of mines is relatively inexpensive and simple, the process of detecting and removing them is typically expensive, slow, and dangerous. This is especially true of irregular warfare where mines were used on an ad hoc basis in unmarked and undocumented areas.

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Natural disasters can have a significant impact on efforts to demine areas of land. For example, the floods that occurred in Mozambique in 1999 and 2000 may have displaced hundreds of thousands of land mines left from the war. Uncertainty about their locations delayed recovery efforts.

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the former Soviet Union and the U.S., and were concentrated in the Kurdish areas in the northern area of Iraq. During the Gulf War, the U.S. deployed 117,634 mines, with 27,967 being anti-personnel mines and 89,667 being anti-vehicle mines. The U.S. did not use land mines during the

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Multiple anti-tank mines have been buried in stacks of two or three with the bottom mine fuzed, to multiply the penetrating power. Since the mines are buried, the ground directs the energy of the blast in a single direction—through the bottom of the target vehicle or on the track.

2488:, the ability to detonate a charge immediately instead of waiting several minutes for a fuse to burn, became possible after electricity was developed. An electric current sent down a wire could ignite the charge with a spark. The Russians claim first use of this technology in the 2863:, land mine use was dictated by the steep terrain, narrow valleys, forest cover and lack of developed roads. This made tanks less effective and more easily stopped by mines. However, mines laid near roads were often easy to spot. In response to this problem, the US developed the 3139:, or chemically render themselves inert after a period of weeks or months to reduce the likelihood of civilian casualties at the conflict's end. These self-destruct mechanisms are not absolutely reliable, and most land mines laid historically are not equipped in this manner. 2904:("Elsie") and the British army adopted it. The British also developed the L9 bar mine, a wide anti-tank mine with a rectangular shape, which covered more area, allowing a minefield to be laid four times as fast as previous mines. They also upgraded the Dingbat to the 2525:

in Florida in 1840. Over the course of the war, mines only caused a few hundred casualties, but they had a large effect on morale and slowed down the advance of Union troops. Many on both sides considered the use of mines barbaric, and in response, generals in the

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The use of land mines is controversial because of their potential as indiscriminate weapons. They can remain dangerous many years after a conflict has ended, harming civilians and the economy. With pressure from a number of campaign groups organised through the

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pockets into which standard pull or pressure-release boobytrap firing devices can be screwed. Alternatively, some mines may mimic a standard design, but actually be specifically intended to kill deminers, such as the MC-3 and PMN-3 variants of the

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There are mines that are armed by stepping on them and exploding after you step off - The MS3 is a pressure-release mine or booby-trap similar in appearance to the PMN anti-personnel mine. It has been found in Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Ukraine.

2836:, the members of NATO were concerned about massive armored attacks by the Soviet Union. They planned for a minefield stretching across the entire West German border, and developed new types of mines. The British designed an anti-tank mine, the 2674:. When triggered, this jumped up to about waist height and exploded, sending thousands of steel balls in all directions. Triggered by pressure, trip wires or electronics, it could harm soldiers within an area of about 2,800 square feet. 2634:(1870), it had only been 20 to 30 fragments. Nevertheless, antipersonnel mines were not a big factor in the war because machine guns, barbed wire and rapid-fire artillery were far more effective defenses. An exception was in Africa (now 3169:

Anti-handling devices detonate the mine if someone attempts to lift, shift or disarm it. The intention is to hinder deminers by discouraging any attempts to clear minefields. There is a degree of overlap between the function of a

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campaigned successfully to prohibit their use, culminating in the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, known informally as the

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mine became the most common mine in the war. Mine casings were also made of glass, concrete and clay. The Russians developed a mine with a pressed-cardboard casing, the PMK40, and the Italians made an anti-tank mine out of

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were attached to tanks or cargo trucks, but they did not last long and their weight made the tanks considerably slower. Tanks and bulldozers pushed ploughs that pushed aside any mines to a depth of 30 cm. The

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have become favorite places for penguins, which do not weigh enough to detonate the mines. Therefore, they can breed safely, free of human intrusion. These odd sanctuaries have proven so popular and lucrative for

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together may hold tens of millions of stockpiled antipersonnel mines, are not party to the Convention. Another 34 have yet to sign on. The United States did not sign because the treaty lacks an exception for the

3039:, often referred to as nuclear land mines. These were portable nuclear bombs that could be placed by hand, and could be detonated remotely or with a timer. Some of these were deployed in Europe. Governments in 5107: 4797: 5520: 2144:

is defined as a "munition designed to be placed under, on or near the ground or other surface area and to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person or vehicle". Similar in function is the

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In the First World War, the Germans developed a device, nicknamed the "Yperite Mine" by the British, that they left behind in abandoned trenches and bunkers. It was detonated by a delayed charge, spreading

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anti-tank mines, and fuses separated from mines have all been used for this purpose. Often, single mines are backed by a secondary device, designed to kill or maim personnel tasked with clearing the mine.

2106:, a global movement to prohibit their use led to the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, also known as the 4613:(17th century), the material could burn continuously for 20 to 30 days without going out. Its formula included 1 lb (0.45 kg) of white sandal wood powder, 3 oz (85 g) of iron rust ( 4984:

Smart, Jeffery K. (2015). A century of innovation: The army's chemical and biological defense program (Report). U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command History Office. pp. 16, 43.

5925: 2840:, to defeat rollers by detonating the second time it was pressed. It also had a 0.7-second delay so the tank would be directly over the mine. They also developed the first scatterable mine, the 3124:

are also frequently employed. Most modern anti-vehicle mines use a magnetic trigger to enable it to detonate even if the tires or tracks did not touch it. Advanced mines are able to sense the

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Another specific use is to mine an aircraft runway immediately after it has been bombed to delay or discourage repair. Some cluster bombs combine these functions. One example was the British

3797:(CCM) is an international treaty that prohibits the use, distribution, or manufacture of cluster munitions. The CCM entered into force in 2010, and has been ratified by over 100 countries. 3751:

There is a clause in the treaty, Article 3, which permits countries to retain land mines for use in training or development of countermeasures. Sixty-four countries have taken this option.

3187:. Anti-handling devices can be found on both anti-personnel mines and anti-tank mines, either as an integral part of their design or as improvised add-ons. For this reason, the standard 3024:, in 1960. The Soviets developed the KhF, a "bounding chemical mine". The French had chemical mines and the Iraqis were believed to have them before the invasion of Kuwait. In 1997, the 7754: 3402:

warning signs can be destroyed or removed, and minefields should eventually be cleared. Minefields may also have marked or unmarked safe routes to allow friendly movement through them.

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and mines. Improvised mines gave way to mass-produced mines consisting of wooden boxes filled with guncotton, and minefields were standardized to stop masses of tanks from advancing.

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Land mines are divided into two types: anti-tank mines, which are designed to disable tanks or other vehicles; and anti-personnel mines, which are designed to injure or kill people.

2177:, a device that releases several sub munitions ("bomblets") over a large area. The use, transfer, production, and stockpiling of cluster munitions is prohibited by the international 2364:

was invented in China by the 10th century and was used in warfare soon after. An "enormous bomb", credited to Lou Qianxia, was used in 1277 by the Chinese at the Battle of Zhongdu.

5599: 2785:, an entirely non-metallic mine. They ensured that they could detect their own mines by covering them with radioactive sand; the Allies did not find this out until after the war. 2573:

and developed a safe detonator. Even then, dynamite needed to be stored carefully or it could form crystals that detonated easily. Thus, the military still preferred guncotton.

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in 1942, the Germans prepared for an Allied attack by laying about half a million mines in two fields running across the entire battlefield and five miles deep. Nicknamed the "

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planted in the ground. If they pulled on one of these weapons, the butt end disturbed a bowl underneath and a slow-burning incandescent material in the bowl ignited the fuses.

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of 1904–1905, both sides used land and sea mines, although the effect on land mainly affected morale. The naval mines were far more effective, destroying several battleships.

2878:, a directional fragmentation mine that hurls steel balls in a 60-degree arc at a lethal speed of 1,200 metres per second. They also developed a pressure-operated mine, the 2538:

Starting in the 19th century, more powerful explosives than gunpowder were developed, often for non-military reasons such as blasting train tunnels in the Alps and Rockies.

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concealed under or camouflaged on the ground, and designed to destroy or disable enemy targets, ranging from combatants to vehicles and tanks, as they pass over or near it.

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To create defensive tactical barriers, channelling attacking forces into predetermined fire zones or slowing an invading force's progress to allow reinforcements to arrive.

5490: 4858: 3012:("Yperite"). In the Second World War they developed a modern chemical mine, the Sprüh-Büchse 37 (Bounding Gas Mine 37), but never used it. The United States developed the 6230: 5459: 5172: 4789: 5512: 4468: 4304: 3055:. However, such weapons were politically and tactically infeasible, and by 1989 the last of these munitions was retired. The British also had a project, codenamed 3028:

came into force, prohibiting the use of chemical weapons and mandating their destruction. By July 2023 all declared stockpiles of chemical weapons were destroyed.

2511: 3383:, minefields are considered a defensive or harassing weapon, used to slow the enemy down, to help deny certain terrain to the enemy, to focus enemy movement into 5141: 2867:, a mine that was placed off to the side of the road. When triggered by a tripwire, it fired a rocket. However, the mine was not available until after the war. 2748:

The Soviets learned the value of mines from their war with Finland, and when Germany invaded they made heavy use of them, manufacturing over 67 million. At the

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that would explode when soldiers tried to lift them. They also took a formal approach to laying mines and they kept detailed records of the locations of mines.

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One sign of the increasing power of explosives used in land mines was that, by the First World War, they burst into about 1,000 high-velocity fragments; in the

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types of vehicles by way of a built-in signature catalog. This will theoretically enable friendly forces to use the mined area while denying the enemy access.

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in 1573, three centuries after the Chinese invented the first pressure-operated mine, a German military engineer by the name of Samuel Zimmermann invented the

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Other innovations include "self-healing" minefields, which detect gaps in the field and can direct the mines to rearrange their positions and eliminate it.

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in case of defective connection to the touch hole. These fuses were long and lit by hand, so they required carefully timed calculations of enemy movements.

