South Vietnam - Knowledge

2436: 4834: 4916: 289: 279: 273: 206: 3056: 2642: 5636: 2696:(ICC) stated that fair, unbiased elections were not possible, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement: "The elections were not held. South Vietnam, which had not signed the Geneva Accords, did not believe the Communists in North Vietnam would allow a fair election. In January 1957, the ICC agreed with this perception, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement. With the French gone, a return to the traditional power struggle between north and south had begun again." 5560:. One of them was designated as a nationwide civilian broadcast, another was for military service and the other two stations included a French-language broadcast station and foreign language station broadcasting in Chinese, English, Khmer and Thai. Radio Vietnam started its operation in 1955 under then President Ngo Dinh Diem, and ceased operation on 30 April 1975, with the broadcast of surrender by Duong Van Minh. The radio stations across the former South were later reused by the communist regime to broadcast their state-run radio service. 3026:. The South Vietnamese unsuccessfully attempted a defence and counterattack but had few reserve forces, as well as a shortage of spare parts and ammunition. As a consequence, Thiệu ordered a withdrawal of key army units from the Central Highlands, which exacerbated an already perilous military situation and undermined the confidence of the ARVN soldiers in their leadership. The retreat became a rout exacerbated by poor planning and conflicting orders from Thiệu. PAVN forces also attacked south and from sanctuaries in Laos and Cambodia 2685:. Diệm was credited with 98 percent of the votes. In many districts, there were more votes to remove Bảo Đại than there were registered voters (e.g., in Saigon, 133% of the registered population reportedly voted to remove Bảo Đại). His American advisors had recommended a more modest winning margin of "60 to 70 percent". Diệm, however, viewed the election as a test of authority. On 26 October 1955, Diệm declared himself the president of the newly proclaimed Republic of Vietnam. The French, who needed troops to fight in 49: 192: 1031: 5261: 5622: 1981: 5415: 5540: 1145: 5270: 2781: 3647: 5206: 5490: 5538: 1056: 6842: 6787: 3250:

system of government to a semi-presidential system. Military rule initially failed to provide much stability however, as internal conflicts and political inexperience caused various factions of the army to launch coups and counter-coups against one another, making leadership very tumultuous. The situation within the ranks of the military stabilised in mid-1965 when the

5541: 5228:. Electrical production increased fourteen-fold between 1954 and 1973 while industrial output increase by an average of 6.9 percent annually. During the same period, rice output increased by 203 percent and the number of students in university increased from 2,000 to 90,000. US aid peaked at $ 2.3 billion in 1973, but dropped to $ 1.1 billion in 1974. 2493:) while Cochinchina (Nam Kỳ) was under a French governor (thống đốc), but the difference from the other parts with most indigenous intelligentsia and wealthy were naturalized French (Tourane now Đà Nẵng in the central third of Vietnam also enjoyed this privilege because this city was also a concession). The northern third of Vietnam (then the 4961:(abbreviated NLF but also known as the Việt Cộng), which initiated an organized and widespread guerrilla insurgency against the South Vietnamese government. Hanoi directed the insurgency, which grew in intensity. The United States, under President Eisenhower, initially sent military advisers to train the South Vietnamese Army. As historian 5530: 3235:, for instance, Diệm was credited with 133% of the vote. Diệm proclaimed himself the president of the newly formed Republic of Vietnam. Despite successes in politics, economics and social change in the first 5 years, Diệm quickly became a dictatorial leader. With the support of the United States government and the 6094:

in the North – it was only to be expected that voters would vote, out of fear of reprisals, in favour of the authorities under whom they found themselves; that the ICC had no hope of ensuring a truly free election at that time has been admitted since by the chief sponsor of the Final Declaration, Lord Avon."

