44:
227:
162:
371:
372:
367:
31:
529:
840:
Most (83% in 1988) white phosphorus is used as a precursor to phosphoric acid, half of which is used for food or medical products where purity is important. The other half is used for detergents. Much of the remaining 17% is mainly used for the production of chlorinated compounds
370:
1118:
Cossairt, Brandi M.; Cummins, Christopher C.; Head, Ashley R.; Lichtenberger, Dennis L.; Berger, Raphael J. F.; Hayes, Stuart A.; Mitzel, Norbert W.; Wu, Gang (2010-06-01). "On the
Molecular and Electronic Structures of AsP3 and P4".
388:
923:
White phosphorus is rather acutely toxic, with a lethal dose of 50-100 mg (1 mg/kg body weight). Its mode of action is thought to involve its reducing properties. It is metabolized to phosphate, which is not toxic.
395:
894:, no other polyhedral phosphorus clusters are known. White phosphorus converts to the thermodynamically-stabler red allotrope, but that allotrope is not isolated polyhedra.
556:
and instability. Although both are called "white phosphorus", in fact two different crystal allotropes are known, interchanging reversibly at 195.2 K. The element's
497:
tetrahedra with oxygen inserted between the phosphorus atoms and at their vertices. White phosphorus is only slightly soluble in water and can be stored under water.
373:
634:
Despite white phosphorus not being the most stable allotropes of phosphorus, its molecular nature allows it to be easily purified. Thus, it's defined to have a zero
1288:
Corbridge, D. E. C. (1995) "Phosphorus: An
Outline of its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology" 5th Edition Elsevier: Amsterdam. § 4.1.12.
930:
because it is pyrophoric. For the same reasons, it is dangerous to handle. Measures are taken to protect samples from air. Anecdotal report of problems for
579:
Molten and gaseous white phosphorus also retains the tetrahedral molecules, until 800 °C (1,500 °F; 1,100 K) when it starts decomposing to
482:
from chronic ingestion or inhalation. The odour of combustion of this form has a characteristic garlic odor, and samples are commonly coated with white "
458:), and impure white phosphorus is for this reason called yellow phosphorus. White phosphorus is the first allotrope of phosphorus, and in fact the first
1307:
Streubel, Rainer (1995). "Phosphaalkyne
Cyclooligomers: From Dimers to Hexamers—First Steps on the Way to Phosphorus–Carbon Cage Compounds".
915:. Other clusters are more thermodynamically favorable, and some have been partially formed as components of larger polyelemental compounds.
266:
1348:
626:
molecules, i.e. 18 different P-P bond lengths — between 2.1768(5) and 2.1920(5) Å. The average P-P bond length is 2.183(5) Å.
462:
to be discovered that was not known since ancient times. It glows greenish in the dark (when exposed to oxygen) and is highly
1267:
1238:
1072:
1044:
671:
It ignites spontaneously in air at about 50 °C (122 °F), and at much lower temperatures if finely divided (due to
1334:
1293:
1175:
241:
660:
Many reactions of white phosphorus involve insertion into the P-P bonds, such as the reaction with oxygen, sulfur,
415:
635:
381:
72:
973:
157:
205:
927:
1374:
17:
222:
948:
850:
672:
611:
443:
997:
Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. II. Elements known to the alchemists".
1349:"Woman mistakes WWII-era munition for precious stone on German beach | DW | 05.08.2017"
875:
1091:
Simon, Arndt; Borrmann, Horst; Horakh, Jörg (1997). "On the
Polymorphism of White Phosphorus".
900:, in particular, is unlikely to form, and the closest approach is the half-phosphorus compound
846:
842:
801:
789:
661:
119:
60:
139:
1006:
891:
483:
459:
36:
White phosphorus sample with a chunk removed from the corner to expose un-oxidized material
8:
1379:
1203:
691:
569:
561:
517:
1010:
226:
161:
16:
This article is about the chemistry of white phosphorus. For military applications, see
773:
646:
565:
43:
768:
The white allotrope can be produced using several methods. In the industrial process,
1289:
1263:
1234:
1181:
1171:
1144:
1136:
1068:
1040:
793:
1316:
1226:
1128:
1100:
1014:
513:
289:
183:
738:
are also formed, but in small amounts. This combustion gives phosphorus(V) oxide:
785:
784:. Elemental phosphorus is then liberated as a vapour and can be collected under
1353:
943:
769:
557:
475:
455:
451:
409:
1368:
1230:
1140:
1104:
912:
797:
467:
338:
328:
150:
1254:
1320:
1148:
931:
394:
887:
665:
642:
553:
549:
545:
380:
953:
934:
who may collect washed-up samples while unaware of their true nature.