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One of the greatest limitations of early land mines was the unreliable fuses and their susceptibility to dampness. This changed with the invention of the

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The next generation of scatterable mines arose in response to the increasing mobility of war. The Germans developed the Skorpion system, which scattered

5730: 4621:), 2 oz (57 g) of willow charcoal powder, 6 oz (170 g) of dried, ground, and powdered red dates, and 3 oz (85 g) of bran. 2442:(flying mine). It consisted of a few pounds of black powder buried near the surface and was activated by stepping on it or tripping a wire that made a 6003: 3398:

with mine-clearing equipment can clear a path through a minefield relatively quickly, mines are usually considered effective only if covered by fire.

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by randomly attacking material and personnel. In some engagements during World War II, anti-tank mines accounted for half of all vehicles disabled.

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against Boer forces with the help of a mixture of real and fake minefields; and they laid mines alongside railroad tracks to discourage sabotage.

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more weight (or a combination of factors that would exclude humans). Existing stocks must be destroyed within four years of signing the treaty.

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In the 1950s, the US Operation Doan Brook studied the feasibility of delivering mines by air. This led to three types of air-delivered mine.

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weapons (to deny the enemy use of valuable terrain, resources or facilities when active defense of the area is not desirable or possible).

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and placed in groups, while booby traps are improvised and deployed one at a time. Also, booby traps can be non-explosive devices such as

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force much larger than British strength was held off for ten months, but the town was ultimately taken and the British massacred. In the

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are dropped from aircraft or carried by devices such as artillery shells or rockets. Another type of remotely delivered explosive is the

5595: 4827: 6276: 4443: 3410: 3966:"directly or indirectly into soil, water bodies, microorganisms and plants with drinking water, food products or during respiration". 2499:, developed in the early 19th century, made them much more reliable, and pressure-operated mines were deployed on land and sea in the 5543: 4342:"Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices (Protocol II), Geneva, 10 October 1980" 4218: 2745:

and small-arms fire. The Allies prevailed, but at the cost of over half their tanks; 20 percent of the losses were caused by mines.

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developed a safe method in 1865. From the 1870s to the First World War, it was the standard explosive used by the British military.

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The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction

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The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction

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As an alternative to an outright ban, 10 countries follow regulations that are contained in a 1996 amendment of Protocol II of the

1029: 6345: 4023: 4007: 3708: 3687: 2103: 1456: 5895: 5482: 4850: 2752:, which put an end to the German advance, they laid over a million mines in eight belts with an overall depth of 35 kilometres. 2325: 7570: 6320:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic

5233: 5108:"The horrifying purpose of Special Atomic Demolition Munition units: 'We all knew it was a one-way mission, a suicide mission'" 6409: 6403: 6211: 5164: 3793:

can also function as land mines, in that they continue to kill and maim indiscriminately long after conflicts have ended. The

2241:(lilies, so named after their appearance), which were pits in which sharpened logs were arranged in a five-point pattern; and 5435: 3611:

The Nazis used captured civilians who were chased across minefields to detonate the explosives. According to Laurence Rees "

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to detonate. The high trigger pressure, normally requiring 100 kilograms (220 lb) prevents them from being set off by

2797:, a long thin tube filled with explosives, was invented in 1912 and used to clear barbed wire; larger versions such as the 2756:

beginning of the war had metal casings, metal detectors could be used to speed up the locating of mines. A Polish officer,

6185: 5451: 2645:

Towards the end of the war, the British started to use tanks to break through trench defenses. The Germans responded with

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from the fourteenth century onward. Caltrops are still strung together and used as roadblocks in some modern conflicts.

5365: 4135: 3755: 3698:

The Treaty came into force on March 1, 1999. The treaty was the result of the leadership of the Governments of Canada,

2007: 1785: 400: 5133: 7979: 7764: 6327: 6258: 6002:(Report). International Campaign to Ban Landmines and Cluster Munition Coalition. November 20, 2018. pp. 49–51. 5713: 5699: 5668: 5630: 5004: 3623:, reported that 'approximately two to three thousand local people were blown up in the clearing of the minefields'." 1461: 5768: 5204: 3523:

infantry, giving them a dual purpose even though their main and official intention is to work as anti-tank weapons.

2992: 1539: 4481: 3352:

Land mines are currently used in large quantities mostly for this first purpose, thus their widespread use in the

2919:) were small steel spheres that discharged tripwires when they hit the ground; each dispenser held 540 mines. The 8189: 4085: 3987: 3794: 3472: 2489: 2178: 1884: 1522: 1309: 154: 5569: 3627:

Anti-personnel mines are most difficult to find, due to their small size and many being made almost entirely of

2979:

Landmines and other unexploded battlefield ordnances, contaminate at least 724 million square meters of land in

6440: 6308: 5029: 3429:

None of the conventional tactics and norms of mine warfare applies when they are employed in a guerrilla role:

2932:

their locations were unmarked and unrecorded. A similar problem was presented by unexploded cluster munitions.

2905: 2805:, which had weights attached by chains to rotating drums. The first version, the Scorpion, was attached to the 1648: 2939:

from a tracked vehicle. The Italians developed a helicopter delivery system that could rapidly switch between

5734: 2065: 1512: 5288:"Injury profile suffered by targets of antipersonnel improvised explosive devices: prospective cohort study" 2495:

Victim-activated mines were also unreliable because they relied on a flintlock to ignite the explosive. The

7412: 6950: 6460: 5999: 4050: 3125: 2705: 2002: 706: 466: 6361: 4666: 3530:

to make clearing them more dangerous. Mixed anti-personnel and anti-tank minefields, anti-personnel mines

3464:, a vee-shaped hull for armoured vehicles which deflects mine blasts away from the passenger compartment. 2871:

defended by pressure mines; the Chinese were often able to disable them and reuse them against UN forces.

2565:

and it turned out to be a much more powerful explosive than guncotton. It was very dangerous to use until

2461:. It consisted of a cone-shape hole with gunpowder at the bottom, covered either by rocks and scrap iron ( 2414:

Another victim-operated device was the "underground sky-soaring thunder", which lured bounty hunters with

8385: 7749: 6830: 6397: 6126:

Newman, Robert D.; Mercer, Mary Anne (July 19, 2013). "Environmental Health Consequences of Land Mines".

5753: 4018: 3973:

in land animals, fish and plants. They can act "as a nerve poison to hamper growth", with deadly effect.

3601: 3294: 3290: 3025: 2948: 2734: 2457:, was not victim-operated or mass-produced, but it was a precursor of modern fragmentation mines and the 2279: 2161: 2012: 1199: 1001: 872: 410: 6219:(5th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining. March 2014. 2517:

deployed thousands of "torpedoes" consisting of artillery shells with pressure caps, beginning with the

8390: 7345: 6432: 5823: 4274: 4130: 3373: 3036: 2474: 1476: 31: 24: 5197: 3455:

African military and police casualties, as the vast distances of road network vulnerable to insurgent

2450:, but were probably not very effective because a flintlock does not work for long when left untended. 7794: 5272: 4880: 4442:(2nd ed.). United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA). February 1, 2015. p. 16. 4247: 3819: 3745: 2798: 2518: 1586: 1094: 443: 317: 171: 7419: 2908:, a plastic mine that was fired from a truck-mounted discharger that could fire 72 mines at a time. 8291: 7369: 3447: 2713: 2037: 1904: 1451: 1144: 962: 810: 6436: 5335: 4188: 8338: 8113: 7819: 7814: 7734: 7531: 7478: 7448: 7205: 7135: 7079: 6656: 6453: 4252: 4153: 2742: 2547: 2492:, and with it the fougasse remained useful until it was superseded by the claymore in the 1960s. 2264: 1990: 1972: 1728: 1287: 1209: 1154: 752: 415: 3615:, the SS-Obergruppenführer who, during 1943, conducted another huge anti-partisan action called 2801:

were developed for clearing mines, but were not very effective. One of the best options was the

8363: 8179: 7769: 7666: 7551: 6735: 5071:

Bird, Matthew D (April 2008). "Nuclear History Note US Atomic Demolition Munitions 1954–1989".

4120: 2701: 2653: 2400:, igniting a set of fuses leading to multiple mines. A similar mechanism was used in the first 1857: 1832: 1554: 1466: 1339: 1214: 815: 792: 238: 137: 4819: 3853:. Another seven states reserved the right to make them but were probably not doing so: China, 8316: 8154: 7936: 7689: 7426: 7249: 6578: 5428:

Surviving the Ride: A pictorial history of South African Manufactured Mine-Protected vehicles

4260: 4002: 3898:

largest numbers of casualties were in Afghanistan (2,300), Syria (1,906), and Ukraine (429).

3188: 2968: 2841: 2260: 1446: 1379: 1332: 986: 949: 912: 830: 782: 666: 476: 284: 193: 6269: 5046:"OPCW confirms: All declared chemical weapons stockpiles verified as irreversibly destroyed" 4437: 8301: 7829: 7455: 7254: 7220: 6620: 6502: 4469:"Glossary of mine action terms, definitions and abbreviations. Second edition, Amendment 9" 4147: 4045: 3916: 3881:

Throughout the world there are millions of hectares that are contaminated with land mines.

3663:

that efforts existed to prevent removal of the mines, but the area has since been demined.