4928:, who proposed that Vietnam eventually be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions". The United States countered with what became known as the "American Plan", with the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom. It provided for unification elections under the supervision of the 2959:. As the Việt Cộng's top commander, Trà participated in several of these meetings. A plan to improve logistics was prepared so that the PAVN would be able to launch a massive invasion of the South, projected for 1976. A gas pipeline would be built from North Vietnam to the Việt Cộng provisional capital in 6093:

Duncanson, Dennis J. Government and Revolution in Vietnam. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968. tr 223: "In the circumstances prevailing in 1955 and 1956 – anarchy of the Sects and of the retiring Việt Minh in the South, terror campaign of the land reform and resultant peasant uprising round Vinh

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programs with approximately one and one-half million troops in uniform. The lack of sufficient training and dependence on the U.S. for spare parts, fuel, and ammunition caused maintenance and logistical problems. The impact of the 1973 oil crisis, a faltering economy, inflation and reduced US aid led

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After two clashes that left 55 South Vietnamese soldiers dead, President Thiệu announced on 4 January 1974 that the war had restarted and that the Paris Peace Accord was no longer in effect. There were over 25,000 South Vietnamese casualties during the ceasefire period. The same month, China attacked

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Cultural life was strongly influenced by China until French domination in the 18th century. At that time, the traditional culture began to acquire an overlay of Western characteristics. Many families had three generations living under one roof. The emerging South Vietnamese middle class and youth in

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The Geneva Accords promised elections in 1956 to determine a national government for a united Vietnam. Neither the United States government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. With respect to the question of reunification, the non-communist Vietnamese

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from power. Often praising aspects of Western culture in public, Ky was supported by the United States and its allied nations, though doubts began to circulate among Western officials by 1966 on whether or not Ky could maintain stability in South Vietnam. A repressive leader, Ky was greatly despised

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caused significant damage to the South Vietnamese economy. A spokesman for Thiệu admitted in a TV interview that the government was being "overwhelmed" by the inflation caused by the oil shock, while an American businessman living in Saigon stated after the oil shock that attempting to make money in

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restricting rice farm sizes to a maximum of 247 acres per landowner with the excess land to be sold to landless peasants. More than 1.8m acres of farm land would become available for purchase, the US would pay the landowners and receive payment from the purchasers over a six-year period. Land reform

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In July 1955, Diệm announced in a broadcast that South Vietnam would not participate in the elections specified in the Geneva Accords. As Saigon's delegation did not sign the Geneva Accords, it was not bound by it, despite having been part of the French Union, which was itself bound by the Accords.

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summed up the situation: "Strategic hamlets had failed…. The South Vietnamese regime was incapable of winning the peasantry because of its class base among landlords. Indeed, there was no longer a 'regime' in the sense of a relatively stable political alliance and functioning bureaucracy. Instead,

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In 1965, the feuding civilian government voluntarily resigned and handed power back to the nation's military, in the hope this would bring stability and unity to the nation. An elected constituent assembly including representatives of all the branches of the military decided to switch the nation's

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to test the South Vietnamese combat strength and political will and whether the US would respond militarily. With no US military assistance forthcoming, the ARVN were unable to hold and the PAVN successfully captured many of the districts around the provincial capital of Phuoc Long, weakening ARVN

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maintained a strong presence in South Vietnam where it was used in administration, education (especially at the secondary and higher levels), trade and diplomacy. The ruling elite of South Vietnam spoke French. With US involvement in the Vietnam War, English was also later introduced to the armed

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as his successor. After only one week in office, the South Vietnamese national assembly voted to hand over the presidency to General Dương Văn Minh. Minh was seen as a more conciliatory figure toward the North, and it was hoped he might be able to negotiate a more favourable settlement to end the

4394:, Act 001/69 became effective which abolished the offices of government's representative and assistant government's representative, this was later followed on 12 May 1969 with Decree 544 – NĐ/ThT/QTCS which completely abolished the civil administration in Trung nguyên Trung phần in favour of the 5154:

Their roles were defined as follows: to protect the sovereignty of the free Vietnamese nation and that of the Republic; to maintain the political and social order and the rule of law by providing internal security; to defend the newly independent Republic of Vietnam from external (and internal)

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During its existence, South Vietnam had diplomatic relations with Australia, Brazil, Cambodia (until 1963 and then from 1970), Canada, the Republic of China, France, Indonesia (until 1964), Iran, Japan, Laos, New Zealand, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, the Republic of Korea, Spain,

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By 1960 the land reform process had stalled. Diệm had never truly supported reform because many of his biggest supporters were the country's largest landowners. While the US threatened to cut aid unless land reform and other changes were made, Diệm correctly assessed that the US was bluffing.

