1566:
424:
404:
394:
3123:
414:
45:
1223:
814:
503:
4352:
1542:
3105:
6377:
4316:
582:
6401:
5436:
1554:
666:
3114:
6413:
1172:
6389:
4340:
604:, depending on whether the focus is on chemistry or physics. Molecular chemistry deals with the laws governing the interaction between molecules that results in the formation and breakage of chemical bonds, while molecular physics deals with the laws governing their structure and properties. In practice, however, this distinction is vague. In molecular sciences, a molecule consists of a stable system (
4328:
104:
135:
1124:
866:
940:. At normal temperatures and pressures, ionic bonding mostly creates solids (or occasionally liquids) without separate identifiable molecules, but the vaporization/sublimation of such materials does produce separate molecules where electrons are still transferred fully enough for the bonds to be considered ionic rather than covalent.
119:
1383:
that is deep enough to confine at least one vibrational state". This definition does not depend on the nature of the interaction between the atoms, but only on the strength of the interaction. In fact, it includes weakly bound species that would not traditionally be considered molecules, such as the
726:
Molecules as components of matter are common. They also make up most of the oceans and atmosphere. Most organic substances are molecules. The substances of life are molecules, e.g. proteins, the amino acids of which they are composed, the nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), sugars, carbohydrates, fats, and
545:
applied the new quantum mechanics to the deal with the saturable, nondynamic forces of attraction and repulsion, i.e., exchange forces, of the hydrogen molecule. Their valence bond treatment of this problem, in their joint paper, was a landmark in that it brought chemistry under quantum mechanics.
1148:
For molecules with a complicated 3-dimensional structure, especially involving atoms bonded to four different substituents, a simple molecular formula or even semi-structural chemical formula may not be enough to completely specify the molecule. In this case, a graphical type of formula called a
1191:
geometriesâbond lengths and anglesâ about which they continuously oscillate through vibrational and rotational motions. A pure substance is composed of molecules with the same average geometrical structure. The chemical formula and the structure of a molecule are the two important factors that
786:, which are solids that exist in a vitreous disordered state, the atoms are held together by chemical bonds with no presence of any definable molecule, nor any of the regularity of repeating unit-cellular-structure that characterizes salts, covalent crystals, and metals.
730:
However, the majority of familiar solid substances on Earth are made partly or completely of crystals or ionic compounds, which are not made of molecules. These include all of the minerals that make up the substance of the Earth, sand, clay, pebbles, rocks, boulders,
464:. If, for example, according to Higgins, the force between the ultimate particle of oxygen and the ultimate particle of nitrogen were 6, then the strength of the force would be divided accordingly, and similarly for the other combinations of ultimate particles.
455:
and that chemical change results from the rearrangement of the clusters. Boyle argued that matter's basic elements consisted of various sorts and sizes of particles, called "corpuscles", which were capable of arranging themselves into groups. In 1789,
494:
presented a clear account of
Avogadro's hypothesis, regarding atomic weights, by making use of "volume diagrams", which clearly show both semi-correct molecular geometries, such as a linear water molecule, and correct molecular formulas, such as
1367:
for the system can be solved more easily due to the lack of electronâelectron repulsion. With the development of fast digital computers, approximate solutions for more complicated molecules became possible and are one of the main aspects of
518:, which was the mainstream description of bonds between atoms at the time. Pauling, however, was not satisfied with this method and looked to the newly emerging field of quantum physics for a new method. In 1926, French physicist
553:
Subsequently, in 1931, building on the work of
Heitler and London and on theories found in Lewis' famous article, Pauling published his ground-breaking article "The Nature of the Chemical Bond" in which he used
248:
Concepts similar to molecules have been discussed since ancient times, but modern investigation into the nature of molecules and their bonds began in the 17th century. Refined over time by scientists such as
1070:
reflects the exact number of atoms that compose the molecule and so characterizes different molecules. However different isomers can have the same atomic composition while being different molecules.
2203:
Pauling, Linus (1931). "The nature of the chemical bond. Application of results obtained from the quantum mechanics and from a theory of paramagnetic susceptibility to the structure of molecules".
1063:. Also carbohydrates, for example, have the same ratio (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen= 1:2:1) (and thus the same empirical formula) but different total numbers of atoms in the molecule.
332:
The definition of the molecule has evolved as knowledge of the structure of molecules has increased. Earlier definitions were less precise, defining molecules as the smallest
1695:
Hapala, Prokop; Ĺ vec, Martin; Stetsovych, Oleksandr; Van Der
Heijden, Nadine J.; OndrĂĄÄek, Martin; Van Der Lit, Joost; Mutombo, Pingo; Swart, Ingmar; JelĂnek, Pavel (2016).
1405:
to be considered a molecule is inherently an operational definition. Philosophically, therefore, a molecule is not a fundamental entity (in contrast, for instance, to an
3665:
3435:
3395:
2887:
470:
created the word "molecule". His 1811 paper "Essay on
Determining the Relative Masses of the Elementary Molecules of Bodies", he essentially states, i.e. according to
2359:
1409:); rather, the concept of a molecule is the chemist's way of making a useful statement about the strengths of atomic-scale interactions in the world that we observe.
798:. Several non-metallic elements exist only as molecules in the environment either in compounds or as homonuclear molecules, not as free atoms: for example, hydrogen.
3596:
3571:
3561:
2535:
1514:
434:, was considered to be the fundamental building block of the heavenly bodies. The viewpoint of Leucippus and Empedocles, along with the aether, was accepted by
3967:
3295:
3236:
3144:
4056:
3872:
3807:
3747:
3675:
3581:
3475:
3345:
3300:
2971:
4136:
3601:
3445:
3415:
1051:(ethyl alcohol) is always composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 2:6:1 ratio. However, this does not determine the kind of molecule uniquely â
482:
The smallest particles of gases are not necessarily simple atoms, but are made up of a certain number of these atoms united by attraction to form a single
1323:
measures the environment of particular nuclei in the molecule, and can be used to characterise the numbers of atoms in different positions in a molecule.
1254:
TPP at the black dot, which instantly removed hydrogen, as shown in the bottom part of (d) and in the rescan image (e). Such manipulations can be used in
3531:
3511:
3184:
3556:
2702:
2240:
1754:
999:
2022:
314:"mass, barrier". The word, which until the late 18th century was used only in Latin form, became popular after being used in works of philosophy by
3194:
2896:
1449:
5472:
3551:
2880:
558:
to calculate properties and structures of molecules, such as angles between bonds and rotation about bonds. On these concepts, Pauling developed
1025:
for a molecule uses one line of chemical element symbols, numbers, and sometimes also other symbols, such as parentheses, dashes, brackets, and
5359:
3221:
2734:"Comment on "An exact quantum Monte Carlo calculation of the helium-helium intermolecular potential" [J. Chem. Phys. 115, 4546 (2001)]"
1311:
measures the vibration of molecules, including stretching, bending or twisting motions. It is commonly used to identify the kinds of bonds or
3767:
3164:
2143:
5573:
3315:
5578:
3226:
2398:
2873:
5109:
4094:
3410:
2097:
Seymour H. Mauskopf (1969). "The Atomic
Structural Theories of Ampère and Gaudin: Molecular Speculation and Avogadro's Hypothesis".