3593: 3175: 3156: 3084: 2761: 2727: 2384:

filled with gunpowder. The wad of the mine was made of hard wood, carrying three different

2315: 1837: 1739: 1596: 1591: 1409: 1374: 1109: 929: 787: 723: 577: 547: 144: 3588:

Metal detectors were first used for demining, after their invention by the Polish officer

2951:(FASCAM) that could deliver mines by fast jet, artillery, helicopter and ground launcher. 2682: 2656:

did little work on land mines, but the Germans developed a series of anti-tank mines, the

2446:

fire. Such mines were deployed on the slope in front of a fort. They were used during the

8: 8395: 8118: 7854: 7210: 6588: 5248: 4210: 4125: 4035: 4012: 3841:

identified four countries that were "likely to be actively producing" land mines: India,

3786: 3570: 3274: 3265: 2631: 2543: 2447: 2443: 2182: 1688: 1673: 1549: 1436: 1414: 1389: 1349: 1259: 1069: 974: 924: 691: 681: 646: 438: 428: 198: 122: 3405:

Placing minefields without marking and recording them for later removal is considered a

2295: 8240: 7849: 7824: 7809: 7804: 7654: 7634: 7431: 6992: 6859: 6603: 6159: 6108: 6096: 6065: 5685: 5312: 5287: 5088: 4480:. New York, NY: United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS). November 2018. p. 20. 4406: 4103: 4065: 4055: 3992: 3806: 3628: 3414: 3353: 3286: 3059:, to develop nuclear mines to be buried in Germany; the project was cancelled in 1958. 2920: 2738: 2608: 2507: 2381: 2022: 1877: 1797: 1718: 1663: 1638: 1559: 1505: 1471: 1402: 1319: 1229: 1134: 1079: 969: 934: 887: 762: 733: 686: 624: 599: 433: 247: 166: 19:

This article is about victim-activated explosive devices. For underground tunnels, see

3120:. Anti-personnel mines commonly use the pressure of a person's foot as a trigger, but 8296: 8255: 8230: 8103: 7784: 7624: 7471: 7057: 6935: 6613: 6556: 6323: 6304: 6297: 6254: 6220: 6151: 6143: 6112: 6100: 6057: 5981: 5976: 5963: 5951: 5887: 5695: 5664: 5626: 5431: 5317: 5092: 5025: 5000: 4309:

Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries – Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, 1997

3924: 3894: 3717: 3616: 3612: 3234: 3076: 3017: 2794: 2601: 2589: 2458: 2454: 2408: 2385: 2361: 2283: 2058: 1967: 1914: 1817: 1807: 1802: 1772: 1755: 1750: 1723: 1668: 1369: 1359: 1354: 1344: 1264: 1254: 1249: 1224: 1194: 1084: 1054: 1049: 1039: 1034: 1024: 939: 892: 862: 701: 494: 471: 405: 6163: 6040:

Berhe, A. A. (August 7, 2006). "The contribution of landmines to land degradation".

5234:"Special forces bomb disposal expert rates 10 bomb disposal scenes in movies and TV" 2813:, was faster, at 2 kilometers per hour; it was used during D-Day and the aftermath. 2027: 8270: 8245: 8174: 8098: 7699: 7694: 7629: 7180: 6984: 6563: 6135: 6092: 6069: 6049: 5971: 5307: 5299: 5267: 5080: 4936: 3920: 3831: 3790: 3651: 3566: 3468: 3380: 3365: 3021: 3013: 2697: 2521:

in 1862. As a captain, Rains had earlier employed explosive booby traps during the

2514: 2252: 2173: 2087: 2032: 1997: 1929: 1822: 1760: 1653: 1581: 1574: 1431: 1364: 1314: 1304: 1179: 1099: 1059: 1044: 1011: 996: 867: 852: 805: 713: 671: 614: 609: 567: 390: 367: 274: 203: 132: 115: 5246: 4908: 3589: 2757: 8159: 8011: 7984: 7924: 7894: 7779: 7744: 7724: 7709: 7264: 7259: 7227: 6988: 6930: 6918: 6900: 6767: 6748: 6674: 6651: 5717: 4080: 3997: 3970: 3778:, which had adhered to this regulation, announced in 2016 that it would join the 3581: 3395: 3230: 3161: 2875: 2749: 2709: 2562: 2554: 2466: 2268: 2152: 1842: 1827: 1745: 1701: 1643: 1299: 1294: 1184: 1174: 1089: 1064: 1006: 847: 777: 767: 619: 604: 527: 499: 299: 279: 127: 5303: 3650:

The laying of land mines has inadvertently led to a positive development in the

3244:

Anti-tank mines are typically larger than anti-personnel mines and require more

2726:

difficult to remove antitank mines, they surrounded them with S-mines and added

8328: 8323: 7989: 7974: 7909: 7899: 7774: 7759: 7659: 7649: 7614: 7488: 7281: 6978: 6945: 6909: 6725: 6583: 6547: 6177: 3724: 3632: 3516: 3495:, still valid more than 40 years after creation of the field by the Syrian army 3222: 3217: 3072: 2558: 2496: 2017: 1765: 1189: 1149: 1127: 1114: 1104: 1074: 991: 944: 747: 738: 629: 582: 562: 552: 522: 489: 377: 334: 289: 161: 94: 20: 5661:

The Polish contribution to the ultimate Allied victory in the Second World War

5647:

The Polish Contribution to The Ultimate Allied Victory in The Second World War

5286:

Smith, S.; Devine, Melissa; Taddeo, Joseph; McAlister, Vivian Charles (2017).

5084: 3561: 3289:

conflicts and civil wars of the 21st century, improvised explosives, known as

8379: 8333: 8286: 8194: 8184: 8138: 8108: 8093: 8062: 8043: 7904: 7844: 7799: 7714: 7673: 7483: 7116: 7111: 6844: 6807: 6792: 6743: 6688: 6667: 6476: 6147: 6139: 6104: 6083:

Ribot, Jesse C.; Peluso, Nancy Lee (October 22, 2009). "A Theory of Access".

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Exposing the source: U.S. Companies and the Production of Antipersonnel Mines

5805: 5787: 4341: 4100: 3779: 3740: 3732: 3713: 3692: 3672: 3655: 3576: 3492: 3330: 3253: 3238: 3136: 2960: 2825: 2671: 2646: 2593: 2522: 2419: 2256: 2248: 2133: 2121: 2108: 1864: 1852: 1708: 1628: 1544: 1527: 1384: 1239: 1219: 902: 897: 877: 857: 772: 743: 718: 594: 572: 557: 532: 372: 294: 257: 252: 149: 55: 6339:

Historical Uses Of Anti-Personnel Landmines: Impact On Land Force Operations

6295:

The Arms Project of Human Rights Watch; Physicians for Human Rights (1993).

4407:"Improvised Explosive Devices (IED): A Humanitarian Mine Action Perspective" 3191:

for mines is often to destroy them on site without attempting to lift them.

2764:. To counter the detector, Germans developed mines with wooden casings, the 2231:

were surrounded by a series of hazards buried in the ground. These included

8311: 8169: 8133: 8088: 8072: 8000: 7953: 7929: 7919: 7914: 7729: 7546: 7407: 7374: 7239: 7175: 7150: 7062: 7036: 7004: 6998: 6940: 6879: 6849: 6697: 6155: 5985: 5321: 4614: 3949: 3811: 3728: 3512: 3056: 3040: 2897: 2765: 2688: 2566: 2329:

Chinese illustration of a land mine with eight explosive charges, from the

2287: 2235:, one-foot-long (30 cm) pieces of wood with iron hooks on their ends; 2228: 2196:(AXO), devices that were never used and were left behind after a conflict. 2051: 1977: 1957: 1952: 1847: 1792: 1426: 1421: 1244: 1159: 907: 641: 542: 339: 243: 70: 6418:

Electronic Mine Information Network by United Nations Mine Action Services

5924:. International Campaign to Ban Landmines and Cluster Munition Coalition. 5806:"Falkland islanders celebrate being landmine free - after nearly 40 years" 5710: 5392:"Ukraine is now the most mined country. It will take decades to make safe" 3433:

The mines are not used in defensive roles (for specific position or area).

3252:

or smaller vehicles of lesser importance. More modern anti-tank mines use

8210: 8067: 8036: 8018: 8006: 7948: 7943: 7884: 7879: 7839: 7739: 7704: 7600: 7503: 7274: 7244: 7234: 7140: 7029: 6646: 6593: 3923:

caused by land mines "can be classified into five groups: access denial,

3862: 3850: 3771: 3643: 3361: 3345: 3117: 3052: 3009: 2980: 2928: 2890: 2821: 2789: 2769: 2657: 2583: 2500: 2481: 2369: 2331: 2291: 2156: 1962: 1713: 1678: 1517: 1204: 1169: 882: 825: 728: 512: 233: 228: 38: 6837: 4241: 3677: 3067: 46: 8235: 8055: 8027: 7958: 7834: 7789: 7719: 7639: 7536: 7441: 7381: 7340: 7318: 7269: 7215: 7165: 7160: 7145: 7104: 7052: 7010: 6955: 6797: 6713: 4075: 4040: 3815: 3703: 3660: 3597: 3527: 3508: 3321:

from a Russian-made mine to clear a minefield outside of Fallujah, Iraq

3302: 3200: 3051:

wanted to have nuclear minefields as a defense against attack from the

2944: 2940: 2860: 2810: 2809:

and used in the Second Battle of El Alamein. The Crab, attached to the

2806: 2802: 2721: 2527: 2147: 1919: 1889: 1611: 980: 59: 51: 8215: 6760: 4475: 3325: 3270: 7575: 7402: 7397: 7330: 6971: 6884: 6814: 6772: 6598: 6568: 6529: 6495: 5691: 4790:"Global death toll of landmines rises due to mines laid by militants" 4618: 3775: 3501: 3479:

land mines have been used for both defensive and guerrilla purposes.

3406: 3384: 3171: 2901: 2837: 2539: 2401: 2378: 2353: 2345: 1909: 1733: 1683: 1633: 1623: 1618: 1483: 1274: 1269: 1234: 676: 362: 329: 218: 6053: 3487: 2882:("toe-popper"). These, too, were ready too late for the Korean war. 8128: 8123: 8048: 7889: 7607: 7582: 7565: 7495: 7436: 7364: 7357: 7200: 7088: 6962: 6782: 6777: 6753: 6681: 6661: 6641: 6608: 6392: 4096: 4060: 3846: 3767: 3556: 3439:

Mines are usually placed singly and not in groups covering an area.

3298: 3249: 3245: 3184: 3121: 3109: 3032: 2973: 2964: 2936: 2879: 2864: 2853: 2833: 2782: 2778: 2635: 2597: 2570: 2435: 1924: 1899: 1532: 1164: 1139: 757: 312: 186: 5596:"House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 25 Oct 1999 (pt 12)" 3091: 8260: 8225: 8220: 7558: 7541: 7526: 7510: 7462: 7390: 7335: 7325: 7293: 7195: 7170: 7155: 6925: 6869: 6787: 6634: 6627: 6573: 6445: 3969:

Toxic compounds can also find their way into bodies of water and

3866: 3842: 3763: 3759: 3620: 3369: 3329:

Argentine minefield at Port William, Falkland Islands created in

2849: 2845: 2712:, integrated these natural defenses with mines, including simple 2639: 2576:

In 1863, the German chemical industry developed trinitrotoluene (

2542:, up to four times more powerful than gunpowder, was invented by 2415: 2275: 2221: 1934: 1894: 1658: 1492: 1488: 835: 820: 696: 357: 352: 322: 261: 223: 6251:

Landmines in War and Peace: From Their Origin to the Present Day

5483:"New landmine emergency threatens communities in Iraq and Syria" 3376:. As of 2023, both Russia and Ukraine have deployed land mines. 3317:

A U.S. Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal technician removing the

2874:

Looking for more destructive mines, the Americans developed the

2788:

Several mechanical methods for clearing mines were tried. Heavy

2619: 2216: 8265: 7619: 7185: 7123: 7067: 7045: 7022: 7015: 6891: 6874: 6706: 6538: 6520: 6490: 3823: 3699: 3461: 3456: 3388: 3357: 3301:

to be far worse than with landmines resulting in multiple limb

3256:

to focus and increase the armor penetration of the explosives.