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The elections were not held. South Vietnam, which had not signed the Geneva Accords, did not believe the Communists in North Vietnam would allow a fair election. In January 1957, the International Control Commission (ICC), comprising observers from India, Poland, and Canada, agreed with this

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failed to spark a national uprising and was militarily disastrous. By bringing the war to South Vietnam's cities, however, and by demonstrating the continued strength of communist forces, it marked a turning point in US support for the government in South Vietnam. The new administration of

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Kỳ and Thieu functioned in those roles until 1967, bringing much-desired stability to the government. They imposed censorship and suspended civil liberties, and intensified anticommunist efforts. Under pressure from the US, they held elections for president and the legislature in 1967. The

254: 3037:, but the US Senate would not release extra money to provide aid to South Vietnam, and had already passed laws to prevent further involvement in Vietnam. In desperation, Thiệu recalled Kỳ from retirement as a military commander, but resisted calls to name his old rival prime minister. 5539: 3335:

unopposed in 1971, receiving a suspiciously high 94% of the vote on an 87% turn-out. Thieu ruled until the final days of the war, resigning on 21 April 1975. Vice-president Trần Văn Hương assumed power for a week, but on 27 April the Parliament and Senate voted to transfer power to

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and State of Vietnam would rule the territory south of the 17th parallel, pending unification on the basis of supervised elections in 1956. At the time of the conference, it was expected that the South would continue to be a French dependency. However, South Vietnamese Premier

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due to a fear of religious persecution in the North. About 90,000 Việt Minh were evacuated to the North while 5,000 to 10,000 cadre remained in the South, most of them with orders to refocus on political activity and agitation. The Saigon-Cholon Peace Committee, the first

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and the war was largely taken over by regular army units of North Vietnam. Following American withdrawal from the war in 1973, the South Vietnamese government continued fighting the North Vietnamese, until, overwhelmed by a conventional invasion by the North, it finally

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Television was introduced to South Vietnam on 7 February 1966 with a black-and-white FCC system. Covering major cities in South Vietnam, started with a one-hour broadcast per day then increased to six hours in the evening during the 1970s. There were two main channels:

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North Vietnamese leaders had expected that the ceasefire terms would favour their side. As Saigon began to roll back the Việt Cộng, they found it necessary to adopt a new strategy, hammered out at a series of meetings in Hanoi in March 1973, according to the memoirs of

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wrote in 1954 that "I have never talked or corresponded with a person knowledgeable in Indochinese affairs who did not agree that had elections been held as of the time of the fighting, possibly eighty percent of the population would have voted for the Communist

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Many feel that is unable to rally the people in the fight against the Communists because of his reliance on virtual one-man rule, his tolerance of corruption extending even to his immediate entourage, and his refusal to relax a rigid system of public

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the Central Government's Representatives in the Trung phần region were gradually replaced by the control of the Tactical zone's Commanders (Tư lệnh Vùng Chiến thuật), which replaced a civil administration with a military one. However, following the

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Diệm attempted to stabilise South Vietnam by defending against Việt Cộng activities. He launched an anti-communist denunciation campaign (Tố Cộng) against the Việt Cộng and military campaigns against three powerful group – the

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or become a republic. This referendum was blatantly rigged in favor of a republic. Not only did an implausible 98% vote in favor of deposing Bảo Đại, but over 380,000 more votes were cast than the total number of registered voters; in

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of US government personnel as well as high-ranking members of the ARVN and other South Vietnamese who were seen as potential targets for persecution by the Communists. Many of the evacuees were taken directly by helicopter to multiple

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voted to reduce assistance to South Vietnam from $ 1 billion a year to $ 700 million. By this time, the Ho Chi Minh trail, once an arduous mountain trek, had been upgraded into a drivable highway with gasoline stations.

