249:), which involved the use of the whole German heavy bomber fleet, flying in waves over London and Paris and dropping all the incendiary bombs that they could carry, until they were either all shot down or the crews were too exhausted to fly. The hope was that the two capitals would be engulfed in an inextinguishable blaze, causing the Allies to sue for peace. Thousands of Elektron bombs were stockpiled at forward bomber bases and the operation was scheduled for August and again in early September 1918, but on both occasions, the order to take off was countermanded at the last moment, perhaps because of the fear of Allied reprisals against German cities. The
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306:); the casing was designed to open at altitude, scattering the bomblets in order to cover a wide area. An explosive charge would then ignite the incendiary material, often starting a raging fire. The fire would burn at extreme temperatures that could destroy most buildings made of wood or other combustible materials (buildings constructed of stone tend to resist incendiary destruction unless they are first blown open by high explosives).
530:, a weapon that was used only once in warfare. Napalm however, became an intrinsic element of US military action during the Vietnam War as forces made increasing use of it for its tactical and psychological effects. Reportedly about 388,000 tons of US napalm bombs were dropped in the region between 1963 and 1973, compared to 32,357 tons used over three years in the Korean War, and 16,500 tons dropped on Japan in 1945.
432:
incendiary pellets. It was capable of burning for up to ten minutes. There was also a high explosive version and delayed high explosive versions (2â4 minutes) which were designed to kill rescuers and firefighters. It was normal for a proportion of high explosive bombs to be dropped during incendiary
471:
for all three purposes, frequently using WP shells in large 4.2-inch chemical mortars. WP was widely credited by many Allied soldiers for breaking up numerous German infantry attacks and creating havoc among enemy troop concentrations during the latter part of World War II. In both World War II and
665:
Munitions designed to combine penetration, blast or fragmentation effects with an additional incendiary effect, such as armor-piercing projectiles, fragmentation shells, explosive bombs and similar combined-effects munitions in which the incendiary effect is not specifically designed to cause burn
240:
and aluminium alloy casing, which ignited at 650 °C, burned at 1,100 °C and emitted vapour that burned at 1,800 °C. A further advantage of the alloy casing was its lightness, being a quarter of the density of steel, which meant that each bomber could carry a considerable number. The
1541:
451:
Towards the end of World War Two, the
British introduced a much improved 30 lb (14 kg) incendiary bomb, whose fall was retarded by a small parachute and on impact sent out an extremely hot flame for 15 ft (4.6 m); This, the "Incendiary Bomb, 30-lb., Type J, Mk I", burned for
345:
In World War II, incendiaries were principally developed in order to destroy the many small, decentralised war industries located (often intentionally) throughout vast tracts of city land in an effort to escape destruction by conventionally aimed high-explosive bombs. Nevertheless, the civilian
334:; later modifications included the addition of a small explosive charge intended to penetrate the roof of any building which it landed on. Racks holding 36 of these bombs were developed, four of which could, in turn, be fitted to an electrically triggered dispenser so that a single
213:. On 8 September 1915, Zeppelin L-13 dropped a large number of firebombs, but even then the results were poor and they were generally ineffective in terms of the damage inflicted. They did have a considerable effect on the morale of the civilian population of the United Kingdom.
492:" in South Korea during the night of June 10â11, 1953. Eighth Army chemical officer Donald Bode reported that on an "average good day" UN pilots used 70,000 US gallons (260,000 L) of napalm, with approximately 60,000 US gallons (230,000 L) of this thrown by US forces.
452:
approximately two minutes. Articles in late 1944 claimed that the flame was so hot it could crumble a brick wall. For propaganda purposes the RAF dubbed the new incendiary bomb the "Superflamer". Around fifty-five million incendiary bombs were dropped on
Germany by
112:, for example, is petroleum especially thickened with certain chemicals into a gel to slow, but not stop, combustion, releasing energy over a longer time than an explosive device. In the case of napalm, the gel adheres to surfaces and resists suppression.
386:, a change to firebombing tactics resulted in the death of 500,000 Japanese and the homelessness of five million more. Sixty-seven Japanese cities lost significant areas to incendiary attacks. The most deadly single bombing raid in history was
201:
The first incendiary devices to be dropped during World War I fell on coastal towns in the east of
England on the night of 18â19 January 1915. The small number of German bombs, also known as firebombs, were finned containers filled with
499:
privately criticized the use of napalm in Korea, writing that it was "very cruel", as US and UN forces, he wrote, were "splashing it all over the civilian population", "tortur great masses of people". He conveyed these sentiments to US
1600:
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had already used their own "Baby" incendiary bomb (BIB) which also contained a thermite charge. A plan to fire bomb New York with new long range
Zeppelins of the L70 class was proposed by the naval airship fleet commander
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302:. Different methods of delivery, e.g. small bombs, bomblet clusters and large bombs, were tested and implemented. For example, a large bomb casing was filled with small sticks of incendiary (
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in very large numbers, declining slightly in 1944 to 35.8 million bombs produced (the decline being due to more bombs arriving from the United States). It was the weapon of choice for the
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Protocol III to the
Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects
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541:. It takes very high temperatures to ignite, but when alight, it can burn through solid steel. In World War II, such devices were employed in incendiary grenades to burn through heavy
3385:
1585:
789:
Andriukaitis, Lukas; Beals, Emma; Brookie, Graham; Higgins, Eliot; Itani, Faysal; Nimmo, Ben; Sheldon, Michael; Tsurkov, Elizabeth; Waters, Nick (2018). "Incendiary
Weapons".