3113: 3048: 3044: 2848:

and tripwire-operated bounding antipersonnel mines such as the

2667: 2624: 2404: 2357: 2243: 2117: 1441: 842: 659: 395: 6128:

International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health

5366:"'I just want my legs back': Myanmar landmine casualties soar" 2885: 2132:

In the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention (also known as the "

8306: 8250: 7994: 7519: 7350: 7190: 6511: 6275:(Report). United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. 4070: 3543: 3450:, leading directly to the development of the first dedicated 3313: 3108:

A land mine can be triggered by a number of things including

2996: 2423: 2397: 2303: 2237: 2113: 917: 453: 448: 6406:

1943, Popular Science article on the "Polish" mine detector.

5231: 5020:

Barnaby, Frank (2003). "9. The spread of chemical weapons".

4436:"01.40 – Glossary of terms, definitions and abbreviations". 7288: 7130: 7097: 7072: 6864: 6854: 6823: 6802: 5247:

Andy Smith AVS Humanitarian Mine Action specialist (2021).

4617:), 5 oz (140 g) of "white" charcoal powder (from 4564: 3858: 3854: 3451: 3446:

Land mines were commonly deployed by insurgents during the

3318: 3226: 3179: 3103: 3080: 213: 208: 5285: 3805:

Before the Ottawa Treaty was adopted, the Arms Project of

2274:

A more easily deployed defense used by the Romans was the

6268:

Finaud, Marc; Finckh, Elena; Hardy, Giezendanner (2015).

3827: 2577: 86: 73:

anti-tank-mines of the German Bundeswehr (inert versions)

6425: 6415: 5918:"How many countries produce mines or cluster munitions?" 5206:

US Army Field Manual 20–32 – Mine/Countermine Operations

2569:

found a way to incorporate it in a solid mixture called

2112:. To date, 164 nations have signed the treaty. However, 65: 5513:"Islamic State is losing land but leaving mines behind" 6294: 6210: 5874: 5052:. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 4514: 4502: 3442:

Mines are often left unattended (not covered by fire).

3237:

while only disabling its movement is referred to as a

2584:

Between the American Civil War and the First World War

2181:. If bomblets do not explode, they are referred to as 5426:

Camp, Steve; Helmoed-Römer, Heitman (November 2014).

4959:"Ukraine: Russia Uses Banned Antipersonnel Landmines" 2828:

with firing device and electric blasting cap assembly

2469:

shells, similar to large black powder hand grenades (

5945: 5943: 5480: 2772:(anti-tank). Effective, cheap and easy to make, the 5922:

Landmine & Cluster Munition Monitor: The Issues

4239: 3075:. Note the yellow main charge wrapped around a red 2692:, the most common mine used in the Second World War 6296: 5885: 5731:"Bees, Giant African Rats Used to Sniff Landmines" 5544:"The treacherous battle to free Iraq of landmines" 5232:Ju Shardlow and David Ibekwe (November 11, 2020). 4240: 2760:, developed a portable mine detector known as the 2530:forced Confederate prisoners to remove the mines. 16:Explosive weapon, concealed under or on the ground 6337:Roy, Roger L.; Friesen, Shaye K. (October 1999). 6267: 5940: 5769:"Penguins Find Peace in Falklands War Minefields" 5425: 5255: 5165:"The Ultimate Weapon of War: Nuclear Land Mines?" 4851:"U.S. Military Did Not Use Landmines in Iraq War" 3814:. The companies involved included giants such as 3712:, launched in 1992. The campaign and its leader, 3225:were created not long after the invention of the 2947:. The US developed a range of systems called the 8377: 2138:Protocol on Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices 30:"Minefield" redirects here. For other uses, see 6717: 5788:"The Falklands penguins that would not explode" 4997:Chemical Weaponry : a Continuing Challenge 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4463: 4461: 3504:from a distance of several tens of kilometers. 3062: 2719:While the Germans were advancing rapidly using 7279: 7225: 7043: 6889: 5430:. Pinetown: 30 Degrees South. pp. 19–34. 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5209:. Department of the Army. September 30, 1992. 5192: 5190: 4787: 2094:typically laid throughout an area, creating a 7934: 7664: 7493: 7469: 7086: 7077: 7034: 6758: 6554: 6545: 6461: 6393:ICBL: International Campaign to Ban Landmines 5752:. Asian Surveying and Mapping. Archived from 5336:"Landmines in Myanmar: Politically explosive" 4593: 4591: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4439:International Ammunition Technical Guidelines 4116:Land mines in Latin America and the Caribbean 3600:, to clear the German mine fields during the 3083:well on the side of the mine designed for an 2343:A "self-tripped trespass land mine" from the 2059: 8053: 8034: 8025: 8016: 7605: 7580: 7556: 7517: 7508: 7460: 7446: 7417: 7388: 7379: 7355: 7316: 7121: 7102: 7020: 6969: 6960: 6916: 6907: 6898: 6835: 6821: 6812: 6695: 6672: 6398:Landmines and international humanitarian law 6125: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 5570:"Yemen: Houthi-Saleh Forces Using Landmines" 5249:"MS3 Anti-personnel blast booby trap device" 5022:The Role and Control of Weapons in the 1990s 4881:"Backgrounder - Landmine Use in Afghanistan" 4643: 4458: 4311:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 3337:Land mines were designed for two main uses: 6704: 6686: 6632: 6618: 6536: 6527: 6518: 6509: 6500: 6082: 5410: 5187: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4537: 4535: 4411:Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction 3681:Party states to the Ottawa Treaty (in blue) 3135:Some types of modern mines are designed to 3016:, which used mustard gas, in 1939; and the 2954: 2696:Tens of millions of mines were laid in the 6468: 6454: 6336: 5956:CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal 5952:"Environment and health: 5. Impact of war" 5733:. National Geographic News. Archived from 4820:"Landmines in Iraq: Questions and Answers" 4719: 4707: 4695: 4588: 4576: 4547: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 3654:. Minefields laid near the sea during the 3639:be trained to detect the explosive agent. 3411:Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons 2642:) where the warfare was much more mobile. 2066: 2052: 50:Examples of anti-personnel mines. Center: 6018: 5975: 5481:Mines Advisory Group (January 11, 2017). 5311: 5024:(e-book ed.). Taylor & Francis. 3960: 3666: 3368:. Since 2021, land mine use has risen in 6362:"The origins of military mines: part II" 6253:(Kindle ed.). Casemate Publishers. 5766: 5658: 5134:"British army planned nuclear landmines" 4756: 4744: 4725: 4624: 4532: 4400: 4398: 4095: 3676: 3575: 3560: 3486: 3364:and Korea. Syria has used land mines in 3324: 3312: 3269: 3160: 3150: 3104:Firing mechanisms and initiating actions 3090: 3066: 2884: 2820: 2681: 2618: 2546:in 1846. It was dangerous to make until 2338: 2324: 2215: 1030:List of military strategies and concepts 64: 45: 6412:detailed article on types of land mines 6359: 6346:Department of National Defence (Canada) 6317: 6270:Addressing Improvised Explosive Devices 5949: 5541: 5131: 5019: 4897:from the original on February 23, 2024. 4848: 4667:"The origins of military mines: part I" 4664: 4597: 4582: 4570: 4558: 4364: 4352:from the original on September 13, 2018 4327: 4024:TM 31-210 Improvised Munitions Handbook 3943: 3839:Landmine & Cluster Munition Monitor 3709:International Campaign to Ban Landmines 3688:International Campaign to Ban Landmines 3500:Mine-scattering shells may be fired by 3259: 3002: 2662:(plate mines). They also developed the 2104:International Campaign to Ban Landmines 8378: 6410:"How Axis Land Mines Work", April 1944 6282:from the original on November 23, 2018 6119: 5950:Leaning, Jennifer (October 31, 2000). 5898:from the original on December 28, 2019 5785: 5750:"Detecting Land Mines: New Technology" 5602:from the original on December 13, 2021 5572:. Human Rights Watch. April 20, 2017. 5444: 5105: 4994: 4929: 4404: 3333:; clearance inhibited by boggy terrain 2986: 2367:A 14th-century military treatise, the 6449: 6360:Schneck, William C. (November 1998). 6248: 6236:from the original on October 19, 2018 6188:from the original on January 16, 2019 6178:"The penguins that would not explode" 6039: 6006:from the original on November 6, 2021 5767:Milliken, Mary (September 28, 2005). 5620: 5550:from the original on October 11, 2017 5542:Cousins, Sophie (February 20, 2015). 5493:from the original on October 11, 2017 5456:Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor 5163:Gault, Matthew (September 20, 2015). 5162: 4983: 4861:from the original on January 27, 2021 4830:from the original on January 26, 2021 4775: 4750: 4738: 4637: 4541: 4526: 4395: 4389: 4297: 3356:(DMZs) of likely flashpoints such as 3126:difference between friendly and enemy 2927:shape to slow its descent, while the 2159:. Overlapping both categories is the 6422:Detecting Land Mines: New Technology 6348:. Research Note 9906. Archived from 5864:from the original on April 12, 2016. 5854:"Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention" 5747: 5728: 5070: 4788:Gwladys Fouche (November 27, 2019). 4261:participating institution membership 3981: 3642:Other techniques involve the use of 3424: 3178:insofar as some mines have optional 2844:("Dingbat"). The Americans used the 2211: 7860:Weapons Storage and Security System 6372:from the original on August 3, 2020 5729:Mott, Maryann (February 10, 2004). 5576:from the original on March 22, 2018 5462:from the original on August 3, 2020 5346:from the original on August 2, 2020 5263:"U.S. Bets on Land Mine Technology" 4677:from the original on August 3, 2020 4477:International Mine Action Standards 3910: 3596:, was used by the Allies alongside 2896:In 1948, the British developed the 2781:. In 1944, the Germans created the 2677: 13: 6475: 6097:10.1111/j.1549-0831.2003.tb00133.x 6042:Land Degradation & Development 5834:from the original on March 6, 2016 5649:, Worthing, England 1986, Page 221 5523:from the original on March 7, 2018 5213:from the original on June 20, 2019 4800:from the original on April 8, 2020 4285:from the original on March 6, 2016 4275:"States parties to the convention" 4221:from the original on July 30, 2019 4136:Uzbek-Tajikistan border minefields 3756:Convention on Conventional Weapons 3413:, which is itself an annex to the 3211: 2614: 2533: 14: 8407: 6386: 5928:from the original on June 4, 2019 5886:Human Rights Watch (April 1997). 5175:from the original on June 9, 2019 5144:from the original on June 9, 2019 4919:from the original on May 5, 2024. 4665:Schneck, William C. (July 1998). 4484:from the original on May 30, 2019 4392:, Chapter 3: High-explosive mines 4315:from the original on May 30, 2019 3526:Some minefields are specifically 3165:Examples of anti-handling devices 2700:, particularly in the deserts of 8359: 8358: 6303:. New York: Human Rights Watch. 5748:Grad, Paul (February 14, 2009). 5106:Srubas, Paul (January 8, 2019). 4446:from the original on May 1, 2019 3930: 3901: 3800: 3758:(CCW). The countries are China, 3569:educating children on mines and 3452:mine-protected armoured vehicles 2993:2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine 2429: 104: 6170: 6076: 5992: 5910: 5879: 5868: 5846: 5816: 5798: 5786:Teller, Matthew (May 7, 2017). 5779: 5760: 5741: 5722: 5704: 5677: 5652: 5639: 5614: 5588: 5562: 5535: 5505: 5474: 5384: 5358: 5328: 5279: 5271:. April 4, 2004. Archived from 5240: 5225: 5156: 5125: 5099: 5064: 5038: 5013: 4988: 4977: 4951: 4930:Haroun, Azmi (April 14, 2022). 4923: 4901: 4873: 4842: 4812: 4781: 4713: 4701: 4689: 4603: 4520: 4508: 4496: 4086:Bulgarian anti-helicopter mines 3988:Convention on Cluster Munitions 3795:Convention on Cluster Munitions 3604:when 500 units were shipped to 3482: 3477:Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) 2652:Between world wars, the future 2600:(1899–1903), they succeeded in 2263:in 1314, and by Germans at the 6437:"Landmines: A Survivor's Tale" 6322:. Cambridge University Press. 5824:"Ensuring universal adherence" 5132:Edwards, Rob (July 16, 2003). 4429: 4267: 4233: 4203: 4173: 3592:. His invention, known as the 3511:or airplanes, or ejected from 3194: 2923:was small and had a flattened 2913:Wide area anti-personnel mines 2588:The British used mines in the 2490:Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 1: 7755:British "hedgehog" road block 6424:, by Paul Grad. Published by 6203: 3884: 3031:For a few decades during the 2512:Confederate brigadier general 2298:; in Japan they are known as 2127: 2098:which is dangerous to cross. 5663:. T. Modelski. p. 221. 4999:. Springer. pp. 33–34. 4640:, Chapter 2: Gunpowder mines 4051:Intelligent Munitions System 3723:The treaty does not include 3282:wheels of armored vehicles. 3063:Characteristics and function 2320: 2309: 2286:to slow down the advance of 2255:. His forces were besieging 2194:abandoned explosive ordnance 7: 8165:Cities with defensive walls 7750:Defensive fighting position 7665: 7470: 7280: 7226: 7087: 7078: 7044: 7035: 6890: 6427:Asian Surveying and Mapping 6404:Detector Spots Buried Mines 5711:APOPO Landmine Removal Rats 5688:: when Hitler fought Stalin 5304:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014697 5251:. Humanitarian Mine Action. 4348:. University of Minnesota. 4019:Improvised explosive device 3976: 3602:Second Battle of El Alamein 3550: 3473:Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) 3436:Mined areas are not marked. 3305:and lower body mutilation. 3037:atomic demolition munitions 3026:Chemical Weapons Convention 2949:Family of Scatterable Mines 2816: 2735:Second Battle of El Alamein 2227:Some fortifications in the 2162:improvised explosive device 1523:Military–industrial complex 1002:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 8412: 6299:Landmines: a Deadly Legacy 5875:Landmines: a Deadly Legacy 5773:Environmental News Network 5659:Modelski, Tadeusz (1986). 4995:Spiers, Edward M. (1989). 4515:GICHD Guide to Mine Action 4503:GICHD Guide to Mine Action 4131:Land mines in North Africa 3893:has recorded over 120,000 3876: 3670: 3554: 3507:Mines may be dropped from 3308: 3297:were recently reported in 3263: 3215: 3198: 3154: 2941:SB-33 anti-personnel mines 2356:, an explosive mixture of 2313: 2294:was wounded by one in the 2202: 36: 32:Minefield (disambiguation) 29: 25:Land mine (disambiguation) 18: 8349: 8279: 8203: 8147: 8081: 7967: 7872: 7795:Hardened aircraft shelter 7770:Entry control point (ECP) 7682: 7593: 7309: 7302: 6734: 6483: 5716:January 31, 2010, at the 5085:10.1080/03071840802103306 4248:Oxford English Dictionary 3865:, Russia, Singapore, and 3746:Korean Demilitarized Zone 3720:in 1997 for its efforts. 3619:on the eastern border of 3491:Minefield warning on the 3409:under Protocol II of the 2716:mines mounted on stakes. 2407:in Europe as sketched by 2190:Explosive remnants of war 1587:Loss-of-strength gradient 444:Combat information center 8292:Continuity of government 6318:Needham, Joseph (1987). 6140:10.1179/oeh.2000.6.3.243 5623:The history of landmines 4855:Arms Control Association 4305:"Article 2: Definitions" 4167: 3948:Land mines can threaten 3606:Field Marshal Montgomery 3584:practice mine clearance. 3448:South African Border War 2955:Middle eastern conflicts 2898:No. 6 antipersonnel mine 2741:", they were covered by 2169:Remotely delivered mines 1905:Military science fiction 1390:Technology and equipment 811:List of military tactics 37:Not to be confused with 8114:Motte-and-bailey castle 7820:Missile launch facility 7815:Main line of resistance 6510: 5894:(Report). Vol. 9. 5858:apminebanconvention.org 5198:"1. Conventional mines" 4405:Keeley, Robert (2017). 4253:Oxford University Press 4154:Mine clearance agencies 3889:From 1999 to 2017, the 3774:and the United States. 2623:Cutaway diagram of the 2548:Frederick Augustus Abel 2265:Battle of Passchendaele 2192:(ERW) include UXOs and 1973:Wartime sexual violence 1729:Full-spectrum dominance 1540:Supply-chain management 8190:Military installations 8054: 8035: 8026: 8017: 7935: 7606: 7581: 7557: 7547:Scarp and Counterscarp 7518: 7509: 7494: 7461: 7447: 7418: 7389: 7380: 7356: 7317: 7122: 7103: 7021: 6970: 6961: 6917: 6908: 6899: 6836: 6822: 6813: 6759: 6718: 6705: 6696: 6687: 6673: 6633: 6619: 6555: 6546: 6537: 6528: 6519: 6501: 6441:Journal of Mine Action 6213:A Guide to Mine Action 5683:Laurence Rees (1999). 4720:Roy & Friesen 1999 4708:Roy & Friesen 1999 4696:Roy & Friesen 1999 4121:Land mines in Cambodia 4106: 4008:Mine Protected Vehicle 3961:Chemical contamination 3957:loss of biodiversity. 3682: 3667:International treaties 3631:specifically to evade 3629:non-metallic materials 3585: 3573: 3496: 3334: 3322: 3278: 3166: 3096: 3088: 2893: 2829: 2693: 2627: 2350: 2336: 2224: 1885:Awards and decorations 1858:Peace through strength 1833:Low-intensity conflict 1467:Conscientious objector 1340:Area of responsibility 74: 62: 23:. For other uses, see 7959:Floating water castle 7690:Admiralty scaffolding 6983:Fortified buildings ( 6000:Landmine Monitor 2018 5756:on February 13, 2009. 5169:The National Interest 4099: 4003:List of global issues 3680: 3579: 3564: 3490: 3328: 3316: 3273: 3189:render safe procedure 3164: 3151:Anti-handling devices 3095:Diagram of components 3094: 3070: 3035:, the U.S. developed 2945:SB-81 anti-tank mines 2888: 2824: 2728:anti-handling devices 2685: 2622: 2342: 2328: 2261:Battle of Bannockburn 2219: 2124:are not signatories. 477:Torpedo data computer 467:Ship gun fire-control 68: 49: 8302:Subterranean warfare 7255:Viking ring fortress 6249:Croll, Mike (2008). 5812:. November 14, 2020. 5737:on February 2, 2018. 5621:Croll, Mike (1998). 4346:Human Rights Library 4181:"Types of landmines" 4148:Mines Advisory Group 4046:Blast resistant mine 3944:Loss of biodiversity 3925:loss of biodiversity 3917:Asmeret Asefaw Berhe 3594:Polish mine detector 3260:Anti-personnel mines 3176:anti-handling device 3157:Anti-handling device 3085:anti-handling device 3079:, and the secondary 3003:Chemical and nuclear 2799:Snake and the Conger 2768:(antipersonnel) and 2762:Polish mine detector 2743:88 mm anti-tank guns 2453:Another device, the 2377:), describes hollow 2316:History of gunpowder 2003:Military occupations 1838:Military engineering 1740:Unrestricted Warfare 1597:Force multiplication 495:Military manoeuvrers 8119:Quadrangular castle 7855:Weapon storage area 7211:Quadrangular castle 5372:. February 19, 2023 4251:(Online ed.). 4126:Landmines in Israel 4036:Anti-personnel mine 4013:Unexploded ordnance 3787:Unexploded ordnance 3739:Signatories of the 3733:claymore-type mines 3702:, South Africa and 3467:During the ongoing 3354:demilitarized zones 3275:Anti-personnel mine 3266:Anti-personnel mine 3112:, movement, sound, 2987:Invasion of Ukraine 2704:and the steppes of 2666:(also known as the 2632:Franco-Prussian War 2544:Christian Schonbein 2475:American Revolution 2448:Franco-Prussian War 2208:use in land mines. 2184:unexploded ordnance 1689:Penal military unit 1674:Rules of engagement 1350:Command and control 975:Operations research 439:Director (military) 429:Fire-control system 199:Command and control 80:Part of a series on 8386:Chinese inventions 7850:Underground hangar 7635:Fire control tower 7432:Gunpowder magazine 6860:Butter-churn tower 5686:War of the Century 5519:. March 30, 2017. 4963:Human Rights Watch 4888:Human Rights Watch 4824:Human Rights Watch 4600:, pp. 203–204 4561:, pp. 192–193 4107: 4104:Advanced Bomb Suit 4066:Minimum metal mine 4056:List of land mines 3993:Countermine System 3807:Human Rights Watch 3683: 3598:mechanical methods 3586: 3574: 3565:School posters in 3497: 3415:Geneva Conventions 3344:To act as passive 3335: 3323: 3287:asymmetric warfare 3279: 3167: 3097: 3089: 2921:BLU-43 Dragontooth 2894: 2830: 2694: 2628: 2609:Russo-Japanese War 2519:Battle of Yorktown 2508:American Civil War 2486:command initiation 2375:Fire Dragon Manual 2351: 2337: 2225: 2118:Russian Federation 1798:Counter-insurgency 1719:Command of the sea 1664:Jewish laws on war 1639:Geneva Conventions 1175:Divide and conquer 970:Military operation 935:Tactical objective 434:Fire-control radar 411:Electronic-warfare 75: 63: 8391:Explosive weapons 8373: 8372: 8297:Military urbanism 8231:Fortified gateway 8104:Concentric castle 7868: 7867: 7785:Fire support base 7625:Coastal artillery 7500:(Spanish America) 7094: 6936:Concentric castle 6355:on June 26, 2008. 5645:Tadeusz Modelski 5437:978-1-928211-17-4 5342:. July 13, 2013. 5275:on July 29, 2022. 4826:. December 2002. 4611:Wubei Huolongjing 4609:According to the 4259:(Subscription or 4164: 4163: 3915:From a study by 3791:cluster munitions 3785:Submunitions and 3762:, India, Israel, 3718:Nobel Peace Prize 3706:working with the 3617:Operation Kottbus 3613:Curt von Gottberg 3425:Guerrilla warfare 3374:internal conflict 3235:catastrophic kill 3020:, which used the 3018:M23 chemical mine 2795:Bangalore torpedo 2590:Siege of Khartoum 2409:Leonardo da Vinci 2382:cannonball shells 2362:potassium nitrate 2302:and were used by 2284:Battle of Zhongdu 2212:Before explosives 2076: 2075: 1968:Horses in warfare 1915:Anti-war movement 1818:Gunboat diplomacy 1808:Disaster response 1756:Philosophy of war 1751:Principles of war 1724:Deterrence theory 1669:Right of conquest 1592:Lanchester's laws 1360:Principles of war 1050:Counter-offensive 1035:Military campaign 940:Target saturation 863:Counterinsurgency 472:Gun data computer 406:Close air support 368:Aircraft carriers 8403: 8362: 8361: 8355: 8246:National redoubt 8175:Fortified estate 8099:Circular rampart 8059: 8040: 8031: 8022: 7940: 7700:Anti-tank trench 7695:Air raid shelter 7670: 7630:Disappearing gun 7611: 7586: 7562: 7523: 7514: 7499: 7475: 7466: 7452: 7423: 7394: 7385: 7361: 7322: 7307: 7306: 7285: 7265:Bailey (or ward) 7231: 7136:Motte-and-bailey 7127: 7108: 7092: 7084: 7083: 7049: 7040: 7026: 6975: 6966: 6922: 6913: 6904: 6895: 6841: 6827: 6818: 6764: 6721: 6710: 6701: 6692: 6678: 6638: 6624: 6564:Circular rampart 6560: 6551: 6542: 6533: 6524: 6515: 6506: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6447: 6446: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6356: 6354: 6343: 6333: 6314: 6302: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6281: 6274: 6264: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6235: 6226:978-2940369-48-5 6218: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6037: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6011: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5979: 5962:(9): 1157–1161. 5947: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5883: 5877: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5726: 5720: 5708: 5702: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5656: 5650: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5423: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5315: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5202: 5194: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5073:The RUSI Journal 5068: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5017: 5011: 5010: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4965:. March 29, 2022 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4937:Business Insider 4927: 4921: 4920: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4890:. October 2001. 4885: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4662: 4641: 4635: 4622: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4545: 4539: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4505:, pp. 16–17 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4473: 4465: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4402: 4393: 4387: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4338: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4256: 4244: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4187:. Archived from 4177: 3982: 3921:land degradation 3911:Land degradation 3891:Landmine Monitor 3837:As of 2017, the 3832:General Electric 3652:Falkland Islands 3608:'s Eighth Army. 3469:Syrian Civil War 3396:combat engineers 3381:military science 3014:M1 chemical mine 2846:M6 antitank mine 2698:Second World War 2678:Second World War 2602:holding Mafeking 2594:Sudanese Mahdist 2515:Gabriel J. Rains 2411:around 1500 AD. 2296:Siege of Orléans 2282:in China at the 2253:Battle of Alesia 2174:cluster munition 2088:explosive weapon 2068: 2061: 2054: 1823:Humanitarian aid 1761:Security dilemma 1582:Power projection 1365:Economy of force 1345:Chain of command 1060:Defence in depth 1045:Commerce raiding 868:Defeat in detail 204:Defense ministry 108: 99: 98: 89: 77: 76: 8411: 8410: 8406: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8353: 8345: 8275: 8199: 8143: 8077: 8012:Imperial castle 7985:Coercion castle 7980:Coastal defence 7963: 7925:Promontory fort 7895:Hillside castle 7864: 7780:Fallout shelter 7745:Concertina wire 7725:Border security 7678: 7589: 7298: 6931:Coercion castle 6919:Cheval de frise 6901:Chemin de ronde 6749:Albarrana tower 6730: 6675:Schwedenschanze 6652:Promontory fort 6479: 6474: 6389: 6384: 6375: 6373: 6352: 6341: 6330: 6311: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6261: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6216: 6206: 6201: 6191: 6189: 6184:. May 7, 2017. 6176: 6175: 6171: 6124: 6120: 6085:Rural Sociology 6081: 6077: 6054:10.1002/ldr.754 6038: 6019: 6009: 6007: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5948: 5941: 5931: 5929: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5901: 5899: 5884: 5880: 5873: 5869: 5852: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5784: 5780: 5765: 5761: 5746: 5742: 5727: 5723: 5718:Wayback Machine 5709: 5705: 5682: 5678: 5671: 5657: 5653: 5644: 5640: 5633: 5619: 5615: 5605: 5603: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5579: 5577: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5553: 5551: 5540: 5536: 5526: 5524: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5494: 5479: 5475: 5465: 5463: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5424: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5398:. July 22, 2023 5396:Washington Post 5390: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5349: 5347: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5284: 5280: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5245: 5241: 5230: 5226: 5216: 5214: 5200: 5196: 5195: 5188: 5178: 5176: 5161: 5157: 5147: 5145: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5104: 5100: 5069: 5065: 5055: 5053: 5044: 5043: 5039: 5032: 5018: 5014: 5007: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4928: 4924: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4737: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4680: 4678: 4663: 4644: 4636: 4625: 4608: 4604: 4596: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4548: 4540: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4459: 4449: 4447: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4340: 4339: 4328: 4318: 4316: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4288: 4286: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4258: 4238: 4234: 4224: 4222: 4215:Merriam-Webster 4209: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4192: 4191:on June 2, 2023 4179: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4091: 4081:Wooden box mine 3998:Demolition belt 3979: 3963: 3946: 3933: 3913: 3904: 3887: 3879: 3803: 3725:anti-tank mines 3675: 3669: 3633:metal detectors 3582:Royal Engineers 3559: 3553: 3517:cruise missiles 3485: 3427: 3387:, or to reduce 3311: 3268: 3262: 3231:First World War 3223:Anti-tank mines 3220: 3214: 3212:Anti-tank mines 3203: 3197: 3159: 3153: 3106: 3065: 3005: 2989: 2957: 2819: 2750:Battle of Kursk 2739:Devil's gardens 2710:Mannerheim Line 2680: 2664:Schrapnell mine 2617: 2615:First World War 2586: 2563:angina pectoris 2555:Ascanio Sobrero 2536: 2534:High explosives 2432: 2360:, charcoal and 2323: 2318: 2312: 2269:First World War 2214: 2205: 2130: 2072: 2043: 2042: 1993: 1983: 1982: 1948: 1940: 1939: 1880: 1870: 1869: 1843:Multilateralism 1828:Law enforcement 1788: 1778: 1777: 1746:Just war theory 1704: 1694: 1693: 1644:Geneva Protocol 1614: 1604: 1603: 1577: 1567: 1566: 1508: 1498: 1497: 1405: 1395: 1394: 1335: 1325: 1324: 1290: 1280: 1279: 1210:Network-centric 1130: 1120: 1119: 1027: 