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rose to 200 percent as the country suffered economic shock due to the decrease of American aid as well as the oil price shock of October 1973. The unification of Vietnam in 1976 was followed by the imposition of North Vietnam's

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as their leader rather than Chief of State Bảo Đại. Indeed, the lack of leadership and drive on the part of Bảo Đại was a factor in the feeling prevalent among Vietnamese that they had nothing to fight for." According to the

89:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 2983:

South Vietnam was "like making love to a corpse". One consequence of the inflation was the South Vietnamese government had increasing difficulty in paying its soldiers and imposed restrictions on fuel and munition usage.

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On 26 March 1970 the government began to implement the Land-to-the-Tiller program of land reform with the US providing US$ 339m of the program's US$ 441m cost. Individual landholdings were limited to 15 hectares.

2608:, who preferred American sponsorship to French, rejected the agreement. When Vietnam was divided, 800,000 to 1 million North Vietnamese, mainly (but not exclusively) Roman Catholics, sailed south as part of 253: 2296:

in South Vietnam. What started as a guerrilla war eventually turned into a more conventional fight as the balance of power became equalized. An even larger, armored invasion from the North commenced during the

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civil government and military operations had virtually ceased. The National Liberation Front had made great progress and was close to declaring provisional revolutionary governments in large areas." President

2399:("Great South"). In 1945, the nation's official name was changed back to "Vietnam". The name is also sometimes rendered as "Viet Nam" in English. The term "South Vietnam" became common usage in 1954, when the 7291:

Hoang, Tuan (2023). "The August Revolution, the Fall of Saigon, and Postwar Reeducation Camps: Understanding Vietnamese Diasporic Anticommunism". In Ho Peché, Linda; Vo, Alex-Thai Dinh; Vu, Tuong (eds.).

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found that South Vietnamese economic planners sought to model the South Vietnamese economy on Taiwan and South Korea, which were perceived as successful examples of how to modernize developing economies.

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was the top leader of the last of the military regimes in 1965–1967 before a US-backed civilian government was instituted, following a new constitution and elections in 1967, with Thieu elected president.

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perception, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement. With the French gone, a return to the traditional power struggle between north and south had begun again.

4946:, however, from 1954 to 1956 "Ngô Đình Diệm really did accomplish miracles" in South Vietnam: "It is almost certain that by 1956 the proportion which might have voted for Ho—in a free election against 2842:

of 2 August 1964 led to a dramatic increase in direct American participation in the war, with nearly 200,000 troops deployed by the end of the year. Khánh sought to capitalize on the crisis with the

7010: 3431:). This "pre-Vietnam" government prepared for a unified Vietnamese state, but the country's full reunification was delayed for a year because of the problems posed by Cochinchina's legal status. 2742:

reported that "one-half of the entire rural region south and southwest of Saigon, as well as some areas to the north, are under considerable Communist control. Some of these areas are in effect

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described the circumstances prevailing in 1955 and 1956 as "anarchy among sects and of the retiring Việt Minh in the South, the 1956 campaign of terror from Hanoi's land reform and resultant

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in a January 1964 coup. Until late 1965, multiple coups and changes of government occurred, with some civilians being allowed to give a semblance of civil rule overseen by a military junta.

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on 23 October 1955 to determine the future of the country. He asked voters to approve a republic, thus removing Bảo Đại as head of state. The poll was supervised by his younger brother,

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The Geneva Accords promised elections in 1956 to determine a national government for a united Vietnam. In 1957, independent observers from India, Poland, and Canada representing the

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increased the size of the advisory force fourfold and allowed the advisers to participate in combat operations, and later acquiesced in the removal of President Diệm in a military

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The offices of appointed representative and assistant representative of the central government were created for the region of Trung phần, the main representative had an office in

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the 1960s became increasingly more Westernised, and followed American cultural and social trends, especially in music, fashion and social attitudes in major cities like Saigon.

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Starting from 1955, the South Vietnamese government of Ngô Đình Diệm carried out an assimilation policy towards indigenous peoples (Montagnard) of the Central Highlands and the

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The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a "people's war" on the South at a session in January 1959 and this decision was confirmed by the Politburo in March. In May 1959,

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resistance in stronghold areas. President Thiệu later abandoned Phuoc Long in early January 1975. As a result, Phuoc Long was the first provincial capital to fall to the PAVN.