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342:, a 250 kg or 500 kg high explosive bomb case filled with an inflammable oil mixture, which often failed to detonate and was withdrawn in January 1941.
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507:, who "never published the statement". Publicly, Churchill allowed Bradley "to issue a statement that confirmed U.K. support for U.S. napalm attacks".
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prohibits the use of incendiary weapons against civilians (effectively a reaffirmation of the general prohibition on attacks against civilians in
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Many incendiary weapons developed and deployed during World War II were in the form of bombs and shells whose main incendiary component is
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type incendiary bomb. Top: complete device, nose is red. Middle: dud found without the tin plate tail. Bottom: the remains after burning.
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294:. Many different configurations of incendiary bombs and a wide range of filling materials such as isobutyl methacrylate (IM) polymer,
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as an effective bombing weapon, often in a conjunction with high-explosive bombs. Probably the most famous incendiary attacks are the
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located within concentrations of civilians and loosely regulates the use of other types of incendiary weapons in such circumstances.
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injury to persons, but to be used against military objectives, such as armoured vehicles, aircraft and installations or facilities.
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463:(WP), and can be used in an offensive anti-personnel role against enemy troop concentrations, but WP is also used for signalling,
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dropped 80 million of these 4 lb incendiary bombs during World War II. The 4 lb bomb was also used by the US as the "AN-M50".
371:
68:
are weapons designed to start fires. They may destroy structures or sensitive equipment using fire, and sometimes operate as
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attacks in order to expose combustible material and to fill the streets with craters and rubble, hindering rescue services.
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1185:"The presence of a protected person(s) may not be used to render certain points or areas immune from military operations."
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destruction caused by such weapons quickly earned them a reputation as terror weapons with the targeted populations.
166:. Sulfur- and oil-soaked materials were sometimes ignited and thrown at the enemy, or attached to spears, arrows or
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600:, can be used. Thickened triethylaluminium, a napalm-like substance that ignites in contact with air, is known as
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and boring—relied on combustibles and fire to complete the collapse of walls and structures.
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467:, and target-marking purposes. The U.S. Army and marines used WP extensively in World War II and
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bomber could carry 1,152 incendiary bombs, or more usually a mixed load. Less successful was the
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861:"ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 45 â RFC BOMBS & BOMBING 1912â1918 (pp. 12â13)"
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135:
1127:"Books in brief. Napalm: An American Biography Robert M. Neer Harvard University Press 352 pp"
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2016:
1986:
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808:, "Zeppelins of World War I" page 35, published 1991 Paragon House ISBN I-56619-390-7
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298:, and similar jellied-petroleum formulas were used, many of them developed by the US
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was invented, which increased the sophistication of the weapons, starting with
21:
390:, an incendiary attack that killed some 100,000 Tokyo residents in one night.
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could be toxic and blinding. Incendiary mixtures, such as the petroleum-based
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Munitions which may have incidental incendiary effects, such as illuminates,
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is currently in use. The United States has confirmed the use of Mark 77s in
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started the war using the 1918-designed one-kilogram magnesium alloy B-1E
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although the 4th Geneva
Convention, Part 3, Article 1, Section 28 states
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but in fact operate to slow the process of chemical reactions and use
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170:, and fired by hand or machine. Some siege techniques—such as
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Protocol III states though that incendiary weapons do not include:
608:
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Napalm proper is no longer used by the United States, although the
534:
533:
Incendiary bombs used in the late 20th century sometimes contained
447:
and 12 small bomb containers each containing 236 4 lb incendiaries.
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363:
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and the bombing of Moscow, among other cities. Later, an extensive
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and oil and wrapped with tar-covered rope. They were dropped from
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that led to the near-annihilation of many German cities. In the
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162:, were launched by throwing machines or administered through a
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prohibits the use of air-delivered incendiary weapons against
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150:, animal fat and other similar compounds. Substances such as
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Korea, WP was found particularly useful in overcoming enemy
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2440:
2341:
2222:
589:
577:
93:
1229:
421:. The bomb consisted of a hollow body made from aluminium-
409:
The 4 lb (1.8 kg) incendiary bomb, developed by
2450:
1204:
United States
Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific War) 1946
622:
484:
Napalm was widely used by the United States during the
479:
378:, during the last seven months of strategic bombing by
1159:"Liquid Fire â How Napalm Was Used In The Vietnam War"
265:
2707:
245:
devised an operation called "The Fire Plan" (German:
197:
An incendiary bomb dropped on
Southend-on-Sea in 1916
188:
870:. Royal Air Force Historical Society. Archived from
236:
charge, but the main incendiary effect was from the
232:-Elektron chemical works. The bomb was ignited by a
1017:"SUPERFLAMER Dropped by Chute Throws Fire 15 Feet."
