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phosphorus is 800–2500 °C; it sticks to various surfaces, including skin and clothes; the burning substance is difficult to extinguish. White phosphorus can cause deep burns down to the bones, and remnants of the substance in the tissues can ignite again after the initial treatment. It is difficult for military doctors, who are usually limited by medical resources, to provide timely and full assistance to the victims. Even burn survivors can die from organ failure due to the toxicity of white phosphorus. In addition, fires caused by incendiary projectiles can destroy civilian buildings and property, and damage crops and livestock. Humanitarian organizations such as Human Rights Watch are calling on governments to include phosphorus warheads under the UN Convention on
Certain Conventional Weapons.
1047:
and form aerial "pillars" of smoke which are of little use for screening. Tactically this may be counteracted by using WP to get a screen quickly, but then following up with emission type screening agents for a more persistent screen. Some countries have begun using red phosphorus instead. Red phosphorus ("RP") burns cooler than WP and eliminates a few other disadvantages as well, but offers exactly the same weight efficiency. Other approaches include WP soaked felt pads (which also burn more slowly, and pose a reduced risk of incendiarism) and PWP, or plasticised white phosphorus.
40:
304:
1170:. White phosphorus particles continue to burn until completely consumed or starved of oxygen. In the case of weapons using felt-impregnated submunitions, incomplete combustion may occur resulting in up to 15% of the WP content remaining unburned. Such submunitions can prove hazardous as they are capable of spontaneous re-ignition if crushed by personnel or vehicles. In some cases, injury is limited to areas of exposed skin because the smaller WP particles do not burn completely through personal clothing before being consumed.
363:
1043:, most munitions of this type have a simple burster charge to split open the casing and spray fragments of WP through the air, where they ignite spontaneously and leave a trail of rapidly thickening smoke behind each particle. The appearance of this cloud forming is easily recognised; one sees a shower of burning particles spraying outward, followed closely by distinctive streamers of white smoke, which rapidly coalesce into a fluffy, very pure white cloud (unless illuminated by a coloured light source).
1104:
378:
1105:
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198:
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621:
825:), the use of air-delivered incendiary weapons against military targets in civilian areas, and the general use of other types of incendiary weapons against military targets located within "concentrations of civilians" without taking all possible means to minimise casualties. Incendiary phosphorus bombs may also not be used near civilians in a way that can lead to indiscriminate civilian casualties.
1154:
1059:, tends to become too finely divided. The reaction then becomes too fast, releases too much heat at once, and the smoke cloud rises up. After series of experiments, in 1944 the NDRC Munitions Development Laboratory at University of Illinois developed a plasticization method. The white phosphorus granules, big about as grains of sand, are coated with
354:
German crews would sometimes be forced to abandon their vehicle: this proved particularly effective against inexperienced crews who, on seeing smoke inside the turret, would assume their tank had caught fire. Smoke was also used for "silhouetting" enemy vehicles, with rounds dropped behind them to produce a better contrast for gunnery.
689:, the overall commander of US and NATO forces in Afghanistan, confirmed that Western military forces in Afghanistan use white phosphorus in order to illuminate targets or as an incendiary to destroy bunkers and enemy equipment. The Afghan government later launched an investigation into the use of white phosphorus munitions.
808:, but because of their incendiary effects, their use is supposed to be tightly regulated. Because white phosphorus has legal uses, shells filled with it are not directly prohibited by international humanitarian law. Experts consider them not as incendiary, but as masking, since their main goal is to create a smoke screen.
641:
government report further stated that smoke screening projectiles were the majority of the munitions containing white phosphorus employed by the IDF and that these were very effective in that role. The report states that at no time did IDF forces have the objective of inflicting any harm on the civilian population.
613:
proximity to the UN headquarters, and was used for smoke. The soldiers who ordered the attack were later reprimanded for violating the IDF rules of engagement. The IDF further investigated improper use of WP in the conflict, particularly in one incident in which 20 WP shells were fired in a built-up area of
1165:
particles from weapons using powdered white phosphorus as their payload produce extensive partial- and full-thickness burns, as will any attempt to handle burning submunitions without protective equipment. Phosphorus burns carry an increased risk of mortality due to the absorption of phosphorus into
1046:
Various disadvantages of WP are discussed below, but one which is particular to smoke-screening is "pillaring". Because the WP smoke is formed from fairly hot combustion, the gasses in the cloud are hot, and tend to rise. Consequently, the smoke screen tends to rise off the ground relatively quickly
820:
as "any weapon or munition which is primarily designed to set fire to objects or to cause burn injury to persons through the action of flame, heat, or combination thereof, produced by a chemical reaction of a substance delivered on the target". Article 2 of the same protocol prohibits the deliberate
447:
stated that they witnessed artillery guns firing white phosphorus projectiles, which "create a screen of fire that cannot be extinguished with water. Insurgents reported being attacked with a substance that melted their skin, a reaction consistent with white phosphorous burns." The same article also
353:
that their APC ammunition could not penetrate at long range. Smoke from rounds fired directly at German tanks would be used to blind them, allowing the
Shermans to close to a range where their armour-piercing rounds were effective. In addition, due to the turret ventilation systems sucking in fumes,
875:
If on the other hand the toxic properties of white phosphorus are specifically intended to be used as a weapon, that, of course, is prohibited, because the way the convention is structured or applied, any chemicals used against humans or animals that cause harm or death through the toxic properties
587:
of 2008–2009, the
Israeli military denied using WP entirely, saying "The IDF acts only in accordance with what is permitted by international law and does not use white phosphorus." However, numerous reports from human rights groups during the war indicated that WP shells were being used by Israeli
612:
was struck by IDF white phosphorous artillery shells, setting fire to pallets of relief materials and igniting several large fuel storage tanks. Senior
Israeli defense officials maintain that the shelling was in response to Israeli military personnel being fired upon by Hamas fighters who were in
470:
On 15 November 2005, following denials to the press from the US ambassadors in London and Rome, the US Department of
Defense confirmed that US forces had used white phosphorus as an incendiary weapon in Fallujah, in order to drive combatants out of dug-in positions. On 22 November 2005, the Iraqi
852:
does not classify phosphorus bombs as chemical weapons. This convention is meant to prohibit weapons that are "dependent on the use of the toxic properties of chemicals as a method of warfare", and defines a "toxic chemical" as a substance "which through its chemical action on life processes can
668:
impregnated with 5.8 kilograms (12.75 lb) of WP, producing a smokescreen lasting 5–10 minutes depending on weather conditions. These submunitions typically land in an elliptical pattern 125–250 meters in diameter, with the size of the effect area depending on the burst height, and produce a
1023:
of 98, the cloud is already 68% by mass derived from the atmosphere (i.e., 3.2 kilograms of smoke for every kilogram of WP); however, it may absorb more because phosphoric acid and its variants are hygroscopic. Given time, the droplets will continue to absorb more water, growing larger and more
828:
The convention also exempts certain categories of munitions from its definition of incendiary weapons: specifically, these are munitions which "may have incidental incendiary effects, such as illuminants, tracers, smoke or signalling systems" and those "designed to combine penetration, blast or
640:
released a report in July 2009 that confirmed that the IDF had used white phosphorus in both exploding munitions and smoke projectiles. The report argues that the use of these munitions was limited to unpopulated areas for marking and signaling and not as an anti-personnel weapon. The
Israeli
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reported that "White phosphorus proved to be an effective and versatile munition and a potent psychological weapon against the insurgents in trench lines and spider holes. ... We fired 'shake and bake' missions at the insurgents using W.P. to flush them out and H.E. to take them out".