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to reduce US combat involvement and began negotiations with the North Vietnamese to end the war. Thiệu used the aftermath of the Tet Offensive to sideline Kỳ, his chief rival.

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not immediately backed by substantial armed force. The Việt Cộng's strength encircles Saigon and has recently begun to move closer in the city." The report, later excerpted in

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At the time of signing of the Paris Peace Accords, the South Vietnamese government fielded the fourth largest military force in the world as a result of the American

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signed on 27 January 1973, US military forces withdrew from South Vietnam at the end of March 1973 while PAVN forces in the South were permitted to remain in place.

2197:, it abandoned its claims to the northern, Việt Minh-controlled part of the country, and established its sovereignty over the southern half of Vietnam consisting of 6371: 792: 6586:"Significant Collections > Fonds of the Tòa Đại Biểu Chánh Phủ Tại Trung Nguyên Trung Phần or the Office of the Government's Representative in Central Midlands" 6547: 6341: 5048: 6706:

Woodruff, Mark (2005). Unheralded Victory: The Defeat of The Viet Cong and The North Vietnamese. Arlington, Virginia: Presidio Press. ISBN 0-8914-1866-0. P.6: "

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The South Vietnamese government was regularly accused of holding a large number of political prisoners, the exact number of which was a source of contention.

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and advanced southwards. As the military situation deteriorated, ARVN troops began deserting. By early April, the PAVN had overrun almost 3/5th of the South.

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The French ceased training the QLVNCH in 1956 and training passed to American advisers who progressively restructured the military along US military lines.

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Gadkar-Wilcox, Wynn (2023). "Universities and Intellectual Culture in the Republic of Vietnam". In Ho Peché, Linda; Vo, Alex-Thai Dinh; Vu, Tuong (eds.).

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as the figurehead chief of state. As Prime Minister, Kỳ consolidated control of the South Vietnamese government and ruled the country with an iron fist.

3239:, ARVN officers led by General Dương Văn Minh staged a coup and killed him in 1963. The military held a brief interim military government until General 5367: 4958: 6306: 5808: 2501:(Bắc Kỳ) was under a French resident general (thống sứ). Between Tonkin in the north and Cochinchina in the south was the protectorate (xứ bảo hộ) of 7250: 3182: 2970:

implied that the US would intervene militarily if the communist side violated the ceasefire. Public reaction was unfavorable, and on 4 June 1973 the

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enacted a reform of the administrative divisions system of the Republic of Vietnam in the form of Decree 147a/NV. This decree divided the region of

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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

5358:. This resulted in increasing nationalism and support for independence among the Cham and other indigenous peoples. Some Cham joined the communist 6508: 5366:. By 1964, civil rights activists and independent organizations of the indigenous peoples, including Cham organizations, had been merged into the 5028: 4954:(ICC) stated that fair, unbiased elections were not possible, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement. 777: 8946: 7405: 5550: 8242: 5533:

Radio Vietnam broadcast hours cards, denoting times and frequencies of radio broadcasts in 1960 and 1962. Address: 3 Phan Dinh Phung St., Saigon

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in Quang's hometown of Da Nang. The uprising was unsuccessful and Ky's repressive stance towards the nation's Buddhist population continued.

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in public schools, seizing indigenous lands and granting them to mostly Catholic Northern Kinh people who had moved to South Vietnam during

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of the popular vote. Thieu quickly consolidated power much to the dismay of those who hoped for an era of more political openness. He was

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was regarded by the US as a crucial step to build support for the nascent South Vietnamese government and undermine communist propaganda.

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and other communist nations recognised the DRV while the United States and other non-communist states recognised the Bảo Đại government.