5347:
1047:
of the chemical elements that constitute it. For example, water is always composed of a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms, and
2565:
5556:
2273:
1998:
1652:; Rosei, F. (2015). "Pentacene on Ni(111): Room-temperature molecular packing and temperature-activated conversion to graphene".
1320:
972:(as noted above), but small molecules and even the outlines of individual atoms may be traced in some circumstances by use of an
1398:, which has one vibrational bound state and is so loosely bound that it is only likely to be observed at very low temperatures.
441:
In a more concrete manner, however, the concept of aggregates or units of bonded atoms, i.e. "molecules", traces its origins to
5600:
3626:
3385:
3305:
2811:
2529:
2392:
2353:
2310:
1912:
1887:
1862:
1829:
1796:
4007:
2463:"Permselectivity of the glomerular capillary wall to macromolecules. II. Experimental studies in rats using neutral dextran"
1938:
5612:
5551:
2339:
1591:
Iwata, Kota; Yamazaki, Shiro; Mutombo, Pingo; Hapala, Prokop; OndrĂĄÄek, Martin; JelĂnek, Pavel; Sugimoto, Yoshiaki (2015).
1286:
2160:
Heitler, Walter; London, Fritz (1927). "Wechselwirkung neutraler Atome und homĂśopolare
Bindung nach der Quantenmechanik".
2075:
546:
Their work was an influence on
Pauling, who had just received his doctorate and visited Heitler and London in ZĂźrich on a
522:
received the Nobel Prize in physics for proving, conclusively, the existence of molecules. He did this by calculating the
5465:
4389:
1504:
111:
2587:
Hirsch, Brandon E.; Lee, Semin; Qiao, Bo; Chen, Chun-Hsing; McDonald, Kevin P.; Tait, Steven L.; Flood, Amar H. (2014).
4259:
2316:
1238:(STM, a); this removal alters the current-voltage (I-V) curves of TPP molecules, measured using the same STM tip, from
2519:
5245:
4159:
1315:
in molecules. Changes in the arrangements of electrons yield absorption or emission lines in ultraviolet, visible or
713:
88:
66:
695:
59:
5326:
2589:"Anion-induced dimerization of 5-fold symmetric cyanostars in 3D crystalline solids and 2D self-assembled crystals"
1281:). Molecules have quantized energy levels that can be analyzed by detecting the molecule's energy exchange through
1565:
229:
regardless of its composition. This relaxes the requirement that a molecule contains two or more atoms, since the
6417:
4284:
344:
and chemical properties. This definition often breaks down since many substances in ordinary experience, such as
1204:, a particular type of isomer, may have very similar physico-chemical properties and at the same time different
1033:(â) signs. These are limited to one typographic line of symbols, which may include subscripts and superscripts.
847:, and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is termed
6296:
5458:
727:
vitamins. The nutrient minerals are generally ionic compounds, thus they are not molecules, e.g. iron sulfate.
691:
2624:
1307:
commonly measures changes in the rotation of molecules, and can be used to identify molecules in outer space.
5739:
5493:
4209:
1235:
1176:
1153:
may be needed. Structural formulas may in turn be represented with a one-dimensional chemical name, but such
123:
1200:
share a chemical formula but normally have very different properties because of their different structures.
5342:
4244:
1073:
The empirical formula is often the same as the molecular formula but not always. For example, the molecule
968:(Ă
) to several dozen Ă
, or around one billionth of a meter. Single molecules cannot usually be observed by
778:. The theme of repeated unit-cellular-structure also holds for most metals which are condensed phases with
649:
2231:
460:
published views on what he called combinations of "ultimate" particles, which foreshadowed the concept of
6016:
5503:
3440:
2848:
2019:
1966:
1524:
1255:
578:. The four bonds are of the same length and strength, which yields a molecular structure as shown below:
491:
367:
The modern concept of molecules can be traced back towards pre-scientific and Greek philosophers such as
327:
282:
6439:
6393:
5942:
5913:
5893:
5846:
2030:
1532:
431:
1933:
1697:"Mapping the electrostatic force field of single molecules from high-resolution scanning probe images"
5531:
5418:
4199:
4194:
3375:
2804:
2044:
1459:
687:
457:
418:
398:
234:
31:
17:
801:
While some people say a metallic crystal can be considered a single giant molecule held together by
6286:
6202:
5841:
4830:
4239:
1812:
Brown, T.L.; Kenneth C. Kemp; Theodore L. Brown; Harold Eugene LeMay; Bruce Edward
Bursten (2003).
1380:
676:
388:
53:
6224:
6135:
6098:
5982:
5908:
5729:
5712:
5655:
5386:
5021:
4648:
4382:
4319:
2140:
1369:
1127:
973:
680:
408:
218:
107:
1593:"Chemical structure imaging of a single molecule by atomic force microscopy at room temperature"
1364:
6142:
6130:
6021:
5886:
5660:
5526:
5321:
4658:
4174:
3139:
3049:
2926:
2921:
1519:
1304:
1193:
1188:
885:
617:
333:
70:
2382:
1811:
1339:
and is essential for the understanding of the chemical bond. The simplest of molecules is the
6291:
6188:
6173:
6103:
6026:
5858:
5808:
5717:
5642:
5541:
5408:
4229:
4204:
3842:
3460:
3007:
2302:
1489:
1474:
1464:
1340:
1332:
1308:
1154:
964:. Molecules commonly used as building blocks for organic synthesis have a dimension of a few
645:
621:
547:
447:
1379:
to be considered a molecule, IUPAC suggests that it "must correspond to a depression on the
6281:
6236:
6011:
5831:
5761:
5518:
5498:
4290:
4274:
3899:
3270:
3241:
3122:
2946:
2797:
2745:
2659:
2474:
2422:"Permselectivity of the glomerular capillary wall: III. Restricted transport of polyanions"
2169:
1789:
1708:
1661:
1604:
1499:
1227:
948:
Most molecules are far too small to be seen with the naked eye, although molecules of many
929:
559:
258:
8:
6304:
6258:
6183:
6156:
6054:
6036:
5989:
5927:
5823:
5803:
5672:
5667:
5568:
5423:
4406:
4234:
4214:
4027:
3717:
3205:
3069:
3044:
3012:
2931:
2853:
1484:
1406:
759:
629:
2749:
2663:
2478:
2173:
1712:
1665:
1608:
900:
attraction between oppositely charged ions, and is the primary interaction occurring in
423:
403:
6449:
6444:
6381:
6347:
6209:
6178:
6059:
6001:
5699:
5682:
5677:
5632:
5595:
5585:
5546:
5366:
4375:
4332:
4254:
4224:
4169:
4046:
4022:
3521:
3455:
3320:
3280:
3131:
3094:
3054:
3033:
2976:
2951:
2844:
2680:
2647:
2616:
2495:
2462:
2185:
2122:
2114:
1729:
1696:
1649:
1625:
1592:
1469:
1429:
1266:
1166:
1150:
1143:
1131:
393:
337:
2557:
2486:
2265:
534:, and third by confirming Einstein's theory of particle rotation in the liquid phase.