780:
White phosphorus ignites when interacting with oxygen, releasing a large amount of smoke during combustion. The military can use the curtain to mask troop movements. However, the chemical characteristics of the substance make phosphorus bombs especially dangerous: the burning temperature of
571:
836:, including enemy military personnel, is not directly forbidden by any treaty. The United States Military mandates that incendiary weapons, where deployed, not be used "in such a way as to cause unnecessary suffering." The term "unnecessary suffering" is defined through use of a
648:
accepted that white phosphorus is not illegal under international law but did find that the
Israelis were "systematically reckless in determining its use in built-up areas". It also called for serious consideration to be given to the banning of its use in built-up areas. The
1103:
572:
1173:
Due to the pyrophoric nature of WP, penetrating injuries are immediately treated by smothering the wound using water, damp cloth or mud, isolating it from oxygen until fragments can be removed: military forces will typically do so using a bayonet or knife where able.
568:
868:
No it's not forbidden by the CWC if it is used within the context of a military application that does not require or does not intend to use the toxic properties of white phosphorus. White phosphorus is normally used to produce smoke, to camouflage movement.
341:
used M2 and M328 WP shells in 107 millimetres (4.2 in) mortars. White phosphorus was widely used by Allied soldiers for breaking up German attacks and creating havoc among enemy troop concentrations during the latter part of the war.
466:
and released 8 November 2005, showed video and photos that they claimed to be of
Fallujah combatants and also civilians, including women and children, who had died of burns caused by white phosphorus during the Second Battle of Fallujah.
811:
While in general white phosphorus is not subject to restriction, certain uses in weaponry are banned or restricted by general international laws: in particular, those related to incendiary devices. Article 1 of
Protocol III of the
1121:
853:
cause death, temporary incapacitation or permanent harm to humans or animals". An annex lists chemicals that are restricted under the convention, and WP is not listed in the
Schedules of chemical weapons or precursors.
1071:
effects are reduced too, albeit the larger pieces are more effective against enemy troops. One of the disadvantages of PWP is the tendency of phosphorus to separate from the rubber matrix, when stored in hot weather.
2626:
1214:
is 30 times more potent: 0.0007 mg/m. The agency cautioned that studies used to determine the MRL were based on extrapolations from animal testing and may not accurately reflect the health risk to humans.
1550:
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International Humanitarian Law Databases / Practice relating to Rule 85. / The Use of Incendiary Weapons against Combatants / Section A. The use of incendiary weapons in general / VI. Other National Practice
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By March 6, the National Council for Scientific Research in Lebanon said 117 white phosphorous bombs had been dropped on southern Lebanon. Israel says that they have been using the substance to create a
1780:
685:. The United States has accused Taliban militants of using white phosphorus weapons illegally on at least 44 occasions. On the other hand, in May 2009, Colonel Gregory Julian, a spokesman for General
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567:
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2215:
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of London reported that telltale smoke associated with white phosphorus had been seen in the vicinity of Israeli shelling. On 12 January, it was reported that more than 50 patients in
1039:
bombs. An additional advantage for hand smoke grenades—which are more likely to be used in an emergency—is that the WP smoke clouds form in a fraction of a second. Because WP is also
417:
tunnel complexes as they would burn up all oxygen and suffocate the enemy soldiers sheltering inside. British soldiers also made extensive use of white phosphorus grenades during the
475:
saying "It is not a chemical weapon. It is an incendiary. And it is well within the law of war to use those weapons as they're being used, for marking and for screening." Professor
2000:
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325:
At the start of the Normandy campaign, 20% of American 81 mm mortar ammunition consisted of M57 point-detonating bursting smoke rounds using WP filler. At least five American
1585:
2385:
1067:. The resulting rubbery mass does not atomize so readily, gets broken up to several millimeters sized pieces, and burns for several minutes, reducing the pillaring. However,
864:(an organisation overseeing the CWC and reporting directly to the UN General Assembly), discussed cases where use of WP would potentially fall under the auspices of the CWC:
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2129:
1611:
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reported, "The corpses of the mujaheddin which we received were burned, and some corpses were melted." The March/April 2005 issue of an official Army publication called
519:
said that phosphorus shells were used against civilians. The first Lebanese official complaint about the use of phosphorus came from Information Minister Ghazi Aridi.
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1542:
2154:
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1946:
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Head of the UN Fact Finding Mission Justice Richard Goldstone presented the report of the Mission to the Human Rights Council in Geneva on 29 September 2009. The
2320:
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1210:
has set an acute inhalation Minimum Risk Level (MRL) for white phosphorus smoke of 0.02 mg/m, the same as fuel-oil fumes. By contrast, the chemical weapon
284:. It came in two versions, one with a red cap intended to be thrown by hand, and a slightly stronger bottle with a green cap, intended to be launched from the
349:
carried the M64, a 75mm white phosphorus round intended for screening and artillery spotting, but tank crews found it useful against German tanks such as the
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1519:
2188:
1825:
861:
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around the wound is used to avoid fragments too small to detect causing later systemic failure, with further treatment proceeding as with a thermal burn.
917:
textured privacy glass—the smoke cloud does not obstruct an image, but thoroughly scrambles it. It also absorbs infrared radiation, allowing it to defeat
3221:
2676:
1969:
1853:
2235:
1028:. In practice, the droplets quickly reach a range of sizes suitable for scattering visible light and then start to dissipate from wind or convection.