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to the southwest. Its sovereignty was recognized by the United States and 87 other nations, though it failed to gain admission into the

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Diệm's removal and assassination set off a period of political instability and declining legitimacy of the Saigon government. General

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Nationalism, Decolonization, and Tradition: The Promotion of Confucianism in South Vietnam 1955–1975 and the Role of Nguyễn Đăng Thục

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delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam, but lost out when the French accepted the proposal of Viet Minh delegate

3423: 2816: 2222: 1685: 6962:"Imagining Taiwan: The Nixon Administration, the Developmental States, and South Vietnam's Search for Economic Viability, 1969–1975" 8741: 8134: 8129: 7580: 6961: 4950:—would have been much smaller than eighty percent." In 1957, independent observers from India, Poland, and Canada representing the 4896:

During its existence, South Vietnam had a close, strategic alliance with the United States and served as a major counterbalance to

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Reestablishment of Human Nature and Social Morality: A Study of the Anniversary of Confucius' Birthday in South Vietnam 1955–1975

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decided to send in much larger numbers of combat troops, and conflict steadily escalated to become what is commonly known as the

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was named head of state, but power remained with a junta of generals led by Khánh, which soon fell to infighting. Meanwhile, the

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Throughout its history South Vietnam had many reforms enacted that affected the organisation of its administrative divisions.

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He also claimed the communist government in the North created conditions that made a fair election impossible in that region.

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was the official language and was spoken by the majority of the population. Despite the end of French colonial rule, the

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Vietnamese Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

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In June 1965, Kỳ's influence over the ruling military government was solidified when he forced civilian prime minister

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Vietnamese and the French government on 14 June 1949. Former emperor Bảo Đại accepted the position of chief of state (

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Unheralded Victory: The Defeat Of The Viet Cong And The North Vietnamese ... – Mark William Woodruff – Google Books

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who was the nation's last president and who unconditionally surrendered to the Communist forces on 30 April 1975.

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in February/March 1971 and were defeated by the PAVN in what was widely regarded as a setback for Vietnamization.

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took place on 3 September 1967, Thiệu was elected president with 34% of the vote in a widely criticised poll. The

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following US ground-forces withdrawal, and had nearly overrun some major southern cities until being beaten back.

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helicopter is jettisoned over the side of a carrier to provide room on the ship's deck for more evacuees to land.

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Tran, Nu-Anh (2023). "Denouncing the 'Việt Cộng': Tales of revolution and betrayal in the Republic of Vietnam".

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The Embassy of the Republic of Vietnam in Washington donated 527 reels of South Vietnamese-produced film to the

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The South was divided into coastal lowlands, the mountainous Central Highlands (Cao-nguyen Trung-phan) and the

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The Enemy in Our Hands: America's Treatment of Enemy Prisoners of War from the Revolution to the War on Terror

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of South Vietnam in late March 1972 which was only finally repulsed by October with massive US air support.

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on 30 April 1975, marking the end of the Republic of Vietnam. On 2 July 1976, the North Vietnam-controlled

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State Succession and Membership in International Organizations: Legal Theories Versus Political Pragmatism

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Both channels used an airborne transmission relay system from airplanes flying at high altitudes, called

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forces and became a secondary diplomatic language. Languages spoken by minority groups included Chinese,

5044: 3763: 3019: 2882: 2554: 2502: 2309: 2210: 2168: 2089:(renamed to Ho Chi Minh City in 1976), before becoming a republic in 1955. South Vietnam was bordered by 1995: 1961: 1946: 1941: 1926: 1612: 1398: 1124: 5602:. It also broadcast news and special announcements from the American government and military commanders. 4391: 4003: 3823: 3515: 3259: 3007: 2859: 2584:). This was known as the "Bảo Đại Solution". The colonial struggle in Vietnam became part of the global 2553:. In June 1946, France declared Cochinchina a republic, separate from the northern and central parts. A 2230: 748: 604: 8550: 8533: 8510: 8332: 8139: 8111: 7975: 7839: 7764: 7747: 6505: 4925: 4379: 4364:

into Trung nguyên Trung phần (the Central Midlands) and Cao nguyên Trung phần (the Central Highlands).

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organised crime syndicate whose military strength combined amounted to approximately 350,000 fighters.