413:
6400:
6362:
6327:
6310:
6248:
6166:
6161:
6089:
6074:
6044:
5965:
5932:
5903:
5898:
5873:
5863:
5783:
5771:
5650:
5563:
5435:
5403:
5316:
4795:
4540:
4467:
4279:
3862:
3762:
3732:
3650:
3390:
3275:
3231:
3179:
2986:
2981:
2913:
2763:
2685:
2608:
2525:
2500:
2443:
2388:
2349:
2345:
2306:
2189:
2126:
1988:
1908:
1883:
1858:
1825:
1814:
1792:
1734:
1677:
1630:
1494:
1454:
1444:
1439:
1424:
1388:
1348:
1067:
1037:
932:
atom, but these ions can be of a more complicated nature, e.g. molecular ions like NH
600:
555:
523:
384:
341:
266:
206:
167:
2865:
2712:
2620:
1764:
526:
using three different methods, all involving liquid phase systems. First, he used a
315:
6405:
6322:
5977:
5836:
5813:
5766:
5707:
5413:
5184:
4959:
4820:
4805:
4487:
4398:
4356:
4344:
4264:
4164:
4069:
4017:
3450:
3325:
3290:
3211:
3199:
3159:
3064:
2997:
2753:
2716:
2707:
2675:
2667:
2600:
2490:
2482:
2433:
2212:
2177:
2106:
1768:
1759:
1724:
1716:
1669:
1620:
1612:
1546:
1336:
1312:
1093:
1022:
1016:
830:
802:
795:
736:
641:
637:
471:
349:
210:
190:
2785:
Molecule of the Month – School of
Chemistry, University of Bristol
1222:
506:
Marc
Antoine Auguste Gaudin's volume diagrams of molecules in the gas phase (1833)
6454:
6263:
6219:
6214:
6108:
6084:
5918:
5881:
5734:
5724:
5607:
5381:
5306:
5290:
5230:
4640:
4565:
4555:
4545:
4457:
3952:
3927:
3465:
3405:
3189:
3089:
3074:
3059:
2966:
2956:
2832:
2147:
2026:
1993:
1648:
Dinca, L.E.; De Marchi, F.; MacLeod, J.M.; Lipton-Duffin, J.; Gatti, R.; Ma, D.;
1278:
877:
775:
732:
612:
may sometimes be usefully thought of as electrically charged molecules. The term
531:
467:
295:
278:
254:
163:
1928:
1847:
1250:
TPP and TPP molecules. While scanning image (d), excess voltage was applied to H
6147:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6070:
6066:
6049:
6006:
5937:
5798:
5793:
5778:
5590:
5508:
5440:
5354:
5311:
5047:
4835:
4608:
4530:
4525:
4447:
4189:
4154:
3937:
3827:
3792:
3777:
3712:
3707:
3606:
3506:
3425:
3400:
3365:
3310:
3285:
3154:
3002:
2063:
1570:
1558:
1509:
1112:
1089:
1052:
901:
633:
625:
609:
542:
427:)) and "forces" of attraction and repulsion allowing the elements to interact.
345:
179:
6433:
6352:
6241:
6197:
5922:
5756:
5751:
5744:
5622:
5398:
5250:
5217:
5009:
4979:
4911:
4770:
4550:
4477:
4462:
4219:
4074:
3957:
3932:
3913:
3857:
3737:
3695:
3690:
3430:
3420:
3380:
3255:
3149:
3104:
3079:
2961:
2941:
2711:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
1821:
1763:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
1479:
1434:
1316:
1104:
1092:
can be calculated from the chemical formula and is expressed in conventional
981:
977:
921:
897:
860:
836:
822:
779:
751:
585:
A schematic presentation of hybrid orbitals overlapping hydrogens' s orbitals
511:
461:
376:
357:
262:
238:
202:
155:
2720:
2296:
1961:
1772:
998:
Effective molecular radius is the size a molecule displays in solution. The
304:
6229:
6079:
5994:
5970:
5960:
5952:
5853:
5788:
5687:
5536:
5376:
4926:
4916:
4906:
4667:
4618:
4560:
4482:
4437:
4295:
4149:
4002:
3942:
3922:
3894:
3822:
3702:
3685:
3640:
3591:
3496:
3216:
3169:
3017:
2767:
2689:
2612:
1738:
1681:
1634:
1392:
1217:
1205:
1201:
1108:
538:
515:
442:
250:
171:
118:
2784:
2504:
2447:
502:
5627:
5391:
5159:
5062:
5057:
4974:
4969:
4899:
4853:
4810:
4775:
4734:
4626:
4590:
4452:
4269:
4179:
4144:
4111:
4037:
4012:
3852:
3757:
3727:
3611:
3526:
3516:
3246:
3174:
2380:
1854:
1290:
953:
813:
605:
519:
290:
230:
186:
5450:
2438:
2421:
2216:
1720:
6253:
5133:
5027:
5017:
4999:
4889:
4790:
4725:
4442:
4367:
4184:
4126:
4089:
4064:
3962:
3772:
3635:
2604:
2181:
1673:
1616:
1282:
1157:
requires many words and terms which are not part of chemical formulas.
957:
889:
805:, others point out that metals behave very differently than molecules.
740:
575:
380:
372:
242:
138:
AFM image of 1,5,9-trioxo-13-azatriangulene and its chemical structure.
2758:
2733:
2671:
2461:
Chang RL; Ueki IF; Troy JL; Deen WM; Robertson CR; Brenner BM (1975).
2294:
2118:
1055:
has the same ratios as ethanol, for instance. Molecules with the same
310:
6315:
5617:
5482:
5275:
5265:
5235:
5128:
5094:
5087:
4964:
4954:
4949:
4921:
4689:
4472:
4116:
3981:
3817:
3621:
3501:
3355:
3330:
2518:
Wink, Donald J.; Fetzer-Gislason, Sharon; McNicholas, Sheila (2003).
2419:
1274:
1180:
1135:
1074:
755:
435:
368:
300:
127:
1375:
When trying to define rigorously whether an arrangement of atoms is
1301:
interact with a regular arrangement of molecules (as in a crystal).
665:
581:
5371:
5199:
5154:
5138:
5072:
4785:
4780:
4760:
4730:
4720:
4715:
4535:
4510:
4505:
4432:
4084:
3996:
3797:
3660:
3645:
3616:
3485:
3260:
3084:
3028:
3022:
2991:
2936:
2588:
2110:
1694:
1553:
1360:
1243:
988:
965:
905:
881:
873:
763:
567:
510:
In 1917, an unknown American undergraduate chemical engineer named
226:
1647:
6357:
5280:
5270:
5240:
5194:
5189:
5164:
5082:
5067:
4994:
4989:
4894:
4879:
4825:
4800:
4765:
4694:
4676:
4415:
4249:
4079:
4032:
3991:
3947:
3889:
3884:
3847:
3837:
3832:
3787:
3782:
3722:
3655:
3546:
3541:
3491:
3370:
3360:
3113:
2233:
Chemical Bonds: An Introduction to Atomic and Molecular Structure
1294:
1197:
1100:
1048:
1041:
949:
767:
527:
1171:
835:
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of
490:
In coordination with these concepts, in 1833 the French chemist
5260:
5255:
4884:
4871:
4862:
4684:
4598:
4497:
4300:
4121:
4103:
3566:
3536:
3038:
2821:
1385:
1356:
1270:
1097:
1060:
909:
869:
771:
194:
130:
molecules, which consist of linear chains of five carbon rings.
