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1036:. Heats of formations for solids and gases found in explosive reactions have been determined for a temperature of 25 °C and atmospheric pressure, and are normally given in units of kilojoules per gram-molecule. A positive value indicates that heat is absorbed during the formation of the compound from its elements; such a reaction is called an endothermic reaction. In explosive technology only materials that are
1088:), the casing surrounding the explosive, and/or any other loose miscellaneous items not vaporized by the shock wave from the explosion. High velocity, low angle fragments can travel hundreds of metres with enough energy to initiate other surrounding high explosive items, injure or kill personnel, and/or damage vehicles or structures.
170:. Explosions may also be generated by a slower expansion that would normally not be forceful, but is not allowed to expand, so that when whatever is containing the expansion is broken by the pressure that builds as the matter inside tries to expand, the matter expands forcefully. An example of this is a
939:
The speed of the reaction is what distinguishes an explosive reaction from an ordinary combustion reaction. Unless the reaction occurs very rapidly, the thermally expanding gases will be moderately dissipated in the medium, with no large differential in pressure and no explosion. As a wood fire burns
751:
are one type of mechanical explosion that can occur when a vessel containing a pressurized liquid is ruptured, causing a rapid increase in volume as the liquid evaporates. Note that the contents of the container may cause a subsequent chemical explosion, the effects of which can be dramatically more
230:
as the magma rises causes the gas to bubble out of solution, resulting in a rapid increase in volume, however the size of the magma chamber remains the same. This results in pressure buildup that eventually leads to an explosive eruption. Explosions can also occur outside of Earth in the universe in
756:
tank in the midst of a fire. In such a case, to the effects of the mechanical explosion when the tank fails are added the effects from the explosion resulting from the released (initially liquid and then almost instantaneously gaseous) propane in the presence of an ignition source. For this reason,
306:
are an example of common, much less energetic, explosions on the Sun, and presumably on most other stars as well. The energy source for solar flare activity comes from the tangling of magnetic field lines resulting from the rotation of the Sun's conductive plasma. Another type of large astronomical
940:
in a fireplace, for example, there certainly is the evolution of heat and the formation of gases, but neither is liberated rapidly enough to build up a sudden substantial pressure differential and then cause an explosion. This can be likened to the difference between the energy discharge of a
137:
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Strictly a physical process, as opposed to chemical or nuclear, e.g., the bursting of a sealed or partially sealed container under internal pressure is often referred to as an explosion. Examples include an overheated boiler or a simple tin can of beans tossed into a fire.
1040:—that have a net liberation of heat and have a negative heat of formation—are of interest. Reaction heat is measured under conditions either of constant pressure or constant volume. It is this heat of reaction that may be properly expressed as the "heat of explosion."
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A chemical explosive is a compound or mixture which, upon the application of heat or shock, decomposes or rearranges with extreme rapidity, yielding much gas and heat. Many substances not ordinarily classed as explosives may do one, or even two, of these things.
128:
972:. This rapid generation of high pressures of the released gas constitutes the explosion. The liberation of heat with insufficient rapidity will not cause an explosion. For example, although a unit mass of coal yields five times as much heat as a unit mass of
897:
or from a combination of fission and fusion. As a result, even a nuclear weapon with a small yield is significantly more powerful than the largest conventional explosives available, with a single weapon capable of completely destroying an entire city.
1056:(in the case of some explosive chemical reactions) to a small portion of the mass of the explosive material. A material in which the first three factors exist cannot be accepted as an explosive unless the reaction can be made to occur when needed.
311:, such as a planet. This occurs because the two objects are moving at very high speed relative to each other (a minimum of 11.2 kilometres per second (7.0 mi/s) for an Earth impacting body). For example, the
471:
in 1866. Chemical explosions (both intentional and accidental) are often initiated by an electric spark or flame in the presence of oxygen. Accidental explosions may occur in fuel tanks, rocket engines, etc.
333:. This is capable of transmitting ordinary energy and destructive forces to nearby objects, but in the vastness of space, nearby objects are rare. The gravitational wave observed on 21 May 2019, known as
1783:
Dubnikova, Faina; Kosloff, Ronnie; Almog, Joseph; Zeiri, Yehuda; Boese, Roland; Itzhaky, Harel; Alt, Aaron; Keinan, Ehud (2005-02-01). "Decomposition of
Triacetone Triperoxide Is an Entropic Explosion".
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Explosive force is released in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the explosive. If a grenade is in mid air during the explosion, the direction of the blast will be 360°. In contrast, in a
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reaction that produces large amounts of hot gas. Gunpowder was the first explosive to be invented and put to use. Other notable early developments in chemical explosive technology were
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When a chemical compound is formed from its constituents, heat may either be absorbed or released. The quantity of heat absorbed or given off during transformation is called the
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Fragmentation is the accumulation and projection of particles as the result of a high explosives detonation. Fragments could originate from: parts of a structure (such as
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For an explosion to occur, there must be a rapid, forceful expansion of matter. There are numerous ways this can happen, both naturally and artificially, such as
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the explosive forces are focused to produce a greater local explosion; shaped charges are often used by military to breach doors or walls.
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Van Der Sluys, M. V.; Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. (2003). "The dynamics of the nebula M1-67 around the run-away Wolf-Rayet star WR 124".
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968:. It is the rapid liberation of heat that causes the gaseous products of most explosive reactions to expand and generate high
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systems, are capable of radiating many solar masses of energy into the universe in a fraction of a second, in the form of a
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The generation of heat in large quantities accompanies most explosive chemical reactions. The exceptions are called
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Classical Latin: "to drive an actor off the stage by making noise" hence meaning "to drive out" or "to reject"
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The most common artificial explosives are chemical explosives, usually involving a rapid and violent
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means "to hiss a bad actor off the stage", "to drive an actor off the stage by making noise", from
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A high current electrical fault can create an "electrical explosion" by forming a high-energy
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A reaction must be capable of being initiated by the application of shock, heat, or a
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of a given amount of matter associated with an extreme outward release of
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Standards for electrical equipment in potentially explosive environments
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527:"electrical and magnetic explosions" arc flash, magnetic explosion
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is a type of explosive weapon that derives its destructive force from
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forests where the volatile oils in the tree tops suddenly combust.
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A breaching charge exploding against a test door during training
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rises from below, it has dissolved gas in it. The reduction of
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and/or various surface-level geologic features (such as loose
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emergency workers often differentiate between the two events.
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Explosion of unserviceable ammunition and other military items
19:"Exploded" and "Exploding" redirect here. For other uses, see
1514:("to clap; to applaud"). The modern meaning developed later:
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392:"chemical explosive" gunpowder, nitrocellulose, dynamite
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which rapidly vaporizes metal and insulation material. This
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Around 1882: first use as "bursting with destructive force"
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1735:"115 Years Ago: The Tunguska Asteroid Impact Event - NASA"
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Around 1660: "drive out with violence and sudden noise"
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Among the largest known explosions in the universe are
1721:"Compiled by Christian Koeberl and Virgil L. Sharpton"
1619:, a cause of death typically associated with explosion
298:, which occur after the end of life of some types of
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56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
976:, the coal cannot be used as an explosive (except
610:hazard is a danger to people working on energized
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1299:1945 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
952:flash, which releases its energy all at once.
1029:for a more thorough treatment of this topic.
463:'s development of nitrocellulose in 1865 and
1236:2005 Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal fire
315:of 1908 is believed to have resulted from a
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1014:less internal energy converted into heat);
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379:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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222:. Explosive volcanic eruptions occur when
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1103:Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions
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863:Learn how and when to remove this message
749:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions
732:Learn how and when to remove this message
578:Learn how and when to remove this message
443:Learn how and when to remove this message
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1786:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1719:Koeberl, Christian; Sharpton, Virgil L.
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1645:"Fire power equalled 1500 atomic bombs"
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1532:Around 1790: "go off with a loud noise"
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964:and include organic peroxides such as
162:, usually with the generation of high
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286:, which is currently observed as six
251:. Explosions frequently occur during
1219:Port Neal fertilizer plant explosion
1025:are equivalent forms of energy. See
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797:adding citations to reliable sources
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512:adding citations to reliable sources
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1755:Siegel, Ethan (15 February 2020).
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1252:West Fertilizer Company explosion
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1587:Implosion (mechanical process)
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1337:1980 Mount St. Helens eruption
16:Sudden release of heat and gas
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1643:Kissane, Karen (2009-05-22).
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1322:Eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD
1246:2009 Cataño oil refinery fire
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1597:Internal combustion engine
1454:2023 Ohio train derailment
1449:Lac-MĂ©gantic rail disaster
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1311:Volcanic Explosivity Index
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325:mergers, likely involving
309:explodes in its atmosphere
194:explosions are created by
21:Explosion (disambiguation)
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1469:Tenerife airport disaster
1422:2013 Chelyabinsk airburst
1332:1883 eruption of Krakatoa
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1116:Siege of Belgrade (1717)
978:in the form of coal dust
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154:is a rapid expansion in
1690:2003A&A...398..181V
1400:Airbursts/Impact events
1267:2023 Starship explosion
1257:2015 Tianjin explosions
1110:Wanggongchang Explosion
885:In addition to stellar
618:within an ultra-strong
476:Electrical and magnetic
461:Frederick Augustus Abel
1819:wikt:explode#Etymology
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1241:2008 GĂ«rdec explosions
1122:Nanaimo mine explosion
1044:Initiation of reaction
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178:explosions created by
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1617:Total body disruption
1327:1257 Samalas eruption
1262:2020 Beirut explosion
1198:Iri station explosion
1156:Port Chicago disaster
1145:1944 Bombay explosion
1023:work (thermodynamics)
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282:is the remnants of a
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140:The explosion of the
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1623:Underwater explosion
1572:Explosion protection
1444:September 11 attacks
1213:1988 Poole explosion
1192:Flixborough disaster
793:improve this section
662:improve this section
630:Mechanical and vapor
508:improve this section
373:improve this section
50:improve this article
1582:Fuel tank explosion
1394:Solar storm of 1859
1367:Yellowstone Caldera
1186:N1 rocket explosion
1180:Nedelin catastrophe
1174:Texas City disaster
1162:RAF Fauld explosion
1070:structural material
962:entropic explosives
812:"nuclear explosion"
752:serious, such as a
186:and travel through
1481:Chernobyl disaster
1438:Transport/Aviation
1389:Kepler's Supernova
1362:Toba supereruption
1231:Ryongchon disaster
1150:West Loch disaster
1134:Battle of Messines
1027:Heat of Combustion
1001:chemical potential
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887:nuclear explosions
624:magnetic explosion
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331:gravitational wave
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216:volcanic eruptions
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1798:10.1021/ja0464903
1459:Pan Am Flight 103
1417:Chichxulub impact
1208:Henderson, Nevada
1128:Halifax Explosion
1034:heat of formation
956:Evolution of heat
877:Nuclear explosion
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814: –
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808:Find sources:
802:
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778:This section
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647:This section
645:
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620:electromagnet
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358:This section
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106:February 2014
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39:This article
37:
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22:
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1789:
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1766:. Retrieved
1760:
1750:
1739:. Retrieved
1737:. 2023-07-05
1729:
1714:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1648:
1638:
1593:of explosion
1552:Deflagration
1522:In English:
1521:
1495:
1427:Theia impact
1406:Impact event
1289:Castle Bravo
1279:Trinity test
1184:1969 Soviet
1063:
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989:
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819:
807:
791:Please help
779:
747:
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728:
719:
709:
702:
695:
688:
676:
660:Please help
648:
623:
622:can cause a
614:. Excessive
601:
574:
565:
555:
548:
541:
534:
522:
506:Please help
494:
465:Alfred Nobel
454:
439:
430:
420:
413:
406:
399:
387:
371:Please help
359:
321:
304:Solar flares
293:
263:Astronomical
220:impact event
213:
204:deflagration
164:temperatures
151:
149:
143:Castle Bravo
141:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1768:7 September
1674:: 181–194.
288:light years
271:The nebula
188:shock waves
184:detonations
65:"Explosion"
1837:Explosions
1741:2023-11-07
1630:References
1557:Detonation
1547:Combustion
1508:("out") +
1294:Tsar Bomba
1068:, bits of
1038:exothermic
1008:detonation
994:combustion
986:combustion
902:Properties
823:newspapers
692:newspapers
612:switchgear
538:newspapers
403:newspapers
323:Black hole
296:supernovae
257:eucalyptus
247:, as in a
237:explosives
233:supernovae
200:combustion
176:Supersonic
76:newspapers
1612:Plofkraak
1492:Etymology
970:pressures
946:capacitor
853:July 2024
780:does not
722:July 2024
649:does not
608:arc flash
596:capacitor
568:July 2024
495:does not
457:oxidation
433:July 2024
360:does not
253:bushfires
152:explosion
1831:Category
1806:15669854
1653:Archived
1591:opposite
1540:See also
1305:Volcanic
1284:Ivy Mike
1097:Chemical
1054:catalyst
935:Velocity
469:dynamite
341:Chemical
335:GW190521
228:pressure
192:Subsonic
1706:6142859
1686:Bibcode
1649:The Age
1499:explĹŤdĹŤ
1384:SN 1572
1379:SN 1006
1373:Stellar
1273:Nuclear
942:battery
837:scholar
801:removed
786:sources
761:Nuclear
754:propane
706:scholar
670:removed
655:sources
552:scholar
516:removed
501:sources
417:scholar
381:removed
366:sources
275:around
90:scholar
1804:
1762:Forbes
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1511:plaudĹŤ
1074:strata
950:camera
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290:across
280:WR 124
245:fusion
210:Causes
160:energy
156:volume
92:
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78:
71:
63:
1702:S2CID
1676:arXiv
1475:Other
1250:2013
1229:2004
1223:2001
1217:1994
1202:1988
1196:1977
1190:1974
1178:1960
1172:1947
1166:1947
1160:1944
1154:1944
1138:1921
1132:1917
1126:1917
1120:1887
1114:1717
1108:1626
1084:, or
1078:rocks
1066:glass
992:fast
984:slow
907:Force
844:JSTOR
830:books
713:JSTOR
699:books
559:JSTOR
545:books
424:JSTOR
410:books
300:stars
273:M1-67
224:magma
168:gases
97:JSTOR
83:books
1802:PMID
1770:2020
1086:sand
1082:soil
1021:and
1019:heat
1016:c.f.
1012:i.e.
1005:i.e.
998:i.e.
990:i.e.
982:i.e.
889:, a
879:and
816:news
784:any
782:cite
685:news
653:any
651:cite
531:news
499:any
497:cite
396:news
364:any
362:cite
69:news
1794:doi
1790:127
1694:doi
1672:398
1505:ex-
795:by
664:by
510:by
375:by
255:in
243:or
150:An
52:by
1833::
1800:.
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1759:.
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1589::
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594:A
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