2293: 2265: 2190: 1465: 985: 854: 841: 7179:"A Secular State for a Religious Nation: The Republic of Vietnam and Religious Nationalism, 1946–1963" 4348: 3928: 3913: 3733: 3688: 3525: 3194: 3080: 2738:

Throughout this period, the level of US aid and political support increased. In spite of this, a 1961

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and were increasingly sidelined by the United States, completely withdrew from Vietnam by April 1956.

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of South Vietnam was estimated to be 16,259,334. However, about one-fifth of the people who lived in

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In 1963–1965, there were numerous coups and short-lived governments, several of which were headed by

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of the Paracels in 1974 after the South Vietnamese navy attempted an assault on PRC-claimed islands.

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The Oil Kings: How the U.S., Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East

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about anti-communist rhetoric in South Vietnamese media and its effect on South Vietnamese society.

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South Vietnam went through many political changes during its short life. Initially, former Emperor

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on the state's future form of government was widely marred by electoral fraud and resulted in the

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during the embassy's closure following the Fall of Saigon, which are in the Library to this day.

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There were four AM and one FM radio stations, all of them owned by the government (VTVN), named

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Morale was low in South Vietnam as the PAVN advanced. A last-ditch defense was made by the ARVN

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About 1 million North Vietnamese refugees left the newly created communist North Vietnam during

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The National Assembly/House of Representatives was located in the Saigon Opera House, now the

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began on 19 December 1946, with the French regaining control of Hanoi and many other cities.

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1974 English language Voice of Vietnam (Radio Vietnam) foreign service broadcast from Saigon

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President Johnson conferring with South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu in July 1968.

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The official name of the South Vietnamese state was the "Republic of Vietnam" (Vietnamese:

1565: 1301: 5370:(FULRO), which struggled against both the governments of South Vietnam and the succeeding 4368: 4313: 3988: 3958: 3831: 3497:(1955–1963). Once highly lauded by America, he was ousted and assassinated in a US-backed 3466:(1949–1955). Abdicated as emperor (constitutional monarch) in 1945 following surrender of 2682: 211: 8: 8837: 8773: 8709: 8642: 8632: 8600: 8595: 8588: 8523: 8498: 8386: 8209: 8153: 7921: 7896: 7879: 7874: 7862: 7857: 7759: 5936:"Maintenance Agency for ISO 3166 Country Codes – English Country Names and Code Elements" 5912:

Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History

5664: 5327: 5217: 5114: 5090: 5016: 5001: 4693: 4555: 3457: 3391: 2948: 2812: 2795:, due to its repression of Buddhists and military defeats by the Việt Cộng. Notably, the 2748: 2600: 2558: 2365: 2305: 2156: 2034: 1236: 1090: 871: 670: 536: 523: 506: 410: 385: 158: 8677: 5503:

Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the

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Countries that recognized the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) as of August 7, 1958.

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McLeod, Mark W. (1999), "Indigenous Peoples and the Vietnamese Revolution, 1930–1975",

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of February 1968, when there were over a million South Vietnamese soldiers and 500,000

2281: 2269: 2198: 1602: 1575: 1133: 122: 8282: 7141:. International Conference in Commemorating 2565th Anniversary of Confucius' Birthday. 3463: 3212: 2506: 2461:

Before World War II, the southern third of Vietnam was the concession (nhượng địa) of

2171: 1755: 8756: 8736: 8697: 8647: 8627: 8578: 8493: 8342: 8300: 7474: 7453: 7432: 7411: 7390: 7369: 7348: 7327: 7297: 7277: 7256: 7241: 7212: 7117: 7099: 7047: 6901: 6861: 6806: 6766: 6485: 6443: 6331: 6259: 6229: 6204: 6197: 6172: 6112: 6008: 5915: 5890: 5879: 5842: 5767: 5113:), gathered earlier in July 1951 into the French-led Vietnamese National Army – VNA ( 4980: 4163: 4156: 3278: 2995: 2712: 2614: 2550: 2522: 2121:

in 1975. In 1976, the Republic of South Vietnam and North Vietnam merged to form the

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Cauldron of Resistance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and 1950s Southern Vietnam

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During the hours leading up to the surrender, the United States undertook a massive

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South Vietnam population density map (left) and South Vietnamese ethnic map (right)