535:
1207:
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submunition canister. On detonation of the bursting charge, the canister deploys 116 units 19 millimetres (0.75 in), quarter-circle wedges of
2879:
2010:
1493:
185:(Irish nationalist) arsonists in the 19th century in a formulation that became known as "Fenian fire". The phosphorus would be in a solution of
2959:
2854:
2408:
538:
on October 16, that injured at least nine civilians, and that it was unlawful. Amnesty is investigating this and other potential violations of
3124:
1198:
in aerosol form. Field concentrations are usually harmless, but at high concentrations the smoke can cause temporary irritation to the eyes,
471:
government stated it would investigate the use of white phosphorus in the battle of Fallujah. On 30 November 2005, the BBC quoted US General
1182:, followed by removal of any remaining visible fragments: these are easily observed as they are luminescent in dark surroundings. Surgical
745:
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1031:
Because of the great weight efficiency of WP smoke, it is particularly suited for applications where weight is highly restricted, such as
2533:
1390:
114:
1317:
1577:
813:
17:
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1141:
In addition to direct injuries caused by fragments of their casings, white phosphorus munitions can cause injuries in two main ways:
556:
on the battlefield; however, it has been alleged that its use was an attempt by Israel to make the land uninhabitable in the future.
3390:
2375:
657:
1345:
189:; when the carbon disulfide evaporates, the phosphorus bursts into flames. The same formula was also used in arson in Australia.
2746:
1916:
370:
2940:
2060:
2033:
1883:
1685:
697:
The Syrian government, the United States, the Russian Federation, and Turkey reportedly deployed white phosphorus munitions via
3321:
1807:
1607:
1166:
the body through the burned area with prolonged contact, which can result in liver, heart and kidney damage, and in some cases
605:
2118:
2093:
3020:
1717:
1659:
1278:
487:
said that white phosphorus would probably fall into the category of chemical weapons if it was used directly against people.
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872:
If that is the purpose for which the white phosphorus is used, then that is considered under the convention legitimate use.
579:
video showing airbursts from Israeli shelling and smouldering M825A1 WP submunitions in the streets of Gaza, 11 January 2009
3060:
1206:. The smoke is more dangerous in enclosed spaces, where it can cause asphyxiation and permanent respiratory damage. The US
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2899:
2223:
2158:
1167:
2471:
1938:
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2306:
2125:
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1247:
840:
test, comparing the anticipated military advantage of the weapon's use to the amount of suffering potentially caused.
796:, and other war zones. Militaries worldwide, including the US military, use white phosphorus for incendiary purposes.
3502:
1384:
1311:
125:(it is ignited by contact with air); burns fiercely; and can ignite cloth, fuel, ammunition, and other combustibles.
2802:
744:
authorities, in turn, accused the Armenian forces of using white phosphorus on civilian areas. On 20 November, the
337:
alone, a single US mortar battalion, the 87th, fired 11,899 white phosphorus rounds into the city. The US Army and
272:
267:
128:
White phosphorus is a highly efficient smoke-producing agent, reacting with air to produce an immediate blanket of
2603:
1515:
168:
for their use in marking points of interest, such as a light mortar to designate a target for artillery spotters.
2413:
292:
as a propellant. These were improvised anti-tank weapons, hastily fielded in 1940 when the British were awaiting
245:
2181:
1781:"Evidence of Israel's unlawful use of white phosphorus in southern Lebanon as cross-border hostilities escalate"
2352:
539:
3213:
1977:
1861:
1114:
718:
458:
425:
positions as the peaty soil they were constructed on tended to lessen the impact of fragmentation grenades.
270:
use a material similar to Fenian fire in several expedient incendiary weapons. The only one fielded was the
2738:
2711:
3537:
849:
714:
2777:
213:. During the war, white phosphorus mortar bombs, shells, rockets, and grenades were used extensively by
2928:
484:
132:
vapour. Smoke-producing white phosphorus munitions are very common, particularly as smoke grenades for
1485:
512:. Israel said that its use of these munitions was permitted under international conventions. However,
3542:
1911:
434:
1516:"Pentagon Reverses Position and Admits U.S. Troops Used White Phosphorus Against Iraqis in Fallujah"
373:
member packs an 81 mm white phosphorus smoke-screen mortar round during weapons training, 1980.
2989:
2742:
2627:"Satellite imagery shows environmental damage of reported white phosphorus use in Nagorno Karabakh"
1457:
When the fighting is over: A personal story of the battle for Tumbledown Mountain and its aftermath
784:
Non-governmental international organizations have recorded the military use of white phosphorus in
576:
86:
2963:
3488:
749:
386:
367:
218:
3113:
889:
agent known, for two reasons: first, it absorbs most of the screening mass from the surrounding
244:
Among the many social groups protesting the war and conscription at the time, at least one, the
3197:
Burke, Robert (2013), "Hazardous Materials Chemistry for Emergency Responders, Third Edition",
2911:
584:
480:
476:
44:
3082:
Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, Second Edition
1739:
Jansen, Jaime (17 July 2006). "Lebanon claims Israel using banned weapons against civilians".
1374:
1301:
890:
837:
677:
There are confirmed cases of white phosphorus burns on bodies of civilians wounded during US–
633:
534:
accused Israel of using white phosphorous artillery shells indiscriminately in its attack in
527:
3094:
280:, which consisted of a glass bottle filled with a mixture similar to Fenian fire, plus some
1195:
925:
513:
238:
234:
129:
3084:, Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano Jr., James A. Romano, Harry Salem, Brian J Lukey, p. 480
1637:
1032:
8:
3351:
2778:"What is white phosphorus, and what does it mean that Russia may be using it in Ukraine?"
2182:
Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict (Goldstone report)
1161:
In munitions, white phosphorus burns readily with flames of 800 °C (1,472 °F).