2789:
1040:
is a very simple type of chemical formula. It is the simplest
5285:
5225:
5077:
4936:
4815:
4755:
4710:
4603:
4581:
4424:
3335:
3265:
2517:
2460:
1298:
1239:
1044:
969:
925:
913:
783:
353:
286:
151:
2295:
Campbell, Neil A.; Brad Williamson; Robin J. Heyden (2006).
103:
6332:
5052:
4984:
4944:
4520:
4515:
2840:
1419:
1123:
1056:
912:) and atoms that have gained one or more electrons (termed
896:
Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond that involves the
159:
147:
134:
1590:
566:, in which four spÂł hybridised orbitals are overlapped by
6342:
1269:) of molecules interacting with probing signals of known
961:
530:
soap-like emulsion, second by doing experimental work on
361:
293:" or small unit of mass. The word is derived from French
114:
molecule, in which the five six-carbon rings are visible.
158:; depending on context, the term may or may not include
1515:
Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling
233:
are individual atoms. Atoms and complexes connected by
2381:
Roger L. DeKock; Harry B. Gray; Harry B. Gray (1989).
865:
2895:
1530:
1234:
molecules by applying excess voltage to the tip of a
750:
No typical molecule can be defined for salts nor for
2420:
Chang RL; Deen WM; Robertson CR; Brenner BM (1975).
1347:, and the simplest of all the chemical bonds is the
1085:, but the simplest integer ratio of elements is CH.
743:. All of these contain many chemical bonds, but are
2096:
1246:
like (green curve). Image (c) shows a row of TPP, H
2648:"N and p type character of single molecule diodes"
1877:
1846:
1813:
1096:equal to 1/12 of the mass of a neutral carbon-12 (
782:. Thus solid metals are not made of molecules. In
2586:
1783:
1000:table of permselectivity for different substances
754:, although these are often composed of repeating
245:, are typically not considered single molecules.
6431:
2645:
1450:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
1331:The study of molecules by molecular physics and
904:. The ions are atoms that have lost one or more
430:A fifth element, the incorruptible quintessence
375:who argued that all the universe is composed of
356:, are composed of large crystalline networks of
839:between atoms. These electron pairs are termed
438:and passed to medieval and renaissance Europe.
27:Electrically neutral group of two or more atoms
2064:"Masses of the Elementary Molecules of Bodies"
5466:
4383:
2881:
2805:
2646:Zoldan, V. C.; Faccio, R; Pasa, A.A. (2015).
2341:Elements of Metallurgy and Engineering Alloys
2159:
888:, and this electron enters the fluorine atom
562:to account for bonds in molecules such as CH
2731:
1289:. Spectroscopy does not generally refer to
1192:determine its properties, particularly its
694:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
445:'s 1661 hypothesis, in his famous treatise
265:, the study of molecules is today known as
174:, the distinction from ions is dropped and
5473:
5459:
4390:
4376:
2888:
2874:
2812:
2798:
1882:(4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1401:Whether or not an arrangement of atoms is
364:, but are not made of discrete molecules.
213:(two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom; H
5480:
2757:
2679:
2494:
2437:
2387:. University Science Books. p. 199.
2036:
1728:
1624:
1211:
1010:
794:Molecules are generally held together by
714:Learn how and when to remove this message
89:Learn how and when to remove this message
4397:
2337:
2061:
1226:Hydrogen can be removed from individual
1221:
1170:
1122:
924:. In the simplest case, the cation is a
916:). This transfer of electrons is termed
864:
812:
580:
501:
209:composed of more than one element, e.g.
133:
117:
102:
52:This article includes a list of general
2202:
1902:
1750:
1748:
620:species, i.e., short-lived assemblies (
285:, the word "molecule" derives from the
189:, that is, it consists of atoms of one
14:
6432:
4861:
2696:
2266:"How many gold atoms make gold metal?"
1355:is composed of two positively charged
1326:
648:, or systems of colliding atoms as in
5454:
4371:
2869:
2793:
2001:from the original on 24 February 2021
1844:
1160:
1118:
1059:in different arrangements are called
1005:
6388:
2568:from the original on 19 January 2021
2319:from the original on 2 November 2014
2276:from the original on 30 October 2020
1745:
976:. Some of the largest molecules are
876:undergoing a redox reaction to form
692:adding citations to reliable sources
659:
589:
38:
6412:
2042:
1505:Periodic systems of small molecules
594:The science of molecules is called
24:
4260:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
2708:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
2627:from the original on 31 March 2021
2538:from the original on 10 April 2022
2401:from the original on 31 March 2021
2362:from the original on 31 March 2021
2246:from the original on 31 March 2021
1959:
1760:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
516:Dalton hook-and-eye bonding method
58:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
6466:
4160:Atomic and molecular astrophysics
2897:Molecules detected in outer space
2778:
2229:
2141:Discontinuous Structure of Matter
1905:Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry
995:), with a bond length of 0.74 Ă
.
943:
608:) composed of two or more atoms.
162:which satisfy this criterion. In
6411:
6399:
6387:
6376:
6375:
5434:
5327:Timeline of particle discoveries
4350:
4338:
4326:
4315:
4314:
3121:
3112:
3103:
2078:from the original on 12 May 2019
1564:
1552:
1540:
1293:studies where particles such as
747:made of identifiable molecules.
664:
422:
412:
402:
392:
178:is often used when referring to
43:
4285:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
2819:
2725:
2639:
2580:
2550:
2511:
2454:
2413:
2374:
2331:
2288:
2258:
2223:
2196:
2153:
2133:
2090:
2055:
2013:
1981:
1953:
1941:from the original on 3 May 2020
1921:
1816:Chemistry â the Central Science
1134:(right) representations of the
2384:Chemical structure and bonding
2045:"The Re-Designed Solar System"
1896:
1871:
1838:
1805:
1777:
1688:
1641:
1584:
1321:Nuclear resonance spectroscopy
766:; or three-dimensionally e.g.
225:is often used for any gaseous
13:
1:
5740:Interface and colloid science
5494:Glossary of chemical formulae
4210:Extraterrestrial liquid water
2558:"ChemTeam: Empirical Formula"
2487:10.1016/S0006-3495(75)85863-2
2150:, Nobel Lecture, 11 December.
1577:
1319:light, and result in colour.
1236:scanning tunneling microscope
987:The smallest molecule is the
655:
451:, that matter is composed of
124:scanning tunneling microscopy
5343:History of subatomic physics
1820:(9th ed.). New Jersey:
1297:, electrons, or high energy
476:A Short History of Chemistry
272:
7:
6017:Bioorganometallic chemistry
5504:List of inorganic compounds
3441:Protonated hydrogen cyanide
2338:Campbell, Flake C. (2008).
1967:Online Etymology Dictionary
1878:Zumdahl, Steven S. (1997).