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Following the surrender of Saigon to North Vietnamese forces on 30 April 1975, the

3101: 2936: 2804: 2573: 2466: 2337: 2298: 2160: 2129: 2106: 2078: 1951: 1695: 1633: 1505: 1291: 1036: 20: 7294:

Toward a Framework for Vietnamese American Studies: History, Community, and Memory

7273:

Toward a Framework for Vietnamese American Studies: History, Community, and Memory

6000:

Vietnamese Communists' Relations with China and the Second Indochina War (1956–62)

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After promising not to do so during the 1964 election campaign, in 1965 President

4141: 4055: 3266: 1862: 1311: 8746: 8622: 8555: 7869: 7852: 6931: 6512: 6082: 5998: 5832: 5757: 5635: 5386: 5331: 5122: 5106: 4967: 4932:, but was rejected by the Soviet delegation and North Vietnamese. U.S. President 4901: 4477: 4361: 3906: 3801: 3778: 3467: 3413: 3186: 3154: 2979: 2800: 2771: 2728: 2478: 2133: 2094: 2046: 1545: 991: 397: 172: 27: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6043:, vol. 23, no. 1, Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, 1950, p. 55, 5529: 5185:

to a steady decline in South Vietnamese military expenditure and effectiveness.

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Apart from the mainland, the Republic of Vietnam also administered parts of the

1475: 8920: 8687: 7965: 6924: 6062: 5627: 5336: 4997: 4929: 4909: 4599: 4437: 4291: 3921: 3085: 3046: 2899: 2577: 2317: 2164: 2110: 2098: 2054: 1985: 1966: 1745: 1515: 885: 7365:

The Republic of Vietnam, 1955–1975: Vietnamese Perspectives on Nation Building

7233: 7194: 4957:

The failure to unify the country in 1956 led in 1959 to the foundation of the

4216: 2724: 2505:(Trung Kỳ), under a French resident superior (khâm sứ). A Vietnamese emperor, 1455: 1104: 440: 8935: 7687: 7508: 7407:

Disunion: Anticommunist Nationalism and the Making of the Republic of Vietnam

6846: 6791: 6565: 5351: 5340: 5313: 5101:– QLVNCH), was formally established on 30 December 1955. Created out from ex- 4988: 4987:. In 1968, the NLF ceased to be an effective fighting organization after the 4697: 4026: 3519: 3453: 3271: 3216: 3060: 2967: 2895: 2890: 2392: 2351: 2289: 2288:

squadrons through 1966 and 1967. Fighting peaked up to that point during the

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Misalliance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and the Fate of South Vietnam

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The country was divided from north to south into four corps tactical zones:

4387:

the military administration was replaced back with civilian administrators.

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war. The North, however, was not interested in negotiations, and its forces

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in 1963, and a series of short-lived military governments followed. General

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United States Army in Vietnam Advice and Support: The Early Years 1941–1960

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This article is about the former country. For its geographical region, see

7083: 6736:"Vietnam on Film and Television: Documentaries in the Library of Congress" 6252:

Sheehan, Neil; Smith, Hedrick; Kenworthy, E. W.; Butterfield, Fox (2017).

4231: 3981: 3861: 3270:

by his fellow countrymen. In early 1966, protesters influenced by popular

2537:

on 9 March 1945, Emperor Bảo Đại proclaimed Vietnam independent. When the

2414:

Other names of this state were commonly used during its existence such as

2324:

and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) merged to form the

7114:

Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social and Military History

7012:

The Role of English in Vietnam's Foreign Language Policy: A Brief History

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officially became the government of South Vietnam, which merged with the

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The administrative territory of the Republic of Vietnam according to the

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Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam

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Unheralded Victory: The Defeat of The Viet Cong and The North Vietnamese

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Saigon and the rest of South Vietnam to North Vietnam on 30 April 1975.

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that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of

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Taylor, K. W. (2015). "Voices from the South". In Taylor, K. W. (ed.).

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Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (now American Forces Network)

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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

7203: 3816: 2885:(PAVN) and the Việt Cộng broke the traditional truce accompanying the 2381: 2378: 5708: 5394: 5297: 5229: 5064: 5006: