464:
305:
742:
561:
compared to 29,354 tonnes (32,357 short tons; 28,890 long tons) used over three years in the Korean War, and 15,000 tonnes (16,500 short tons; 14,700 long tons) dropped on Japan in 1945. The US Air Force and US Navy used napalm with great effect against all kinds of targets, such as troops, tanks, buildings, jungles, and even
517:" in South Korea during the night of 10–11 June 1953. Eighth Army chemical officer Donald Bode reported that on an "average good day" UN pilots used 260,000 liters (70,000 US gal; 58,000 imp gal) of napalm, with approximately 230,000 liters (60,000 US gal; 50,000 imp gal) of this thrown by US forces. The
842:(SIPRI), countries are considered a party to the convention, which entered into force as international law in December 1983, as long as they ratify at least two of the five protocols. Approximately 25 years after the General Assembly adopted it, it was reported that the US signed it on 21 January 2009,
560:
Napalm became an intrinsic element of US military action during the
Vietnam War as forces made increasing use of it for its tactical and psychological effects. Reportedly about 352,000 tonnes (388,000 short tons; 346,000 long tons) of US napalm bombs were dropped in the region between 1963 and 1973,
241:
at
Harvard University was the first to develop synthetic napalm during 1942. "The production of napalm was first entrusted to Nuodex Products, and by the middle of April 1942 they had developed a brown, dry powder that was not sticky by itself, but when mixed with gasoline turned into an extremely
121:
Napalm burns at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1,200 °C (1,470 to 2,190 °F). It burns longer than gasoline, is more easily dispersed, and adheres to its targets. These traits make it both effective and controversial. It has been widely used from the air and from the ground, the largest
846:'s first full day in office as president. Its ratification is subject to a reservation that says that the treaty can be ignored if it would save civilian lives. The UN has also acknowledged that the US had ratified the CCW in March 1995, 13 years after the country became a signatory to it.
29:
530:
privately criticized the use of napalm in Korea, writing that it was "very cruel", as US/UN forces, he wrote, were "splashing it all over the civilian population", "tortur great masses of people". He conveyed these sentiments to U.S.
370:
Further use of napalm by Allied forces occurred in the
Pacific theater of operations, where, in 1944 and 1945, napalm was used as a tactical weapon against Japanese bunkers, pillboxes, tunnels, and other fortifications, especially on
367:, and seven local French resistance fighters. Although it was not known at the time of the airstrike, 31 other POWs from the same SAS unit, and an American airman who had joined up with the SAS unit, had also been executed.
1152:
292:, etc., graduating from college were subject to campus boycotts and protests. The management of the company decided that its "first obligation was the government". Meanwhile, napalm became a symbol for the
265:
on buildings designed and constructed to represent those to be found in German and
Japanese towns. This new mixture of chemicals was widely used by the United States in the Second World War for
596:(ZAPU) also issued claims at around the same time that napalm strikes against guerrilla targets had become a common feature in Rhodesian military operations both at home and abroad.
826:
International law does not specifically prohibit the use of napalm or other incendiaries against military targets, but use against civilian populations was banned by the UN
639:
1136:
1871:
284:
manufactured napalm for the
American armed forces. After news reports of napalm's deadly and disfiguring effects were published, Dow Chemical experienced
644:
815:
are also vulnerable, due to the intense heat conducted through the armor. Even in the case of a near miss, the heat can be enough to disable a vehicle.
588:(ZANU), produced photographic evidence of civilian victims of Rhodesian napalm strikes, which he circulated during a tour of the US. The government of
538:, who "never published the statement". Publicly, Churchill allowed Bradley "to issue a statement that confirmed U.K. support for U.S. napalm attacks".