1525:World Wide Molecular Matrix
1412:
1359:and one negatively charged
1256:single-molecule electronics
808:
492:Marc Antoine Auguste Gaudin
328:History of molecular theory
283:Online Etymology Dictionary
10:
6471:
5943:Dynamic covalent chemistry
5914:Enantioselective synthesis
5894:Physical organic chemistry
5847:Organolanthanide chemistry
2031:Frostburg State University
1853:(6th ed.). New York:
1784:Ebbin, Darrell D. (1990).
1215:
1164:
1141:
1014:
858:
828:
789:
325:
321:
146:is a group of two or more
29:
6371:
6274:
6035:
5951:
5872:
5822:
5698:
5641:
5532:Electroanalytical methods
5517:
5489:
5432:
5335:
5299:
5216:
5177:
5147:
5121:
5117:
5108:
5040:
5008:
4935:
4870:
4852:
4748:
4703:
4675:
4666:
4657:
4639:
4617:
4589:
4580:
4496:
4423:
4414:
4405:
4309:
4200:Earliest known life forms
4195:Diffuse interstellar band
4135:
4055:
3980:
3871:
3806:
3746:
3674:
3666:Protonated cyanoacetylene
3580:
3474:
3436:Protonated carbon dioxide
3396:Hydromagnesium isocyanide
3344:
3130:
3101:
2912:
2903:
2828:
2521:The Practice of Chemistry
2139:Perrin, Jean, B. (1926).
2062:Avogadro, Amedeo (1811).
1460:Molecular design software
1265:deals with the response (
1242:like (red curve in b) to
880:. Sodium loses its outer
817:A covalent bond forming H
235:non-covalent interactions
32:Molecule (disambiguation)
6287:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
6203:Supramolecular chemistry
5842:Organometallic chemistry
5360:mathematical formulation
4955:Eta and eta prime mesons
4245:Ironâsulfur world theory
4240:Photodissociation region
3943:Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
2732:Anderson JB (May 2004).
2047:. For Your Information.
2043:Ley, Willy (June 1966).
1903:Chandra, Sulekh (2005).
1788:(3rd ed.). Boston:
1381:potential energy surface
928:atom and the anion is a
854:
758:that extend either in a
650:BoseâEinstein condensate
537:In 1927, the physicists
340:that still retain their
269:or molecular chemistry.
193:, e.g. two atoms in the
6225:Combinatorial chemistry
6136:Food physical chemistry
6099:Environmental chemistry
5983:Bioorthogonal chemistry
5909:Retrosynthetic analysis
5730:Chemical thermodynamics
5713:Spectroelectrochemistry
5656:Computational chemistry
5022:Double-charm tetraquark
4320:Category:Astrochemistry
3910:, fullerene, buckyball)
3597:Cyanobutadiynyl radical
3572:Silicon-carbide cluster
3562:Protonated formaldehyde
2721:10.1351/goldbook.S05848
2593:Chemical Communications
2298:Biology: Exploring Life
2025:13 October 2014 at the
1934:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
1845:Chang, Raymond (1998).
1773:10.1351/goldbook.M04002
1370:computational chemistry
1363:, which means that the
1179:image of a "cyanostar"
1077:has molecular formula C
974:atomic force microscope
825:share the two electrons
646:van der Waals complexes
574:orbital, yielding four
219:kinetic theory of gases
108:Atomic force microscopy
73:more precise citations.
6297:of element discoveries
6143:Agricultural chemistry
6131:Carbohydrate chemistry
6022:Bioinorganic chemistry
5887:Alkane stereochemistry
5832:Coordination chemistry
5661:Mathematical chemistry
5527:Instrumental chemistry
4333:Outer space portal
4175:Circumstellar envelope
3140:Aluminium(I) hydroxide
3050:Phosphorus mononitride
2927:Aluminium monofluoride
2922:Aluminium monochloride
2162:Zeitschrift fĂźr Physik
2049:Galaxy Science Fiction
1907:. New Age Publishers.
1520:Van der Waals molecule
1305:Microwave spectroscopy
1263:Molecular spectroscopy
1259:
1212:Molecular spectroscopy
1184:
1139:
1130:(left and center) and
1011:Chemical formula types
893:
886:electron configuration
826:
586:
507:
488:
308:, diminutive of Latin
139:
131:
115:
6292:Timeline of chemistry
6189:Post-mortem chemistry
6174:Clandestine chemistry
6104:Atmospheric chemistry
6027:Biophysical chemistry
5859:Solid-state chemistry
5809:Equilibrium chemistry
5718:Photoelectrochemistry
5419:Waveâparticle duality
5409:Relativistic particle
4546:Electron antineutrino
4230:Interplanetary medium
4205:Extraterrestrial life
3843:Octatetraynyl radical
3461:Tricarbon monosulfide
3008:Magnesium monohydride
2303:Pearson Prentice Hall
1701:Nature Communications
1597:Nature Communications
1490:Molecular promiscuity
1475:Molecular Hamiltonian
1465:Molecular engineering
1341:hydrogen molecule-ion
1333:theoretical chemistry
1309:Infrared spectroscopy
1225:
1187:Molecules have fixed
1174:
1155:chemical nomenclature
1126:
868:
816:
584:
548:Guggenheim Fellowship
505:
480:
453:clusters of particles
448:The Sceptical Chymist
137:
121:
106:
6282:History of chemistry
6237:Chemical engineering
6012:Bioorganic chemistry
5762:Structural chemistry
5499:List of biomolecules
4649:FaddeevâPopov ghosts
4399:Particles in physics
4357:Chemistry portal
4345:Astronomy portal
4291:RNA world hypothesis
4275:PAH world hypothesis
3968:Heptatrienyl radical
3900:Buckminsterfullerene
3788:Methylcyanoacetylene
3296:Silicon carbonitride
3271:Methylidynephosphane
3237:Magnesium isocyanide
3145:Aluminium isocyanide
2947:Carbon monophosphide
2239:. pp. 210â211.
1790:Houghton Mifflin Co.
1500:Non-covalent bonding
1365:SchrĂśdinger equation
1335:is largely based on
884:to give it a stable
688:improve this section
560:hybridization theory
385:fundamental elements
30:For other uses, see
6305:The central science
6259:Ceramic engineering
6184:Forensic toxicology
6157:Chemistry education
6055:Radiation chemistry
6037:Interdisciplinarity
5990:Medicinal chemistry
5928:Fullerene chemistry
5804:Microwave chemistry
5673:Molecular mechanics
5668:Molecular modelling
5424:Particle chauvinism
5367:Subatomic particles
4235:Interstellar medium
4215:Forbidden mechanism
4028:Hydrogen isocyanide
3718:Hexatriynyl radical
3301:c-Silicon dicarbide
3206:Hydrogen isocyanide
3070:Silicon monosulfide
3045:Phosphorus monoxide
3013:Methylidyne radical
2972:Fluoromethylidynium
2932:Aluminium(II) oxide
2854:Elementary particle
2750:2004JChPh.120.9886A
2664:2015NatSR...5E8350Z
2479:1975BpJ....15..887C
2439:10.1038/ki.1975.104
2217:10.1021/ja01355a027
2174:1927ZPhy...44..455H
2146:29 May 2019 at the
2068:Journal de Physique
2020:Molecule Definition
1937:. 22 January 2016.