988:
722:
544:
444:
285:
263:
39:
3382:
3261:
3244:
3174:
3139:
1961:
1942:
1351:
1175:
1036:
822:
637:
531:
410:
334:
311:
297:
293:
2829:"'White Phosphorus' Claimed To Be Used In Ukraine May Really Be Russian Napalm Weapon"
2049:
1906:
1303:
The Dynamiters: Irish Nationalism and Political Violence in the Wider World, 1867–1900
3508:
3498:
3386:
3374:
3310:
3266:
3179:
3161:
2506:
2240:
2056:
2037:
1875:
1681:
1380:
1307:
1203:
1068:
1060:
817:
805:
650:
508:
said that it had used phosphorus shells "against military targets in open ground" in
406:
209:
introduced the first factory-built white phosphorus grenades in late 1916 during the
94:
90:
2564:"UK sells white phosphorus to Turkey as evidence grows of chemical attacks on Kurds"
3494:
3366:
3256:
3169:
3151:
3140:"The burning issue of white phosphorus: A case report and review of the literature"
2316:
2119:"The Operation in Gaza, 27 December 2008–18 January 2009 Factual and Legal Aspects"
1199:
730:
702:
509:
501:
303:
230:
186:
137:
78:
71:
31:
3445:
3012:
1707:
1651:
1426:, Office of the Chief, Chemical Warfare Service, Army Service Forces, January 1942
1270:
725:
stated that the Azerbaijani side had used phosphorus weapons to burn forests near
636:
had officially denied for months having used white phosphorus during the war, the
3516:
2957:
2883:
2267:
2219:
1194:
Burning white phosphorus produces a hot, dense, white smoke consisting mostly of
1179:
1056:
1025:
956:
918:
753:
686:
598:
548:, which identified two white phosphorus shell casings made in the United States.
439:
362:
226:
222:
153:
3284:
3054:
516:
2645:
2380:
2311:
2083:
1755:"Questions and Answers on Israel;s Use of White Phosphorus in Gaza and Lebanon"
1020:
326:
318:
30:
This article is about military applications. For more general information, see
3156:
955:
and quickly absorbs even minute traces of moisture to form liquid droplets of
3531:
3165:
2739:"Lawsuit on the fact of the use of white phosphorus by Armenians in Karabakh"
2502:"Video shows Russia using 'white phosphorus' bombs in Syria, activists claim"
2347:
984:
928:(which exists as tetraphosphorus decoxide except at very high temperatures):
910:
821:
use of incendiary weapons against civilian targets (already forbidden by the
418:
390:
382:
259:
214:
56:
3520:
3415:
3370:
377:
3378:
3270:
3183:
1805:
1243:
1224:
1162:
886:
653:
issued an initial response rejecting the findings of the Goldstone report.
553:
350:
338:
330:
289:
206:
157:
82:
2912:"Incendiary weapons | How does law protect in war? - Online casebook"
2629:. @DFRLab: AtlanticCouncil's Digital Forensic Research Lab. Archived from
1127:
389:
inspects 70 millimetres (2.75 in) white phosphorus marker rockets at
2707:"Armenia uses banned white phosphorus shells against civilian population"
1211:
1183:
1012:
952:
898:
789:
614:
402:
394:
210:
2677:"Armenia's Army Drops White Phosphorus Bombs On Civilians In Azerbaijan"
1113:
656:
The 155mm WP artillery shells used by Israel are typically the American
255:
trained using white phosphorus, by artillery shell and air bombardment.
3484:
2595:
1830:
1826:"Israel's toxic legacy: Bombing southern Lebanon with white phosphorus"
1543:"The fog of war: white phosphorus, Fallujah and some burning questions"
1157:
Gazan youth undergoing hospital treatment for white phosphorus injuries
1120:
1040:
906:
793:
741:
472:
346:
197:
145:
122:
74:
413:. White phosphorus grenades were used by the US in Vietnam to destroy
201:
A WP mortar bomb explosion during manoeuvres in France, 15 August 1918
2568:
2005:
914:
698:
625:
609:
593:
422:
414:
307:
192:
149:
67:
52:
2596:"Հաղորդագրություն | ԼՂՀ պաշտպանության նախարարության պաշտոնական կայք"
2409:"Investigation Launched Into White Phosphorus Claims In Afghanistan"
2646:"Armenia actively using phosphorus shells against civilian objects"
1083:
1016:
905:
of liquid droplets which are close to the ideal range of sizes for
661:
161:
133:
48:
3512:
2001:"UN headquarters in Gaza hit by Israeli 'white phosphorus' shells"
752:
of using phosphorus ammunition in Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as in
2088:
1712:
678:
401:
White phosphorus munitions were used extensively by US forces in
252:
3138:
Aviv, Uri; Kornhaber, Rachel; Harats, Moti; Haik, Josef (2017).
2534:"Turkey urges Russia to stop attacks against civilians in Syria"
2343:"Exclusive – Afghan girl's burns show horror of chemical strike"
1806:
William Christou, Alex Horton and Meg Kelly (11 December 2023).
620:
3044:, Timothy T. Marrs, Robert L. Maynard, Frederick Sidell, p. 697
2441:"Video: Syria regime drops white phosphorus on Idlib's Saraqeb"
1484:
Spinner, Jackie; Vick, Karl; Fekeiki, Omar (10 November 2004).
1178:
solution is applied to the wound to neutralise any build-up of
1064:
726:
682:
505:
182:
2213:
Initial Response to Report of the Fact Finding Mission on Gaza
1808:"Israel used U.S.-supplied white phosphorus in Lebanon attack"
329:
citations mention their recipients using M15 white phosphorus
225:
forces, in both smoke-generating and antipersonnel roles. The
3416:"ATSDR – Minimal Risk Levels for Hazardous Substances (MRLs)"
3236:
2986:"Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)"
2472:"U.S.-Led Forces Said to Have Used White Phosphorus in Syria"
894:
829:
fragmentation effects with an additional incendiary effect."
785:
734:
281:
3245:"Military and Civilian Burn Injuries During Armed Conflicts"
2113:
2111:
2084:"IDF probes improper use of phosphorus shells in Gaza Strip"
97:. Other common names for white phosphorus munitions include
3095:"White phosphorus, plasticized - Big Chemical Encyclopedia"
1142:
1008:
902:
665:
141:
2155:"United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza conflict"
1907:"Gaza: Israel under fire for alleged white phosphorus use"
164:
signatures, and shooting positions. They are often called
2108:
1970:"Israel admits using white phosphorus in attacks on Gaza"
1708:"Israel admits using phosphorus bombs during war Lebanon"
1153:
1024:
dilute until they reach equilibrium with the local water
857:
542:
by all parties in the region. The claim was confirmed by
463:
3114:"The chemical warfare service: from laboratory to field"
3112:
Brophy, Leo P.; Miles, Wyndham D.; Cochrane, Rexmond C.
1905:
Marquand, Robert; Blanford, Nicholas (24 January 2009).
1608:"U.S. official admits phosphorus used as weapon in Iraq"
3137:
2985:
2958:
Organisation for the Prohibitions of Chemical Weapons.