479:
387:
305:
130:
30:
1132:
1167:
1018:
650:
573:
537:
463:
194:
408:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
614:. The β form of white phosphorus contains three slightly different
528:
471:
353:
1185:
118:
654:
505:
318:
170:
1117:
544:
in a tetrahedral structure, joined by six phosphorus—phosphorus
1262:(Reprinted ed.). India: NCERT. January 2019. p. 177.
897:
781:
777:
837:
In this way, an estimated 750,000 tons were produced in 1988.
541:
108:
210:
509:
1221:
Diskowski, Herbert; Hofmann, Thomas (2000). "Phosphorus".
1090:
796:(although phosphate rock contains substantial amounts of
447:
1062:
874:
Other products derived from white phosphorus include
705:
when reacted with excess oxygen. On rare occasions,
694:) when reacted with a limited supply of oxygen, and
679:
oxides depending on the amount of available oxygen:
603:molecule in the gas phase has a P-P bond length of
1309:Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English
675:). Phosphorus reacts with oxygen, usually forming
1366:
1220:
1034:
450:solid that quickly yellows in light (due to its
182:
369:
1223:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1162:Engel, Robert; Cohen, JaimeLee Iolani (2004).
881:
763:
470:(self-igniting) upon contact with air. It is
1283:
1281:
1279:
1111:
1039:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 392.
1067:. Singapore : World Scientific. p. 3.
1161:
1063:Durif, A.; Averbuch-Pouchot, M.T. (1996).
333:44.1 °C; 111.4 °F; 317.3 K
225:
160:
138:
1287:
1276:
1200:100 years of Phosphorus Making: 1851–1951
1035:Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004).
1306:
1192:
1121:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1086:
1084:
527:
772:is heated in an electric or fuel-fired
221:
1367:
1058:
1056:
629:
151:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1081:
996:
343:280 °C; 536 °F; 553 K
253:Key: OBSZRRSYVTXPNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
1164:Synthesis of Carbon-Phosphorus Bonds
1030:
1028:
928:White phosphorus is used as a weapon
886:Although white phosphorus forms the
1335:"A dangerous guide to beachcombing"
1053:
610:= 2.1994(3) Å as was determined by
572:. The β form is believed to have a
173:
13:
1247:
1209:
532:White phosphorus crystal structure
365:
295:
77:1,2,3,4-Tetraphosphatricyclobutane
14:
1391:
1025:
788:. An idealized equation for this
645:, white phosphorus spontaneously
42:
29:
1341:
1327:
1300:
412:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1155:
990:
966:
878:and various metal phosphides.
1:
1065:Topics in phosphate chemistry
999:Journal of Chemical Education
959:
1166:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton:
523:
7:
937:
882:Other polyhedrane analogues
764:Production and applications
536:White phosphorus exists as
10:
1396:
1256:Chemistry Part I Class XII
564:α form, which is actually
250:InChI=1S/P4/c1-2-3(1)4(1)2
15:
1198:Threlfall, R.E., (1951).
978:American Chemical Society
918:
406:
347:
282:
262:
237:
100:
83:
71:
59:
54:
41:
28:
18:White phosphorus munition
1231:10.1002/14356007.a19_505
1105:10.1002/cber.19971300911
949:Allotropes of phosphorus
890:, the simplest possible
851:phosphorus pentachloride
800:, which would also form
673:melting-point depression
612:gas electron diffraction
49:Tetraphosphorus molecule
876:phosphorus pentasulfide
653:and various phosphorus
552:arrangement results in
444:allotrope of phosphorus
1321:10.1002/anie.199504361
847:phosphorus oxychloride
843:phosphorus trichloride
533:
484:diphosphorus pentoxide
446:. It is a translucent
376:
802:silicon tetrafluoride
790:carbothermal reaction
662:phosphorus tribromide
636:enthalpy of formation
531:
486:", which consists of
375:
73:Systematic IUPAC name
892:Platonic hydrocarbon
460:elementary substance
358:(fire diamond)
89:Molecular phosphorus
1204:Albright and Wilson
1037:Inorganic Chemistry
1011:1932JChEd...9...11W
776:in the presence of
692:phosphorus trioxide
630:Chemical properties
576:crystal structure.
570:standard conditions
562:body-centered cubic
540:of four phosphorus
518:disulfur dichloride
313: g·mol
25:
1093:Chemische Berichte
974:"White phosphorus"
534:
416:Infobox references
377:
23:
1269:978-81-7450-648-1
1240:978-3-527-30385-4
1133:10.1021/ja102580d
1127:(24): 8459–8465.
1074:978-981-02-2634-3
1046:978-0-13-039913-7
794:calcium phosphate
647:disproportionates
478:on ingestion and
474:, causing severe
432:yellow phosphorus
424:Chemical compound
422:
421:
206:CompTox Dashboard
120:Interactive image
92:Yellow phosphorus
24:White phosphorus
1387:
1375:White phosphorus
1359:
1358:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1285:
1274:
1273:
1261:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1218:
1207:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1099:(9): 1235–1240.
1088:
1079:
1078:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1019:10.1021/ed009p11
994:
988:
987:
985:
984:
970:
911:, produced from
910:
870:
833:
825:+ 10 C → 6 CaSiO
759:
737:
726:
715:
704:
689:
625:
624:
623:
602:
601:
600:
590:
589:
588:
514:carbon disulfide
503:
496:
454:conversion into
428:White phosphorus
397:
390:
383:
368:
312:
297:
290:Chemical formula
230:
229:
214:
212:
186:
175:
164:
153:
142:
122:
64:White phosphorus
46:
33:
26:
22:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1305:
1301:
1286:
1277:
1270:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1219:
1210:
1197:
1193:
1178:
1160:
1156:
1116:
1112:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1033:
1026:
995:
991:
982:
980:
972:
971:
967:
962:
940:
921:
909:
905:
901:
884:
869:
865:
861:
857:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
786:phosphoric acid
766:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
736:
732:
728:
725:
721:
717:
714:
710:
706:
703:
699:
695:
688:
684:
680:
632:
622:
619:
618:
617:
615:
609:
599:
596:
595:
594:
592:
591:molecules. The
587:
584:
583:
582:
580:
526:
502:
498:
495:
491:
487:
441:
436:tetraphosphorus
425:
418:
413:
402:
401:
400:
399:
392:
385:
378:
374:
366:
310:
300:
292:
278:
275:
270:
269:
258:
255:
254:
251:
245:
244:
233:
215:
208:
189:
176:
145:
125:
112:
96:
95:
79:
78:
67:
66:Tetraphosphorus
65:
50:
47:
37:
34:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1393:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1361:
1360:
1354:Deutsche Welle
1340:
1326:
1315:(4): 436–438.
1299:
1275:
1268:
1246:
1239:
1208:
1191:
1176:
1154:
1110:
1080:
1073:
1052:
1045:
1024:
989:
964:
963:
961:
958:
957:
956:
951:
946:
944:Red phosphorus
939:
936:
920:
917:
913:phosphaalkynes
907:
903:
883:
880:
872:
871:
867:
863:
859:
835:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
770:phosphate rock
765:
762:
761:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
734:
730:
723:
719:
712:
708:
701:
697:
686:
682:
631:
628:
620:
607:
597:
585:
558:standard state
525:
522:
504:is soluble in
500:
493:
489:
456:red phosphorus
439:
423:
420:
419:
414:
410:standard state
407:
404:
403:
393:
386:
379:
364:
363:
362:
361:
359:
350:
349:
345:
344:
341:
335:
334:
331:
325:
324:
321:
315:
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301:
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293:
288:
285:
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280:
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234:
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223:DTXSID90923991
218:
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200:
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135:
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63:
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39:
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35:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1356:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1336:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1295:
1294:0-444-89307-5