1017: 1016: 965: 955: 954: 903:Rapid dominance 808: 798: 797: 753:Electromagnetic 662: 652: 651: 638: 591: 539: 515: 505: 504: 500:Combat training 481: 458: 424:Combat systems: 420: 382: 378:Auxiliary ships 344: 304: 300:Military police 266: 189: 179: 178: 118: 92: 91: 90: 85: 42: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8409: 8399: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8367: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8343: 8342: 8341: 8331: 8329:Trench warfare 8326: 8324:Tunnel warfare 8321: 8320: 8319: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8283: 8281: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8207: 8205: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8180:Fortifications 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8151: 8149: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8032: 8023: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7997: 7992: 7990:Counter-castle 7987: 7982: 7977: 7975:Border barrier 7971: 7969: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7910:Lowland castle 7907: 7902: 7900:Hilltop castle 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7775:Electric fence 7772: 7767: 7765:Dragon's teeth 7762: 7760:Czech hedgehog 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7686: 7684: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7674:Wire obstacles 7671: 7662: 7660:Polygonal fort 7657: 7652: 7650:Martello tower 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7615:Border outpost 7612: 7603: 7597: 7595: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7515: 7506: 7501: 7491: 7489:Polygonal fort 7486: 7481: 7476: 7467: 7458: 7453: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7386: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7313: 7311: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7100: 7095: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7041: 7032: 7027: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7001: 6996: 6981: 6979:Flanking tower 6976: 6967: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6946:Counter-castle 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6914: 6905: 6896: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6833: 6828: 6819: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6740: 6738: 6736:Post-classical 6732: 6731: 6729: 6728: 6726:Vitrified fort 6723: 6711: 6702: 6693: 6684: 6679: 6670: 6665: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6630: 6625: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6584:Defensive wall 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6552: 6543: 6534: 6525: 6516: 6507: 6498: 6493: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6480: 6477:Fortifications 6473: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6433:Ken Rutherford 6430: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6388: 6387:External links 6385: 6383: 6382: 6357: 6334: 6328: 6315: 6309: 6292: 6265: 6259: 6246: 6225: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6169: 6134:(3): 243–248. 6118: 6091:(2): 153–181. 6075: 6017: 5991: 5939: 5909: 5878: 5867: 5845: 5815: 5797: 5778: 5759: 5740: 5721: 5703: 5676: 5669: 5651: 5638: 5631: 5625:. Leo Cooper. 5613: 5587: 5561: 5546:. Al Jazeera. 5534: 5504: 5473: 5443: 5436: 5409: 5383: 5357: 5327: 5298:(7): e014697. 5278: 5254: 5239: 5224: 5186: 5155: 5124: 5098: 5063: 5037: 5030: 5012: 5005: 4987: 4976: 4950: 4922: 4900: 4872: 4841: 4811: 4780: 4755: 4743: 4724: 4712: 4700: 4688: 4642: 4623: 4602: 4587: 4575: 4563: 4546: 4531: 4529:, Introduction 4519: 4507: 4495: 4457: 4428: 4417:(1): Article 3 4394: 4363: 4326: 4296: 4266: 4232: 4202: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3962: 3959: 3945: 3942: 3932: 3929: 3912: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3886: 3883: 3878: 3875: 3810:Italy and the 3802: 3799: 3671:Main article: 3668: 3665: 3555:Main article: 3552: 3549: 3484: 3481: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3426: 3423: 3350: 3349: 3342: 3310: 3307: 3264:Main article: 3261: 3258: 3254:shaped charges 3218:Anti-tank mine 3216:Main article: 3213: 3210: 3199:Main article: 3196: 3193: 3155:Main article: 3152: 3149: 3105: 3102: 3077:booster charge 3073:anti-tank mine 3071:Section of an 3064: 3061: 3022:VX nerve agent 3004: 3001: 2988: 2985: 2956: 2953: 2818: 2815: 2706:Eastern Europe 2679: 2676: 2647:anti-tank guns 2616: 2613: 2585: 2582: 2559:nitroglycerine 2535: 2532: 2497:percussion cap 2471:shell fougasse 2463:stone fougasse 2431: 2428: 2335:, 14th century 2322: 2319: 2311: 2308: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2129: 2126: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2070: 2063: 2056: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2008:Military terms 2005: 2000: 1994: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1881: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1789: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1766:Tripwire force 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1705: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1615: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1589: 1584: 1578: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1520: 1515: 1509: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1486: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1291: 1288:Administrative 1286: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1215:New generation 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1190:Fleet in being 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1131: 1128:Grand strategy 1126: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1115:Scorched earth 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1028: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 992:Deep operation 989: 984: 977: 972: 966: 961: 960: 957: 956: 953: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 921: 920: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 839: 838: 833: 828: 818: 809: 804: 803: 800: 799: 796: 795: 793:Unconventional 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 741: 739:Disinformation 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 710: 709: 704: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 663: 658: 657: 654: 653: 650: 649: 644: 637: 636: 635: 634: 633: 632: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 590: 589: 588: 587: 586: 585: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 538: 537: 536: 535: 530: 525: 516: 511: 510: 507: 506: 503: 502: 497: 492: 490:Basic training 487: 480: 479: 474: 469: 464: 457: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 419: 418: 416:Reconnaissance 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 381: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 343: 342: 337: 335:Special forces 332: 327: 326: 325: 315: 310: 303: 302: 297: 292: 290:Reconnaissance 287: 282: 277: 272: 265: 264: 255: 250: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 190: 185: 184: 181: 180: 177: 176: 175: 174: 169: 159: 158: 157: 152: 142: 141: 140: 133:Post-classical 130: 125: 119: 114: 113: 110: 109: 101: 100: 82: 81: 21:Tunnel warfare 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8408: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8366: 8365: 8352: 8351: 8348: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8335: 8334:Urban warfare 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8287:Civil defense 8285: 8284: 8282: 8278: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8202: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8155:Bastion forts 8153: 8152: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8139:Z-plan castle 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8109:L-plan castle 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8094:Bridge castle 8092: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8063:Refuge castle 8061: 8058: 8057: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8044:Military base 8042: 8039: 8038: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8007:Hunting lodge 8005: 8003: 8002: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7920:Moated castle 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7905:Island castle 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7873:By topography 7871: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7845:Submarine pen 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7800:Hesco bastion 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7715:Blast shelter 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7681: 7675: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7592: 7585: 7584: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7484:Place-of-arms 7482: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7422: 7421: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7308: 7305: 7301: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7284: 7283: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7118: 7117:Machicolation 7115: 7113: 7112:L-plan castle 7110: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7091: 7090: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6845:Bridge castle 6843: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6809: 6808:Bent entrance 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6793:Battery tower 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6744:Advanced work 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6671: 6669: 6668:Refuge castle 6666: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6471: 6466: 6464: 6459: 6457: 6452: 6451: 6448: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6358: 6351: 6347: 6340: 6335: 6331: 6329:9780521303583 6325: 6321: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6301: 6300: 6293: 6278: 6271: 6266: 6262: 6260:9781844685011 6256: 6252: 6247: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6208: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6079: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5946: 5944: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5913: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5882: 5876: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5736: 5732: 5725: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5707: 5701: 5700:0-563-38477-8 5697: 5693: 5689: 5687: 5680: 5672: 5670:9780951117101 5666: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5642: 5634: 5632:9780850526288 5628: 5624: 5617: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5549: 5545: 5538: 5522: 5518: 5517:The Economist 5514: 5508: 5492: 5488: 5487:reliefweb.int 5484: 5477: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5439: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5371: 5367: 5361: 5345: 5341: 5340:The Economist 5337: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5258: 5250: 5243: 5235: 5228: 5212: 5208: 5207: 5199: 5193: 5191: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5143: 5139: 5138:New Scientist 5135: 5128: 5113: 5109: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5056:September 21, 5051: 5047: 5041: 5033: 5027: 5023: 5016: 5008: 5006:9781349198818 5002: 4998: 4991: 4980: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4909:"Afghanistan" 4904: 4893: 4889: 4882: 4876: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4849:IWade Boese. 4845: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4752: 4747: 4740: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4721: 4716: 4709: 4704: 4697: 4692: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4639: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4599: 4594: 4592: 4585:, p. 199 4584: 4579: 4573:, p. 264 4572: 4567: 4560: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4543: 4538: 4536: 4528: 4523: 4517:, pp. 18 4516: 4511: 4504: 4499: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4470: 4464: 4462: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4432: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4399: 4391: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4243: 4236: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4172: 4160: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4142:Organisations 4141: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4101:Bomb disposal 4098: 4094: 4092: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3974: 3972: 3967: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3941: 3937: 3931:Access denial 3928: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3902:Environmental 3899: 3896: 3892: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3801:Manufacturers 3798: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3781: 3780:Ottawa Treaty 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3742: 3741:Ottawa Treaty 3737: 3734: 3730: 3729:cluster bombs 3726: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3714:Jody Williams 3711: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3694: 3693:Ottawa Treaty 3689: 3679: 3674: 3673:Ottawa Treaty 3664: 3662: 3657: 3656:Falklands War 3653: 3648: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3590:Józef Kosacki 3583: 3578: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3548: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3533: 3529: 3528:booby-trapped 3524: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3513:cluster bombs 3510: 3505: 3503: 3494: 3493:Golan Heights 3489: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3397: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3366:its civil war 3363: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3332: 3327: 3320: 3315: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3240: 3239:mobility kill 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3158: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3138: 3137:self-destruct 3133: 3132:inexpensive. 