1721:10.1038/ncomms11560
1713:2016NatCo...711560H
1666:2015Nanos...7.3263D
1609:2015NatCo...6.7766I
1485:Molecular modelling
1407:elementary particle
1403:sufficiently stable
1377:sufficiently stable
1327:Theoretical aspects
1277:, according to the
1002:contains examples.
624:) of electrons and
596:molecular chemistry
338:chemical substances
6348:Chemical substance
6210:Chemical synthesis
6179:Forensic chemistry
6060:Actinide chemistry
6002:Clinical chemistry
5683:Molecular geometry
5678:Molecular dynamics
5633:Elemental analysis
5586:Separation process
4255:Molecules in stars
4225:Intergalactic dust
4170:Circumstellar dust
4112:Naphthalene cation
4047:Trihydrogen cation
4023:Hydrogen deuteride
3948:Methyltriacetylene
3783:Hexapentaenylidene
3602:E-Cyanomethanimine
3522:Cyclopropenylidene
3456:Tricarbon monoxide
3446:Silicon tricarbide
3416:Methylene amidogen
3406:Isothiocyanic acid
3321:Thioxoethenylidene
3281:Trihydrogen cation
3095:Titanium(II) oxide
3055:Potassium chloride
3034:Sulfur mononitride
2977:Helium hydride ion
2952:Carbon monosulfide
2849:Composite particle
2845:Subatomic particle
2652:Scientific Reports
2605:10.1039/C4CC03725A
2182:10.1007/BF01397394
2051:. pp. 94â106.
1674:10.1039/C4NR07057G
1617:10.1038/ncomms8766
1470:Molecular geometry
1430:Chemical structure
1260:
1185:
1167:Molecular geometry
1161:Molecular geometry
1151:structural formula
1144:Structural formula
1140:
1119:Structural formula
1006:Molecular formulas
894:
827:
821:(right) where two
587:
508:
185:A molecule may be
140:
132:
116:
6440:Molecular physics
6427:
6426:
6363:Quantum mechanics
6328:Chemical compound
6311:Chemical reaction
6249:Materials science
6167:General chemistry
6162:Amateur chemistry
6090:Photogeochemistry
6075:Stellar chemistry
6045:Nuclear chemistry
5966:Molecular biology
5933:Polymer chemistry
5904:Organic synthesis
5899:Organic reactions
5864:Ceramic chemistry
5854:Cluster chemistry
5784:Chemical kinetics
5772:Molecular physics
5651:Quantum chemistry
5564:Mass spectrometry
5448:
5447:
5404:Massless particle
5212:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5173:
5172:
5036:
5035:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4796:Magnetic monopole
4744:
4743:
4635:
4634:
4576:
4575:
4556:Muon antineutrino
4541:Electron neutrino
4365:
4364:
4280:Pseudo-panspermia
3976:
3975:
3923:Cyanodecapentayne
3863:N-Methylformamide
3838:Methyldiacetylene
3763:Aminoacetonitrile
3733:Methyl isocyanate
3651:Methyl isocyanide
3532:Isocyanoacetylene
3512:Cyanoformaldehyde
3391:Hydrogen peroxide
3276:Potassium cyanide
3232:Magnesium cyanide
3185:Disilicon carbide
3180:Dicarbon monoxide
2987:Hydrogen fluoride
2982:Hydrogen chloride
2863:
2862:
2759:10.1063/1.1704638
2672:10.1038/srep08350
2562:www.chemteam.info
2531:978-0-7167-4871-7
2394:978-0-935702-61-3
2355:978-1-61503-058-3
2346:ASM International
2312:978-0-13-250882-7
1960:Harper, Douglas.
1914:978-81-224-1512-4
1889:978-0-669-41794-4
1864:978-0-07-115221-1
1831:978-0-13-066997-1
1798:978-0-395-43302-7
1786:General Chemistry
1495:Molecular orbital
1455:Molecular biology
1445:List of compounds
1440:Diatomic molecule
1425:Chemical polarity
1349:one-electron bond
1337:quantum mechanics
1313:functional groups
1094:atomic mass units
1068:molecular formula
1038:empirical formula
956:sizes, including
752:covalent crystals
741:core of the Earth
724:
723:
716:
642:transition states
638:Rydberg molecules
616:is used for very
614:unstable molecule
601:molecular physics
590:Molecular science
556:quantum mechanics
524:Avogadro constant
514:was learning the
358:chemically bonded
267:molecular physics
207:chemical compound
168:organic chemistry
152:attractive forces
150:held together by
110:(AFM) image of a
99:
98:
91:
16:(Redirected from
6462:
6415:
6414:
6403:
6391:
6390:
6379:
6378:
6323:Chemical element
5978:Chemical biology
5837:Magnetochemistry
5814:Mechanochemistry
5767:Chemical physics
5708:Electrochemistry
5613:Characterization
5475:
5468:
5461:
5452:
5451:
5438:
5414:Virtual particle
5185:Mesonic molecule
5119:
5118:
5115:
5114:
4960:Bottom eta meson
4868:
4867:
4859:
4858:
4831:WⲠand ZⲠbosons
4821:Sterile neutrino
4806:Majorana fermion
4673:
4672:
4664:
4663:
4587:
4586:
4566:Tau antineutrino
4421:
4420:
4412:
4411:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4369:
4368:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4318:
4317:
4265:Organic compound
4165:Chemical formula
4070:Dihydroxyacetone
4018:Hydrogen cyanide
3703:Cyanodiacetylene
3557:Propadienylidene
3451:Thioformaldehyde
3326:Titanium dioxide
3291:Sodium hydroxide
3212:Hydrogen sulfide
3200:Hydrogen cyanide
3160:Carbonyl sulfide
3125:
3116:
3107:
3065:Silicon monoxide
2998:Hydroxyl radical
2910:
2909:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2729:
2723:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
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2515:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2378:
2372:
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2335:
2329:
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2326:
2324:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2238:
2230:Harry, B. Gray.
2227:
2221:
2220:
2211:(4): 1367â1400.
2205:J. Am. Chem. Soc
2200:
2194:
2193:
2168:(6â7): 455â472.
2157:
2151:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2040:
2034:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1985:
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1809:
1803:
1802:
1781:
1775:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1650:Perepichka, D.F.
1645:
1639:
1638:
1628:
1588:
1569:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1138:molecule atisane
1023:chemical formula
1017:Chemical formula
849:covalent bonding
831:Covalent bonding
803:metallic bonding
796:covalent bonding
780:metallic bonding
719:
712:
708:
705:
699:
668:
660:
426:
416:
406:
396:
201:); or it may be
191:chemical element
94:
87:
83:
80:
74:
69:this article by
60:inline citations
47:
46:
39:
21:
6470:
6469:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6367:
6270:
6264:Polymer science
6220:Click chemistry
6215:Green chemistry
6109:Ocean chemistry
6085:Biogeochemistry
6031:
5947:
5919:Total synthesis
5882:Stereochemistry
5868:
5818:
5735:Surface science
5725:Thermochemistry
5694:
5637:
5608:Crystallography
5513:
5485:
5479:
5449:
5444:
5428:
5382:Nuclear physics
5331:
5295:
5231:Davydov soliton
5204:
5169:
5143:
5104:
5032:
5004:
4931:
4840:
4740:
4699:
4653:
4631:
4613:
4572:
4492:
4401:
4396:
4366:
4361:
4351:
4349:
4339:
4337:
4327:
4325:
4305:
4131:
4107:
4098:
4051:
4041:
3984:
3972:
3953:Propionaldehyde
3928:Ethylene glycol
3917:
3909:
3905:
3876:
3874:
3867:
3823:Cyanohexatriyne
3809:
3802:
3749:
3742:
3677:
3670:
3630:
3583:
3576:
3547:Methoxy radical
3477:
3470:
3466:Thiocyanic acid
3347:
3340:
3250:
3190:Ethynyl radical
3126:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3099:
3090:Sulfur monoxide
3075:Sodium chloride
3060:Silicon carbide
2967:Diatomic carbon
2957:Carbon monoxide
2899:
2894:
2864:
2859:
2824:
2818:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2730:
2726:
2701:
2697:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2599:(69): 9827â30.