1291:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1265:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1177:0-8493-1617-0
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1076:
1070:
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1059:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
979:
975:
969:
965:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
935:
933:
929:
925:
916:
914:
899:
895:
893:
889:
879:
877:
856:
855:
854:
852:
848:
844:
838:
807:
806:
805:
803:
799:
798:fluoroapatite
795:
792:is shown for
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
741:
740:
739:
693:
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
627:
613:
606:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
530:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:photochemical
449:
445:
437:
433:
429:
417:
411:
405:
398:
391:
384:
360:
357:
356:
352:
351:
346:
342:
340:
339:Boiling point
337:
336:
332:
330:
329:Melting point
327:
326:
322:
320:
317:
316:
309:
307:
304:
303:
294:
291:
287:
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281:
272:
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268:
261:
247:
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202:
198:
196:
193:
192:
185:
181:
180:
178:
172:
168:
167:
163:
159:
156:
154:
152:ECHA InfoCard
149:
148:
141:
137:
136:
134:
132:
129:
128:
121:
117:
116:
114:
110:
105:
104:
99:
91:
88:
87:
82:
74:
70:
62:
58:
53:
45:
40:
32:
27:
19:
1352:
1343:
1329:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1255:
1249:
1222:
1199:
1194:
1163:
1157:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1096:
1092:
1064:
1036:
1002:
998:
992:
981:. Retrieved
977:
968:
932:beachcombers
926:
922:
896:
885:
873:
839:
836:
767:
676:
670:
659:
640:
633:
604:
578:
546:single bonds
535:
476:liver damage
435:
434:, or simply
431:
427:
426:
354:
101:Identifiers
84:Other names
1202:. Oldbury:
888:tetrahedron
829:+ 10 CO + P
554:ring strain
550:tetrahedral
283:Properties
158:100.107.967
61:IUPAC names
1380:Allotropes
1369:Categories
1186:2003060796
983:2024-08-10
960:References
954:Phosphorus
566:metastable
480:phossy jaw
468:pyrophoric
323:1.82 g/cm
306:Molar mass
274:P12P3P1P23
131:ChemSpider
107:3D model (
1168:CRC Press
1141:0002-7863
1005:(1): 11.
651:phosphine
574:hexagonal
538:molecules
524:Structure
464:flammable
195:UN number
1170:. §2.3.
1149:20515032
938:See also
664:and the
442:) is an
355:NFPA 704
348:Hazards
1007:Bibcode
866:→ 4PCl
821:+ 6 SiO
774:furnace
657:salts.
655:oxyacid
560:is the
506:benzene
319:Density
311:123.895
171:PubChem
1292:
1266:
1237:
1184:
1174:
1147:
1139:
1071:
1043:
919:Safety
898:Cubane
862:+ 10Cl
849:, and
782:silica
778:carbon
727:, and
666:NO ion
568:under
548:. The
516:, and
267:SMILES
184:123286
140:109894
55:Names
1260:(PDF)
747:+ 5 O
542:atoms
472:toxic
242:InChI
199:1381
109:JSmol
1290:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1182:LCCN
1172:ISBN
1145:PMID
1137:ISSN
1069:ISBN
1041:ISBN
906:(CH)
809:2 Ca
780:and
643:base
510:oils
466:and
448:waxy
1317:doi
1227:doi
1206:Ltd
1129:doi
1125:132
1101:doi
1097:130
1015:doi
813:(PO
804:):
751:→ P
677:two
649:to
641:In
211:EPA
174:CID
1371::
1351:.
1313:34
1311:.
1278:^
1233:.
1225:.
1211:^
1180:.
1143:.
1135:.
1123:.
1095:.
1083:^
1055:^
1027:^
1013:.
1001:.
976:.
853::
845:,
757:10
716:,
702:10
668:.
638:.
520:.
512:,
508:,
494:10
438:(P
430:,
1357:.
1337:.
1323:.
1319::
1296:.
1272:.
1243:.
1229::
1188:.
1151:.
1131::
1107:.
1103::
1077:.
1049:.
1021:.
1017::
1009::
1003:9
986:.
908:4
904:4
902:P
868:5
864:2
860:4
858:P
831:4
827:3
823:2
819:2
817:)
815:4
811:3
755:O
753:4
749:2
745:4
743:P
735:9
733:O
731:4
729:P
724:8
722:O
720:4
718:P
713:7
711:O
709:4
707:P
700:O
698:4
696:P
690:(
687:6
685:O
683:4
681:P
621:4
616:P
608:g
605:r
598:4
593:P
586:2
581:P
501:4
499:P
492:O
490:4
488:P
440:4
396:2
389:4
382:4
299:4
296:P
213:)
209:(
111:)
20:.
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