3129: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3101: 3093: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2970: 2969:Islamic State 2966: 2962: 2961:Iraq-Iran War 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2826:Claymore mine 2823: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758:Józef Kosacki 2753: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2724: 2723: 2717: 2715: 2714:fragmentation 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2690: 2684: 2675: 2673: 2672:bounding mine 2670:), the first 2669: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2612: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2524: 2523:Seminole Wars 2520: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2503:(1853–1856). 2502: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2459:claymore mine 2456: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2430:Western world 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2348: 2347: 2341: 2334: 2333: 2327: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2257:Vercingetorix 2254: 2250: 2249:Julius Caesar 2246: 2245: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2223: 2218: 2209: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2153:mass-produced 2150: 2149: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2134:Ottawa Treaty 2125: 2123: 2122:United States 2119: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2109:Ottawa Treaty 2105: 2099: 2097: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2046: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1895:Warrior caste 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1865:Show of force 1863: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1853:Peacebuilding 1851: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1709:Air supremacy 1707: 1706: 1703: 1698: 1697: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1649:Islamic rules 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1629:Court-martial 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1608: 1607: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1528:Arms industry 1526: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1502: 1501: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1399: 1398: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1329: 1328: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1284: 1283: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1145:Broken-backed 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 987:Expeditionary 985: 983: 982: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 967: 964: 959: 958: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 919: 916: 915: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 858:Counterattack 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 823: 822: 819: 817: 814: 813: 812: 807: 802: 801: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 783:Psychological 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 719:Combined arms 717: 715: 712: 708: 705: 703: 700: 699: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 664: 661: 656: 655: 648: 645: 643: 640: 639: 631: 628: 627: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 596: 593: 592: 584: 581: 580: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 558:Fortification 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 545: 544: 541: 540: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 520: 518: 517: 514: 509: 508: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 459: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 421: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 383: 379: 376: 374: 373:Landing craft 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 345: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 324: 321: 320: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 305: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 267: 263: 259: 258:Standing army 256: 254: 251: 249: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 191: 188: 183: 182: 173: 170: 168: 165: 164: 163: 160: 156: 153: 151: 150:pike and shot 148: 147: 146: 143: 139: 136: 135: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 120: 117: 112: 111: 107: 103: 102: 96: 88: 84: 83: 79: 78: 72: 67: 61: 57: 56:bounding mine 53: 48: 44: 40: 33: 26: 22: 8357: 8312:Siege engine 8280:Other topics 8204:Related word 8170:Defense line 8134:Tower castle 8089:Bastion fort 8073:Urban castle 8001:Ganerbenburg 7999: 7954:Water castle 7930:Ridge castle 7915:Marsh castle 7730:Bomb shelter 7710:Belgian gate 7683:20th century 7644: 7594:19th century 7532:Retrenchment 7504:Punji sticks 7413:Entrenchment 7408:Device Forts 7375:Counterguard 7310:Early modern 7240:Tower castle 7176:Powder tower 7151:Outer bailey 7063:Inner bailey 7037:Gulyay-gorod 7005:Ganerbenburg 7003: 6999:Fujian tulou 6941:Corner tower 6880:Chamber gate 6850:Bridge tower 6698:Trou de loup 6426: 6374:. Retrieved 6365: 6350:the original 6319: 6298: 6284:. Retrieved 6250: 6238:. Retrieved 6212: 6190:. Retrieved 6181: 6172: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6045: 6041: 6008:. Retrieved 5994: 5959: 5955: 5930:. Retrieved 5921: 5912: 5900:. Retrieved 5891: 5881: 5870: 5857: 5848: 5836:. Retrieved 5827: 5818: 5809: 5800: 5791: 5781: 5772: 5762: 5754:the original 5743: 5735:the original 5724: 5706: 5684: 5679: 5660: 5654: 5646: 5641: 5622: 5616: 5604:. Retrieved 5590: 5578:. Retrieved 5564: 5552:. Retrieved 5537: 5525:. Retrieved 5516: 5507: 5495:. Retrieved 5486: 5476: 5464:. Retrieved 5455: 5446: 5427: 5400:. Retrieved 5395: 5386: 5374:. Retrieved 5369: 5360: 5348:. Retrieved 5339: 5330: 5295: 5291: 5281: 5273:the original 5266: 5257: 5242: 5227: 5215:. Retrieved 5205: 5177:. Retrieved 5168: 5158: 5146:. Retrieved 5137: 5127: 5115:. Retrieved 5111: 5101: 5079:(2): 64–68. 5076: 5072: 5066: 5054:. Retrieved 5049: 5040: 5021: 5015: 4996: 4990: 4979: 4967:. Retrieved 4962: 4953: 4941:. Retrieved 4935: 4925: 4912: 4903: 4887: 4875: 4863:. Retrieved 4854: 4844: 4832:. Retrieved 4823: 4814: 4802:. Retrieved 4793: 4783: 4746: 4722:, p. 12 4715: 4703: 4691: 4679:. Retrieved 4670: 4615:ferric oxide 4610: 4605: 4598:Needham 1987 4583:Needham 1987 4578: 4571:Needham 1987 4566: 4559:Needham 1987 4522: 4510: 4498: 4486:. Retrieved 4476: 4448:. Retrieved 4438: 4431: 4419:. Retrieved 4414: 4410: 4354:. Retrieved 4345: 4317:. Retrieved 4308: 4299: 4287:. Retrieved 4278: 4269: 4246: 4235: 4223:. Retrieved 4214: 4205: 4193:. Retrieved 4189:the original 4184: 4175: 4158: 4090: 3968: 3964: 3955: 3950:biodiversity 3947: 3938: 3934: 3914: 3905: 3890: 3888: 3880: 3871: 3838: 3836: 3816:Daimler-Benz 3812:Soviet Union 3804: 3784: 3753: 3750: 3738: 3722: 3707: 3697: 3684: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3625: 3610: 3587: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3521: 3506: 3498: 3483:Laying mines 3466: 3445: 3428: 3419: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3378: 3351: 3336: 3284: 3280: 3243: 3221: 3207: 3204: 3168: 3145: 3141: 3134: 3130: 3107: 3098: 3057:Blue Peacock 3041:West Germany 3030: 3006: 2990: 2978: 2958: 2934: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2910: 2895: 2873: 2869: 2858: 2831: 2811:Sherman tank 2807:Matilda tank 2787: 2773: 2766:Schu-mine 42 2754: 2747: 2732: 2720: 2718: 2702:North Africa 2695: 2689:Schu-mine 42 2687: 2663: 2658: 2651: 2644: 2629: 2606: 2587: 2575: 2567:Alfred Nobel 2552: 2537: 2505: 2494: 2485: 2479: 2470: 2462: 2452: 2439: 2433: 2413: 2392: 2390: 2374: 2368: 2366: 2352: 2344: 2330: 2299: 2288:Genghis Khan 2273: 2242: 2236: 2232: 2229:Roman Empire 2226: 2206: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2160: 2157:punji sticks 2146: 2141: 2136:") and the " 2131: 2107: 2100: 2095: 2092: 2083: 2079: 2077: 1978:Fifth column 1958:War resister 1953:Women in war 1848:Peacekeeping 1793:Arms control 1738: 1427:Mobilization 1422:Conscription 1380:Intelligence 1333:Organization 979: 908:Encirclement 788:Radiological 724:Conventional 578:Subterranean 485:Development: 484: 461: 423: 385: 348:Naval units: 347: 340:Signal corps 307: 285:Intelligence 270:Specialties: 269: 194:Organization 145:Early modern 43: 8211:Castle town 8068:Toll castle 8037:Lustschloss 8019:Kaiserpfalz 7949:Spur castle 7944:Rock castle 7885:Hill castle 7880:Cave castle 7840:Spider hole 7740:Bremer wall 7705:Barbed tape 7601:Barbed wire 7275:Witch tower 7245:Tower house 7235:Toll castle 7221:Shield wall 7141:Murder hole 7030:Guard tower 6647:Pincer gate 6594:Faussebraye 6192:January 23, 6048:(1): 1–15. 5606:January 22, 5402:October 27, 5376:October 27, 4865:January 20, 4834:January 20, 4804:January 20, 4778:, Chapter 7 4753:, Chapter 5 4741:, Chapter 4 4710:, p. 6 4698:, p. 4 4544:, Chapter 1 4242:"minefield" 4211:"Land mine" 3863:North Korea 3851:South Korea 3772:South Korea 3644:geolocation 3509:helicopters 3372:during its 3362:Afghanistan 3346:area-denial 3303:amputations 3277:in Cambodia 3195:Smart mines 3053:Warsaw Pact 3010:mustard gas 2991:During the 2981:Afghanistan 2929:gravel mine 2891:L9 Bar Mine 2832:During the 2770:Holzmine 42 2659:Tellermines 2506:During the 2501:Crimean War 2482:safety fuse 2440:Fladdermine 2393:Huolongjing 2370:Huolongjing 2332:Huolongjing 2300:tetsu-bishu 2292:Joan of Arc 2280:Jin dynasty 1963:War studies 1786:Non-warfare 1714:Appeasement 1679:Martial law 1518:War economy 1457:Transgender 1410:Recruitment 1170:Containment 1055:Culminating 963:Operational 883:Envelopment 826:Air assault 707:Air cavalry 667:Air defence 647:Information 548:Cold-region 513:Battlespace 462:Historical: 308:Land units: 234:Space force 229:Coast guard 162:Late modern 123:Prehistoric 39:Minesweeper 8396:Land mines 8380:Categories 8236:Gatekeeper 8056:Ordensburg 8028:Landesburg 7835:Sentry gun 7790:Flak tower 7720:Blast wall 7640:Gun turret 7537:Sally port 7442:Kotta mara 7382:Couvreface 7346:Breastwork 7341:Blockhouse 7319:Abwurfdach 7270:Watchtower 7260:Wall tower 7216:Shell keep 7166:Portcullis 7161:Peel tower 7146:Neck ditch 7105:Landesburg 7053:Half tower 7011:Gate tower 6956:Drawbridge 6798:Battlement 6714:Wagon fort 6557:Chengqiang 6344:(Report). 6310:1564321134 6204:References 5775:. Reuters. 5236:. Insider. 5112:Army Times 5031:0203168313 4776:Croll 2008 4751:Croll 2008 4739:Croll 2008 4638:Croll 2008 4542:Croll 2008 4527:Croll 2008 4390:Croll 2008 4263:required.) 4076:Smart mine 4041:ARGES mine 3971:accumulate 3895:casualties 3885:Casualties 3820:Fiat Group 3716:, won the 3704:Mozambique 3661:ecotourism 3385:kill zones 3201:Smart mine 2967:, and the 2861:Korean War 2722:blitzkrieg 2528:Union Army 2314:See also: 2179:CCM treaty 2148:booby-trap 2128:Definition 2023:War crimes 2013:Operations 1920:Foot drill 1890:Battle cry 1803:deterrence 1462:Harassment 1437:Specialism 1260:Technology 1255:Succession 1200:Liberation 1135:Asymmetric 1070:Empty fort 981:Blitzkrieg 950:Withdrawal 913:Investment 692:Camouflage 687:Biological 625:Underwater 600:Amphibious 519:Aerospace 386:Air units: 363:Submarines 172:fourth-gen 167:industrial 155:napoleonic 58:); right: 52:Valmara 69 8339:Guerrilla 8082:By design 7830:Revetment 7645:Land mine 7576:Star fort 7403:Crownwork 7398:Covertway 7331:Barricade 6972:Embrasure 6885:Chartaque 6815:Bergfried 6773:Arrowslit 6599:Gatehouse 6569:City gate 6530:Castellum 6496:Acropolis 6368:: 44–50. 6286:March 20, 6240:March 26, 6148:1077-3525 6113:146470055 6105:0036-0112 6062:1085-3278 5968:0820-3946 5838:March 19, 5694:. p.118. 5692:BBC Books 5580:March 19, 5554:March 19, 5527:March 19, 5497:March 19, 5466:March 19, 5452:"Namibia" 5350:March 19, 5093:153830269 4969:April 19, 4943:April 19, 4673:: 49–55. 4619:quicklime 4289:March 19, 4225:March 19, 4195:April 16, 3776:Sri Lanka 3502:artillery 3407:war crime 3172:boobytrap 3122:tripwires 3118:vibration 3114:magnetism 2937:AT2 mines 2561:to treat 2557:invented 2553:In 1847, 2540:Guncotton 2484:. 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