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2532:
2516:
2512:
2459:
2455:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2395:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2356:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2313:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2201:
2197:
2158:
2154:
2148:Wayback Machine
2138:
2134:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2060:
2056:
2041:
2037:
2027:Wayback Machine
2018:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1994:Merriam-Webster
1987:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1782:
1778:
1753:
1746:
1693:
1689:
1646:
1642:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1529:
1415:
1396:
1354:
1346:
1329:
1279:Planck relation
1253:
1249:
1231:
1220:
1214:
1169:
1163:
1146:
1121:
1084:
1080:
1019:
1013:
1008:
994:
946:
939:
935:
920:in contrast to
902:ionic compounds
878:sodium fluoride
863:
857:
833:
820:
811:
792:
776:sodium chloride
737:molten interior
720:
709:
703:
700:
685:
669:
658:
610:Polyatomic ions
592:
576:sigma (Ď) bonds
565:
532:Brownian motion
498:
468:Amedeo Avogadro
458:William Higgins
379:. Circa 450 BC
377:atoms and voids
330:
324:
279:Merriam-Webster
275:
255:Amedeo Avogadro
216:
200:
180:polyatomic ions
164:quantum physics
95:
84:
78:
75:
65:Please help to
64:
48:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6468:
6458:
6457:
6452:
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6421:
6409:
6397:
6385:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
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6335:
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6325:
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6308:
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6299:
6289:
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6192:
6191:
6186:
6176:
6171:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6148:Soil chemistry
6140:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6126:Food chemistry
6123:
6121:Carbochemistry
6118:
6116:Clay chemistry
6113:
6112:
6111:
6106:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6077:
6071:Astrochemistry
6067:Cosmochemistry
6064:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6050:Radiochemistry
6041:
6039:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6007:Neurochemistry
6004:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5957:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5938:Petrochemistry
5935:
5930:
5925:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5878:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5839:
5834:
5828:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5799:Spin chemistry
5796:
5794:Photochemistry
5791:
5786:
5781:
5779:Femtochemistry
5776:
5775:
5774:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5704:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5653:
5647:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5591:Chromatography
5588:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5534:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5509:Periodic table
5506:
5501:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5478:
5477:
5470:
5463:
5455:
5446:
5445:
5441:Physics portal
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5355:Standard Model
5352:
5351:
5350:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5322:Quasiparticles
5319:
5314:
5309:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5222:
5220:
5218:Quasiparticles
5214:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5125:
5123:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5055:
5050:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5014:
5012:
5010:Exotic hadrons
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4876:
4874:
4865:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4836:X and Y bosons
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4681:
4679:
4670:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4609:W and Z bosons
4606:
4601:
4595:
4593:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4463:Strange (quark
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4418:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4395:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4372:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4347:
4335:
4323:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4190:Cosmochemistry
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4155:Astrochemistry
4152:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4008:Formyl radical
4005:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3938:Methyl acetate
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3828:Dimethyl ether
3825:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3793:Methyl formate
3790:
3785:
3780:
3778:Glycolaldehyde
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3713:Glycolonitrile
3710:
3708:Ethylene oxide
3705:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3607:Cyclopropenone
3604:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3507:Cyanoacetylene
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3482:
3480:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3426:Methyl radical
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3401:Isocyanic acid
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3366:Isocyanic acid
3363:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3311:Sulfur dioxide
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3286:Sodium cyanide
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3195:Formyl radical
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3155:Carbon dioxide
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3003:Iron(II) oxide
3000:
2995:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2851:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2779:External links
2777:
2774:
2773:
2744:(20): 9886â7.
2724:
2695:
2638:
2579:
2549:
2530:
2510:
2473:(9): 887â906.
2453:
2432:(4): 212â218.
2412:
2393:
2373:
2354:
2330:
2311:
2287:
2257:
2222:
2195:
2152:
2132:
2111:10.1086/350449
2089:
2054:
2035:
2012:
1980:
1952:
1920:
1913:
1895:
1888:
1870:
1863:
1837:
1830:
1804:
1797:
1776:
1744:
1687:
1640:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1510:Small molecule
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1394:
1352:
1344:
1328:
1325:
1251:
1247:
1229:
1216:Main article:
1213:
1210:
1175:Structure and
1165:Main article:
1162:
1159:
1142:Main article:
1120:
1117:
1115:calculations.
1113:stoichiometric
1105:network solids
1090:molecular mass
1082:
1078:
1053:dimethyl ether
1015:Main article:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
992:
982:supermolecules
978:macromolecules
945:
944:Molecular size
942:
937:
933:
918:electrovalence
890:exothermically
859:Main article:
856:
853:
837:electron pairs
829:Main article:
823:hydrogen atoms
818:
810:
807:
791:
788:
722:
721:
672:
670:
663:
657:
654:
634:molecular ions
591:
588:
563:
543:Walter Heitler
496:
326:Main article:
323:
320:
274:
271:
239:hydrogen bonds
214:
198:
156:chemical bonds
97:
96:
51:
49:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6467:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6420:
6419:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6402:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6374:
6373:
6370:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6353:Chemical bond
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6309:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6243:
6242:Stoichiometry
6240:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6208:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6198:Nanochemistry
6196:
6195:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5923:Semisynthesis
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5757:Sonochemistry
5755:
5753:
5752:Cryochemistry
5750:
5746:
5745:Micromeritics
5743:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5623:Wet chemistry
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5484:
5476:
5471:
5469:
5464:
5462:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5431:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5399:Exotic matter
5397:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5387:Eightfold way
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5377:Antiparticles
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5048:Atomic nuclei
5046:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4980:Upsilon meson
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4912:Lambda baryon
4910:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4771:Dual graviton
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4668:Superpartners
4665:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4551:Muon neutrino
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4483:Bottom (quark
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4393:
4388:
4386:
4381:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4358:
4348:
4346:
4336:
4334:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:Homochirality
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4075:Methoxyethane
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3958:Butyronitrile
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3933:Ethyl formate
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3912:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3858:Propionitrile
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3738:Vinyl alcohol
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3696:Vinyl cyanide
3694:
3693:
3692:
3691:Acrylonitrile
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:Pentynylidyne
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3552:Methylenimine
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3431:Propynylidyne
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3421:Methyl cation
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:Fulminic acid
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:Nitrous oxide
3254:
3252:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Amino radical
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3115:
3106:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Sodium iodide
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2962:Cyano radical
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:Carbon cation
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:. Macmillan.
