34:
1494:
228:
2163:
2175:
177:(CJ) theory, developed around the turn of the 20th century. This theory, described by a relatively simple set of algebraic equations, models the detonation as a propagating shock wave accompanied by exothermic heat release. Such a theory describes the chemistry and diffusive transport processes as occurring abruptly as the shock passes.
215:
below them. The influence of increasing the concentration of diluent on expanding individual detonation cells has been elegantly demonstrated. Similarly, their size grows as the initial pressure falls. Since cell widths must be matched with minimum dimension of containment, any wave overdriven by the initiator will be quenched.
196:, admits finite-rate chemical reactions and thus describes a detonation as an infinitesimally thin shock wave, followed by a zone of exothermic chemical reaction. With a reference frame of a stationary shock, the following flow is subsonic, so that an acoustic reaction zone follows immediately behind the lead front, the
214:
Experimental studies have revealed some of the conditions needed for the propagation of such fronts. In confinement, the range of composition of mixes of fuel and oxidant and self-decomposing substances with inerts are slightly below the flammability limits and, for spherically expanding fronts, well
210:
Both theories describe one-dimensional and steady wavefronts. However, in the 1960s, experiments revealed that gas-phase detonations were most often characterized by unsteady, three-dimensional structures, which can only, in an averaged sense, be predicted by one-dimensional steady theories. Indeed,
87:
of fuel-air mixture. Compared to deflagration, detonation doesn't need to have an external oxidizer. Oxidizers and fuel mix when deflagration occurs. Detonation is more destructive than deflagrations. In detonation, the flame front travels through the air-fuel faster than sound; while in
110:. Gaseous detonations are often associated with a mixture of fuel and oxidant in a composition somewhat below conventional flammability ratios. They happen most often in confined systems, but they sometimes occur in large vapor clouds. Other materials, such as
251:
where the exothermic wave is subsonic and maximum pressures for non-metal specks of dust are approximately 7–10 times atmospheric pressure. Therefore, detonation is a feature for destructive purposes while deflagration is favored for the acceleration of
521:
Mallard, Ernest-François; and Le
Chatelier, Henry Louis; « Sur les vitesses de propagation de l’inflammation dans les mélanges gazeux explosifs » , Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, vol. 93, pp. 145–148,
511:
Berthelot, Marcellin; and
Vieille, Paul Marie Eugène; « Sur la vitesse de propagation des phénomènes explosifs dans les gaz » , Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, vol. 93, pp. 18–22,
288:
or pinging, and it causes a loss of power. It can also cause excessive heating, and harsh mechanical shock that can result in eventual engine failure. In firearms, it may cause catastrophic and potentially lethal failure.
218:
Mathematical modeling has steadily advanced to predicting the complex flow fields behind shocks inducing reactions. To date, none has adequately described how the structure is formed and sustained behind unconfined waves.
859:
Edwards, D. H.; Thomas, G. O.; Nettleton, M. A. (1981). A. K. Oppenheim; N. Manson; R. I. Soloukhin; J. R. Bowen (eds.). "Diffraction of a Planar
Detonation in Various Fuel-Oxygen Mixtures at an Area Change".
256:' projectiles. However, detonation waves may also be used for less destructive purposes, including deposition of coatings to a surface or cleaning of equipment (e.g. slag removal) and even
91:
Detonations occur in both conventional solid and liquid explosives, as well as in reactive gases. TNT, dynamite, and C4 are examples of high power explosives that detonate. The
122:, are detonable in the absence of an oxidant (or reductant). In these cases the energy released results from the rearrangement of the molecular constituents of the material.
2010:
781:
Reed, Evan J.; Riad Manaa, M.; Fried, Laurence E.; Glaesemann, Kurt R.; Joannopoulos, J. D. (2007). "A transient semimetallic layer in detonating nitromethane".
1805:
1123:
Nikolaev, Yu. A.; Vasil'ev, A. A. & Ul'yanitskii, B. Yu. (2003). "Gas
Detonation and its Application in Engineering and Technologies (Review)".
95:
in solid and liquid explosives is much higher than that in gaseous ones, which allows the wave system to be observed with greater detail (higher
553:
295:
are a form of pulsed jet engine that has been experimented with on several occasions as this offers the potential for good fuel efficiency.
1998:
264:
use the detonation wave for aerospace propulsion. The first flight of an aircraft powered by a pulse detonation engine took place at the
1613:
1112:(5 ed.). Society of Fire Protection Engineers. 2016. Table 70.1 Explosivity Data for representative powders and dusts, page 2770.
33:
1303:
1092:
816:
Edwards, D. H.; Thomas, G. O. & Nettleton, M. A. (1979). "The
Diffraction of a Planar Detonation Wave at an Abrupt Area Change".
587:
106:), droplet fogs, or dust suspensions. In addition to dioxygen, oxidants can include halogen compounds, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and
211:
such waves are quenched as their structure is destroyed. The Wood-Kirkwood detonation theory can correct some of these limitations.
1331:
461:
383:
1977:
1272:
641:
881:
496:
469:
438:
2022:
2016:
1158:
Huque, Z.; Ali, M. R. & Kommalapati, R. (2009). "Application of pulse detonation technology for boiler slag removal".
1244:
637:
1518:
1893:
243:
When used in explosive devices, the main cause of damage from a detonation is the supersonic blast front (a powerful
162:
2178:
2201:
1654:
1342:
665:
Döring, Werner (1943). ""Über den
Detonationsvorgang in Gasen"" ["On the detonation process in gases"].
936:
Nettleton, M. A. (1980). "Detonation and flammability limits of gases in confined and unconfined situations".
2004:
1961:
1633:
1296:
359:
344:
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379:
314:
134:
2028:
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324:
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1972:
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1608:
1373:
1289:
138:
569:
1815:
1780:
1628:
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292:
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142:
1956:
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1508:
1468:
329:
181:
158:
2143:
2117:
2070:
1685:
1573:
1553:
1222:"Pulse Power: Pulse Detonation Engine-powered Flight Demonstration Marks Milestone in Mojave"
735:
1840:
1700:
1408:
1194:
1068:
1011:
968:
825:
790:
674:
486:
1053:
959:
Munday, G.; Ubbelohde, A. R. & Wood, I. F. (1968). "Fluctuating
Detonation in Gases".
603:
8:
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1883:
1790:
227:
126:
92:
1198:
1072:
1015:
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1084:
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841:
319:
873:
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1982:
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1269:
941:
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845:
763:
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492:
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304:
257:
119:
1144:
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922:
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1167:
1132:
1076:
1019:
976:
910:
869:
833:
798:
747:
682:
185:
150:
96:
1002:
Barthel, H. O. (1974). "Predicted
Spacings in Hydrogen-Oxygen-Argon Detonations".
189:
154:
146:
75:
propagating directly in front of it. Detonations propagate supersonically through
58:
1775:
1710:
1649:
1618:
1593:
1543:
1538:
1352:
1312:
1276:
1221:
1185:
Kailasanath, K. (2000). "Review of
Propulsion Applications of Detonation Waves".
1171:
455:
349:
334:
285:
173:
The simplest theory to predict the behaviour of detonations in gases is known as
149:
in 1905, 1906 and 1917. The next advance in understanding detonation was made by
20:
1941:
1918:
1903:
1765:
1705:
1675:
1644:
1588:
1548:
1483:
1473:
1368:
533:
The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
107:
52:
1264:
1136:
1080:
1054:"Nonlinear cellular dynamics of the idealized detonation model: Regular cells"
914:
837:
751:
88:
deflagration, the flame front travels through the air-fuel slower than sound.
2195:
2148:
2138:
1936:
1908:
1825:
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1347:
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232:
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80:
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1785:
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1623:
1568:
1533:
1428:
640:(Report). OSRD Report No. 549. Ascension number ADB967734. Archived from
72:
531:
Chapman, David Leonard (1899). "VI. On the rate of explosion in gases",
180:
A more complex theory was advanced during World War II independently by
141:. The mathematical predictions of propagation were carried out first by
71:
exothermic front accelerating through a medium that eventually drives a
2045:
1898:
1398:
1383:
712:
281:
244:
193:
76:
68:
64:
42:
27:
1023:
418:(5 ed.). Society of Fire Protection Engineers. 2016. p. 390.
1967:
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84:
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2060:
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1448:
1438:
1337:
1206:
239:, 2006; detonating the bomb causes fire and smoke to propel upward.
103:
1281:
767:
247:) in the surrounding area. This is a significant distinction from
703:
Zel'dovich, Yakov B.; Kompaneets, Aleksandr Solomonovich (1960).
253:
83:
which have subsonic flame speeds about 1 m/sec. Detonation is an
590:["On the propagation of chemical reactions in gases"]
556:["On the propagation of chemical reactions in gases"]
2101:
2055:
780:
115:
125:
Detonation was discovered in 1881 by four French scientists
2050:
2011:
National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
698:
696:
236:
588:"Sur la propagation des réactions chimiques dans les gaz"
554:"Sur la propagation des réactions chimiques dans les gaz"
38:
1270:
GALCIT Explosion Dynamics Laboratory Detonation Database
702:
693:
858:
815:
378:
203:
There is also some evidence that the reaction zone is
102:
A very wide variety of fuels may occur as gases (e.g.
899:"Improved Wood–Kirkwood detonation chemical kinetics"
1265:
Youtube video demonstrating physics of a blast wave
1157:
958:
260:together metals that would otherwise fail to fuse.
488:Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards
1806:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
2193:
897:Glaesemann, Kurt R.; Fried, Laurence E. (2007).
79:with speeds about 1 km/sec and differ from
896:
638:Progress report on "Theory of Detonation Waves"
484:
1245:"Don't Waste Your Time Listening for Knock..."
19:For detonation in spark-ignition engines, see
1297:
631:
629:
547:
545:
596:Journal de mathématiques pures et appliquées
562:Journal de mathématiques pures et appliquées
428:
280:is desired is a problem in some devices. In
63: 'to thunder down/forth') is a type of
1184:
1051:
635:
429:Fickett, Wildon; Davis, William C. (1979).
1614:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
1304:
1290:
862:Progress in Astronautics & Aeronautics
626:
542:
271:
1999:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
1036:
935:
660:
658:
485:Urben, Peter; Bretherick, Leslie (2006).
390:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
1332:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
462:American Institute of Chemical Engineers
226:
32:
1978:Listing and approval use and compliance
1110:Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering
1001:
734:Chapman, David Leonard (January 1899).
733:
619:Jouguet, Jacques Charles Émile (1917).
586:Jouguet, Jacques Charles Émile (1906).
585:
552:Jouguet, Jacques Charles Émile (1905).
551:
415:Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering
2194:
1219:
1125:Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves
1039:Numerical Simulation of Reactive Flows
938:Fire Prevention Science and Technology
664:
655:
491:(7th ed.). London: Butterworths.
2023:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
1285:
453:
2174:
2017:National Fire Protection Association
1226:Aviation Week & Space Technology
1052:Sharpe, G. J.; Quirk, J. J. (2008).
621:L'Ĺ’uvre scientifique de Pierre Duhem
1311:
736:"On the rate of explosion in gases"
284:, or gasoline engines it is called
13:
1519:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
961:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
460:. Monograph Series. Vol. 10.
457:Fundamentals of fire and explosion
433:. University of California Press.
14:
2218:
1894:Fire alarm notification appliance
1258:
1242:
874:10.2514/5.9781600865497.0341.0357
315:Detonation of an explosive charge
163:Aleksandr Solomonovich Kompaneets
2173:
2162:
2161:
1492:
1098:from the original on 2017-07-05.
16:Explosion at supersonic velocity
1655:Vehicle fire suppression system
1343:Combustibility and flammability
1236:
1213:
1178:
1151:
1116:
1102:
1061:Combustion Theory and Modelling
1045:
1030:
995:
952:
929:
890:
852:
809:
774:
727:
613:
222:
903:Theoretical Chemistry Accounts
525:
515:
505:
478:
454:Stull, Daniel Richard (1977).
447:
422:
406:
372:
276:Unintentional detonation when
1:
2005:Institution of Fire Engineers
1962:Fire Safety Evaluation System
1634:Personal protective equipment
365:
360:Relative effectiveness factor
2076:GHS precautionary statements
1914:Manual fire alarm activation
1172:10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.01.004
707:. New York: Academic Press.
192:. This theory, now known as
7:
1947:Fire protection engineering
1879:Explosive gas leak detector
1696:Electromagnetic door holder
1529:External water spray system
388:British & World English
298:
266:Mojave Air & Space Port
168:
10:
2223:
2123:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
1514:Automatic fire suppression
1454:K-factor (fire protection)
1160:Fuel Processing Technology
818:Journal of Fluid Mechanics
636:von Neumann, John (1942).
380:Oxford Living Dictionaries
25:
18:
2157:
2131:
2110:
2038:
2029:Underwriters Laboratories
1991:
1927:
1864:Aspirating smoke detector
1854:
1663:
1524:Detonation flame arrester
1501:
1490:
1319:
1081:10.1080/13647830701335749
915:10.1007/s00214-007-0303-9
838:10.1017/S002211207900135X
752:10.1080/14786449908621243
568:: 347–425. Archived from
345:Chapman–Jouguet condition
325:Detonation flame arrester
198:Chapman–Jouguet condition
131:Paul Marie Eugène Vieille
1973:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
1889:Fire alarm control panel
1869:Carbon monoxide detector
1846:Standpipe (firefighting)
1609:Gaseous fire suppression
1374:Enthalpy of vaporization
1248:High Performance Academy
687:10.1002/andp.19434350605
293:Pulse detonation engines
262:Pulse detonation engines
139:Henry Louis Le Chatelier
26:Not to be confused with
1816:Pressurisation ductwork
1781:Firewall (construction)
1629:Passive fire protection
1579:Fire suppression system
1137:10.1023/A:1024726619703
746:(284). London: 90–104.
272:In engines and firearms
157:in the early 1940s and
135:Ernest-François Mallard
2202:Explosives engineering
1992:Industry organizations
1957:Fire-resistance rating
1836:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1811:Penetration (firestop)
1801:Packing (firestopping)
1509:Active fire protection
1469:Spontaneous combustion
1041:. Elsevier Publishers.
981:10.1098/rspa.1968.0143
740:Philosophical Magazine
602:: 5–85. Archived from
330:Sympathetic detonation
240:
93:velocity of detonation
57:
45:
2144:Template:Firefighting
2118:Arthur B. Guise Medal
2071:GHS hazard statements
1574:Fire sprinkler system
1554:Fire-retardant fabric
268:on January 31, 2008.
230:
36:
1928:Professions, trades,
1841:Smokeproof enclosure
1701:Electromagnetic lock
1409:Flammability diagram
1320:Fundamental concepts
1037:Oran; Boris (1987).
705:Theory of Detonation
394:on February 22, 2019
207:in some explosives.
1884:Fire alarm call box
1791:Heat and smoke vent
1220:Norris, G. (2008).
1199:2000AIAAJ..38.1698K
1073:2008CTM....12....1S
1016:1974PhFl...17.1547B
973:1968RSPSA.306..171M
830:1979JFM....95...79E
795:2008NatPh...4...72R
679:1943AnP...435..421D
258:explosively welding
159:Yakov B. Zel'dovich
127:Marcellin Berthelot
1856:Fire alarm systems
1671:Annulus (firestop)
1599:Flashback arrestor
1564:Fire-safe polymers
1559:Fire retardant gel
1414:Flammability limit
1275:2014-03-11 at the
667:Annalen der Physik
320:Detonation diamond
241:
108:oxides of nitrogen
46:
2189:
2188:
2097:Safety data sheet
2092:List of S-phrases
2087:List of R-phrases
1983:Sprinkler fitting
1874:Circuit integrity
1746:Fire extinguisher
1584:Firefighting foam
1479:Thermal radiation
1024:10.1063/1.1694932
1004:Physics of Fluids
967:(1485): 171–178.
883:978-0-915928-46-0
498:978-0-123725-63-9
471:978-0-816903-91-7
440:978-0-486-41456-0
305:Carbon detonation
120:hydrogen peroxide
2214:
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2081:Life Safety Code
1686:Compartmentation
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1419:Flammable liquid
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1193:(9): 1698–1708.
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1010:(8): 1547–1553.
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1987:
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1850:
1776:Firestop pillow
1711:Emergency light
1664:Building design
1659:
1650:Tank blanketing
1619:Inerting system
1594:Flame retardant
1544:Fire protection
1539:Fire prevention
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1353:Dangerous goods
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1313:Fire protection
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1277:Wayback Machine
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350:Engine knocking
335:Nuclear testing
301:
286:engine knocking
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175:Chapman–Jouguet
171:
145:in 1899 and by
31:
24:
21:Engine knocking
17:
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1942:Fire insurance
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1589:Flame arrester
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1549:Fire retardant
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1243:Simon, Andre.