228:) was developed by scientists and engineers at the
1213:1944 article on the production of incendiary bombs
627:Signatory states are bound by Protocol III of the
317:, as a result of incendiary bombing by the German
216:After further experiments with 5-litre barrels of
126:A range of early thermal weapons were utilized by
413:, was the standard light incendiary bomb used by
4894:
991:. Command Naval Ordnance Systems. Archived from
1022:, December 1944, p. 13. Article bottom of page.
2159:
1245:
631:which governs the use of incendiary weapons:
428:with a cast iron/steel nose, and filled with
258:in July 1918, but it was vetoed by Admiral
4701:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
4648:International Congress of Maritime Museums
4628:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
3920:
2166:
2152:
1252:
1238:
282:Incendiary bombs were used extensively in
4761:
4716:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
1142:
1025:
979:
977:
72:. Incendiaries utilize materials such as
435:
392:
308:
269:
192:
40:
20:
4686:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
177:Towards the latter part of the period,
45:A 17th century fire or light ball from
4895:
4638:European Association of Archaeologists
983:
974:
732:(Historic Byzantine incendiary weapon)
623:Incendiary weapons and laws of warfare
354:at the start of World War II with the
4760:
3919:
3894:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
3852:
3722:
3721:
3104:
2706:
2185:
2173:
2147:
1233:
1119:
1088:. Harvard University Press. pp.
782:
629:UN Convention on Conventional Weapons
560:materials can also be used: selected
502:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
480:Incendiary weapons after World War II
115:
1079:
1055:. Harvard University Press. p.
1046:
984:Hussey, G.F. Jr. (4 January 1970) .
771:(Historic Chinese incendiary weapon)
749:(Historic Chinese incendiary weapon)
553:and other complex machined weapons.
92:. Though colloquially often called "
37:during a June 1993 training exercise
4633:Archaeological Institute of America
958:. The Doric Columns. Archived from
858:
795:. Atlantic Council. pp. 36â43.
266:Development and use in World War II
108:to start or maintain the reaction.
13:
1114:55 Days: The Fall of South Vietnam
488:, most notably during the battle "
189:Development and use in World War I
14:
4919:
4643:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
4033:Coastal defence and fortification
3408:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
2708:Navigation, and ports and harbors
1192:
292:bombing of Tokyo on 10 March 1945
4877:
4743:
4668:Society for American Archaeology
3902:
3835:
3704:
3087:
2689:
2128:
2127:
1031:
4100:Phoenician discovery of America
1177:
1151:
1106:
1073:
1040:
1010:
948:
765:(Historic Chinese flamethrower)
445:4,000-pound "Cookie" blast bomb
16:Weapons intended to start fires
3792:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1217:AN-M50-series incendiary bombs
928:"How we fight Japan with fire"
920:
898:
889:
852:
843:
834:
811:
799:
443:bomb bay showing later mix of
1:
4711:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
3386:Phoenician maritime expansion
1165:. Nikola Budanovic. June 2016
1084:Napalm: An American Biography
1051:Napalm: An American Biography
776:
662:, smoke or signaling systems;
4653:Nautical Archaeology Society
7:
4706:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
4083:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
3889:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
3746:IndusâMesopotamia relations
3105:
2186:
1542:National Revolutionary Army
1259:
672:
10:
4924:
4562:Phoenician Ship Expedition
3853:
3403:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
3396:Circumnavigation of Africa
1354:War of the Triple Alliance
986:"British English Ordnance"
602:thickened pyrophoric agent
580:derivatives of aluminium,
537:, made from aluminium and
372:strategic bombing campaign
119:
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4756:
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4088:Samothrace temple complex
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3100:
3085:
2804:
2717:
2713:
2702:
2687:
2639:
2574:
2511:
2396:
2365:
2198:
2194:
2181:
2123:
2087:
1857:
1810:
1709:
1551:
1505:
1382:
1374:Pre-20th century firearms
1314:
1276:
1267:
736:High explosive incendiary
384:the air war against Japan
358:, and continued with the
3376:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
1762:CambodianâVietnamese War
1752:South African Border War
1534:Second Sino-Japanese War
1163:www.warhistoryonline.com
1080:Neer, Robert M. (2013).