1999:
Frenkel, Sheera; Naughton, Philippe (15 January 2009).
1939:"Israel: Stop Unlawful Use of White Phosphorus in Gaza"
1741:
Paper Chase Newsburst, Jurist Legal News & Research
1610:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 16 November 2005.
296:
after losing the bulk of their modern armaments in the
2803:"Ukraine claims that Russia is using white phosphorus"
2236:"Israel accused of 'reckless' use of white phosphorus"
2057:"Israel reprimands officers over UN compound shelling"
1541:
Buncombe, Andrew; Hughes, Solomon (15 November 2005).
832:
The use of incendiary and other flame weapons against
288:, a crude 64 millimetres (2.5 in) launcher using
1050:
522:
3320:. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
3243:
Atiyeh, BS; Gunn, SW; Hayek, SN (31 December 2007).
2268:"Israeli Chemical 'Atrocities' in Gaza? Not So Fast"
1644:
885:
Weight-for-weight, phosphorus is the most effective
862:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
766:
Use of incendiary weapons in the Russo-Ukrainian war
3212:Khalili, Mustafa; Tait, Michael (19 January 2009).
1469:
No Picnic; 3 Commando Brigade in the South Atlantic
759:
624:Airburst of an Israeli white phosphorus shell over
490:
3004:
1483:
193:World War I, the inter-war period and World War II
93:munitions, and is commonly the burning element of
3042:Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment
1968:Hider, James; Frenkel, Sheera (24 January 2009).
3529:
3346:
3344:
3342:
2951:
2877:"The Use of White Phosphorus and the Law of War"
2173:
1904:
1208:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
876:of the chemical are considered chemical weapons.
804:White phosphorus munitions are not banned under
733:'s Digital Forensic Research Lab (DFRLab) found
701:and artillery on different occasions during the
559:
3242:
3111:
1998:
1236:
1102:
2376:"Pinned Down, a Sprint to Escape Taliban Zone"
1540:
708:
3339:
3277:
3196:
3010:
2307:"U.S.: Afghan Militants Use White Phosphorus"
2187:(Report). UN Human Rights Council. para. 49.
1479:
1477:
1376:Little-Known Wars of Great and Lasting Impact
1268:
924:When phosphorus burns in air, it first forms
880:
770:
160:to mask friendly forces' movement, position,
3446:"Toxicological Profile for White Phosphorus"
2624:
1967:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1447:Tunnel Rat in Vietnam; 2012 Gordon L Rothman
1339:
1337:
1335:
3211:
1486:"U.S. Forces Battle Into Heart of Fallujah"
1293:
1244:"Pyrotechnics, Explosives, & Fireworks"
428:
2888:Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law
2643:
2293:PEO Ammunition Systems Portfolio Book 2017
1819:
1817:
1578:"US forces used 'chemical weapon' in Iraq"
1474:
1366:
1343:
1306:. Cambridge University Press. p. 58.
951:However phosphorus pentoxide is extremely
814:Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
357:
333:to clear enemy positions, and in the 1944
3352:"Smokes, Fuels, and Incendiary Materials"
3260:
3190:
3173:
3155:
2304:
2179:
2157:. UN Human Rights Council. Archived from
1854:"Israel backs down over white phosphorus"
1743:. University of Pittsburgh School of Law.
1565:
1534:
1332:
746:Prosecutor General's Office of Azerbaijan
660:, a base-ejection shell which deploys an
601:were being treated for phosphorus burns.
3303:
2674:
2625:Andriukaitis, Lukas (13 November 2020).
2406:
2180:Goldstone, Richard (25 September 2009).
1508:
1299:
1152:
1075:
1055:White phosphorus, when dispersed by the
619:
563:
443:reporters embedded with Task Force 2-2,
376:
361:
302:
262:seemed imminent, the phosphorus firm of
196:
144:and other armoured vehicles, and in the
38:
3318:Toxicological Profile Information Sheet
3214:"White phosphorus in Gaza: the victims"
3059:. National Academies Press (US). 1999.
2941:"Article II – Definitions and Criteria"
2797:
2795:
2469:
2373:
1851:
1823:
1814:
1372:
1061:GR-S (Government Rubber-Styrene) rubber
604:On 15 January, the headquarters of the
66:are weapons that use one of the common
14:
3530:
3131:
3013:"White phosphorus: weapon on the edge"
2847:
2821:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2421:from the original on 13 September 2009
2194:from the original on 28 September 2018
1738:
1347:Sydney's Burning – The real conspiracy
1271:"White phosphorus: weapon on the edge"
606:United Nations Relief and Works Agency
583:In its early statements regarding the
3483:
3426:from the original on 24 February 2008
3063:from the original on 12 November 2020
3023:from the original on 29 November 2019
2900:Phosphorous weapons – the ICRC's view
2857:. Human Rights Watch. 9 November 2020
2749:from the original on 10 December 2020
2719:from the original on 27 November 2020
2687:from the original on 24 November 2020
2544:from the original on 14 February 2018
2323:from the original on 6 September 2013
2081:
2046:and Associated Press, 15 January 2009
1732:
1662:from the original on 20 February 2006
1652:"fpUS general defends phosphorus use"
1350:. Sydney: Alpha Books. Archived from
1281:from the original on 29 November 2019
672:
278:Special Incendiary Phosphorus grenade
258:In 1940, when the German invasion of
3396:from the original on 30 October 2019
3285:"Q&A: White phosphorus injuries"
2978:
2792:
2675:Mammadli, Nargiz (6 November 2020).
2656:from the original on 8 December 2020
2644:Ismayilova, Vafa (3 November 2020).
2606:from the original on 5 November 2020
2576:from the original on 6 November 2019
2514:from the original on 5 November 2017
2274:from the original on 9 November 2020
2248:from the original on 1 December 2017
2096:from the original on 23 January 2009
1949:from the original on 18 January 2009
1919:from the original on 18 January 2009
1886:from the original on 18 January 2009
1747:
1720:from the original on 6 February 2007
1553:from the original on 23 October 2019
1522:from the original on 15 January 2020
1518:. Democracy Now!. 17 November 2005.
1438:; 2005 Tom Mangold and John Penycate
843:
799:
317:during a test exercise conducted by
310:of a white phosphorus bomb over the
233:also used white phosphorus bombs in
3224:from the original on 3 January 2017
2875:I. J. MacLeod and A. P. V. Rogers.
2761:
2482:from the original on 5 October 2017
2224:Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2135:from the original on 23 August 2009
2063:from the original on 10 August 2014
2034:"Shelled UN building used by Hamas"
1876:"UN accuses Israel over phosphorus"
1614:from the original on 5 October 2013
1320:from the original on 4 October 2021
1250:from the original on 2 January 2004
1189:
692:
495:
24:
3477:
3311:"White Phosphorus: Health Effects"
3249:Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters
3011:Paul Reynolds (16 November 2005).
2388:from the original on 15 April 2016
2126:Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1682:"Israel admits phosphorus bombing"
1496:from the original on 8 August 2007
1393:from the original on 19 March 2022
1269:Paul Reynolds (16 November 2005).
1098:
1051:Plasticized white phosphorus (PWP)
913:. This effect has been likened to
860:, Peter Kaiser, spokesman for the
737:evidence supporting these claims.
523:2023 Israel–Lebanon border clashes
25:
3554:
3327:from the original on 30 June 2006
1852:Frenkel, Sheera (23 April 2009).
1824:Salhani, Justin (25 March 2024).
1688:from the original on 2 April 2019
1588:from the original on 1 March 2020
1459:by John and Robert Lawerance 1988
1379:. Fair Winds Press. p. 246.
1300:Whelehan, Niall (9 August 2012).
669:smokescreen 10 metres in height.
3462:from the original on 8 July 2018
2992:from the original on 28 May 2019
2855:"'They Burn Through Everything'"
2451:from the original on 3 July 2019
2374:Chivers, C. J. (19 April 2009).
2305:Straziuso, Jason (11 May 2009).
2031:
1145:injuries and vapour inhalation.
760:Russo-Ukrainian war (Since 2014)
491:Use by Israeli forces in Lebanon
248:in Australia, used Fenian fire.
3438:
3408:
3205:
3105:
3087:
3075:
3047:
3035:
2933:
2922:
2904:
2893:
2869:
2731:
2699:
2668:
2637:
2618:
2588:
2556:
2526:
2494:
2463:
2433:
2414:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2400:
2367:
2335:
2298:
2286:
2260:
2228:
2206:
2147:
2082:Harel, Amos (21 January 2009).
2075:
2042:say Israeli defense officials,
2025:
1992:
1931:
1898:
1868:
1845:
1799:
1773:
1700:
1674:
1626:
1600:
1462:
1450:
1412:Panzer vs. Sherman: France 1944
246:Industrial Workers of the World
3144:Disaster and Military Medicine
2470:Barnard, Anne (10 June 2017).
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1262:
748:filed a lawsuit, accusing the
540:international humanitarian law
115:World War II phonetic alphabet
13:
1:
2407:Synovitz, Ron (13 May 2009).
2270:. Wired.com. 6 January 2009.
1230:
560:Use by Israeli forces in Gaza
459:Fallujah, The Hidden Massacre
433:In November 2004, during the
405:and by Russian forces in the
181:White phosphorus was used by
47:dropping a 100-pound (45 kg)
2712:Azerbaijan State News Agency
2351:. 8 May 2009. Archived from
176:
7:
1218:
850:Chemical Weapons Convention
715:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
709:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
588:forces in populated areas.
294:a potential German invasion
251:In the interwar years, the
221:, and, to a lesser extent,
10:
3559:
3493:(1st ed.). New York:
3125:Center of Military History
2295:, Picatinny Arsenal, p. 39
1634:"White Phosphorus In Iraq"
1148:
897:particles are actually an
881:Smoke-screening properties
848:Despite their danger, the
771:Regulation and application
763:
485:peace and conflict studies
171:
64:White phosphorus munitions
29:
18:White phosphorus munitions
3157:10.1186/s40696-017-0034-y
1912:Christian Science Monitor
1424:Chemical Warfare Bulletin
1093:
1082:
1019:of phosphoric acid has a
856:In a 2005 interview with
717:, on 31 October 2020 the
435:Second Battle of Fallujah
117:rendering of the letters
109:, which are derived from
49:M47 white phosphorus bomb
3497:. pp. 131–32, 135.
2960:"Schedules of Chemicals"
2743:Turan Information Agency
2059:. BBC. 1 February 2010.
1860:. London. Archived from
1684:. BBC. 22 October 2006.
1414:, Steven J. Zaloga, p.26
450:Field Artillery Magazine
445:Regimental Combat Team 7
429:Use by US forces in Iraq
371:Security Police Squadron
3371:10.1136/jramc-148-04-11
1471:by Julian Thompson 1985
775:
387:United States Air Force
358:Later 20th century uses
335:liberation of Cherbourg
3056:White Phosphorus Smoke
2882:20 August 2016 at the
2218:1 October 2013 at the
1373:Axelrod, Alan (2009).
1168:multiple organ failure
1158:
1109:
878:
629:
580:
481:University of Bradford
398:
374:
322:
202:
136:, loaded in defensive
121:. White phosphorus is
60:
45:Douglas A-1E Skyraider
2445:english.alarabiya.net
1785:Amnesty International
1640:on 29 September 2007.
1436:The Tunnels of Cu Chi
1156:
1108:
1076:Physiological effects
1011:of phosphorus has an
866:
750:Armenian Armed Forces
634:Israel Defense Forces
623:
575:
528:Amnesty International
380:
365:
306:
200:
42:
3365:(4): 395–397. 2002.
2780:. CBS. 25 March 2022
2745:. 20 November 2020.
2633:on 14 February 2022.
1658:. 30 November 2005.
1584:. 16 November 2005.
1196:phosphorus pentoxide
985:polyphosphoric acids
926:phosphorus pentoxide
721:of the unrecognised
651:Government of Israel
628:in the 2008-2009 War
514:President of Lebanon
239:Iraqi revolt of 1920
130:phosphorus pentoxide
101:and the slang terms
2807:The Washington Post
2715:. 4 November 2020.
2572:. 27 October 2019.
2538:Hürriyet Daily News
1945:. 10 January 2009.
1882:. 15 January 2009.
1716:. 22 October 2006.
1490:The Washington Post
1344:Ian Turner (1969).
989:pyrophosphoric acid
723:Republic of Artsakh
719:Ministry of Defence
591:On 5 January 2009,
545:The Washington Post
286:Northover projector
266:suggested that the
264:Albright and Wilson
166:smoke/marker rounds
27:Incendiary munition
3538:Incendiary weapons
3359:J R Army Med Corps
2476:The New York Times
1943:Human Rights Watch
1759:Human Rights Watch
1159:
1110:
1088:safety square
893:and secondly, the
823:Geneva Conventions
673:Afghanistan (2009)
638:Israeli government
630:
581:
532:Human Rights Watch
411:Second Chechen War
399:
375:
323:
298:Dunkirk evacuation
268:British government
203:
61:
3291:. 21 January 2009
2916:casebook.icrc.org
2507:Independent.co.uk
2447:. 10 April 2017.
2244:. 26 March 2009.
2241:Independent.co.uk
2013:on 8 October 2021
1787:. 31 October 2023
1761:. 12 October 2023
1204:respiratory tract
1202:of the nose, and
1139:
1138:
915:three dimensional
844:Chemical weaponry
818:incendiary weapon
806:international law
800:International law
573:
407:First Chechen War
138:grenade launchers
95:tracer ammunition
16:(Redirected from
3550:
3543:White phosphorus
3524:
3495:Ballantine Books
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3461:
3450:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3356:
3348:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3326:
3315:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3264:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3159:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3121:history.army.mil
3118:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2962:. Archived from
2955:
2949:
2948:
2937:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2908:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2799:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2774:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2540:. 23 June 2016.
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2510:. 8 March 2017.
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2317:Associated Press
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2232:
2226:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2193:
2186:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2134:
2128:. 29 July 2009.
2123:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2036:. Archived from
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2009:. Archived from
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1976:. Archived from
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1864:on 16 July 2011.
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1636:. Archived from
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1574:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1481:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1341:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1240:
1200:mucous membranes
1190:Smoke inhalation
1130:
1123:
1116:
1101:
1080:
1079:
731:Atlantic Council
703:Syrian Civil War
693:Syrian Civil War
646:Goldstone report
574:
510:Southern Lebanon
502:2006 Lebanon War
496:2006 Lebanon War
456:The documentary
321:, September 1921
187:carbon disulfide
79:White phosphorus
72:chemical element
32:White phosphorus
21:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3528:
3527:
3505:
3480:
3478:Further reading
3475:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3210:
3206:
3195:
3191:
3136:
3132:
3116:
3110:
3106:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2956:
2952:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2923:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2894:
2884:Wayback Machine
2874:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2835:. 25 March 2022
2827:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2809:. 25 March 2022
2801:
2800:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2642:
2638:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2602:(in Armenian).
2594:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2452:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2220:Wayback Machine
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2040:on 1 June 2012.
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1850:
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1815:
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1721:
1706:
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1679:
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1650:
1649:
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1632:
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1627:
1617:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1582:The Independent
1576:
1575:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1547:The Independent
1539:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1514:
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1509:
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1371:
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1314:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1242:
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1192:
1180:phosphoric acid
1151:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1086:
1078:
1057:bursting charge
1053:
1026:vapour pressure
1002:
998:
994:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
957:phosphoric acid
947:
943:
939:
935:
919:thermal imaging
887:smoke-screening
883:
846:
838:proportionality
802:
778:
773:
768:
762:
754:Tartar District
711:
695:
687:David McKiernan
675:
599:Nasser Hospital
564:
562:
536:Dhayra, Lebanon
525:
498:
493:
440:Washington Post
431:
360:
273:Grenade, No. 76
227:Royal Air Force
211:First World War
195:
179:
174:
156:. These create
35:
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3099:chempedia.info
3086:
3074:
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2966:on 24 May 2008
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2381:New York Times
2366:
2355:on 20 May 2010
2334:
2312:guardian.co.uk
2297:
2285:
2259:
2227:
2205:
2172:
2161:on 7 June 2009
2146:
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2074:
2048:
2044:Jerusalem Post
2032:Katz, Yaakov.
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1980:on 11 May 2011
1960:
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1021:molecular mass
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1004:
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907:Mie scattering
882:
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764:Main article:
761:
758:
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494:
492:
489:
483:department of
462:, produced by
430:
427:
359:
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319:Billy Mitchell
235:Anbar Province
194:
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1382:
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1085:
1084:NFPA 704
1081:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:hand grenades
1029:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
990:
986:
962:
961:
960:
958:
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908:
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680:
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424:
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420:
419:Falklands War
416:
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392:
391:Osan Air Base
388:
384:
383:Senior Airman
379:
372:
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352:
348:
347:Sherman tanks
343:
340:
336:
332:
331:hand grenades
328:
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316:
315:
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228:
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159:
158:smoke screens
155:
151:
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112:
111:William Peter
108:
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57:South Vietnam
54:
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43:US Air Force
41:
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3464:. Retrieved
3452:
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3398:. Retrieved
3362:
3358:
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3317:
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3293:. Retrieved
3288:
3279:
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3248:
3238:
3226:. Retrieved
3218:The Guardian
3217:
3207:
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3192:
3147:
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3077:
3065:. Retrieved
3055:
3049:
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3025:. Retrieved
3016:
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2996:25 September
2994:. Retrieved
2980:
2968:. Retrieved
2964:the original
2953:
2944:
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2924:
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2906:
2895:
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2871:
2859:. Retrieved
2849:
2837:. Retrieved
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2823:
2811:. Retrieved
2806:
2782:. Retrieved
2751:. Retrieved
2733:
2721:. Retrieved
2710:
2701:
2689:. Retrieved
2681:Caspian News
2680:
2670:
2658:. Retrieved
2649:
2639:
2631:the original
2620:
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2599:
2590:
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2567:
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2537:
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2505:
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2486:29 September
2484:. Retrieved
2475:
2465:
2453:. Retrieved
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2435:
2423:. Retrieved
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2353:the original
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2262:
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2175:
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2159:the original
2149:
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2098:. Retrieved
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2077:
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2051:
2043:
2038:the original
2027:
2015:. Retrieved
2011:the original
2004:
1994:
1982:. Retrieved
1978:the original
1973:
1963:
1951:. Retrieved
1933:
1921:. Retrieved
1910:
1900:
1888:. Retrieved
1879:
1870:
1862:the original
1857:
1847:
1835:. Retrieved
1829:
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1784:
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1758:
1749:
1740:
1734:
1722:. Retrieved
1711:
1702:
1690:. Retrieved
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1655:
1646:
1638:the original
1628:
1616:. Retrieved
1602:
1590:. Retrieved
1581:
1555:. Retrieved
1546:
1536:
1524:. Retrieved
1510:
1498:. Retrieved
1489:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1423:
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1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1375:
1368:
1356:. Retrieved
1352:the original
1346:
1322:. Retrieved
1302:
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1274:
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1238:
1225:Mark 77 bomb
1193:
1172:
1163:Incandescent
1160:
1140:
1087:
1054:
1045:
1030:
1015:of 31 but a
1006:
983:(also forms
950:
923:
884:
874:
871:
867:
855:
847:
833:
831:
827:
810:
803:
783:
779:
739:
712:
696:
676:
655:
643:
631:
603:
592:
590:
582:
550:
543:
526:
517:Émile Lahoud
499:
477:Paul Rodgers
469:
457:
455:
449:
438:
432:
400:
344:
324:
313:
290:black powder
277:
271:
257:
250:
243:
219:Commonwealth
207:British Army
204:
180:
165:
127:
118:
110:
107:Willie Peter
106:
102:
98:
87:illumination
63:
62:
55:position in
36:
3485:Makos, Adam
3228:18 December
2753:28 November
2723:28 November
2691:28 November
2660:28 November
2548:13 February
2165:1 September
1666:13 December
1285:16 November
1212:mustard gas
1184:debridement
1176:Bicarbonate
1013:atomic mass
953:hygroscopic
816:defines an
790:Afghanistan
742:Azerbaijani
713:During the
662:airbursting
615:Beit Lahiya
554:smokescreen
500:During the
395:South Korea
237:during the
103:Willie Pete
81:is used in
3532:Categories
3513:2018039460
3400:30 October
3220:. London.
