Land mine - Knowledge

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enemy, or for interdiction of supporting units to isolate front line units from resupply. In most cases these minefields consist of a combination of anti-tank and anti-personnel mines, with the anti-personnel mines making removal of the anti-tank mines more difficult. Mines of this type used by the United States are designed to self-destruct after a preset period of time, reducing the requirement for mine clearing to only those mines whose self-destruct system did not function. Some designs of these scatterable mines require an electrical charge (capacitor or battery) to detonate. After a certain period of time, either the charge dissipates, leaving them effectively inert or the circuitry is designed such that upon reaching a low level, the device is triggered, thus destroying the mine.

2694: 2176:(IED), which is "a device placed or fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating explosive material, destructive, lethal, noxious, incendiary, pyrotechnic materials or chemicals designed to destroy, disfigure, distract or harass. They may incorporate military stores, but are normally devised from non-military components." Some meet the definition of mines or booby traps and are also referred to as "improvised", "artisanal" or "locally manufactured" mines. Other types of IED are remotely activated, so are not considered mines. 3173: 3573: 2289:, a weapon 12–15 cm across with four sharp spikes that are oriented so that when it is thrown on the ground, one spike always points up. As with modern antipersonnel mines, caltrops are designed to disable soldiers rather than kill them; they are also more effective in stopping mounted forces, who lack the advantage of being able to carefully scrutinize each step they take (though forcing foot-mounted forces to take the time to do so has benefits in and of itself). They were used by the 3588: 2591:). This had the advantage that it was difficult to detonate, so it could withstand the shock of firing by artillery pieces. It was also advantageous for land mines for several reasons: it was not detonated by the shock of shells landing nearby; it was lightweight, unaffected by damp, and stable under a wide range of conditions; it could be melted to fill a container of any shape, and it was cheap to make. Thus, it became the standard explosive in mines after the First World War. 3689: 2833: 3079: 58: 8371: 3884:(automatically or manually via strategic operators.) Development of systems such as Termite, by arms firm EMC Operations has led to criticism from proponents of past multilateral agreements against the placement of land mines and submunitions due to expectations of similar long-dormancy period issues after systems break or fail after it was announced that vehicles would likely be armed to destroy static targets, rather than focus purely on demining efforts. 3337: 3282: 3658:

to conventional remote control mine defusing robots that operate either through precise mechanical dismantling, electronic destabilization and kinetic triggering methods, fully autonomous methods are in development. Notably, these autonomous methods utilize unmanned ground systems, or more recently subterranean systems such as the EMC Operations Termite, using either outward pressure differentials along system bodies, or corkscrew mechanisms.

3499: 2994:. Only two of Afghanistan's twenty-nine provinces are believed to be free of landmines. The most heavily mined provinces are Herat and Kandahar. Since 1989, nearly 44,000 Afghan civilians have been recorded to have been killed or injured by landmines and explosive remnants of war (ERW) averaging to around 110 people per month. Improvised mines (IM) and ERW from armed clashes caused nearly 99 percent of the casualties recorded in 2021. 4108: 2228: 2897: 3325: 3938:, micro-relief disruption, chemical composition, and loss of productivity". The effects of an explosion depend on: "(i) the objectives and methodological approaches of the investigation; (ii) concentration of mines in a unit area; (iii) chemical composition and toxicity of the mines; (iv) previous uses of the land and (v) alternatives that are available for the affected populations". 3103: 3951:

Similarly, the penguins of the Falkland Islands have benefited because they are not heavy enough to trigger the mines present. However, these benefits can only last as long as animals, tree limbs, etc. do not detonate the mines. In addition, long idle periods could "potentially end up creating or exacerbating loss of productivity", particularly within land of low quality.

77: 2484:). It was triggered by a flintlock connected to a tripwire on the surface. It could sometimes cause heavy casualties but required high maintenance due to the susceptibility of black powder to dampness. Consequently, it was mainly employed in the defenses of major fortifications, in which role it used in several European wars of the eighteenth century and the 2258:, fallen trees with sharpened branches facing outwards. As with modern land mines, they were "victim-operated", often concealed, and formed zones that were wide enough so that the enemy could not do much harm from outside, but were under fire (from spear throws, in this case) if they attempted to remove the obstacles. A notable use of these defenses was by 2719:, where the open ground favored tanks. However, the first country to use them was Finland. They were defending against a much larger Soviet force with over 6,000 tanks, twenty times the number the Finns had; but they had terrain that was broken up by lakes and forests, so tank movement was restricted to roads and tracks. Their defensive line, the 2162:, which the protocol defines as "any device or material which is designed, constructed or adapted to kill or injure and which functions unexpectedly when a person disturbs or approaches an apparently harmless object or performs an apparently safe act". Such actions might include opening a door or picking up an object. Normally, mines are 3006:, both Russian and Ukrainian forces have used land mines. Ukrainian officials claim Russian forces planted thousands of land mines or other explosive devices during their withdrawal from Ukrainian cities, including in civilian areas. Russian forces have also utilized remotely delivered anti-personnel mines such as the 2270:, the leader of the Gauls, but Vercingetorix managed to send for reinforcements. To maintain the siege and defend against the reinforcements, Caesar formed a line of fortifications on both sides, and they played an important role in his victory. Lilies were also used by Scots against the English at the 2911:, a minimum-metal mine with a narrow diameter, making it difficult to detect with metal detectors or prodding. Its three-pronged pressure piece inspired the nickname "carrot mine". However, it was unreliable in wet conditions. In the 1960s the Canadians developed a similar, but more reliable mine, the 3533:

Anti-tank minefields can be scattered with anti-personnel mines to make clearing them manually more time-consuming; and anti-personnel minefields are scattered with anti-tank mines to prevent the use of armored vehicles to clear them quickly. Some anti-tank mine types are also able to be triggered by

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The extents of minefields are often marked with warning signs and cloth tape, to prevent friendly troops and non-combatants from entering them. Of course, sometimes terrain can be denied using dummy minefields. Most forces carefully record the location and disposition of their own minefields, because

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There is a common misperception that a landmine is armed by stepping on it and only triggered by stepping off, providing tension in movies. In fact the initial pressure trigger will detonate the mine, as they are designed to kill or maim, not to make someone stand very still until it can be disarmed.

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identified "almost 100 companies and government agencies in 48 countries" that had manufactured "more than 340 types of antipersonnel land mines in recent decades". Five to ten million mines were produced per year with a value of $ 50 to $ 200 million. The largest producers were probably China,

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technologies. As of 2008 a joint team of researchers at the University of New South Wales and Ohio State University was working to develop a system based on multi-sensor integration. Furthermore, defence firms have been increasingly competing on the creation of unmanned demining systems. In addition

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The Chinese had a lot of success with massed infantry attacks. The extensive forest cover limited the range of machine guns, but anti-personnel mines were effective. However, mines were poorly recorded and marked, often becoming as much a hazard to allies as enemies. Tripwire-operated mines were not

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The history of land mines can be divided into three main phases: In the ancient world, buried spikes provided many of the same functions as modern mines. Mines using gunpowder as the explosive were used from the Ming dynasty to the American Civil War. Subsequently, high explosives were developed for

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Shrapnel, or abrasions of bark or roots caused by detonated mines, can cause the slow death of trees and provide entry sites for wood-rotting fungi. When land mines make land unavailable for farming, residents resort to the forests to meet all of their survival needs. This exploitation furthers the

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operated in command mode and focuses specifically on anti-personnel mines, because these pose the greatest long term (post-conflict) risk to humans and animals since they are typically designed to be triggered by any movement or pressure of only a few kilograms, whereas anti-tank mines require much

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worse, many factions have not kept accurate records (or any at all) of the exact locations of their minefields, making removal efforts painstakingly slow. These facts pose serious difficulties in many developing nations where the presence of mines hampers resettlement, agriculture, and tourism. The

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Manual clearing remains the most effective technique for clearing mine fields, although hybrid techniques involving the use of animals and robots are being developed. Many animals are desirable due to having a strong sense of smell capable of detecting a land mine. Animals such as rats and dogs can

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every day made comprehensive detection and clearance efforts impractical. The only other viable option was the adoption of mine-protected vehicles which could remain mobile on the roads with little risk to their passengers even if a mine was detonated. South Africa is widely credited with inventing

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Such a device is typically detonated automatically by way of pressure when a target steps on it or drives over it, although other detonation mechanisms are also sometimes used. A land mine may cause damage by direct blast effect, by fragments that are thrown by the blast, or by both. Land mines are

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Near mines that have exploded or decayed, soils tend to be contaminated, particularly with heavy metals. Products produced from the explosives, both organic and inorganic substances, are most likely to be "long lasting, water-soluble and toxic even in small amounts". They can be implemented either

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discourage access for agriculture, water supplies and possibly conservation measures. Reconstruction and development of important structures such as schools and hospitals are likely to be delayed, and populations may shift to urban areas, increasing overcrowding and the risk of spreading diseases.

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The use of land mines is controversial because they are indiscriminate weapons, harming soldier and civilian alike. They remain dangerous after the conflict in which they were deployed has ended, killing and injuring civilians and rendering land impassable and unusable for decades. To make matters

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have all contributed to land mine saturation in Iraq from the 1980s through 2020. In 2019, Iraq was the most saturated country in the world with land mines. Countries that provided land mines during the Iran-Iraq War included Belgium, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt, France, Italy, Romania, Singapore,

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from mines, IEDs and explosive remnants of war; it estimates that another 1,000 per year go unrecorded. The estimate for all time is over half a million. In 2017, at least 2,793 were killed and 4,431 injured. 87% of the casualties were civilians and 47% were children (less than 18 years old). The

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Mines forced tanks to slow down and wait for soldiers to go ahead and remove the mines. The main method of breaching minefields involved prodding the dirt with a bayonet or stick at an angle of 30 degrees (to avoid putting pressure on the top of the mine and detonating it). Since all mines at the

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agree that they will not use, produce, stockpile or trade in anti-personnel land mines. In 1997, there were 122 signatories; as of early 2016, 162 countries have joined the Treaty. Thirty-six countries, including the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation and the United States, which

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Minefields may be laid by several means. The preferred, but most labour-intensive, way is to have engineers bury the mines, since this will make the mines practically invisible and reduce the number of mines needed to deny the enemy an area. Mines can be laid by specialized mine-laying vehicles.

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in South Africa. Namibian insurgents used anti-tank mines to throw South African military convoys into disarray before attacking them. To discourage detection and removal efforts, they also laid anti-personnel mines directly parallel to the anti-tank mines. This initially resulted in heavy South

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Anti-personnel mines are designed primarily to kill or injure people, as opposed to vehicles. They are often designed to injure rather than kill to increase the logistical support (evacuation, medical) burden on the opposing force. Some types of anti-personnel mines can also damage the tracks or

3244:. At first improvised, purpose-built designs were developed. Set off when a tank passes, they attack the tank at one of its weaker areas – the tracks. They are designed to immobilize or destroy vehicles and their occupants. In U.S. military terminology destroying the vehicles is referred to as a 3142:

Many mines combine the main trigger with a touch or tilt trigger to prevent enemy engineers from defusing it. Land mine designs tend to use as little metal as possible to make searching with a metal detector more difficult; land mines made mostly of plastic have the added advantage of being very

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was larger. Both were packed by the thousand into bombs. All three were designed to inactivate after a period of time, but any that failed to activate presented a safety challenge. Over 37 million Gravel mines were produced between 1967 and 1968, and when they were dropped in places like Vietnam

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cluster bomb which includes munitions to damage (crater) the runway as well as anti-personnel mines in the same cluster bomb. As a result of the anti-personnel mine ban it was withdrawn from British Royal Air Force service, and the last stockpiles of the mine were destroyed on October 19, 1999.