1779:
839:
1976:
335:
on 6 March 1944, using
American AN-M76 incendiary bombs with PT-1 (Pyrogel) filler. The first known tactical use by the USAAF was by the
1244:
1225:
827:
1106:
923:
110:; its potential to be coherently projected into a solid stream that would carry for distance (instead of the bloomy fireball of pure
1261:
872:
237:
for all uses, including vehicle tires, tank tracks, gaskets, hoses, medical supplies and rain clothing. A team of chemists led by
861:
791:, and drainage and irrigation ditches and other improvised troop shelters. Even people in undamaged shelters can be killed by
2012:
1916:
1634:
1593:
1520:
1444:
1368:
532:
403:
was specifically designed to destroy
Japanese civilian houses. Those bombs were widely used against civilians, including the
524:
1675:
650:
593:
158:(tank-, ship-, and infantry-based) used since World War II, giving them much greater range, and was a common weapon of
418:
incendiary bombs for their B-29 Superfortresses to drop on large
Japanese cities, its top commanders, such as General
1751:
1489:
1075:
1700:
352:
32:
1879:
1287:
1635:
1306:
1197:
818:
One firebomb released from a low-flying plane can damage an area of 2,100 square meters (2,500 sq yd).
654:
585:
1344:
831:
426:
2050:
348:
1954:
2055:
877:
619:
467:
984:
2045:
1787:
784:
430:
387:, where deeply dug-in Japanese troops refused to surrender. Napalm bombs were dropped by aviators of the
91:
2065:
2030:
903:
706:
682:
226:
565:. The effect was not always purely physical as napalm had psychological effects on the enemy as well.
812:
808:
457:
453:
1393:
612:
258:
1743:
Thy Will Be Done – The
Conquest of the Amazon: Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil
838:, but a number of countries have not acceded to all of the protocols of the CCW. According to the
1002:
623:
600:
519:
491:
254:
20:
1908:
1902:
1318:
324:
Napalm was first employed in incendiary bombs and went on to be used as fuel for flamethrowers.
730:
195:
179:
167:
1506:
1434:
1045:
953:"Books in brief. Napalm: An American Biography Robert M. Neer Harvard University Press 352 pp"
927:
359:" in Bonneuil-Matours. Soldiers of this Waffen SS unit had captured and then killed a British
1505:
Featherstone, Kevin; Papadimitriou, Dimitris; Mamarelis, Argyris; Niarchos, Georgios (2011).
1479:
344:
262:
1241:
1222:
554:
289:
281:
1110:
178:
The development of napalm was precipitated by the use of jellied gasoline mixtures by the
19:
This article is about flammable liquids used for flame-type weaponry. For other uses, see
8:
1814:
1265:
1007:(Volume 13 Number 6 ed.). Command and General Staff College. April 1953. p. 13.
577:
546:
364:
360:
336:
327:
The first recorded strategic use of napalm incendiary bombs occurred in an attack by the
317:
274:
135:
1858:
1668:
Fireforce
Exposed: Rhodesian Security Forces and Their Role in Defending White Supremacy
490:
holding defensive positions were often outnumbered by Chinese and North Koreans, but US
1832:
1512:
1019:
835:
690:
631:
581:
495:
463:
384:
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on 14 July 1944, which also employed the AN-M76 incendiary in a reprisal attack on the
328:
230:
127:
95:
2008:
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1840:
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1516:
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1027:
898:
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753:
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527:
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and also for attacks in North Korea. Napalm was used most notably during the battle "
506:
445:
131:
99:
43:
304:
964:
887:
604:
542:
502:
471:
449:
411:
404:
234:
207:
69:
47:
1741:
1766:
1581:
1248:
1229:
769:
562:
441:
396:
392:
309:
266:
73:
1610:
2060:
1715:
1308:
states that "The U.S. military started using napalm during the middle of 1942".
856:
773:
400:
199:
191:
63:
2024:
549:(1946–1954). At first, the canisters were simply pushed out the side doors of
433:
in April 1945 against German soldiers (and inadvertently French civilians) in
407:. Over 40,000 tons of AN-M69s were dropped on Japanese cities during the war.
2039:
2005:
1720:
1378:
1148:
765:
726:
550:
514:
498:
242:
sticky and flammable substance." One of Fieser's colleagues suggested adding
155:
80:
1737:
882:
843:
796:
792:
777:
535:
475:
419:
270:
238:
203:
183:
159:
139:
123:
115:
107:
103:
87:
1504:
1358:
340:
62:
of two of the constituents of the original thickening and gelling agents:
1780:"Kurds Accuse Turks of Dropping Napalm | Voice of America – English"
1459:
800:
658:
510:
487:
380:
293:
163:
151:
147:
59:
55:
545:
regularly used napalm for close air support of ground operations in the
190:, used in these early forms of incendiary devices, became scarce, since
1463:
866:
761:
589:
483:
253:
On 4 July 1942, the first test occurred on the football field near the
243:
143:
1292:
Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army, p.158.
246:
to the mix which increased the "ability to penetrate deeply into the
1819:
714:
694:
440:
In its first known post-WWII use, US-supplied napalm was used in the
313:
66:
1693:
32 Battalion: The Inside Story of South Africa's Elite Fighting Unit
1017:
969:
952:
741:
114:) resulted in widespread adoption in infantry and tank/boat mounted
804:
783:
Napalm is lethal even for dug-in enemy personnel, as it flows into
670:
569:
415:
376:
211:
111:
51:
1935:
1907:. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp.
686:
662:
388:
285:
218:
1844:
1031:
869:, an ancient flamethrowing weapon that may have resembled napalm
729:(1991–1996). In 2018, Turkey was accused of using napalm in its
1173:
788:
718:
710:
678:
627:
608:
584:. In May 1978, Herbert Ushewokunze, minister of health for the
372:
332:
247:
222:
509:
of the ground troops along the border between North Korea and
28:
1337:
SAS Operation Bulbasket: Behind the Lines in Occupied France.
674:
666:
434:
187:
505:. Hence, the American and other UN aviators used napalm for
757:
748:, burned with napalm at the age of 9 during the Vietnam War
702:
698:
635:
618:
Other instances of napalm's use include: France during the
363:
prisoner-of-war, Lieutenant Tomos Stephens, taking part in
1422:. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers. p. 155.
474:
firing an ignited napalm mixture from a riverboat-mounted
1508:
The Last Ottomans: The Muslim Minority of Greece, 1940–49
1175:
1018:
Basil T. Fedoroff; Oliver E. Sheffield (1 January 1974).
257:. Tests under operational conditions were carried out at
1670:. London: The Anti-Apartheid Movement. pp. 39–40.
1665:
1436:
The Zinn Reader: Writings on Disobedience and Democracy
1137:"Napalm in US Bombing Doctrine and Practice, 1942-1975"
1095:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 392, 393.
553:
planes that had been captured in Germany, later mostly
2026:
Hawker Tempest WW II testing including Napalm dropping
1636:"Liquid Fire – How Napalm Was Used in the Vietnam War"
576:
between 1968 and 1978 and was used extensively by the
288:
of its products, and its recruiters for new chemists,
98:. Of immediate first interest was its viability as an
1930:
1928:
1061:
1059:
1026:. Vol. 6. Picatinny Arsenal. pp. F56–F58.
924:"Oxford Dictionaries – napalm: definition of napalm"
1894:
1769:. Naval-history.net. Retrieved on 11 February 2010.
1746:. New York: HarperPerennial. p. 466, 491-493.
1251:. vcdh.virginia.edu. Retrieved on 11 February 2010.
607:strike aircraft during raids on guerrilla bases in
1925:
1859:Napalm Survivor Tells of Healing After Vietnam War
1839:. Vol. 8. Picatinny Arsenal. pp. N2–N3.
1289:The Chemical Warfare Service: Chemicals in Combat.
1198:"50 years ago, 'Dow Day' left its mark on Madison"
250:, where it would continue to burn day after day."
1952:
1339:Barnsley, S. Yorks: Pen and Sword Books. p. 104.
1056:
444:by the Greek National Army as part of operations
422:, used napalm bombs to continue with fire raids.
2037:
1360:Hurricane : victor of the Battle of Britain
1134:
840:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
780:, unconsciousness, and death are also possible.
261:on condemned farm buildings and subsequently at
1830:
895:, a Vietnamese child injured by a napalm attack
649:and the counterinsurgency campaign against the
501:had control of the air over nearly all of the
1481:A Military History of the Cold War, 1944–1962
1837:Encyclopedia of explosives and related items
1736:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1484:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 70.
1432:
1286:Kleber, Brooks E. and Birdsell, Dale (1966)
1024:Encyclopedia of explosives and related items
985:"Napalm and Agent Orange in the Vietnam War"
523:hailed "Napalm, the No. 1 Weapon in Korea".
482:Napalm was widely used by the US during the
437:—about two weeks before the end of the war.
429:, napalm was used by American forces in the
1955:"Military in no hurry to dispose of napalm"
1857:Omara-Otunnu, Elizabeth (8 November 2004).
1666:Anti-Apartheid Movement, (various) (1979).
1570:. Harvard University Press. pp. 102–3.
1391:
828:Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
194:was almost impossible to obtain after the
1767:Goose Green, 2 Para in Falklands War 1982
1654:
1356:
1065:
1038:
968:
217:This shortage of natural rubber prompted
1550:
1417:
1398:RESTRICTED DATA The Nuclear Secrecy Blog
1174:University of Wisconsin-Madison (2017).
1070:. New York: The New Press. p. 105.
873:Japanese Village (Dugway Proving Ground)
740:
736:
462:
303:
233:, to develop factory-made alternatives:
122:use having been via airdropped bombs in
27:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1553:Korea: Where the American Century Began
1540:. Harvard University Press. p. 99.
1254:
1195:
947:
945:
731:war against Kurdish militias over Afrin
2038:
1953:Los Angeles Times (24 February 1995).
1824:
1695:. New York: Zebra Press. p. 158.
1690:
1684:
1465:You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train
1439:. Seven Stories Press. pp. 267–.
1130:
1128:
862:German Village (Dugway proving ground)
50:and a volatile petrochemical (usually
35:dropping napalm in a training exercise
1851:
1477:
1135:Marine Guillaume (10 December 2016).
1099:
1090:
1011:
533:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
343:, France 27 May 1944 and the British
154:. Napalm has also fueled most of the
128:incendiary attacks on Japanese cities
1900:
1861:. University of Connecticut Advance.
1802:
1608:
1580:
1565:
1535:
1478:House, Jonathan M. (28 April 2014).
1392:Wellerstein, Alex (30 August 2013).
1084:
942:
834:of the CCW restricts the use of all
821:
568:A variant of napalm was produced in
90:originally developed napalm for the
1232:Virginia Center for Digital History
1125:
630:(1964) dropped napalm bombs in the
198:captured the rubber plantations in
13:
1994:
1831:Seymour M. Kaye (1 January 1978).
1555:. Hardie Grant Books. p. 152.
1335:McCue, Paul and Baker, Max (2009)
1155:from the original on 25 March 2022
1093:Science in World War II: Chemistry
308:Results of a napalm strike by the
94:in 1942 in a secret laboratory at
14:
2077:
2018:
1588:. Guilford, CT: Stackpole Books.
1196:Worland, Gayle (8 October 2017).
1020:"Flame Throwers—Liquids and Gels"
456:(DSE)—the military branch of the
399:in support of ground troops. The
1718:, "Avoir 20 ans en Kabylie", in
768:the available air and generates
572:for a type of ordnance known as
353:17th SS Panzergrenadier Division
33:North American F-100 Super Sabre
1969:
1946:
1936:"Napalm, An American Biography"
1864:
1772:
1760:
1730:
1724:n°324, October 2007, pp. 28–29
1709:
1628:
1602:
1574:
1559:
1544:
1529:
1498:
1471:
1453:
1426:
1411:
1385:
1350:
1329:
1311:
1295:
1280:
1235:
1216:
1189:
1167:
603:frequently dropped napalm from
594:Zimbabwe African People's Union
586:Zimbabwe African National Union
345:De Havilland Mosquito FB Mk.VIs
339:, Ninth Air Force Northeast of
299:
1609:Rohn, Alan (18 January 2014).
1264:. 6 March 2011. Archived from
1109:. 29 June 2010. Archived from
995:
977:
916:
427:European Theater of Operations
173:
130:in 1945. It was used also for
1:
2002:Napalm: An American Biography
1904:Napalm, An American Biography
1740:; Dennett, Charlotte (1995).
1642:. Nikola Budanovic. June 2016
1568:Napalm: An American Biography
1538:Napalm: An American Biography
1091:Noyes, W.A. Jr., ed. (1948).
910:
878:M-69 Incendiary cluster bomb
7:
1305:dated 12 October 1973 here
1204:. Madison, WI: John Humenik
849:
651:Revolutionary Left Movement
92:US Chemical Warfare Service
10:
2082:
1551:Pembroke, Michael (2018).
1418:De Chant, John A. (1947).
904:White phosphorus munitions
752:When used as a part of an
707:Indian Peace Keeping Force
683:Turkish Invasion of Cyprus
227:Standard Oil of New Jersey
18:
1394:"Who Made That Firebomb?"