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909:(1–3): 37–43.
889:
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783:Nature Physics
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609:on 2015-10-16.
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2066:Flame spread
1952:Fireproofing
1930:and services
1831:Smoke damper
1821:Safety glass
1756:Fire hydrant
1721:Fire curtain
1681:Booster pump
1640:Relief valve
1604:Fusible link
1394:Fire loading
1389:Fire control
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1359:Deflagration
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1187:AIAA Journal
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824:(1): 79–96.
821:
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811:
789:(1): 72–76.
786:
782:
776:
743:
742:. Series 5.
739:
729:
704:
670:
666:
646:. Retrieved
642:the original
620:
615:
604:the original
599:
595:
577:. Retrieved
570:the original
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487:
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456:
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396:. Retrieved
392:the original
387:
374:
355:Deflagration
291:
278:deflagration
275:
242:
223:Applications
217:
213:
209:
202:
179:
172:
124:
101:
90:
67:involving a
56:
48:
47:
1786:Grease duct
1741:Fire escape
1731:Fire damper
1624:Intumescent
1569:Fire safety
1534:Fire bucket
1429:Flash point
1067:(1): 1–21.
868:: 341–357.
398:21 February
186:von Neumann
77:shock waves
73:shock front
2207:Combustion
2196:Categories
2083:(NFPA 101)
2046:CE marking
1899:Fire drill
1502:Technology
1399:Fire point
1384:Fire class
1364:Detonation
940:(23): 29.
768:sn86025845
713:B000WB4XGE
648:2017-12-22
579:2013-10-19
431:Detonation
384:"detonate"
366:References
282:Otto cycle
245:shock wave
194:ZND theory
182:Zel'dovich
97:resolution
69:supersonic
65:combustion
51:(from
49:Detonation
43:shock wave
28:Denotation
2039:Standards
1968:Fire test
1796:Occupancy
1761:Fire pump
1751:Fire hose
1736:Fire door
1716:Exit sign
1691:Crash bar
1464:Pyrolysis
1459:Pool fire
1424:Flashover
1379:Explosive
1327:Backdraft
946:0305-7844
846:123018814
760:1941-5982
310:Detonator
112:acetylene
85:explosion
2168:Category
2132:See also
2061:EN 16034
1771:Firestop
1726:Fire cut
1449:Jet fire
1439:Gas leak
1355:(HAZMAT)
1338:Boilover
1273:Archived
1232:(7): 60.
1145:93125699
1093:Archived
1089:73601951
989:93720416
923:95326309
299:See also
254:firearms
169:Theories
104:hydrogen
59:detonare
2180:Commons
2013:(NCEES)
1334:(BLEVE)
1195:Bibcode
1069:Bibcode
1012:Bibcode
969:Bibcode
826:Bibcode
791:Bibcode
675:Bibcode
623:, Doin.
2111:Awards
2025:(SFPE)
2019:(NFPA)
2001:(FEMA)
1964:(FSES)
1143:
1087:
987:
944:
921:
880:
844:
766:
758:
721:974679
719:
711:
495:
468:
437:
190:Döring
188:, and
118:, and
41:, and
2102:UL 94
2056:EN 54
2007:(IFE)
1636:(PPE)
1141:S2CID
1096:(PDF)
1085:S2CID
1057:(PDF)
985:S2CID
919:S2CID
842:S2CID
607:(PDF)
598:. 6.
592:(PDF)
573:(PDF)
564:. 6.
558:(PDF)
116:ozone
55:
53:Latin
2051:EN 3
2031:(UL)
942:ISSN
878:ISBN
764:LCCN
756:ISSN
717:OCLC
709:ASIN
522:1881
512:1881
493:ISBN
466:ISBN
435:ISBN
400:2019
237:Iraq
161:and
153:and
137:and
133:and
129:and
1230:168
1203:doi
1168:doi
1133:doi
1077:doi
1020:doi
977:doi
965:306
911:doi
907:120
870:doi
834:doi
799:doi
748:doi
683:doi
235:in
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39:TNT
2198::
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832:.
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