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Artillery and aircraft scatterable mines allow minefields to be placed in front of moving formations of enemy units, including the reinforcement of minefields or other obstacles that have been breached by enemy engineers. They can also be used to cover the retreat of forces disengaging from the

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mechanism was not fully described until the early 17th century. When the enemy stepped onto hidden boards, they dislodged a pin, causing a weight to fall. A cord attached to the weight was wrapped around a drum attached to two steel wheels; when the weight fell, the wheels struck sparks against

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tactics, they did not make much use of mines. After 1942, however, they were on the defensive and became the most inventive and systematic users of mines. Their production shot up and they began inventing new types of mines as the Allies found ways to counter the existing ones. To make it more

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Access denial can have positive effects on the environment. When a mined area becomes a "no-man's land", plants and vegetation have a chance to grow and recover. For example, formerly arable lands in Nicaragua returned to forests and remained undisturbed after the establishment of land mines.

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by wiping out vegetation and wildlife during explosions or demining. This extra burden can push threatened and endangered species to extinction. They have also been used by poachers to target endangered species. Displaced refugees hunt animals for food and destroy habitat by making shelters.

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also describes land mines that were set off by enemy movement. A 9-foot (3 m) length of bamboo was waterproofed by wrapping it in cowhide and covering it with oil. It was filled with compressed gunpowder and lead or iron pellets, sealed with wax and concealed in a trench. The triggering

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The most prominent ecological issue associated with land mines (or fear of them) is denial of access to vital resources (where "access" refers to the ability to use resources, in contrast to "property", the right to use them). The presence and fear of presence of even a single land mine can

3216:"Smart mines" utilize a number of advanced technologies developed in the late 20th and early 21st century. Most commonly, this includes mechanisms to deactivate or self-destruct the mine after a preset period of time. This is intended to reduce civilian casualties and simplify demining. 3110:

A conventional land mine consists of a casing that is mostly filled with the main charge. It has a firing mechanism such as a pressure plate; this triggers a detonator or igniter, which in turn sets off a booster charge. There may be additional firing mechanisms in anti-handling devices.

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In recent years, arms industry manufacturers have been utilizing non-static mines that can be specifically targeted in order to remove the imprecision of antipersonnel devices, promoting the use of movable underground systems, movable above ground systems and systems that can be expired

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Whereas the placing and arming of mines is relatively inexpensive and simple, the process of detecting and removing them is typically expensive, slow, and dangerous. This is especially true of irregular warfare where mines were used on an ad hoc basis in unmarked and undocumented areas.

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Natural disasters can have a significant impact on efforts to demine areas of land. For example, the floods that occurred in Mozambique in 1999 and 2000 may have displaced hundreds of thousands of land mines left from the war. Uncertainty about their locations delayed recovery efforts.

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the former Soviet Union and the U.S., and were concentrated in the Kurdish areas in the northern area of Iraq. During the Gulf War, the U.S. deployed 117,634 mines, with 27,967 being anti-personnel mines and 89,667 being anti-vehicle mines. The U.S. did not use land mines during the

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Multiple anti-tank mines have been buried in stacks of two or three with the bottom mine fuzed, to multiply the penetrating power. Since the mines are buried, the ground directs the energy of the blast in a single direction—through the bottom of the target vehicle or on the track.

2499:, the ability to detonate a charge immediately instead of waiting several minutes for a fuse to burn, became possible after electricity was developed. An electric current sent down a wire could ignite the charge with a spark. The Russians claim first use of this technology in the 2874:, land mine use was dictated by the steep terrain, narrow valleys, forest cover and lack of developed roads. This made tanks less effective and more easily stopped by mines. However, mines laid near roads were often easy to spot. In response to this problem, the US developed the 3150:, or chemically render themselves inert after a period of weeks or months to reduce the likelihood of civilian casualties at the conflict's end. These self-destruct mechanisms are not absolutely reliable, and most land mines laid historically are not equipped in this manner. 2915:("Elsie") and the British army adopted it. The British also developed the L9 bar mine, a wide anti-tank mine with a rectangular shape, which covered more area, allowing a minefield to be laid four times as fast as previous mines. They also upgraded the Dingbat to the 2536:

in Florida in 1840. Over the course of the war, mines only caused a few hundred casualties, but they had a large effect on morale and slowed down the advance of Union troops. Many on both sides considered the use of mines barbaric, and in response, generals in the

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The use of land mines is controversial because of their potential as indiscriminate weapons. They can remain dangerous many years after a conflict has ended, harming civilians and the economy. With pressure from a number of campaign groups organised through the

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pockets into which standard pull or pressure-release boobytrap firing devices can be screwed. Alternatively, some mines may mimic a standard design, but actually be specifically intended to kill deminers, such as the MC-3 and PMN-3 variants of the

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There are mines that are armed by stepping on them and exploding after you step off - The MS3 is a pressure-release mine or booby-trap similar in appearance to the PMN anti-personnel mine. It has been found in Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Ukraine.

2847:, the members of NATO were concerned about massive armored attacks by the Soviet Union. They planned for a minefield stretching across the entire West German border, and developed new types of mines. The British designed an anti-tank mine, the 2685:. When triggered, this jumped up to about waist height and exploded, sending thousands of steel balls in all directions. Triggered by pressure, trip wires or electronics, it could harm soldiers within an area of about 2,800 square feet. 2645:(1870), it had only been 20 to 30 fragments. Nevertheless, antipersonnel mines were not a big factor in the war because machine guns, barbed wire and rapid-fire artillery were far more effective defenses. An exception was in Africa (now 3180:

Anti-handling devices detonate the mine if someone attempts to lift, shift or disarm it. The intention is to hinder deminers by discouraging any attempts to clear minefields. There is a degree of overlap between the function of a

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campaigned successfully to prohibit their use, culminating in the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, known informally as the

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mine became the most common mine in the war. Mine casings were also made of glass, concrete and clay. The Russians developed a mine with a pressed-cardboard casing, the PMK40, and the Italians made an anti-tank mine out of

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were attached to tanks or cargo trucks, but they did not last long and their weight made the tanks considerably slower. Tanks and bulldozers pushed ploughs that pushed aside any mines to a depth of 30 cm. The

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have become favorite places for penguins, which do not weigh enough to detonate the mines. Therefore, they can breed safely, free of human intrusion. These odd sanctuaries have proven so popular and lucrative for

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together may hold tens of millions of stockpiled antipersonnel mines, are not party to the Convention. Another 34 have yet to sign on. The United States did not sign because the treaty lacks an exception for the

3050:, often referred to as nuclear land mines. These were portable nuclear bombs that could be placed by hand, and could be detonated remotely or with a timer. Some of these were deployed in Europe. Governments in 5118: 4808: 5531: 2155:

is defined as a "munition designed to be placed under, on or near the ground or other surface area and to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person or vehicle". Similar in function is the

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In the First World War, the Germans developed a device, nicknamed the "Yperite Mine" by the British, that they left behind in abandoned trenches and bunkers. It was detonated by a delayed charge, spreading

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anti-tank mines, and fuses separated from mines have all been used for this purpose. Often, single mines are backed by a secondary device, designed to kill or maim personnel tasked with clearing the mine.

2117:, a global movement to prohibit their use led to the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, also known as the 4624:(17th century), the material could burn continuously for 20 to 30 days without going out. Its formula included 1 lb (0.45 kg) of white sandal wood powder, 3 oz (85 g) of iron rust ( 4995:

Smart, Jeffery K. (2015). A century of innovation: The army's chemical and biological defense program (Report). U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command History Office. pp. 16, 43.

5936: 2851:, to defeat rollers by detonating the second time it was pressed. It also had a 0.7-second delay so the tank would be directly over the mine. They also developed the first scatterable mine, the 3135:

are also frequently employed. Most modern anti-vehicle mines use a magnetic trigger to enable it to detonate even if the tires or tracks did not touch it. Advanced mines are able to sense the

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Another specific use is to mine an aircraft runway immediately after it has been bombed to delay or discourage repair. Some cluster bombs combine these functions. One example was the British

3808:(CCM) is an international treaty that prohibits the use, distribution, or manufacture of cluster munitions. The CCM entered into force in 2010, and has been ratified by over 100 countries. 3762:

There is a clause in the treaty, Article 3, which permits countries to retain land mines for use in training or development of countermeasures. Sixty-four countries have taken this option.

3198:. Anti-handling devices can be found on both anti-personnel mines and anti-tank mines, either as an integral part of their design or as improvised add-ons. For this reason, the standard 3035:, in 1960. The Soviets developed the KhF, a "bounding chemical mine". The French had chemical mines and the Iraqis were believed to have them before the invasion of Kuwait. In 1997, the 7765: 3413:

warning signs can be destroyed or removed, and minefields should eventually be cleared. Minefields may also have marked or unmarked safe routes to allow friendly movement through them.

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and mines. Improvised mines gave way to mass-produced mines consisting of wooden boxes filled with guncotton, and minefields were standardized to stop masses of tanks from advancing.

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Land mines are divided into two types: anti-tank mines, which are designed to disable tanks or other vehicles; and anti-personnel mines, which are designed to injure or kill people.

2188:, a device that releases several sub munitions ("bomblets") over a large area. The use, transfer, production, and stockpiling of cluster munitions is prohibited by the international 2375:

was invented in China by the 10th century and was used in warfare soon after. An "enormous bomb", credited to Lou Qianxia, was used in 1277 by the Chinese at the Battle of Zhongdu.

5610: 2796:, an entirely non-metallic mine. They ensured that they could detect their own mines by covering them with radioactive sand; the Allies did not find this out until after the war. 2584:

and developed a safe detonator. Even then, dynamite needed to be stored carefully or it could form crystals that detonated easily. Thus, the military still preferred guncotton.

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in 1942, the Germans prepared for an Allied attack by laying about half a million mines in two fields running across the entire battlefield and five miles deep. Nicknamed the "

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planted in the ground. If they pulled on one of these weapons, the butt end disturbed a bowl underneath and a slow-burning incandescent material in the bowl ignited the fuses.

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of 1904–1905, both sides used land and sea mines, although the effect on land mainly affected morale. The naval mines were far more effective, destroying several battleships.

2889:, a directional fragmentation mine that hurls steel balls in a 60-degree arc at a lethal speed of 1,200 metres per second. They also developed a pressure-operated mine, the 2549:

Starting in the 19th century, more powerful explosives than gunpowder were developed, often for non-military reasons such as blasting train tunnels in the Alps and Rockies.

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concealed under or camouflaged on the ground, and designed to destroy or disable enemy targets, ranging from combatants to vehicles and tanks, as they pass over or near it.

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To create defensive tactical barriers, channelling attacking forces into predetermined fire zones or slowing an invading force's progress to allow reinforcements to arrive.

5501: 4869: 3023:("Yperite"). In the Second World War they developed a modern chemical mine, the Sprüh-Büchse 37 (Bounding Gas Mine 37), but never used it. The United States developed the 6241: 5470: 5183: 4800: 5523: 4479: 4315: 3066:. However, such weapons were politically and tactically infeasible, and by 1989 the last of these munitions was retired. The British also had a project, codenamed 3039:

came into force, prohibiting the use of chemical weapons and mandating their destruction. By July 2023 all declared stockpiles of chemical weapons were destroyed.

2522: 3394:, minefields are considered a defensive or harassing weapon, used to slow the enemy down, to help deny certain terrain to the enemy, to focus enemy movement into 5152: 2878:, a mine that was placed off to the side of the road. When triggered by a tripwire, it fired a rocket. However, the mine was not available until after the war. 2759:

The Soviets learned the value of mines from their war with Finland, and when Germany invaded they made heavy use of them, manufacturing over 67 million. At the

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that would explode when soldiers tried to lift them. They also took a formal approach to laying mines and they kept detailed records of the locations of mines.

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One sign of the increasing power of explosives used in land mines was that, by the First World War, they burst into about 1,000 high-velocity fragments; in the

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types of vehicles by way of a built-in signature catalog. This will theoretically enable friendly forces to use the mined area while denying the enemy access.

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in 1573, three centuries after the Chinese invented the first pressure-operated mine, a German military engineer by the name of Samuel Zimmermann invented the

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Other innovations include "self-healing" minefields, which detect gaps in the field and can direct the mines to rearrange their positions and eliminate it.

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in case of defective connection to the touch hole. These fuses were long and lit by hand, so they required carefully timed calculations of enemy movements.

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One of the greatest limitations of early land mines was the unreliable fuses and their susceptibility to dampness. This changed with the invention of the

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The next generation of scatterable mines arose in response to the increasing mobility of war. The Germans developed the Skorpion system, which scattered

5741: 4632:), 2 oz (57 g) of willow charcoal powder, 6 oz (170 g) of dried, ground, and powdered red dates, and 3 oz (85 g) of bran. 2453:(flying mine). It consisted of a few pounds of black powder buried near the surface and was activated by stepping on it or tripping a wire that made a 6014: 3409:

with mine-clearing equipment can clear a path through a minefield relatively quickly, mines are usually considered effective only if covered by fire.

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by randomly attacking material and personnel. In some engagements during World War II, anti-tank mines accounted for half of all vehicles disabled.

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against Boer forces with the help of a mixture of real and fake minefields; and they laid mines alongside railroad tracks to discourage sabotage.

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more weight (or a combination of factors that would exclude humans). Existing stocks must be destroyed within four years of signing the treaty.

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In the 1950s, the US Operation Doan Brook studied the feasibility of delivering mines by air. This led to three types of air-delivered mine.

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weapons (to deny the enemy use of valuable terrain, resources or facilities when active defense of the area is not desirable or possible).

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and placed in groups, while booby traps are improvised and deployed one at a time. Also, booby traps can be non-explosive devices such as

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force much larger than British strength was held off for ten months, but the town was ultimately taken and the British massacred. In the

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are dropped from aircraft or carried by devices such as artillery shells or rockets. Another type of remotely delivered explosive is the

5606: 4838: 6287: 4454: 3421: 3977:"directly or indirectly into soil, water bodies, microorganisms and plants with drinking water, food products or during respiration". 2510:, developed in the early 19th century, made them much more reliable, and pressure-operated mines were deployed on land and sea in the 5554: 4353:"Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices (Protocol II), Geneva, 10 October 1980" 4229: 2756:

and small-arms fire. The Allies prevailed, but at the cost of over half their tanks; 20 percent of the losses were caused by mines.

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developed a safe method in 1865. From the 1870s to the First World War, it was the standard explosive used by the British military.

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The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction

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The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction

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As an alternative to an outright ban, 10 countries follow regulations that are contained in a 1996 amendment of Protocol II of the

1040: 6356: 4034: 4018: 3719: 3698: 2114: 1467: 5906: 5493: 4861: 2763:, which put an end to the German advance, they laid over a million mines in eight belts with an overall depth of 35 kilometres. 2336: 7581: 6331:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic

5244: 5119:"The horrifying purpose of Special Atomic Demolition Munition units: 'We all knew it was a one-way mission, a suicide mission'" 6420: 6414: 6222: 5175: 3804:

can also function as land mines, in that they continue to kill and maim indiscriminately long after conflicts have ended. The

2252:(lilies, so named after their appearance), which were pits in which sharpened logs were arranged in a five-point pattern; and 5446: 3622:

The Nazis used captured civilians who were chased across minefields to detonate the explosives. According to Laurence Rees "

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to detonate. The high trigger pressure, normally requiring 100 kilograms (220 lb) prevents them from being set off by

2808:, a long thin tube filled with explosives, was invented in 1912 and used to clear barbed wire; larger versions such as the 2767:

beginning of the war had metal casings, metal detectors could be used to speed up the locating of mines. A Polish officer,

6196: 5462: 2656:

Towards the end of the war, the British started to use tanks to break through trench defenses. The Germans responded with

8175: 7870: 4969: 4927: 3487: 1823: 116: 4360: 2317:

from the fourteenth century onward. Caltrops are still strung together and used as roadblocks in some modern conflicts.

5376: 4146: 3766: 3709:

The Treaty came into force on March 1, 1999. The treaty was the result of the leadership of the Governments of Canada,

2018: 1796: 411: 5144: 7990: 7775: 6338: 6269: 6013:(Report). International Campaign to Ban Landmines and Cluster Munition Coalition. November 20, 2018. pp. 49–51. 5724: 5710: 5679: 5641: 5015: 3634:, reported that 'approximately two to three thousand local people were blown up in the clearing of the minefields'." 1472: 5779: 5215: 3534:

infantry, giving them a dual purpose even though their main and official intention is to work as anti-tank weapons.

3003: 1550: 4492: 3363:

Land mines are currently used in large quantities mostly for this first purpose, thus their widespread use in the

2930:) were small steel spheres that discharged tripwires when they hit the ground; each dispenser held 540 mines. The 8200: 4096: 3998: 3805: 3483: 2500: 2189: 1895: 1533: 1320: 165: 5580: 3638:

Anti-personnel mines are most difficult to find, due to their small size and many being made almost entirely of

2990:

Landmines and other unexploded battlefield ordnances, contaminate at least 724 million square meters of land in

6451: 6319: 5040: 3440:

None of the conventional tactics and norms of mine warfare applies when they are employed in a guerrilla role:

2943:

their locations were unmarked and unrecorded. A similar problem was presented by unexploded cluster munitions.

2916: 2816:, which had weights attached by chains to rotating drums. The first version, the Scorpion, was attached to the 1659: 2950:

from a tracked vehicle. The Italians developed a helicopter delivery system that could rapidly switch between

5745: 2076: 1523: 5299:"Injury profile suffered by targets of antipersonnel improvised explosive devices: prospective cohort study" 2506:

Victim-activated mines were also unreliable because they relied on a flintlock to ignite the explosive. The

7423: 6961: 6471: 6010: 4061: 3136: 2716: 2013: 717: 477: 6372: 4677: 3541:

to make clearing them more dangerous. Mixed anti-personnel and anti-tank minefields, anti-personnel mines

3475:, a vee-shaped hull for armoured vehicles which deflects mine blasts away from the passenger compartment. 2882:

defended by pressure mines; the Chinese were often able to disable them and reuse them against UN forces.

2576:

and it turned out to be a much more powerful explosive than guncotton. It was very dangerous to use until

2472:. It consisted of a cone-shape hole with gunpowder at the bottom, covered either by rocks and scrap iron ( 2425:

Another victim-operated device was the "underground sky-soaring thunder", which lured bounty hunters with

8396: 7760: 6841: 6408: 6137:

Newman, Robert D.; Mercer, Mary Anne (July 19, 2013). "Environmental Health Consequences of Land Mines".

5764: 4029: 3984:

in land animals, fish and plants. They can act "as a nerve poison to hamper growth", with deadly effect.

3612: 3305: 3301: 3036: 2959: 2745: 2468:, was not victim-operated or mass-produced, but it was a precursor of modern fragmentation mines and the 2290: 2172: 2023: 1210: 1012: 883: 421: 6230:(5th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining. March 2014. 2528:

deployed thousands of "torpedoes" consisting of artillery shells with pressure caps, beginning with the

8401: 7356: 6443: 5834: 4285: 4141: 3384: 3047: 2485: 1487: 42: 35: 5208: 3466:

African military and police casualties, as the vast distances of road network vulnerable to insurgent

2461:, but were probably not very effective because a flintlock does not work for long when left untended. 7805: 5283: 4891: 4453:(2nd ed.). United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA). February 1, 2015. p. 16. 4258: 3830: 3756: 2809: 2529: 1597: 1105: 454: 328: 182: 17: 7430: 2919:, a plastic mine that was fired from a truck-mounted discharger that could fire 72 mines at a time. 8302: 7380: 3458: 2724: 2048: 1915: 1462: 1155: 973: 821: 6447: 5346: 4199: 8349: 8124: 7830: 7825: 7745: 7542: 7489: 7459: 7216: 7146: 7090: 6667: 6464: 4263: 4164: 2753: 2558: 2503:, and with it the fougasse remained useful until it was superseded by the claymore in the 1960s. 2275: 2001: 1983: 1739: 1298: 1220: 1165: 763: 426: 3626:, the SS-Obergruppenführer who, during 1943, conducted another huge anti-partisan action called 2812:

were developed for clearing mines, but were not very effective. One of the best options was the

8374: 8190: 7780: 7677: 7562: 6746: 5082:

Bird, Matthew D (April 2008). "Nuclear History Note US Atomic Demolition Munitions 1954–1989".

4131: 2712: 2664: 2411:, igniting a set of fuses leading to multiple mines. A similar mechanism was used in the first 1868: 1843: 1565: 1477: 1350: 1225: 826: 803: 249: 148: 4830: 3864:. Another seven states reserved the right to make them but were probably not doing so: China, 8327: 8165: 7947: 7700: 7437: 7260: 6589: 5439:

Surviving the Ride: A pictorial history of South African Manufactured Mine-Protected vehicles

4271: 4013: 3909:

largest numbers of casualties were in Afghanistan (2,300), Syria (1,906), and Ukraine (429).

3199: 2979: 2852: 2271: 1457: 1390: 1343: 997: 960: 923: 841: 793: 677: 487: 295: 204: 6280: 5057:"OPCW confirms: All declared chemical weapons stockpiles verified as irreversibly destroyed" 4448: 8312: 7840: 7466: 7265: 7231: 6631: 6513: 4480:"Glossary of mine action terms, definitions and abbreviations. Second edition, Amendment 9" 4158: 4056: 3927: 3892:

Throughout the world there are millions of hectares that are contaminated with land mines.

3674:

that efforts existed to prevent removal of the mines, but the area has since been demined.

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filled with gunpowder. The wad of the mine was made of hard wood, carrying three different

2326: 1848: 1750: 1607: 1602: 1420: 1385: 1120: 940: 798: 734: 588: 558: 155: 3599:

Metal detectors were first used for demining, after their invention by the Polish officer

2962:(FASCAM) that could deliver mines by fast jet, artillery, helicopter and ground launcher. 2693: 2667:

did little work on land mines, but the Germans developed a series of anti-tank mines, the

2457:

fire. Such mines were deployed on the slope in front of a fort. They were used during the

8: 8406: 8129: 7865: 7221: 6599: 5259: 4221: 4136: 4046: 4023: 3852:

identified four countries that were "likely to be actively producing" land mines: India,

3797: 3581: 3285: 3276: 2642: 2554: 2458: 2454: 2193: 1699: 1684: 1560: 1447: 1425: 1400: 1360: 1270: 1080: 985: 935: 702: 692: 657: 449: 439: 209: 133: 3416:

Placing minefields without marking and recording them for later removal is considered a

2306: 8251: 7860: 7835: 7820: 7815: 7665: 7645: 7442: 7003: 6870: 6614: 6170: 6119: 6107: 6076: 5696: 5323: 5298: 5099: 4491:. New York, NY: United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS). November 2018. p. 20. 4417: 4114: 4076: 4066: 4003: 3817: 3639: 3425: 3364: 3297: 3070:, to develop nuclear mines to be buried in Germany; the project was cancelled in 1958. 2931: 2749: 2619: 2518: 2392: 2033: 1888: 1808: 1729: 1674: 1649: 1570: 1516: 1482: 1413: 1330: 1240: 1145: 1090: 980: 945: 898: 773: 744: 697: 635: 610: 444: 258: 177: 30:

This article is about victim-activated explosive devices. For underground tunnels, see

3131:. Anti-personnel mines commonly use the pressure of a person's foot as a trigger, but 8307: 8266: 8241: 8114: 7795: 7635: 7482: 7068: 6946: 6624: 6567: 6334: 6315: 6308: 6265: 6231: 6162: 6154: 6123: 6111: 6068: 5992: 5987: 5974: 5962: 5898: 5706: 5675: 5637: 5442: 5328: 5103: 5036: 5011: 4320:

Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries – Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, 1997

3935: 3905: 3728: 3627: 3623: 3245: 3087: 3028: 2805: 2612: 2600: 2469: 2465: 2419: 2396: 2372: 2294: 2069: 1978: 1925: 1828: 1818: 1813: 1783: 1766: 1761: 1734: 1679: 1380: 1370: 1365: 1355: 1275: 1265: 1260: 1235: 1205: 1095: 1065: 1060: 1050: 1045: 1035: 950: 903: 873: 712: 505: 482: 416: 6174: 6051:

Berhe, A. A. (August 7, 2006). "The contribution of landmines to land degradation".