419:British "dehousing" plan
313:Burning ballroom at the
300:Chemical Warfare Service
33:Strike Fighter Squadron
4658:RPM Nautical Foundation
4395:Surviving ancient ships
4314:Marsala Punic shipwreck
1742:Portuguese Colonial War
617:Operation Iraqi Freedom
70:anti-personnel weaponry
35:F/A-18A Hornet aircraft
4691:Giza Solar boat museum
4145:Underwater exploration
4140:Underwater archaeology
4105:Pre-Columbian theories
3960:John Sinclair Morrison
3921:Research and education
3371:Austronesian Expansion
2110:Civilian gun ownership
613:Mark 77 MOD 5 firebomb
564:compounds, most often
526:incendiary fuelled by
494:British prime minister
448:
406:
388:Operation Meetinghouse
350:began the campaign of
321:
279:
198:
142:armies, including hot
50:
38:
4762:Legend and literature
4720:Viking ship museums:
4696:Grand Egyptian Museum
4456:Austronesian replicas
4431:Heyerdahl expeditions
4341:Caligula's Giant Ship
4201:Dover Bronze Age Boat
2863:Berenice Troglodytica
1787:Nicaraguan Revolution
1737:Araguaia Guerilla War
1306:Early thermal weapons
1116:(Prentice-Hall 1977).
1047:Neer, Robert (2013).
817:Hanson, Neil (2009),
742:Incendiary ammunition
695:Early thermal weapons
637:Additional Protocol I
549:mechanism to destroy
545:plate, or as a quick
439:
396:
312:
273:
196:
122:Early thermal weapons
44:
24:
4663:Sea Research Society
4065:Maritime archaeology
3874:Ameinias the Phocian
3869:Mediterranean piracy
1792:Salvadoran Civil War
1359:SpanishâAmerican War
1334:American Indian Wars
1222:9 April 2015 at the
380:B-29 Superfortresses
315:Royal Castle, Warsaw
278:1 kg incendiary bomb
220:, in 1918, the B-1E
86:chlorine trifluoride
62:incendiary munitions
3756:Maritime Jade Route
2909:Kaveri Poompattinam
1845:Russo-Ukrainian War
1782:Dominican Civil War
1757:Cambodian Civil War
1718:First Indochina War
859:Dye, Peter (2009).
849:Hanson, pp. 437â438
840:Hanson, pp. 413â414
366:was enacted by the
352:incendiary bombings
243:German High Command
224:fire bomb (German:
29:napalm bomb onto a
4908:Incendiary weapons
4304:Bajo de la Campana
4006:Peter Throckmorton
3991:Jean-Yves Empereur
3965:William L. Rodgers
3786:Maritime Silk Road
1835:Russo-Georgian War
1777:Lebanese Civil War
1747:Rhodesian Bush War
1364:Mexican Revolution
1349:American Civil War
1339:War of the Pacific
1329:Napoleonic Warfare
1137:(7443): 29. 2013.
916:on 30 August 2005.
910:World War II Guide
641:Geneva Conventions
570:trimethylaluminium
474:human wave attacks
449:
415:RAF Bomber Command
407:
403:RAF Bomber Command
332:Elektronbrandbombe
322:
288:bombing of Dresden
280:
226:Elektronbrandbombe
199:
116:Pre-modern history
58:incendiary devices
54:Incendiary weapons
51:
39:
4903:Explosive weapons
4890:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4752:
4751:
4739:
4738:
4359:Madrague de Giens
4078:Temple of Isthmia
4074:Maritime temples
4060:Marine navigation
4019:
4018:
4011:Shelley Wachsmann
4001:J. Richard Steffy
3911:
3910:
3844:
3843:
3713:
3712:
3700:
3699:
3651:
3650:
3381:Ocean exploration
3096:
3095:
3083:
3082:
2742:Rutter (nautical)
2698:
2697:
2685:
2684:
2541:Mortise and tenon
2175:Ancient seafaring
2141:
2140:
1853:
1852:
1797:SovietâAfghan War
1772:Laotian Civil War
1520:Spanish Civil War
1210:Fire From The Sky
1020:Popular Mechanics
956:"German Ordnance"
572:, and some other
566:triethylaluminium
497:Winston Churchill
356:bombing of Warsaw
4915:
4881:
4880:
4775:Ark of bulrushes
4758:
4757:
4747:
4746:
4385:Oldest surviving
4095:Nusantao network
3970:Chester G. Starr
3935:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3917:
3916:
3906:
3905:
3879:Cilician pirates
3850:
3849:
3839:
3838:
3776:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
3771:Iron Age Britain
3719:
3718:
3708:
3707:
3426:
3425:
3115:
3114:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3090:
3005:Ptolemais Theron
2715:
2714:
2704:
2703:
2693:
2692:
2285:Single-outrigger
2196:
2195:
2183:
2182:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2131:
2130:
2007:Mass destruction
1915:Blunt instrument
1840:Syrian Civil War
1274:
1273:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1123:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1087:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1054:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1023:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
997:
990:
981:
972:
971:
969:
967:
952:
946:
945:
943:
941:
924:
918:
917:
912:. Archived from
902:
896:
893:
887:
886:
884:
882:
876:
865:
856:
850:
847:
841:
838:
832:
815:
809:
803:
797:
796:
786:
753:Molotov cocktail
648:military targets
461:white phosphorus
399:I.B. 4-lb. Mk IV
96:", they are not
90:white phosphorus
82:magnesium powder
66:incendiary bombs
4923:
4922:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4763:
4748:
4744:
4735:
4678:
4672:
4620:
4619:Institutes and
4614:
4569:Viking replicas
4510:Balangay Voyage
4423:
4417:
4401:
4156:
4149:
4025:
4015:
3974:
3922:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3855:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3727:
3709:
3705:
3696:
3647:
3604:
3457:
3417:
3362:
3355:
3156:
3109:
3092:
3088:
3079:
2955:Mueang Phra Rot
2809:
2800:
2709:
2694:
2690:
2681:
2635:
2609:Triangular sail
2570:
2507:
2481:Sail components
2392:
2361:
2335:Tessarakonteres
2190:
2177:
2172:
2142:
2137:
2119:
2115:Science fiction
2083:
1955:Directed-energy
1849:
1825:Afghanistan War
1806:
1705:
1547:
1507:Interwar period
1501:
1402:Austria-Hungary
1378:
1310:
1263:
1258:
1224:Wayback Machine
1195:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1156:
1152:
1144:10.1038/496029a
1125:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1045:
1041:
1030:
1026:
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
998:on 4 March 2016
995:
988:
982:
975:
965:
963:
954:
953:
949:
939:
937:
933:Popular Science
926:
925:
921:
904:
903:
899:
894:
890:
880:
878:
874:
863:
857:
853:
848:
844:
839:
835:
823:, Corgi Books,
816:
812:
804:
800:
792:Breaking Ghouta
787:
783:
779:
774:
700:Fire accelerant
675:
625:
482:
454:Avro Lancasters
268:
260:Reinhard Scheer
251:Royal Air Force
191:
124:
118:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4921:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4811:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4777:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4588:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4552:
4544:Mediterranean
4542:
4541:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4507:
4500:
4497:Alingano Maisu
4493:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4440:
4427:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4346:De Meern ships
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4272:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4216:Cape Gelidonya
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4161:
4159:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3979:Archaeologists
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3945:David Blackman
3941:
3939:
3932:
3924:
3923:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3884:Jewish pirates
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3570:Lake Trasimene
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3471:Mediterranean:
3467:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3111:
3110:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2774:Maritime pilot
2771:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2739:
2737:Portolan chart
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2310:Oared warships
2307:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2192:
2191:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1890:Anti-personnel
1887:
1885:Anti-ballistic
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1686:United Kingdom
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1601:Czechoslovakia
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1531:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1487:United Kingdom
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1193:External links
1191:
1189:
1188:
1176:
1150:
1118:
1105:
1098:
1072:
1065:
1039:
1024:
1009:
973:
947:
919:
897:
895:Hanson, p. 412
888:
868:www.raf.mod.uk
851:
842:
833:
829:978-0552155489
810:
798:
780:
778:
775:
773:
772:
766:
760:
755:
750:
744:
739:
733:
727:
722:
720:Flame fougasse
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
676:
674:
671:
668:
667:
663:
652:
651:
644:
624:
621:
562:organometallic
518:developed the
516:U.S. Air Force
481:
478:
441:Avro Lancaster
267:
264:
256:Peter Strasser
190:
187:
136:post-classical
120:Main article:
117:
114:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4920:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4845:Metamorphoses
4842:
4840:
4838:
4837:The Histories
4834:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4815:The Histories
4812:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4759:
4755:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
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4631:
4629:
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4625:
4623:
4617:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
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4572:
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4570:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4530:Marumaru Atua
4527:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4490:Samudra Raksa
4487:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4476:Te Au o Tonga
4473:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4445:
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4438:
4434:
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4410:
4408:
4404:
4396:
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4388:
4386:
4383:
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4380:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4336:Blackfriars I
4334:
4332:
4331:Arles RhĂŽne 3
4329:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
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4251:
4248:
4244:
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4236:
4235:
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4224:
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4219:
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4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
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4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4135:Thalassocracy
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4120:Shell middens
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4070:Naval warfare
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3950:Lionel Casson
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3914:
3895:
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3877:
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3851:
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3826:
3823:
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3818:
3814:
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3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3781:Incense trade
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
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3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3716:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3685:South America
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:Sailing ships
3631:
3629:
3628:Oared vessels
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3596:
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3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3550:Cape Hermaeum
3548:
3546:
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3541:
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3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
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3404:
3401:
3397:
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3388:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3361:Migration and
3358:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
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3320:
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3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
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3275:
3273:
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3258:
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3250:
3246:
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3218:
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3211:
3208:
3206:
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3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3168:Ancient Egypt
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:Civilizations
3159:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
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3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
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2900:
2897:
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2812:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2792:
2790:
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2779:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
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2757:
2753:
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2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2701:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:Clinker built
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:Boat building
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
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2479:
2478:
2477:
2474:
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2435:
2432:
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2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
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2412:
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2401:
2399:
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2379:
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2358:
2355:
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2336:
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2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:Navis lusoria
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2134:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
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2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:Anti-aircraft
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:Yugoslav Wars
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1812:Post-Cold War
1809:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:IranâIraq War
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
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1723:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:United States
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
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1659:
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1602:
1599:
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1592:
1589:
1587:
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1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
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1525:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1492:United States
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
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1398:
1395:
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1387:
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1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
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1362:
1360:
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1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:Early Warfare
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
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1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1180:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1115:
1112:Alan Dawson,
1109:
1101:
1099:9780674075450
1095:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1076:
1068:
1066:9780674075450
1062:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1043:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1013:
994:
987:
980:
978:
962:on 2 May 2014
961:
957:
951:
935:
934:
929:
923:
915:
911:
907:
901:
892:
877:on 2 May 2014
873:
869:
862:
855:
846:
837:
831:(pp. 406â408)
830:
826:
822:
821:
814:
807:
802:
794:
793:
785:
781:
770:
767:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
748:
745:
743:
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734:
731:
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721:
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713:
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708:
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703:
701:
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634:
633:
632:
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618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
556:A variety of
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
503:
498:
495:
491:
490:Outpost Harry
487:
477:
475:
470:
466:
465:smoke screens
462:
457:
455:
446:
442:
438:
434:
431:
427:
424:
420:
416:
412:
404:
400:
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307:
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301:
297:
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289:
285:
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247:Der Feuerplan
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63:
59:
55:
48:
43:
36:
32:
28:
23:
19:
4866:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4828:
4823:On the Ocean
4821:
4814:
4806:
4803:Literature:
4591:
4573:
4554:
4547:
4537:Aotearoa One
4535:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4447:
4443:
4435:
4422:Experimental
4390:Museum ships
4357:
4350:
4323:
4295:Phoenician:
4286:
4281:Leontophoros
4279:
4243:Butuan boats
4238:Pontian boat
4176:Dufuna canoe
4115:Shipbuilding
4026:and theories
3996:Boris Rankov
3790:
3723:Economy and
3623:Incendiaries
3622:
3470:
3257:Indus Valley
3225:Tarumanagara
3152:Ubaid period
3070:Wadi al-Jarf
2985:Ostia Antica
2589:Fore-and-aft
2556:Shipbuilding
2531:Carvel built
2513:Construction
2471:Steering oar
2352:Sailing ship
2275:Obelisk ship
2233:Dugout canoe
2002:Martial arts
1991:
1965:Depth charge
1935:Conventional
1676:Soviet Union
1553:World War II
1209:
1184:
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1162:
1153:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1113:
1108:
1083:
1075:
1050:
1042:
1032:Pike, John.
1027:
1019:
1012:
1000:. Retrieved
993:the original
964:. Retrieved
960:the original
950:
938:. Retrieved
931:
922:
914:the original
909:
900:
891:
879:. Retrieved
872:the original
867:
854:
845:
836:
819:
813:
806:Wilbur Cross
801:
791:
784:
747:Meng Huo You
725:Flamethrower
715:Fire bombing
705:Fire balloon
669:
653:
626:
606:
555:
539:ferric oxide
532:
524:cluster bomb
509:
505:Omar Bradley
483:
458:
450:
408:
398:
360:London Blitz
348:Nazi Germany
344:
340:Flammenbombe
339:
331:
325:
323:
284:World War II
281:
276:World War II
246:
225:
215:
200:
176:
140:early modern
125:
104:rather than
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:
47:Veste Coburg
18:
4830:Argonautica
4817:(Herodotus)
4780:Flood myths
4677:Museums and
4621:conferences
4586:Vital Alsar
4424:archaeology
4233:Austronesia
4226:Hjortspring
4221:Rochelongue
4171:Pesse canoe
4125:Ship burial
4110:Sea Peoples
4043:Lighthouses
4038:Grave goods
3986:George Bass
3766:Spice trade
3363:exploration
3185:Philippines
3180:Austronesia
3173:Old Kingdom
3050:Trincomalee
3000:Prosphorion
2945:Myos Hormos
2789:Micronesian
2780:By region:
2752:Lighthouses
2560:By region:
2325:Quinquereme
2250:Kunlun ship
2243:Penteconter
2228:Dragon boat
1940:Crew-served
1900:Area denial
1732:Six-Day War
1727:Vietnam War
1656:New Zealand
1651:Netherlands
1524:Nationalist
1457:New Zealand
1384:World War I
1344:Crimean War
820:First Blitz
512:Vietnam War
510:During the
376:Pacific War
324:The German
183:fire lances
4897:Categories
4839:(Polybius)
4483:Hawaiʻiloa
4365:Nemi ships
4250:Black Seaâ
4196:Khufu ship
4157:and relics
4055:Marine art
4048:Alexandria
3955:Fik Meijer
3938:Historians
3825:Indo-Roman
3638:Greek navy
3540:Salamis II
3530:Hellespont
3490:Artemisium
3480:Nile Delta
3443:Achaemenid
3336:Achaemenid
3205:Langkasuka
3200:Micronesia
3118:Prehistory
3045:Sounagoura
2873:Chittagong
2848:Barbarikon
2827:Alexandria
2769:Pilot boat
2719:Navigation
2551:Sewn-plank
2546:Lashed-lug
2424:Figurehead
2397:Components
2366:Propulsion
2320:Quadrireme
2301:Polyremes
2280:Outriggers
2017:Non-lethal
1997:Insurgency
1992:Incendiary
1987:Improvised
1920:Ceremonial
1910:Biological
1870:Amphibious
1722:Korean War
1696:Yugoslavia
1528:Republican
1452:Montenegro
1169:8 November
1002:8 December
940:9 December
936:. May 1945
777:References
763:Pen Huo Qi
730:Greek fire
604:, or TPA.