1323:www.368thfightergroup.com
813:armored fighting vehicles
809:carbon monoxide poisoning
458:Communist Party of Greece
454:Democratic Army of Greece
273:, after its first use in
16:Gelled incendiary mixture
2000:Neer, Robert M. (2013).
1640:www.warhistoryonline.com
1566:Neer, Robert M. (2013).
1066:Lindqvist, Sven (2001).
655:National Liberation Army
613:South African Border War
414:ran out of conventional
349:Second Tactical Airforce
259:Jefferson Proving Ground
221:at US companies such as
86:. A team led by chemist
1940:www.napalmbiography.com
1611:"Napalm in Vietnam War"
1363:. London: John Murray.
1357:McKinstry, Leo (2011).
1319:"368th FG HQ Documents"
1202:Wisconsin State Journal
756:, napalm causes severe
709:(IPKF) in 1987 against
624:Portuguese Colonial War
601:South African Air Force
520:New York Herald Tribune
486:. The ground forces in
410:When the USAAFs on the
280:From 1965 to 1969, the
255:Harvard Business School
21:Napalm (disambiguation)
1876:www.worldinbalance.net
1247:6 October 2011 at the
749:
541:At the same time, the
525:British Prime Minister
479:
321:
36:
1901:Neer, Robert (2013).
1691:Nortje, Piet (2003).
1536:Neer, Robert (2013).
1433:Zinn, Howard (1997).
807:, smoke exposure, or
744:
737:Antipersonnel effects
661:by Israel (1967); in
640:1964 Matsés massacres
466:
357:Götz von Berlichingen
347:of No. 140 Wing RAF,
316:positions during the
307:
277:on 15 December 1943.
263:Dugway Proving Ground
229:, and researchers at
31:
2051:World War II weapons
1872:"worldinbalance.net"
1790:on 25 September 2020
1262:"The Harvard Candle"
1107:"An Ithaca of sorts"
1068:A History of Bombing
705:(1980–88, 1991); by
470:riverboat of the US
431:siege of La Rochelle
282:Dow Chemical Company
2056:American inventions
1303:The Harvard Crimson
1268:on 29 December 2012
578:Rhodesian Air Force
557:bombers were used.
547:First Indochina War
365:Operation Bulbasket
337:368th Fighter Group
318:First Indochina War
136:First Indochina War
2046:Incendiary weapons
1586:Street Without Joy
1513:Palgrave Macmillan
1467:. 2004 Documentary
1228:2011-10-06 at the
1113:on 11 October 2012
1050:www.chm.bris.ac.uk
963:(7443): 29. 2013.
836:incendiary weapons
750:
691:Western Sahara War
632:Republic of Cyprus
480:
329:US Army Air Forces
322:
290:chemical engineers
231:Harvard University
96:Harvard University
37:
2066:Thickening agents
2013:978-0-674-07301-2
1979:. Treaties.un.org
1918:978-0-674-07301-2
1882:on 4 October 2011
1595:978-0-8117-3654-1
1522:978-0-230-29465-3
1446:978-1-888363-54-8
1370:978-1-84854-341-6
1176:"A Turning Point"
989:www.thoughtco.com
930:on 26 August 2013
899:Triethylaluminium
893:Phan Thi Kim Phuc
822:International law
754:incendiary weapon
746:Phan Thi Kim Phuc
723:Angolan Civil War
673:(1965 and 1971);
528:Winston Churchill
507:close air support
391:, the USAAF, the
235:artificial rubber
170:in World War II.
132:close air support
106:campaigns during
100:incendiary device
58:). The name is a
2073:
2027:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1878:. Archived from
1868:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1828:
1822:
1811:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1786:. Archived from
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1688:
1682:
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1663:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1632:
1626:
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1606:
1600:
1599:
1582:Fall, Bernard B.
1578:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1542:
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1527:
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1404:
1389:
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1354:
1348:
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1327:
1326:
1315:
1309:
1299:
1293:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1258:
1252:
1239:
1233:
1223:"Napalm History"
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1015:
1009:
1008:
999:
993:
992:
981:
975:
974:
972:
949:
940:
939:
937:
935:
926:. Archived from
920:
888:Molotov cocktail
693:(1975–1991); by
648:
563:railroad tunnels
543:French Air Force
503:Korean Peninsula
472:Brown-water navy
412:Marianas Islands
405:Bombing of Tokyo
275:Papua New Guinea
267:incendiary bombs
2081:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2021:
1997:
1995:Further reading
1992:
1982:
1980:
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1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1957:. Baltimore Sun
1951:
1947:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
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1869:
1865:
1856:
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1815:Napalm Exposure
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397:Royal Air Force
393:US Marine Corps
320:, December 1953
310:Aviation navale
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1880:the original
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928:the original
918:
883:Mark 77 bomb
844:Barack Obama
832:Protocol III
825:
817:
805:asphyxiation
797:radiant heat
793:hyperthermia
782:
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766:deoxygenates
751:
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620:Algerian War
617:
605:Atlas Impala
598:
573:
567:
559:
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536:Omar Bradley
518:
481:
476:flamethrower
452:against the
439:
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420:Curtis LeMay
409:
369:
356:
326:
323:
300:Military use
279:
252:
239:Louis Fieser
216:
184:World War II
177:
162:by both the
160:urban combat
140:Algerian War
124:World War II
120:
108:World War II
104:fire bombing
88:Louis Fieser
81:
74:
39:
38:
25:
1726:(in French)
1460:Howard Zinn
1272:26 December
1117:26 December
811:. Crews of
801:dehydration
721:during the
697:(1982); by
689:during the
681:(1974) the
677:(1973); by
665:(1969); in
659:Six-Day War
643: [
638:during the
611:during the
580:during the
511:South Korea
488:North Korea
381:Philippines
331:(USAAF) on
294:Vietnam War
248:musculature
174:Development
152:Vietnam War
148:Six-Day War
60:portmanteau
56:diesel fuel
2040:Categories
1721:L'Histoire
1646:8 November
1620:28 October
1420:Devilbirds
1345:1848841930
1208:26 October
1181:26 October
1141:SciencesPo
911:References
867:Greek fire
762:combustion
727:Yugoslavia
713:(LTTE) in
590:Mozambique
484:Korean War
478:in Vietnam
395:, and the
244:phosphorus
150:, and the
144:Korean War
44:incendiary
1820:eMedicine
1584:(2018) .
1379:659244635
1149:1961-9898
934:2 October
764:, napalm
760:. During
715:Sri Lanka
695:Argentina
492:Air Force
341:Compiègne
314:Viet Minh
204:Indonesia
118:as well.
84:itic acid
67:aluminium
1983:15 March
1961:17 April
1845:61-61759
1833:"Napalm"
1794:8 August
1245:Archived
1226:Archived
1153:Archived
1046:"Napalm"
1032:61-61759
850:See also
785:foxholes
671:Pakistan
653:and the
592:and the
582:Bush War
570:Rhodesia
499:aviators
416:thermite
377:Iwo Jima
286:boycotts
219:chemists
212:Thailand
166:and the
112:gasoline
52:gasoline
2031:YouTube
1159:21 July
789:bunkers
687:Morocco
663:Nigeria
574:Frantan
468:"Zippo"
460:(KKE).
446:Koronis
425:In the
389:US Navy
385:Okinawa
269:and in
208:Vietnam
182:during
126:in the
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1242:Napalm
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957:Nature
725:; and
719:Angola
711:Tamils
679:Turkey
628:Turkey
609:Angola
450:Pyrsos
383:, and
379:, the
373:Saipan
333:Berlin
223:DuPont
210:, and
200:Malaya
168:Allies
146:, the
142:, the
138:, the
42:is an
40:Napalm
2061:Soaps
776:, so
758:burns
717:; by
685:; by
675:Egypt
667:India
647:]
551:Ju 52
435:Royan
188:Latex
70:salts
2009:ISBN
1985:2022
1963:2021
1913:ISBN
1888:2011
1841:LCCN
1796:2020
1748:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1648:2017
1622:2019
1590:ISBN
1517:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1405:2020
1375:OCLC
1365:ISBN
1341:ISBN
1274:2012
1210:2017
1183:2017
1161:2022
1145:ISSN
1119:2012
1072:ISBN
1028:LCCN
936:2014
772:and
703:Iraq
699:Iran
669:and
636:Peru
599:The
555:B-26
496:Navy
494:and
448:and
225:and
164:Axis
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