5245:"Special forces bomb disposal expert rates 10 bomb disposal scenes in movies and TV" 2824:, was faster, at 2 kilometers per hour; it was used during D-Day and the aftermath. 2038: 8281: 8256: 8185: 8109: 7710: 7705: 7640: 7191: 6995: 6574: 6146: 6103: 6080: 6060: 5982: 5318: 5310: 5278: 5091: 4947: 3931: 3842: 3801: 3662: 3577: 3479: 3391: 3376: 3032: 3024: 2708: 2532:

in 1862. As a captain, Rains had earlier employed explosive booby traps during the

2525: 2263: 2184: 2098: 2043: 2008: 1940: 1833: 1771: 1664: 1592: 1585: 1442: 1375: 1325: 1315: 1190: 1110: 1070: 1055: 1022: 1007: 878: 863: 816: 724: 682: 625: 620: 578: 401: 378: 285: 214: 143: 126: 5257: 4919: 3600: 2768: 8170: 8022: 7995: 7935: 7905: 7790: 7755: 7735: 7720: 7275: 7270: 7238: 6999: 6941: 6929: 6911: 6778: 6759: 6685: 6662: 5728: 4091: 4008: 3981: 3789:, which had adhered to this regulation, announced in 2016 that it would join the 3592: 3406: 3241: 3172: 2886: 2760: 2720: 2573: 2565: 2477: 2279: 2163: 1853: 1838: 1756: 1712: 1654: 1310: 1305: 1195: 1185: 1100: 1075: 1017: 858: 788: 778: 630: 615: 538: 510: 310: 290: 138: 5314: 3661:

The laying of land mines has inadvertently led to a positive development in the

3255:

Anti-tank mines are typically larger than anti-personnel mines and require more

2737:

difficult to remove antitank mines, they surrounded them with S-mines and added

8339: 8334: 8000: 7985: 7920: 7910: 7785: 7770: 7670: 7660: 7625: 7499: 7292: 6989: 6956: 6920: 6736: 6594: 6558: 6188: 3735: 3643: 3527: 3506:, still valid more than 40 years after creation of the field by the Syrian army 3233: 3228: 3083: 2569: 2507: 2028: 1776: 1200: 1160: 1138: 1125: 1115: 1085: 1002: 955: 758: 749: 640: 593: 573: 563: 533: 500: 388: 345: 300: 172: 105: 31: 5672:

The Polish contribution to the ultimate Allied victory in the Second World War

5658:

The Polish Contribution to The Ultimate Allied Victory in The Second World War

5297:

Smith, S.; Devine, Melissa; Taddeo, Joseph; McAlister, Vivian Charles (2017).

5095: 3572: 3300:

conflicts and civil wars of the 21st century, improvised explosives, known as

8390: 8344: 8297: 8205: 8195: 8149: 8119: 8104: 8073: 8054: 7915: 7855: 7810: 7725: 7684: 7494: 7127: 7122: 6855: 6818: 6803: 6754: 6699: 6678: 6487: 6158: 6150: 6115: 6094:

Ribot, Jesse C.; Peluso, Nancy Lee (October 22, 2009). "A Theory of Access".

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Exposing the source: U.S. Companies and the Production of Antipersonnel Mines

5816: 5798: 4352: 4111: 3790: 3751: 3743: 3724: 3703: 3683: 3666: 3587: 3503: 3341: 3264: 3249: 3147: 2971: 2836: 2682: 2657: 2604: 2533: 2430: 2267: 2259: 2144: 2132: 2119: 1875: 1863: 1719: 1639: 1555: 1538: 1395: 1250: 1230: 913: 908: 888: 868: 783: 754: 729: 605: 583: 568: 543: 383: 305: 268: 263: 160: 66: 6350:

Historical Uses Of Anti-Personnel Landmines: Impact On Land Force Operations

6306:

The Arms Project of Human Rights Watch; Physicians for Human Rights (1993).

4418:"Improvised Explosive Devices (IED): A Humanitarian Mine Action Perspective" 3202:

for mines is often to destroy them on site without attempting to lift them.

2775:. To counter the detector, Germans developed mines with wooden casings, the 2242:

were surrounded by a series of hazards buried in the ground. These included

8322: 8180: 8144: 8099: 8083: 8011: 7964: 7940: 7930: 7925: 7740: 7557: 7418: 7385: 7250: 7186: 7161: 7073: 7047: 7015: 7009: 6951: 6890: 6860: 6708: 6166: 5996: 5332: 4625: 3960: 3822: 3739: 3523: 3067: 3051: 2908: 2776: 2699: 2577: 2340:

Chinese illustration of a land mine with eight explosive charges, from the

2298: 2246:, one-foot-long (30 cm) pieces of wood with iron hooks on their ends; 2239: 2207:(AXO), devices that were never used and were left behind after a conflict. 2062: 1988: 1968: 1963: 1858: 1803: 1437: 1432: 1255: 1170: 918: 652: 553: 350: 254: 81: 6429:

Electronic Mine Information Network by United Nations Mine Action Services

5935:. International Campaign to Ban Landmines and Cluster Munition Coalition. 5817:"Falkland islanders celebrate being landmine free - after nearly 40 years" 5721: 5403:"Ukraine is now the most mined country. It will take decades to make safe" 3444:

The mines are not used in defensive roles (for specific position or area).

3263:

or smaller vehicles of lesser importance. More modern anti-tank mines use

8221: 8078: 8047: 8029: 8017: 7959: 7954: 7895: 7890: 7850: 7750: 7715: 7611: 7514: 7285: 7255: 7245: 7151: 7040: 6657: 6604: 3934:

caused by land mines "can be classified into five groups: access denial,

3873: 3861: 3782: 3654: 3372: 3356: 3128: 3063: 3020: 2991: 2939: 2901: 2832: 2800: 2780: 2668: 2594: 2511: 2492: 2380: 2342: 2302: 2167: 1973: 1724: 1689: 1528: 1215: 1180: 893: 836: 739: 523: 244: 239: 49: 6848: 4252: 3688: 3078: 57: 8246: 8066: 8038: 7969: 7845: 7800: 7730: 7650: 7547: 7452: 7392: 7351: 7329: 7280: 7226: 7176: 7171: 7156: 7115: 7063: 7021: 6966: 6808: 6724: 4086: 4051: 3826: 3714: 3671: 3608: 3538: 3519: 3332:

from a Russian-made mine to clear a minefield outside of Fallujah, Iraq

3313: 3211: 3062:

wanted to have nuclear minefields as a defense against attack from the

2955: 2951: 2871: 2821: 2820:

and used in the Second Battle of El Alamein. The Crab, attached to the

2817: 2813: 2732: 2538: 2158: 1930: 1900: 1622: 991: 70: 62: 8226: 6771: 4486: 3336: 3281: 7586: 7413: 7408: 7341: 6982: 6895: 6825: 6783: 6609: 6579: 6540: 6506: 5702: 4801:"Global death toll of landmines rises due to mines laid by militants" 4629: 3786: 3512: 3490:

land mines have been used for both defensive and guerrilla purposes.

3417: 3395: 3182: 2912: 2848: 2550: 2412: 2389: 2364: 2356: 1920: 1744: 1694: 1644: 1634: 1629: 1494: 1285: 1280: 1245: 687: 373: 340: 229: 6064: 3498: 2893:("toe-popper"). These, too, were ready too late for the Korean war. 8139: 8134: 8059: 7900: 7618: 7593: 7576: 7506: 7447: 7375: 7368: 7211: 7099: 6973: 6793: 6788: 6764: 6692: 6672: 6652: 6619: 6403: 4107: 4071: 3857: 3778: 3567: 3450:

Mines are usually placed singly and not in groups covering an area.

3309: 3260: 3256: 3195: 3132: 3120: 3043: 2984: 2975: 2947: 2890: 2875: 2864: 2844: 2793: 2789: 2646: 2608: 2581: 2446: 1935: 1910: 1543: 1175: 1150: 768: 323: 197: 5607:"House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 25 Oct 1999 (pt 12)" 3102: 8271: 8236: 8231: 7569: 7552: 7537: 7521: 7473: 7401: 7346: 7336: 7304: 7206: 7181: 7166: 6936: 6880: 6798: 6645: 6638: 6584: 6456: 3980:

Toxic compounds can also find their way into bodies of water and

3877: 3853: 3774: 3770: 3631: 3380: 3340:

Argentine minefield at Port William, Falkland Islands created in

2860: 2856: 2723:, integrated these natural defenses with mines, including simple 2650: 2587:

In 1863, the German chemical industry developed trinitrotoluene (

2553:, up to four times more powerful than gunpowder, was invented by 2426: 2286: 2232: 1945: 1905: 1669: 1503: 1499: 846: 831: 707: 368: 363: 333: 272: 234: 6262:

Landmines in War and Peace: From Their Origin to the Present Day

5494:"New landmine emergency threatens communities in Iraq and Syria" 3387:. As of 2023, both Russia and Ukraine have deployed land mines. 3328:

A U.S. Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal technician removing the

2885:

Looking for more destructive mines, the Americans developed the

2799:

Several mechanical methods for clearing mines were tried. Heavy

2630: 2227: 8276: 7630: 7196: 7134: 7078: 7056: 7033: 7026: 6902: 6885: 6717: 6549: 6531: 6501: 3834: 3710: 3472: 3467: 3399: 3368: 3312:

to be far worse than with landmines resulting in multiple limb

3267:

to focus and increase the armor penetration of the explosives.

3124: 3059: 3055: 2859:

and tripwire-operated bounding antipersonnel mines such as the

2678: 2635: 2415: 2368: 2254: 2128: 1452: 853: 670: 406: 6139:

International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health

5377:"'I just want my legs back': Myanmar landmine casualties soar" 2896: 2143:

In the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention (also known as the "

8317: 8261: 8005: 7530: 7361: 7201: 6522: 6286:(Report). United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. 4081: 3554: 3461:, leading directly to the development of the first dedicated 3324: 3119:

A land mine can be triggered by a number of things including

3007: 2434: 2408: 2314: 2248: 2124: 928: 464: 459: 6417:

1943, Popular Science article on the "Polish" mine detector.

5242: 5031:

Barnaby, Frank (2003). "9. The spread of chemical weapons".

4447:"01.40 – Glossary of terms, definitions and abbreviations". 7299: 7141: 7108: 7083: 6875: 6865: 6834: 6813: 5258:

Andy Smith AVS Humanitarian Mine Action specialist (2021).

4628:), 5 oz (140 g) of "white" charcoal powder (from 4575: 3869: 3865: 3462: 3457:

Land mines were commonly deployed by insurgents during the

3329: 3237: 3190: 3114: 3091: 224: 219: 5296: 3816:

Before the Ottawa Treaty was adopted, the Arms Project of

2285:

A more easily deployed defense used by the Romans was the

6279:

Finaud, Marc; Finckh, Elena; Hardy, Giezendanner (2015).

3838: 2588: 97: 84:

anti-tank-mines of the German Bundeswehr (inert versions)

6436: 6426: 5929:"How many countries produce mines or cluster munitions?" 5217:

US Army Field Manual 20–32 – Mine/Countermine Operations

2580:

found a way to incorporate it in a solid mixture called

2123:. To date, 164 nations have signed the treaty. However, 76: 5524:"Islamic State is losing land but leaving mines behind" 6305: 6221: 5885: 5063:. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 4525: 4513: 3453:

Mines are often left unattended (not covered by fire).

3248:

while only disabling its movement is referred to as a

2595:

Between the American Civil War and the First World War

2192:. If bomblets do not explode, they are referred to as 5437:

Camp, Steve; Helmoed-Römer, Heitman (November 2014).

4970:"Ukraine: Russia Uses Banned Antipersonnel Landmines" 2839:

with firing device and electric blasting cap assembly

2480:

shells, similar to large black powder hand grenades (

5956: 5954: 5491: 2783:(anti-tank). Effective, cheap and easy to make, the 5933:

Landmine & Cluster Munition Monitor: The Issues

4250: 3086:. Note the yellow main charge wrapped around a red 2703:, the most common mine used in the Second World War 6307: 5896: 5742:"Bees, Giant African Rats Used to Sniff Landmines" 5555:"The treacherous battle to free Iraq of landmines" 5243:Ju Shardlow and David Ibekwe (November 11, 2020). 4251: 2771:, developed a portable mine detector known as the 2541:forced Confederate prisoners to remove the mines. 27:Explosive weapon, concealed under or on the ground 6348:Roy, Roger L.; Friesen, Shaye K. (October 1999). 6278: 5951: 5780:"Penguins Find Peace in Falklands War Minefields" 5436: 5266: 5176:"The Ultimate Weapon of War: Nuclear Land Mines?" 4862:"U.S. Military Did Not Use Landmines in Iraq War" 3825:. The companies involved included giants such as 3723:, launched in 1992. The campaign and its leader, 3236:were created not long after the invention of the 2958:. The US developed a range of systems called the 8388: 2149:Protocol on Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices 41:"Minefield" redirects here. For other uses, see 6728: 5799:"The Falklands penguins that would not explode" 5008:Chemical Weaponry : a Continuing Challenge 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4474: 4472: 3515:from a distance of several tens of kilometers. 3073: 2730:While the Germans were advancing rapidly using 7290: 7236: 7054: 6900: 5441:. Pinetown: 30 Degrees South. pp. 19–34. 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5220:. Department of the Army. September 30, 1992. 5203: 5201: 4798: 2105:typically laid throughout an area, creating a 7945: 7675: 7504: 7480: 7097: 7088: 7045: 6769: 6565: 6556: 6472: 6404:ICBL: International Campaign to Ban Landmines 5763:. Asian Surveying and Mapping. Archived from 5347:"Landmines in Myanmar: Politically explosive" 4604: 4602: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4450:International Ammunition Technical Guidelines 4127:Land mines in Latin America and the Caribbean 3611:, to clear the German mine fields during the 3094:well on the side of the mine designed for an 2354:A "self-tripped trespass land mine" from the 2070: 8064: 8045: 8036: 8027: 7616: 7591: 7567: 7528: 7519: 7471: 7457: 7428: 7399: 7390: 7366: 7327: 7132: 7113: 7031: 6980: 6971: 6927: 6918: 6909: 6846: 6832: 6823: 6706: 6683: 6409:Landmines and international humanitarian law 6136: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 5581:"Yemen: Houthi-Saleh Forces Using Landmines" 5260:"MS3 Anti-personnel blast booby trap device" 5033:The Role and Control of Weapons in the 1990s 4892:"Backgrounder - Landmine Use in Afghanistan" 4654: 4469: 4322:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 3348:Land mines were designed for two main uses: 6715: 6697: 6643: 6629: 6547: 6538: 6529: 6520: 6511: 6093: 5421: 5198: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4548: 4546: 4422:Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction 3692:Party states to the Ottawa Treaty (in blue) 3146:Some types of modern mines are designed to 3027:, which used mustard gas, in 1939; and the 2965: 2707:Tens of millions of mines were laid in the 6479: 6465: 6347: 5967:CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal 5963:"Environment and health: 5. Impact of war" 5744:. National Geographic News. Archived from 4831:"Landmines in Iraq: Questions and Answers" 4730: 4718: 4706: 4599: 4587: 4558: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 3665:. Minefields laid near the sea during the 3650:be trained to detect the explosive agent. 3422:Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons 2653:) where the warfare was much more mobile. 2077: 2063: 61:Examples of anti-personnel mines. Center: 6029: 5986: 5492:Mines Advisory Group (January 11, 2017). 5322: 5035:(e-book ed.). Taylor & Francis. 3971: 3677: 3379:. Since 2021, land mine use has risen in 6373:"The origins of military mines: part II" 6264:(Kindle ed.). Casemate Publishers. 5777: 5669: 5145:"British army planned nuclear landmines" 4767: 4755: 4736: 4635: 4543: 4411: 4409: 4106: 3687: 3586: 3571: 3497: 3375:and Korea. Syria has used land mines in 3335: 3323: 3280: 3171: 3161: 3115:Firing mechanisms and initiating actions 3101: 3077: 2895: 2831: 2692: 2629: 2557:in 1846. It was dangerous to make until 2349: 2335: 2226: 1041:List of military strategies and concepts 75: 56: 6423:detailed article on types of land mines 6370: 6357:Department of National Defence (Canada) 6328: 6281:Addressing Improvised Explosive Devices 5960: 5552: 5142: 5030: 4908:from the original on February 23, 2024. 4859: 4678:"The origins of military mines: part I" 4675: 4608: 4593: 4581: 4569: 4375: 4363:from the original on September 13, 2018 4338: 4035:TM 31-210 Improvised Munitions Handbook 3954: 3850:Landmine & Cluster Munition Monitor 3720:International Campaign to Ban Landmines 3699:International Campaign to Ban Landmines 3511:Mine-scattering shells may be fired by 3270: 3013: 2673:(plate mines). They also developed the 2115:International Campaign to Ban Landmines 14: 8389: 6421:"How Axis Land Mines Work", April 1944 6293:from the original on November 23, 2018 6130: 5961:Leaning, Jennifer (October 31, 2000). 5909:from the original on December 28, 2019 5796: 5761:"Detecting Land Mines: New Technology" 5613:from the original on December 13, 2021 5583:. Human Rights Watch. April 20, 2017. 5455: 5116: 5005: 4940: 4415: 3344:; clearance inhibited by boggy terrain 2997: 2378:A 14th-century military treatise, the 6460: 6371:Schneck, William C. (November 1998). 6259: 6247:from the original on October 19, 2018 6199:from the original on January 16, 2019 6189:"The penguins that would not explode" 6050: 6017:from the original on November 6, 2021 5778:Milliken, Mary (September 28, 2005). 5631: 5561:from the original on October 11, 2017 5553:Cousins, Sophie (February 20, 2015). 5504:from the original on October 11, 2017 5467:Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor 5174:Gault, Matthew (September 20, 2015). 5173: 4994: 4872:from the original on January 27, 2021 4841:from the original on January 26, 2021 4786: 4761: 4749: 4648: 4552: 4537: 4406: 4400: 4308: 3367:(DMZs) of likely flashpoints such as 3137:difference between friendly and enemy 2938:shape to slow its descent, while the 2170:. Overlapping both categories is the 6433:Detecting Land Mines: New Technology 6359:. Research Note 9906. Archived from 5875:from the original on April 12, 2016. 5865:"Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention" 5758: 5739: 5081: 4799:Gwladys Fouche (November 27, 2019). 4272:participating institution membership 3992: 3653:Other techniques involve the use of 3435: 3189:insofar as some mines have optional 2855:("Dingbat"). The Americans used the 2222: 7871:Weapons Storage and Security System 6383:from the original on August 3, 2020 5740:Mott, Maryann (February 10, 2004). 5587:from the original on March 22, 2018 5473:from the original on August 3, 2020 5357:from the original on August 2, 2020 5274:"U.S. Bets on Land Mine Technology" 4688:from the original on August 3, 2020 4488:International Mine Action Standards 3921: 3607:, was used by the Allies alongside 2907:In 1948, the British developed the 2792:. In 1944, the Germans created the 2688: 24: 6486: 6108:10.1111/j.1549-0831.2003.tb00133.x 6053:Land Degradation & Development 5845:from the original on March 6, 2016 5660:, Worthing, England 1986, Page 221 5534:from the original on March 7, 2018 5224:from the original on June 20, 2019 4811:from the original on April 8, 2020 4296:from the original on March 6, 2016 4286:"States parties to the convention" 4232:from the original on July 30, 2019 4147:Uzbek-Tajikistan border minefields 3767:Convention on Conventional Weapons 3424:, which is itself an annex to the 3222: 2625: 2544: 25: 8418: 6397: 5939:from the original on June 4, 2019 5897:Human Rights Watch (April 1997). 5186:from the original on June 9, 2019 5155:from the original on June 9, 2019 4930:from the original on May 5, 2024. 4676:Schneck, William C. (July 1998). 4495:from the original on May 30, 2019 4403:, Chapter 3: High-explosive mines 4326:from the original on May 30, 2019 3537:Some minefields are specifically 3176:Examples of anti-handling devices 2711:, particularly in the deserts of 8370: 8369: 6314:. New York: Human Rights Watch. 5759:Grad, Paul (February 14, 2009). 5117:Srubas, Paul (January 8, 2019). 4457:from the original on May 1, 2019 3941: 3912: 3811: 3769:(CCW). The countries are China, 3580:educating children on mines and 3463:mine-protected armoured vehicles 3004:2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine 2440: 115: 6181: 6087: 6003: 5921: 5890: 5879: 5857: 5827: 5809: 5797:Teller, Matthew (May 7, 2017). 5790: 5771: 5752: 5733: 5715: 5688: 5663: 5650: 5625: 5599: 5573: 5546: 5516: 5485: 5395: 5369: 5339: 5290: 5282:. April 4, 2004. Archived from 5251: 5236: 5167: 5136: 5110: 5075: 5049: 5024: 4999: 4988: 4962: 4941:Haroun, Azmi (April 14, 2022). 4934: 4912: 4884: 4853: 4823: 4792: 4724: 4712: 4700: 4614: 4531: 4519: 4507: 4097:Bulgarian anti-helicopter mines 3999:Convention on Cluster Munitions 3806:Convention on Cluster Munitions 3615:when 500 units were shipped to 3493: 3488:Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) 2663:Between world wars, the future 2611:(1899–1903), they succeeded in 2274:in 1314, and by Germans at the 6448:"Landmines: A Survivor's Tale" 6333:. Cambridge University Press. 5835:"Ensuring universal adherence" 5143:Edwards, Rob (July 16, 2003). 4440: 4278: 4244: 4214: 4184: 3603:. His invention, known as the 3522:or airplanes, or ejected from 3205: 2934:was small and had a flattened 2924:Wide area anti-personnel mines 2599:The British used mines in the 2501:Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 13: 1: 7766:British "hedgehog" road block 6435:, by Paul Grad. Published by 6214: 3895: 3042:For a few decades during the 2523:Confederate brigadier general 2309:; in Japan they are known as 2138: 2109:which is dangerous to cross. 5674:. T. Modelski. p. 221. 5010:. Springer. pp. 33–34. 4651:, Chapter 2: Gunpowder mines 4062:Intelligent Munitions System 3734:The treaty does not include 3293:wheels of armored vehicles. 3074:Characteristics and function 2331: 2320: 2297:to slow down the advance of 2266:. His forces were besieging 2205:abandoned explosive ordnance 7: 8176:Cities with defensive walls 7761:Defensive fighting position 7676: 7481: 7291: 7237: 7098: 7089: 7055: 7046: 6901: 6438:Asian Surveying and Mapping 6415:Detector Spots Buried Mines 5722:APOPO Landmine Removal Rats 5699:: when Hitler fought Stalin 5315:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014697 5262:. Humanitarian Mine Action. 4359:. University of Minnesota. 4030:Improvised explosive device 3987: 3613:Second Battle of El Alamein 3561: 3484:Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) 3447:Mined areas are not marked. 3316:and lower body mutilation. 3048:atomic demolition munitions 3037:Chemical Weapons Convention 2960:Family of Scatterable Mines 2827: 2746:Second Battle of El Alamein 2238:Some fortifications in the 2173:improvised explosive device 1534:Military–industrial complex 1013:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 8423: 6310:Landmines: a Deadly Legacy 5886:Landmines: a Deadly Legacy 5784:Environmental News Network 5670:Modelski, Tadeusz (1986). 5006:Spiers, Edward M. (1989). 4526:GICHD Guide to Mine Action 4514:GICHD Guide to Mine Action 4142:Land mines in North Africa 3904:has recorded over 120,000 3887: 3681: 3565: 3518:Mines may be dropped from 3319: 3308:were recently reported in 3274: 3226: 3209: 3165: 2952:SB-33 anti-personnel mines 2367:, an explosive mixture of 2324: 2305:was wounded by one in the 2213: 47: 43:Minefield (disambiguation) 40: 36:Land mine (disambiguation) 29: 8360: 8290: 8214: 8158: 8092: 7978: 7883: 7806:Hardened aircraft shelter 7781:Entry control point (ECP) 7693: 7604: 7320: 7313: 6745: 6494: 5727:January 31, 2010, at the 5096:10.1080/03071840802103306 4259:Oxford English Dictionary 3876:, Russia, Singapore, and 3757:Korean Demilitarized Zone 3731:in 1997 for its efforts. 3630:on the eastern border of 3502:Minefield warning on the 3420:under Protocol II of the 2727:mines mounted on stakes. 2418:in Europe as sketched by 2201:Explosive remnants of war 1598:Loss-of-strength gradient 455:Combat information center 8303:Continuity of government 6329:Needham, Joseph (1987). 6151:10.1179/oeh.2000.6.3.243 5634:The history of landmines 4866:Arms Control Association 4316:"Article 2: Definitions" 4178: 3959:Land mines can threaten 3617:Field Marshal Montgomery 3595:practice mine clearance. 3459:South African Border War 2966:Middle eastern conflicts 2909:No. 6 antipersonnel mine 2752:", they were covered by 2180:Remotely delivered mines 1916:Military science fiction 1401:Technology and equipment 822:List of military tactics 48:Not to be confused with 8125:Motte-and-bailey castle 7831:Missile launch facility 7826:Main line of resistance 6521: 5905:(Report). Vol. 9. 5869:apminebanconvention.org 5209:"1. Conventional mines" 4416:Keeley, Robert (2017). 4264:Oxford University Press 4165:Mine clearance agencies 3900:From 1999 to 2017, the 3785:and the United States. 2634:Cutaway diagram of the 2559:Frederick Augustus Abel 2276:Battle of Passchendaele 2203:(ERW) include UXOs and 1984:Wartime sexual violence 1740:Full-spectrum dominance 1551:Supply-chain management 8201:Military installations 8065: 8046: 8037: 8028: 7946: 7617: 7592: 7568: 7558:Scarp and Counterscarp 7529: 7520: 7505: 7472: 7458: 7429: 7400: 7391: 7367: 7328: 7133: 7114: 7032: 6981: 6972: 6928: 6919: 6910: 6847: 6833: 6824: 6770: 6729: 6716: 6707: 6698: 6684: 6644: 6630: 6566: 6557: 6548: 6539: 6530: 6512: 6452:Journal of Mine Action 6224:A Guide to Mine Action 5694:Laurence Rees (1999). 4731:Roy & Friesen 1999 4719:Roy & Friesen 1999 4707:Roy & Friesen 1999 4132:Land mines in Cambodia 4117: 4019:Mine Protected Vehicle 3972:Chemical contamination 3968:loss of biodiversity. 3693: 3678:International treaties 3642:specifically to evade 3640:non-metallic materials 3596: 3584: 3507: 3345: 3333: 3289: 3177: 3107: 3099: 2904: 2840: 2704: 2638: 2361: 2347: 2235: 1896:Awards and decorations 1869:Peace through strength 1844:Low-intensity conflict 1478:Conscientious objector 1351:Area of responsibility 85: 73: 34:. For other uses, see 7970:Floating water castle 7701:Admiralty scaffolding 6994:Fortified buildings ( 6011:Landmine Monitor 2018 5767:on February 13, 2009. 5180:The National Interest 4110: 4014:List of global issues 3691: 3590: 3575: 3501: 3339: 3327: 3284: 3200:render safe procedure 3175: 3162:Anti-handling devices 3106:Diagram of components 3105: 3081: 3046:, the U.S. developed 2956:SB-81 anti-tank mines 2899: 2835: 2739:anti-handling devices 2696: 2633: 2353: 2339: 2272:Battle of Bannockburn 2230: 2135:are not signatories. 488:Torpedo data computer 478:Ship gun fire-control 79: 60: 8313:Subterranean warfare 7266:Viking ring fortress 6260:Croll, Mike (2008). 5823:. November 14, 2020. 5748:on February 2, 2018. 5632:Croll, Mike (1998). 4357:Human Rights Library 4192:"Types of landmines" 4159:Mines Advisory Group 4057:Blast resistant mine 3955:Loss of biodiversity 3936:loss of biodiversity 3928:Asmeret Asefaw Berhe 3605:Polish mine detector 3271:Anti-personnel mines 3187:anti-handling device 3168:Anti-handling device 3096:anti-handling device 3090:, and the secondary 3014:Chemical and nuclear 2810:Snake and the Conger 2779:(antipersonnel) and 2773:Polish mine detector 2754:88 mm anti-tank guns 2464:Another device, the 2388:), describes hollow 2327:History of gunpowder 2014:Military occupations 1849:Military engineering 1751:Unrestricted Warfare 1608:Force multiplication 506:Military manoeuvrers 8130:Quadrangular castle 7866:Weapon storage area 7222:Quadrangular castle 5383:. February 19, 2023 4262:(Online ed.). 4137:Landmines in Israel 4047:Anti-personnel mine 4024:Unexploded ordnance 3798:Unexploded ordnance 3750:Signatories of the 3744:claymore-type mines 3713:, South Africa and 3478:During the ongoing 3365:demilitarized zones 3286:Anti-personnel mine 3277:Anti-personnel mine 3123:, movement, sound, 2998:Invasion of Ukraine 2715:and the steppes of 2677:(also known as the 2643:Franco-Prussian War 2555:Christian Schonbein 2486:American Revolution 2459:Franco-Prussian War 2219:use in land mines. 2195:unexploded ordnance 1700:Penal military unit 1685:Rules of engagement 1361:Command and control 986:Operations research 450:Director (military) 440:Fire-control system 210:Command and control 91:Part of a series on 8397:Chinese inventions 7861:Underground hangar 7646:Fire control tower 7443:Gunpowder magazine 6871:Butter-churn tower 5697:War of the Century 5530:. March 30, 2017. 4974:Human Rights Watch 4899:Human Rights Watch 4835:Human Rights Watch 4611:, pp. 203–204 4572:, pp. 192–193 4118: 4115:Advanced Bomb Suit 4077:Minimum metal mine 4067:List of land mines 4004:Countermine System 3818:Human Rights Watch 3694: 3609:mechanical methods 3597: 3585: 3576:School posters in 3508: 3426:Geneva Conventions 3355:To act as passive 3346: 3334: 3298:asymmetric warfare 3290: 3178: 3108: 3100: 2932:BLU-43 Dragontooth 2905: 2841: 2705: 2639: 2620:Russo-Japanese War 2530:Battle of Yorktown 2519:American Civil War 2497:command initiation 2386:Fire Dragon Manual 2362: 2348: 2236: 2129:Russian Federation 1809:Counter-insurgency 1730:Command of the sea 1675:Jewish laws on war 1650:Geneva Conventions 1186:Divide and conquer 981:Military operation 946:Tactical objective 445:Fire-control radar 422:Electronic-warfare 86: 74: 8402:Explosive weapons 8384: 8383: 8308:Military urbanism 8242:Fortified gateway 8115:Concentric castle 7879: 7878: 7796:Fire support base 7636:Coastal artillery 7511:(Spanish America) 7105: 6947:Concentric castle 6366:on June 26, 2008. 5656:Tadeusz Modelski 5448:978-1-928211-17-4 5353:. July 13, 2013. 5286:on July 29, 2022. 4837:. December 2002. 4622:Wubei Huolongjing 4620:According to the 4270:(Subscription or 4175: 4174: 3926:From a study by 3802:cluster munitions 3796:Submunitions and 3773:, India, Israel, 3729:Nobel Peace Prize 3717:working with the 3628:Operation Kottbus 3624:Curt von Gottberg 3436:Guerrilla warfare 3385:internal conflict 3246:catastrophic kill 3031:, which used the 3029:M23 chemical mine 2806:Bangalore torpedo 2601:Siege of Khartoum 2420:Leonardo da Vinci 2393:cannonball shells 2373:potassium nitrate 2313:and were used by 2295:Battle of Zhongdu 2223:Before explosives 2087: 2086: 1979:Horses in warfare 1926:Anti-war movement 1829:Gunboat diplomacy 1819:Disaster response 1767:Philosophy of war 1762:Principles of war 1735:Deterrence theory 1680:Right of conquest 1603:Lanchester's laws 1371:Principles of war 1061:Counter-offensive 1046:Military campaign 951:Target saturation 874:Counterinsurgency 483:Gun data computer 417:Close air support 379:Aircraft carriers 16:(Redirected from 8414: 8373: 8372: 8366: 8257:National redoubt 8186:Fortified estate 8110:Circular rampart 8070: 8051: 8042: 8033: 7951: 7711:Anti-tank trench 7706:Air raid shelter 7681: 7641:Disappearing gun 7622: 7597: 7573: 7534: 7525: 7510: 7486: 7477: 7463: 7434: 7405: 7396: 7372: 7333: 7318: 7317: 7296: 7276:Bailey (or ward) 7242: 7147:Motte-and-bailey 7138: 7119: 7103: 7095: 7094: 7060: 7051: 7037: 6986: 6977: 6933: 6924: 6915: 6906: 6852: 6838: 6829: 6775: 6732: 6721: 6712: 6703: 6689: 6649: 6635: 6575:Circular rampart 6571: 6562: 6553: 6544: 6535: 6526: 6517: 6481: 6474: 6467: 6458: 6457: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6367: 6365: 6354: 6344: 6325: 6313: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6292: 6285: 6275: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6246: 6237:978-2940369-48-5 6229: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6048: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5990: 5973:(9): 1157–1161. 5958: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5894: 5888: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5737: 5731: 5719: 5713: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5667: 5661: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5434: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5326: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5213: 5205: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5084:The RUSI Journal 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4976:. March 29, 2022 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4948:Business Insider 4938: 4932: 4931: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4901:. October 2001. 4896: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4673: 4652: 4646: 4633: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4556: 4550: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4516:, pp. 16–17 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4484: 4476: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4413: 4404: 4398: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4349: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4267: 4255: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4198:. Archived from 4188: 3993: 3932:land degradation 3922:Land degradation 3902:Landmine Monitor 3848:As of 2017, the 3843:General Electric 3663:Falkland Islands 3619:'s Eighth Army. 3480:Syrian Civil War 3407:combat engineers 3392:military science 3025:M1 chemical mine 2857:M6 antitank mine 2709:Second World War 2689:Second World War 2613:holding Mafeking 2605:Sudanese Mahdist 2526:Gabriel J. Rains 2422:around 1500 AD. 2307:Siege of Orléans 2293:in China at the 2264:Battle of Alesia 2185:cluster munition 2099:explosive weapon 2079: 2072: 2065: 1834:Humanitarian aid 1772:Security dilemma 1593:Power projection 1376:Economy of force 1356:Chain of command 1071:Defence in depth 1056:Commerce raiding 879:Defeat in detail 215:Defense ministry 119: 110: 109: 100: 88: 87: 21: 8422: 8421: 8417: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8412: 8411: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8380: 8364: 8356: 8286: 8210: 8154: 8088: 8023:Imperial castle 7996:Coercion castle 7991:Coastal defence 7974: 7936:Promontory fort 7906:Hillside castle 7875: 7791:Fallout shelter 7756:Concertina wire 7736:Border security 7689: 7600: 7309: 6942:Coercion castle 6930:Cheval de frise 6912:Chemin de ronde 6760:Albarrana tower 6741: 6686:Schwedenschanze 6663:Promontory fort 6490: 6485: 6400: 6395: 6386: 6384: 6363: 6352: 6341: 6322: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6283: 6272: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6227: 6217: 6212: 6202: 6200: 6195:. May 7, 2017. 6187: 6186: 6182: 6135: 6131: 6096:Rural Sociology 6092: 6088: 6065:10.1002/ldr.754 6049: 6030: 6020: 6018: 6009: 6008: 6004: 5959: 5952: 5942: 5940: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5912: 5910: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5880: 5863: 5862: 5858: 5848: 5846: 5833: 5832: 5828: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5795: 5791: 5776: 5772: 5757: 5753: 5738: 5734: 5729:Wayback Machine 5720: 5716: 5693: 5689: 5682: 5668: 5664: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5630: 5626: 5616: 5614: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5588: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5564: 5562: 5551: 5547: 5537: 5535: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5507: 5505: 5490: 5486: 5476: 5474: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5435: 5422: 5412: 5410: 5409:. 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4226:Merriam-Webster 4220: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4202:on June 2, 2023 4190: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4102: 4092:Wooden box mine 4009:Demolition belt 3990: 3974: 3957: 3944: 3924: 3915: 3898: 3890: 3814: 3736:anti-tank mines 3686: 3680: 3644:metal detectors 3593:Royal Engineers 3570: 3564: 3528:cruise missiles 3496: 3438: 3398:, or to reduce 3322: 3279: 3273: 3242:First World War 3234:Anti-tank mines 3231: 3225: 3223:Anti-tank mines 3214: 3208: 3170: 3164: 3117: 3076: 3016: 3000: 2968: 2830: 2761:Battle of Kursk 2750:Devil's gardens 2721:Mannerheim Line 2691: 2675:Schrapnell mine 2628: 2626:First World War 2597: 2574:angina pectoris 2566:Ascanio Sobrero 2547: 2545:High explosives 2443: 2371:, charcoal and 2334: 2329: 2323: 2280:First World War 2225: 2216: 2141: 2083: 2054: 2053: 2004: 1994: 1993: 1959: 1951: 1950: 1891: 1881: 1880: 1854:Multilateralism 1839:Law enforcement 1799: 1789: 1788: 1757:Just war theory 1715: 1705: 1704: 1655:Geneva Protocol 1625: 1615: 1614: 1588: 1578: 1577: 1519: 1509: 1508: 1416: 1406: 1405: 1346: 1336: 1335: 1301: 1291: 1290: 1221:Network-centric 1141: 1131: 1130: 1038: 1028: 1027: 976: 966: 965: 914:Rapid dominance 819: 809: 808: 764:Electromagnetic 673: 663: 662: 649: 602: 550: 526: 516: 515: 511:Combat training 492: 469: 435:Combat systems: 431: 393: 389:Auxiliary ships 355: 315: 311:Military police 277: 200: 190: 189: 129: 103: 102: 101: 96: 53: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8420: 8410: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8378: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8342: 8340:Trench warfare 8337: 8335:Tunnel warfare 8332: 8331: 8330: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8287: 8285: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8218: 8216: 8212: 8211: 8209: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8191:Fortifications 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8162: 8160: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8043: 8034: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8008: 8003: 8001:Counter-castle 7998: 7993: 7988: 7986:Border barrier 7982: 7980: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7921:Lowland castle 7918: 7913: 7911:Hilltop castle 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7887: 7885: 7881: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7786:Electric fence 7783: 7778: 7776:Dragon's teeth 7773: 7771:Czech hedgehog 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7697: 7695: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7685:Wire obstacles 7682: 7673: 7671:Polygonal fort 7668: 7663: 7661:Martello tower 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7626:Border outpost 7623: 7614: 7608: 7606: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7526: 7517: 7512: 7502: 7500:Polygonal fort 7497: 7492: 7487: 7478: 7469: 7464: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7397: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7324: 7322: 7315: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7111: 7106: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7052: 7043: 7038: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7012: 7007: 6992: 6990:Flanking tower 6987: 6978: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6957:Counter-castle 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6925: 6916: 6907: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6844: 6839: 6830: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6751: 6749: 6747:Post-classical 6743: 6742: 6740: 6739: 6737:Vitrified fort 6734: 6722: 6713: 6704: 6695: 6690: 6681: 6676: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6641: 6636: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6595:Defensive wall 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6563: 6554: 6545: 6536: 6527: 6518: 6509: 6504: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6491: 6488:Fortifications 6484: 6483: 6476: 6469: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6444:Ken Rutherford 6441: 6430: 6424: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6399: 6398:External links 6396: 6394: 6393: 6368: 6345: 6339: 6326: 6320: 6303: 6276: 6270: 6257: 6236: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6180: 6145:(3): 243–248. 6129: 6102:(2): 153–181. 6086: 6028: 6002: 5950: 5920: 5889: 5878: 5856: 5826: 5808: 5789: 5770: 5751: 5732: 5714: 5687: 5680: 5662: 5649: 5642: 5636:. Leo Cooper. 5624: 5598: 5572: 5557:. Al Jazeera. 5545: 5515: 5484: 5454: 5447: 5420: 5394: 5368: 5338: 5309:(7): e014697. 5289: 5265: 5250: 5235: 5197: 5166: 5135: 5109: 5074: 5048: 5041: 5023: 5016: 4998: 4987: 4961: 4933: 4911: 4883: 4852: 4822: 4791: 4766: 4754: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4699: 4653: 4634: 4613: 4598: 4586: 4574: 4557: 4542: 4540:, Introduction 4530: 4518: 4506: 4468: 4439: 4428:(1): Article 3 4405: 4374: 4337: 4307: 4277: 4243: 4213: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4104: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3973: 3970: 3956: 3953: 3943: 3940: 3923: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3897: 3894: 3889: 3886: 3821:Italy and the 3813: 3810: 3682:Main article: 3679: 3676: 3566:Main article: 3563: 3560: 3495: 3492: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3437: 3434: 3361: 3360: 3353: 3321: 3318: 3275:Main article: 3272: 3269: 3265:shaped charges 3229:Anti-tank mine 3227:Main article: 3224: 3221: 3210:Main article: 3207: 3204: 3166:Main article: 3163: 3160: 3116: 3113: 3088:booster charge 3084:anti-tank mine 3082:Section of an 3075: 3072: 3033:VX nerve agent 3015: 3012: 2999: 2996: 2967: 2964: 2829: 2826: 2717:Eastern Europe 2690: 2687: 2658:anti-tank guns 2627: 2624: 2596: 2593: 2570:nitroglycerine 2546: 2543: 2508:percussion cap 2482:shell fougasse 2474:stone fougasse 2442: 2439: 2346:, 14th century 2333: 2330: 2322: 2319: 2224: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2140: 2137: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2081: 2074: 2067: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2019:Military terms 2016: 2011: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1892: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1800: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1777:Tripwire force 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1716: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1626: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1600: 1595: 1589: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1531: 1526: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1417: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1302: 1299:Administrative 1297: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1226:New generation 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1201:Fleet in being 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1142: 1139:Grand strategy 1137: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1126:Scorched earth 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1039: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1003:Deep operation 1000: 995: 988: 983: 977: 972: 971: 968: 967: 964: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 932: 931: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 850: 849: 844: 839: 829: 820: 815: 814: 811: 810: 807: 806: 804:Unconventional 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 752: 750:Disinformation 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 721: 720: 715: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 674: 669: 668: 665: 664: 661: 660: 655: 648: 647: 646: 645: 644: 643: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 601: 600: 599: 598: 597: 596: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 549: 548: 547: 546: 541: 536: 527: 522: 521: 518: 517: 514: 513: 508: 503: 501:Basic training 498: 491: 490: 485: 480: 475: 468: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 430: 429: 427:Reconnaissance 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 392: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 354: 353: 348: 346:Special forces 343: 338: 337: 336: 326: 321: 314: 313: 308: 303: 301:Reconnaissance 298: 293: 288: 283: 276: 275: 266: 261: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 201: 196: 195: 192: 191: 188: 187: 186: 185: 180: 170: 169: 168: 163: 153: 152: 151: 144:Post-classical 141: 136: 130: 125: 124: 121: 120: 112: 111: 93: 92: 32:Tunnel warfare 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8419: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8377: 8376: 8363: 8362: 8359: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8345:Urban warfare 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8329: 8326: 8325: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8298:Civil defense 8296: 8295: 8293: 8289: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8213: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8166:Bastion forts 8164: 8163: 8161: 8157: 8151: 8150:Z-plan castle 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8120:L-plan castle 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8105:Bridge castle 8103: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8091: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8074:Refuge castle 8072: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8055:Military base 8053: 8050: 8049: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8018:Hunting lodge 8016: 8014: 8013: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7931:Moated castle 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7916:Island castle 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7884:By topography 7882: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7856:Submarine pen 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7811:Hesco bastion 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7726:Blast shelter 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7692: 7686: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7603: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7495:Place-of-arms 7493: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7319: 7316: 7312: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7131: 7129: 7128:Machicolation 7126: 7124: 7123:L-plan castle 7121: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7102: 7101: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6856:Bridge castle 6854: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6820: 6819:Bent entrance 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6804:Battery tower 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6755:Advanced work 6753: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6735: 6731: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6680: 6679:Refuge castle 6677: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6482: 6477: 6475: 6470: 6468: 6463: 6462: 6459: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6369: 6362: 6358: 6351: 6346: 6342: 6340:9780521303583 6336: 6332: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6312: 6311: 6304: 6289: 6282: 6277: 6273: 6271:9781844685011 6267: 6263: 6258: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6219: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6184: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6133: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6016: 6012: 6006: 5998: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5957: 5955: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5893: 5887: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5830: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5718: 5712: 5711:0-563-38477-8 5708: 5704: 5700: 5698: 5691: 5683: 5681:9780951117101 5677: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5653: 5645: 5643:9780850526288 5639: 5635: 5628: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5560: 5556: 5549: 5533: 5529: 5528:The Economist 5525: 5519: 5503: 5499: 5498:reliefweb.int 5495: 5488: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5450: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5356: 5352: 5351:The Economist 5348: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5269: 5261: 5254: 5246: 5239: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5210: 5204: 5202: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5154: 5150: 5149:New Scientist 5146: 5139: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5067:September 21, 5062: 5058: 5052: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5019: 5017:9781349198818 5013: 5009: 5002: 4991: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4920:"Afghanistan" 4915: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4887: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4860:IWade Boese. 4856: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4763: 4758: 4751: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4732: 4727: 4720: 4715: 4708: 4703: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4650: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4610: 4605: 4603: 4596:, p. 199 4595: 4590: 4584:, p. 264 4583: 4578: 4571: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4554: 4549: 4547: 4539: 4534: 4528:, pp. 18 4527: 4522: 4515: 4510: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4481: 4475: 4473: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4443: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4410: 4402: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4311: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4254: 4247: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4183: 4171: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4153:Organisations 4152: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4112:Bomb disposal 4109: 4105: 4103: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3994: 3985: 3983: 3978: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3952: 3948: 3942:Access denial 3939: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3919: 3913:Environmental 3910: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3812:Manufacturers 3809: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3792: 3791:Ottawa Treaty 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3753: 3752:Ottawa Treaty 3748: 3745: 3741: 3740:cluster bombs 3737: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3725:Jody Williams 3722: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3705: 3704:Ottawa Treaty 3700: 3690: 3685: 3684:Ottawa Treaty 3675: 3673: 3668: 3667:Falklands War 3664: 3659: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3601:Józef Kosacki 3594: 3589: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3559: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3539:booby-trapped 3535: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3524:cluster bombs 3521: 3516: 3514: 3505: 3504:Golan Heights 3500: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3408: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3377:its civil war 3374: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3343: 3338: 3331: 3326: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3250:mobility kill 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3169: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3149: 3148:self-destruct 3144: 3143:inexpensive. 3140: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3104: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3011: 3009: 3005: 2995: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2981: 2980:Islamic State 2977: 2973: 2972:Iraq-Iran War 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2837:Claymore mine 2834: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2769:Józef Kosacki 2764: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2734: 2728: 2726: 2725:fragmentation 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2701: 2695: 2686: 2684: 2683:bounding mine 2681:), the first 2680: 2676: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2637: 2632: 2623: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2535: 2534:Seminole Wars 2531: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2514:(1853–1856). 2513: 2509: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2470:claymore mine 2467: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2441:Western world 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2359: 2358: 2352: 2345: 2344: 2338: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268:Vercingetorix 2265: 2261: 2260:Julius Caesar 2257: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2234: 2229: 2220: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2164:mass-produced 2161: 2160: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2145:Ottawa Treaty 2136: 2134: 2133:United States 2130: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2120:Ottawa Treaty 2116: 2110: 2108: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2003: 1998: 1997: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1906:Warrior caste 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1885: 1884: 1877: 1876:Show of force 1874: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1864:Peacebuilding 1862: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1793: 1792: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1720:Air supremacy 1718: 1717: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1660:Islamic rules 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1640:Court-martial 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1619: 1618: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1539:Arms industry 1537: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1295: 1294: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1156:Broken-backed 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1031: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 998:Expeditionary 996: 994: 993: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 978: 975: 970: 969: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 930: 927: 926: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 869:Counterattack 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 834: 833: 830: 828: 825: 824: 823: 818: 813: 812: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 794:Psychological 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 730:Combined arms 728: 726: 723: 719: 716: 714: 711: 710: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 675: 672: 667: 666: 659: 656: 654: 651: 650: 642: 639: 638: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 608: 607: 604: 603: 595: 592: 591: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 569:Fortification 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 556: 555: 552: 551: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 531: 529: 528: 525: 520: 519: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 493: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 470: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 432: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 394: 390: 387: 385: 384:Landing craft 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 356: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 335: 332: 331: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 316: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 278: 274: 270: 269:Standing army 267: 265: 262: 260: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 202: 199: 194: 193: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 174: 171: 167: 164: 162: 161:pike and shot 159: 158: 157: 154: 150: 147: 146: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 131: 128: 123: 122: 118: 114: 113: 107: 99: 95: 94: 90: 89: 83: 78: 72: 68: 67:bounding mine 64: 59: 55: 51: 44: 37: 33: 19: 8368: 8323:Siege engine 8291:Other topics 8215:Related word 8181:Defense line 8145:Tower castle 8100:Bastion fort 8084:Urban castle 8012:Ganerbenburg 8010: 7965:Water castle 7941:Ridge castle 7926:Marsh castle 7741:Bomb shelter 7721:Belgian gate 7694:20th century 7655: 7605:19th century 7543:Retrenchment 7515:Punji sticks 7424:Entrenchment 7419:Device Forts 7386:Counterguard 7321:Early modern 7251:Tower castle 7187:Powder tower 7162:Outer bailey 7074:Inner bailey 7048:Gulyay-gorod 7016:Ganerbenburg 7014: 7010:Fujian tulou 6952:Corner tower 6891:Chamber gate 6861:Bridge tower 6709:Trou de loup 6437: 6385:. Retrieved 6376: 6361:the original 6330: 6309: 6295:. Retrieved 6261: 6249:. Retrieved 6223: 6201:. Retrieved 6192: 6183: 6142: 6138: 6132: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6056: 6052: 6019:. Retrieved 6005: 5970: 5966: 5941:. Retrieved 5932: 5923: 5911:. Retrieved 5902: 5892: 5881: 5868: 5859: 5847:. Retrieved 5838: 5829: 5820: 5811: 5802: 5792: 5783: 5773: 5765:the original 5754: 5746:the original 5735: 5717: 5695: 5690: 5671: 5665: 5657: 5652: 5633: 5627: 5615:. Retrieved 5601: 5589:. Retrieved 5575: 5563:. Retrieved 5548: 5536:. Retrieved 5527: 5518: 5506:. Retrieved 5497: 5487: 5475:. Retrieved 5466: 5457: 5438: 5411:. Retrieved 5406: 5397: 5385:. Retrieved 5380: 5371: 5359:. Retrieved 5350: 5341: 5306: 5302: 5292: 5284:the original 5277: 5268: 5253: 5238: 5226:. Retrieved 5216: 5188:. Retrieved 5179: 5169: 5157:. Retrieved 5148: 5138: 5126:. Retrieved 5122: 5112: 5090:(2): 64–68. 5087: 5083: 5077: 5065:. Retrieved 5060: 5051: 5032: 5026: 5007: 5001: 4990: 4978:. Retrieved 4973: 4964: 4952:. Retrieved 4946: 4936: 4923: 4914: 4898: 4886: 4874:. Retrieved 4865: 4855: 4843:. Retrieved 4834: 4825: 4813:. Retrieved 4804: 4794: 4757: 4733:, p. 12 4726: 4714: 4702: 4690:. Retrieved 4681: 4626:ferric oxide 4621: 4616: 4609:Needham 1987 4594:Needham 1987 4589: 4582:Needham 1987 4577: 4570:Needham 1987 4533: 4521: 4509: 4497:. Retrieved 4487: 4459:. Retrieved 4449: 4442: 4430:. Retrieved 4425: 4421: 4365:. Retrieved 4356: 4328:. Retrieved 4319: 4310: 4298:. Retrieved 4289: 4280: 4257: 4246: 4234:. Retrieved 4225: 4216: 4204:. Retrieved 4200:the original 4195: 4186: 4169: 4101: 3979: 3975: 3966: 3961:biodiversity 3958: 3949: 3945: 3925: 3916: 3901: 3899: 3891: 3882: 3849: 3847: 3827:Daimler-Benz 3823:Soviet Union 3815: 3795: 3764: 3761: 3749: 3733: 3718: 3708: 3695: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3636: 3621: 3598: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3532: 3517: 3509: 3494:Laying mines 3477: 3456: 3439: 3430: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3389: 3362: 3347: 3295: 3291: 3254: 3232: 3218: 3215: 3179: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3141: 3118: 3109: 3068:Blue Peacock 3052:West Germany 3041: 3017: 3001: 2989: 2969: 2945: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2906: 2884: 2880: 2869: 2842: 2822:Sherman tank 2818:Matilda tank 2798: 2784: 2777:Schu-mine 42 2765: 2758: 2743: 2731: 2729: 2713:North Africa 2706: 2700:Schu-mine 42 2698: 2674: 2669: 2662: 2655: 2640: 2617: 2598: 2586: 2578:Alfred Nobel 2563: 2548: 2516: 2505: 2496: 2490: 2481: 2473: 2463: 2450: 2444: 2424: 2403: 2401: 2385: 2379: 2377: 2363: 2355: 2341: 2310: 2299:Genghis Khan 2284: 2253: 2247: 2243: 2240:Roman Empire 2237: 2217: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2171: 2168:punji sticks 2157: 2152: 2147:") and the " 2142: 2118: 2111: 2106: 2103: 2094: 2090: 2088: 1989:Fifth column 1969:War resister 1964:Women in war 1859:Peacekeeping 1804:Arms control 1749: 1438:Mobilization 1433:Conscription 1391:Intelligence 1344:Organization 990: 919:Encirclement 799:Radiological 735:Conventional 589:Subterranean 496:Development: 495: 472: 434: 396: 359:Naval units: 358: 351:Signal corps 318: 296:Intelligence 281:Specialties: 280: 205:Organization 156:Early modern 54: 8222:Castle town 8079:Toll castle 8048:Lustschloss 8030:Kaiserpfalz 7960:Spur castle 7955:Rock castle 7896:Hill castle 7891:Cave castle 7851:Spider hole 7751:Bremer wall 7716:Barbed tape 7612:Barbed wire 7286:Witch tower 7256:Tower house 7246:Toll castle 7232:Shield wall 7152:Murder hole 7041:Guard tower 6658:Pincer gate 6605:Faussebraye 6203:January 23, 6059:(1): 1–15. 5617:January 22, 5413:October 27, 5387:October 27, 4876:January 20, 4845:January 20, 4815:January 20, 4789:, Chapter 7 4764:, Chapter 5 4752:, Chapter 4 4721:, p. 6 4709:, p. 4 4555:, Chapter 1 4253:"minefield" 4222:"Land mine" 3874:North Korea 3862:South Korea 3783:South Korea 3655:geolocation 3520:helicopters 3383:during its 3373:Afghanistan 3357:area-denial 3314:amputations 3288:in Cambodia 3206:Smart mines 3064:Warsaw Pact 3021:mustard gas 3002:During the 2992:Afghanistan 2940:gravel mine 2902:L9 Bar Mine 2843:During the 2781:Holzmine 42 2670:Tellermines 2517:During the 2512:Crimean War 2493:safety fuse 2451:Fladdermine 2404:Huolongjing 2381:Huolongjing 2343:Huolongjing 2311:tetsu-bishu 2303:Joan of Arc 2291:Jin dynasty 1974:War studies 1797:Non-warfare 1725:Appeasement 1690:Martial law 1529:War economy 1468:Transgender 1421:Recruitment 1181:Containment 1066:Culminating 974:Operational 894:Envelopment 837:Air assault 718:Air cavalry 678:Air defence 658:Information 559:Cold-region 524:Battlespace 473:Historical: 319:Land units: 245:Space force 240:Coast guard 173:Late modern 134:Prehistoric 50:Minesweeper 8407:Land mines 8391:Categories 8247:Gatekeeper 8067:Ordensburg 8039:Landesburg 7846:Sentry gun 7801:Flak tower 7731:Blast wall 7651:Gun turret 7548:Sally port 7453:Kotta mara 7393:Couvreface 7357:Breastwork 7352:Blockhouse 7330:Abwurfdach 7281:Watchtower 7271:Wall tower 7227:Shell keep 7177:Portcullis 7172:Peel tower 7157:Neck ditch 7116:Landesburg 7064:Half tower 7022:Gate tower 6967:Drawbridge 6809:Battlement 6725:Wagon fort 6568:Chengqiang 6355:(Report). 6321:1564321134 6215:References 5786:. Reuters. 5247:. Insider. 5123:Army Times 5042:0203168313 4787:Croll 2008 4762:Croll 2008 4750:Croll 2008 4649:Croll 2008 4553:Croll 2008 4538:Croll 2008 4401:Croll 2008 4274:required.) 4087:Smart mine 4052:ARGES mine 3982:accumulate 3906:casualties 3896:Casualties 3831:Fiat Group 3727:, won the 3715:Mozambique 3672:ecotourism 3396:kill zones 3212:Smart mine 2978:, and the 2872:Korean War 2733:blitzkrieg 2539:Union Army 2325:See also: 2190:CCM treaty 2159:booby-trap 2139:Definition 2034:War crimes 2024:Operations 1931:Foot drill 1901:Battle cry 1814:deterrence 1473:Harassment 1448:Specialism 1271:Technology 1266:Succession 1211:Liberation 1146:Asymmetric 1081:Empty fort 992:Blitzkrieg 961:Withdrawal 924:Investment 703:Camouflage 698:Biological 636:Underwater 611:Amphibious 530:Aerospace 397:Air units: 374:Submarines 183:fourth-gen 178:industrial 166:napoleonic 69:); right: 63:Valmara 69 8350:Guerrilla 8093:By design 7841:Revetment 7656:Land mine 7587:Star fort 7414:Crownwork 7409:Covertway 7342:Barricade 6983:Embrasure 6896:Chartaque 6826:Bergfried 6784:Arrowslit 6610:Gatehouse 6580:City gate 6541:Castellum 6507:Acropolis 6379:: 44–50. 6297:March 20, 6251:March 26, 6159:1077-3525 6124:146470055 6116:0036-0112 6073:1085-3278 5979:0820-3946 5849:March 19, 5705:. p.118. 5703:BBC Books 5591:March 19, 5565:March 19, 5538:March 19, 5508:March 19, 5477:March 19, 5463:"Namibia" 5361:March 19, 5104:153830269 4980:April 19, 4954:April 19, 4684:: 49–55. 4630:quicklime 4300:March 19, 4236:March 19, 4206:April 16, 3787:Sri Lanka 3513:artillery 3418:war crime 3183:boobytrap 3133:tripwires 3129:vibration 3125:magnetism 2948:AT2 mines 2572:to treat 2568:invented 2564:In 1847, 2551:Guncotton 2495:. 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