558:pyrophoric
486:Korean War
160:Greek fire
106:detonation
98:explosives
25:Loading a
4852:Geography
4790:Gilgamesh
4679:memorials
4603:Viracocha
4516:Faʻafaite
4469:Sarimanok
4375:Yassi Ada
4288:Syracusia
4211:Canaanite
4186:Moor Sand
3656:By region
3618:Grappling
3590:Naulochus
3580:Myonessus
3535:Echinades
3520:Arginusae
3515:Cynossema
3500:Naupactus
3495:Eurymedon
3329:Classical
3304:Phoenicia
3299:Mycenaean
3262:Tamilakam
3245:Polynesia
3235:Srivijaya
3030:Satingpra
2990:Palembang
2974:Cattigara
2916:(Kadaram)
2899:Jambukola
2893:Guangzhou
2834:(Podouke)
2832:Arikamedu
2794:Polynesia
2727:Celestial
2640:Armaments
2626:Spritsail
2584:Crab claw
2526:Careening
2493:Sternpost
2347:Reed boat
2290:Catamaran
2265:Multihull
2037:Pneumatic
2027:Offensive
1960:Explosive
1905:Artillery
1895:Anti-tank
1875:Ancillary
1561:Australia
1515:Chaco War
1397:Australia
1278:Premodern
710:Firestorm
690:Driptorch
619:in 2003.
611:-fuelled
582:magnesium
551:artillery
423:magnesium
327:Luftwaffe
319:Luftwaffe
274:A German
238:magnesium
230:Griesheim
179:gunpowder
152:quicklime
49:, Germany
31:US Marine
4868:TÄkitimu
4771:Legend:
4729:Roskilde
4608:Tangaroa
4549:Olympias
4523:Gaualofa
4462:HĆkĆ«leÊ»a
4437:Kon-Tiki
4270:Ashkelon
4206:Uluburun
4165:Earliest
3931:Scholars
3813:shipping
3613:Boarding
3525:Mytilene
3510:Syracuse
3475:Alashiya
3438:Egyptian
3422:Military
3413:Timeline
3391:Sardinia
3314:Carthage
3230:Kalingga
3190:Sa Huỳnh
3125:Timeline
3075:Zanzibar
3025:Sarapion
3020:Rhacotis
2950:Martaban
2895:(Canton)
2888:Godavaya
2883:Giao Chá»
2853:Barygaza
2843:Avalites
2764:Piloting
2652:Catapult
2647:Ballista
2621:Mast-aft
2434:Planking
2373:Paddling
2330:Hexareme
2295:Trimaran
2260:Longship
2208:Balangay
2133:Category
2100:Industry
2057:Tectonic
2042:Practice
2032:Personal
1925:Chemical
1865:Aircraft
1830:Iraq War
1802:Gulf War
1711:Cold War
1701:Infantry
1681:Thailand
1581:Bulgaria
1538:Japanese
1497:Infantry
1462:Portugal
1412:Bulgaria
1392:Chemical
1301:Japanese
1296:Medieval
1226:(German)
1220:Archived
1034:"Napalm"
769:Stinkpot
685:Bat bomb
673:See also
609:kerosene
535:thermite
430:thermite
397:British
364:reprisal
304:bomblets
290:and the
234:thermite
222:Elektron
211:airships
208:Zeppelin
204:kerosene
132:medieval
102:ignition
78:thermite
4808:Odyssey
4785:Genesis
4582:Others
4381:Lists:
4370:Marausa
4320:Roman:
4310:Punic:
4275:Kyrenia
4266:Greek:
4262:Marsala
4255:Sinop D
4130:Tacking
3864:History
3751:Meluhha
3741:Fishing
3736:Whaling
3643:Ramming
3565:Aegates
3560:Drepana
3555:Ecnomus
3485:Salamis
3473:
3463:Battles
3341:Nabatea
3324:Archaic
3294:Nuragic
3284:Somalia
3135:Oceania
3130:Britain
3107:History
3040:Socotra
3010:Qandala
2995:Piraeus
2965:Muziris
2935:Madurai
2930:Manthai
2868:Canopus
2838:Arsinoe
2810:harbors
2759:History
2747:Coastal
2677:Sambuca
2662:Dolphin
2576:Rigging
2388:Poling
2378:Sailing
2315:Trireme
2255:Liburna
2218:Coracle
2188:Vessels
2095:Arsenal
2072:Vehicle
2062:Torpedo
2022:Nuclear
1982:Hunting
1977:Firearm
1671:Romania
1631:Hungary
1621:Germany
1611:Finland
1606:Denmark
1596:Croatia
1571:Belgium
1566:Austria
1467:Romania
1427:Germany
1407:Belgium
1369:Antique
1291:Chinese
1286:African
1269:History
1261:Weapons
906:"Bombs"
660:tracers
639:to the
598:lithium
547:welding
528:propane
456:alone.