2610:31 October
2580:7 November
2518:4 December
2425:2 December
2392:2 December
2359:2 December
2327:2 December
2315:. London.
2278:2 November
2252:4 December
2100:18 January
2017:8 December
1953:16 January
1923:14 January
1890:16 January
1831:Al Jazeera
1791:31 October
1765:13 January
1692:24 October
1592:23 January
1557:23 January
1526:23 January
1500:4 December
1254:4 December
1231:References
1069:incendiary
1041:pyrophoric
891:atmosphere
794:Gaza Strip
729:(Shushi).
699:airstrikes
632:After the
577:Al Jazeera
473:Peter Pace
397:, in 1996.
146:ammunition
123:pyrophoric
91:incendiary
75:phosphorus
68:allotropes
3521:27342118M
3490:Spearhead
3387:220149224
3199:CRC Press
3166:2054-314X
2970:25 August
2600:nkrmil.am
2569:The Times
2139:4 October
2067:25 August
2006:The Times
1984:25 August
1974:The Times
1858:The Times
1007:Since an
921:systems.
626:Gaza City
610:Gaza City
594:The Times
479:from the
423:Argentine
415:Viet Cong
308:Air burst
177:Early use
150:artillery
53:Viet Cong
3487:(2019).
3457:Archived
3430:11 April
3424:Archived
3391:Archived
3379:12703429
3322:Archived
3289:BBC News
3271:21991098
3222:Archived
3184:28861275
3061:Archived
3021:Archived
3017:BBC News
2990:Archived
2880:Archived
2747:Archived
2717:Archived
2685:Archived
2654:Archived
2650:AzerNews
2604:Archived
2574:Archived
2542:Archived
2512:Archived
2480:Archived
2449:Archived
2419:Archived
2386:Archived
2321:Archived
2272:Archived
2246:Archived
2216:Archived
2189:Archived
2130:Archived
2094:Archived
2061:Archived
1947:Archived
1917:Archived
1884:Archived
1880:BBC News
1837:25 March
1718:Archived
1686:Archived
1660:Archived
1656:BBC News
1612:Archived
1586:Archived
1551:Archived
1520:Archived
1494:Archived
1391:Archived
1318:Archived
1279:Archived
1275:BBC News
1248:Archived
1219:See also
1017:molecule
987:such as
834:matériel
585:Gaza War
223:Japanese
215:American
162:infrared
134:infantry
3466:10 June
3331:16 June
3262:3188083
3175:5577774
3067:10 June
3027:4 April
2861:4 April
2839:4 April
2813:4 April
2784:4 April
2089:Haaretz
1724:4 April
1713:Haaretz
1397:3 March
1358:24 June
1324:3 March
1149:Burning
975:O → 4 H
899:aerosol
679:Taliban
403:Vietnam
385:of the
351:Panther
339:Marines
314:Alabama
253:US Army
231:in Iraq
172:History
154:mortars
70:of the
59:in 1966
3519:
3511:
3501:
3385:
3377:
3295:9 June
3269:
3259:
3182:
3172:
3164:
2890:(2007)
2833:Forbes
2455:3 July
2198:3 June
1618:19 May
1383:
1310:
1065:xylene
1037:mortar
792:, the
727:Shusha
683:Bagram
658:M825A1
506:Israel
464:RAI TV
229:based
183:Fenian
113:, the
89:, and
3460:(PDF)
3449:(PDF)
3394:(PDF)
3383:S2CID
3355:(PDF)
3325:(PDF)
3314:(PDF)
3201:: 313
3150:: 6.
3117:(PDF)
2886:, in
2192:(PDF)
2185:(PDF)
2133:(PDF)
2122:(PDF)
971:+ 6 H
936:+ 5 O
895:smoke
786:Syria
735:OSINT
282:latex
142:tanks
83:smoke
51:on a
3509:LCCN
3499:ISBN
3468:2017
3432:2018
3402:2019
3375:PMID
3333:2006
3297:2022
3267:PMID
3230:2016
3180:PMID
3162:ISSN
3069:2017
3029:2007
2998:2007
2972:2007
2945:OPCW
2863:2022
2841:2022
2815:2022
2786:2022
2755:2020
2725:2020
2693:2020
2662:2020
2612:2020
2582:2019
2550:2018
2520:2017
2488:2017
2457:2019
2427:2009
2394:2009
2361:2009
2329:2009
2280:2019
2254:2017
2200:2010
2167:2014
2141:2009
2102:2009
2069:2014
2019:2023
1986:2014
1955:2009
1925:2009
1892:2009
1839:2024
1793:2023
1767:2024
1726:2007
1694:2006
1668:2005
1620:2011
1594:2020
1559:2020
1528:2020
1502:2005
1399:2018
1381:ISBN
1360:2007
1326:2018
1308:ISBN
1287:2005
1256:2005
1143:burn
1035:and
1009:atom
903:mist
901:, a
776:Uses
740:The
666:felt
530:and
409:and
368:USAF
312:USS
205:The
152:and
105:and
3367:doi
3363:148
3257:PMC
3170:PMC
3152:doi
991:, H
940:→ P
909:of
858:RAI
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