370:in the
146:, oil,
128:ancient
27:Mark 77
4859:Aeneid
4575:Viking
4556:Regina
4325:Alkedo
4181:Abydos
4155:Wrecks
4024:Topics
3854:Piracy
3808:Greece
3668:Odisha
3600:Actium
3595:Mycale
3430:Navies
3319:Greece
3309:Olmecs
3277:Pandya
3252:Minoan
3215:Champa
3195:Lapita
3140:Remote
3060:Tyndis
3015:Quilon
2960:Muscat
2925:Lothal
2920:Korkai
2904:Jeddah
2878:Essina
2822:Adulis
2732:Charts
2667:Harpax
2657:Corvus
2631:Square
2599:Settee
2594:Lateen
2503:Tiller
2498:Strake
2466:Rudder
2456:Paddle
2404:Anchor
2383:Towing
2305:Bireme
2238:Galley
2213:Bangka
2077:Combat
2047:Ranged
1950:Deadly
1666:Poland
1661:Norway
1646:Mexico
1626:Greece
1616:France
1586:Canada
1576:Brazil
1482:Turkey
1477:Serbia
1472:Russia
1432:Greece
1422:France
1417:Canada
1316:Modern
1131:Nature
1096:
1063:
827:
758:Napalm
596:, and
594:sodium
543:armour
520:CBU-55
514:, the
368:Allies
336:He 111
296:napalm
218:benzol
172:mining
164:siphon
156:sulfur
110:Napalm
74:napalm
4795:Greek
4598:Abora
4592:Ivlia
4504:Saina
4448:Ra II
4406:Sites
4191:Dokos
3803:Egypt
3725:trade
3690:Rafts
3675:Japan
3663:India
3575:Chios
3545:Mylae
3505:Olpae
3453:Roman
3448:Greek
3346:Aksum
3272:Chera
3267:Chola
3240:Sunda
3220:Kutai
3210:Kedah
3055:Tulum
3035:Sidon
2980:Opone
2970:Ăc Eo
2940:Malao
2914:Kedah
2858:Basra
2806:Ports
2784:Inuit
2604:Tanja
2564:Egypt
2414:Cabin
2357:Tomol
2200:Types
2105:Mount
2088:Other
2052:Space
2012:Melee
1945:Cyber
1858:Types
1641:Japan
1636:Italy
1591:China
1447:Japan
1442:Italy
1437:India
996:(PDF)
989:(PDF)
966:1 May
881:1 May
875:(PDF)
864:(PDF)
738:(HEI)
680:Arson
586:boron
574:alkyl
469:Korea
426:alloy
168:bolts
148:resin
144:pitch
94:bombs
88:, or
64:, or
4724:Oslo
4446:and
4352:Isis
4299:Gozo
3820:Rome
3798:Maya
3680:Rome
3585:Nile
3351:Rome
3289:Maya
3145:Near
3065:Tyre
2817:Aden
2616:Junk
2488:Stem
2476:Sail
2461:Rope
2446:Mast
2441:Keel
2429:Hull
2419:Deck
2342:Raft
2223:Dhow
1970:List
1930:Cold
1171:2017
1094:ISBN
1092:â3.
1061:ISBN
1004:2015
968:2014
942:2015
883:2014
825:ISBN
590:zinc
578:aryl
576:and
522:, a
154:and
138:and
3761:Tin
2808:and
2672:Ram
2451:Oar
2409:Bow
2067:Toy
1139:doi
1135:496
1090:102
411:ICI
382:in
4899::
4444:Ra
4413:H3
4167::
1161:.
1133:.
1129:.
1059:.
1057:99
976:^
930:.
908:.
866:.
592:,
588:,
584:,
568:,
476:.
262:.
185:.
130:,
84:,
80:,
76:,
60:,
56:,
2976:)
2972:(
2167:e
2160:t
2153:v
1544:)
1540:/
1536:(
1530:)
1526:/
1522:(
1253:e
1246:t
1239:v
1173:.
1147:.
1141::
1102:.
1069:.
1036:.
1006:.
970:.
944:.
885:.
643:)
134:/
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