2523:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2377:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2242:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1841:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1822:Prentice Hall
1818:
1817:
1808:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1660:(7): 3263â9.
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1583:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1480:Molecular ion
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1435:Covalent bond
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1317:near infrared
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1202:Stereoisomers
1199:
1195:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:A compound's
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1003:
1001:
996:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
941:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:electrostatic
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
861:Ionic bonding
852:
850:
846:
845:bonding pairs
842:
838:
832:
824:
815:
806:
804:
799:
797:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
728:
718:
715:
707:
697:
693:
689:
683:
682:
678:
673:This section
671:
667:
662:
661:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:
597:
583:
579:
577:
573:
569:
561:
557:
551:
549:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:Linus Pauling
504:
500:
493:
487:
485:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
463:
462:valency bonds
459:
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298:
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288:
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277:According to
270:
268:
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263:Linus Pauling
260:
256:
252:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
212:
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203:heteronuclear
196:
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6380:
6337:
6230:Biosynthesis
6080:Geochemistry
5995:Pharmacology
5971:Cell biology
5961:Biochemistry
5789:Spectroscopy
5688:VSEPR theory
5537:Spectroscopy
5481:Branches of
5439:
5110:Hypothetical
5099:
5058:Exotic atoms
4927:Omega baryon
4917:Sigma baryon
4907:Delta baryon
4659:Hypothetical
4641:Ghost fields
4627:Higgs boson
4561:Tau neutrino
4453:Charm (quark
4313:
4296:Spectroscopy
4150:Astrobiology
4003:Formaldehyde
3895:Benzonitrile
3686:Acetaldehyde
3641:Methanethiol
3592:Acetonitrile
3497:Carbodiimide
3376:Formaldehyde
3371:Cyanoethynyl
3222:Iron cyanide
3217:Hydroperoxyl
3018:Nitric oxide
2904:
2843: >
2839: >
2836:
2835: >
2741:
2737:
2727:
2713:Spectroscopy
2706:
2698:
2655:
2651:
2641:
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2596:
2592:
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2561:
2552:
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2260:
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2232:
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1261:
1218:Spectroscopy
1208:activities.
1186:
1147:
1109:formula unit
1103:) atom. For
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840:
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686:Please help
674:
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595:
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539:Fritz London
536:
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466:
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440:
429:
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251:Robert Boyle
247:
222:
184:
175:
172:biochemistry
143:
141:
100:
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36:
6418:WikiProject
5643:Theoretical
5628:Calorimetry
5392:Quark model
5160:Theta meson
5063:Positronium
4975:Omega meson
4970:J/psi meson
4900:Antineutron
4811:Dark photon
4776:Graviphoton
4735:Stop squark
4443:Down (quark
4270:Outer space
4180:Cosmic dust
4145:Abiogenesis
4057:Unconfirmed
4013:Heavy water
3853:Ethanethiol
3768:Cyanoallene
3758:Acetic acid
3728:Methylamine
3612:Diacetylene
3527:Formic acid
3517:Cyanomethyl
3175:Diazenylium
3165:CCP radical
3041:(molecular)
3025:(molecular)
2994:(molecular)
2738:J Chem Phys
2280:22 November
2250:22 November
2005:22 February
1973:22 February
1945:23 February
1855:McGraw Hill
1291:diffraction
1206:biochemical
1189:equilibrium
1111:is used in
1107:, the term
991:hydrogen (H
958:biopolymers
954:macroscopic
704:August 2022
606:bound state
520:Jean Perrin
342:composition
259:Jean Perrin
243:ionic bonds
231:noble gases
221:, the term
217:O). In the
197:molecule (O
187:homonuclear
71:introducing
6434:Categories
6254:Metallurgy
5953:Biological
5519:Analytical
5134:Heptaquark
5095:Superatoms
5028:Pentaquark
5018:Tetraquark
5000:Quarkonium
4890:Antiproton
4791:Leptoquark
4726:Neutralino
4488:antiquark)
4478:antiquark)
4473:Top (quark
4468:antiquark)
4458:antiquark)
4448:antiquark)
4438:antiquark)
4407:Elementary
4185:Cosmic ray
4127:Silylidyne
4090:Hemolithin
4065:Anthracene
3982:Deuterated
3963:Pyrimidine
3773:Ethanimine
3636:Ketenimine
3492:Butadiynyl
3316:Thioformyl
3170:Chloronium
2542:27 October
2467:Biophys. J
2426:Kidney Int
2405:27 October
2366:27 October
2323:5 February
2301:. Boston:
1989:"molecule"
1962:"molecule"
1929:"Molecule"
1578:References
1283:absorbance
1194:reactivity
952:can reach
756:unit cells
739:, and the
656:Prevalence
628:, such as
622:resonances
472:Partington
381:Empedocles
373:Democritus
237:, such as
79:March 2023
54:references
6450:Chemistry
6445:Molecules
6316:Catalysis
5824:Inorganic
5618:Titration
5483:chemistry
5372:Particles
5317:Particles
5276:Polariton
5266:Plasmaron
5236:Dropleton
5129:Hexaquark
5100:Molecules
5088:Protonium
4965:Phi meson
4950:Rho meson
4922:Xi baryon
4854:Composite
4690:Gravitino
4433:Up (quark
4117:Phosphine
3985:molecules
3918:fullerene
3818:Acetamide
3622:Formamide
3502:Cyanamide
3356:Acetylene
3331:Tricarbon
3242:Methylene
3227:Isoformyl
3132:Triatomic
2905:Molecules
2190:119739102
2127:143759556
2082:25 August
2074:: 58â76.
1880:Chemistry
1849:Chemistry
1707:: 11560.
1654:Nanoscale
1547:Chemistry
1275:frequency
1183:molecule.
1181:dendrimer
1136:terpenoid
1075:acetylene
966:angstroms
922:covalence
906:electrons
675:does not
436:Aristotle
383:imagined
369:Leucippus
360:atoms or
334:particles
316:Descartes
301:Neo-Latin
273:Etymology
154:known as
128:pentacene
126:image of
18:Molecular
6382:Category
6338:Molecule
6275:See also
5700:Physical
5348:timeline
5200:R-hadron
5155:Glueball
5139:Skyrmion
5073:Tauonium
4786:Inflaton
4781:Graviton
4761:Curvaton
4731:Sfermion
4721:Higgsino
4716:Chargino
4677:Gauginos
4536:Neutrino
4521:Antimuon
4511:Positron
4506:Electron
4416:Fermions
4104:Linear C
4085:Graphene
3997:Ammonium
3798:Acrolein
3661:Propynal
3646:Methanol
3617:Ethylene
3486:Ammonium
3261:Nitroxyl
3085:Sulfanyl
3029:Imidogen
3023:Nitrogen
2992:Hydrogen
2937:Argonium
2914:Diatomic
2837:Molecule
2768:15268005
2690:25666850
2658:: 8350.
2631:20 April
2625:Archived
2621:12439952
2613:25080328
2572:16 April
2566:Archived
2536:Archived
2399:Archived
2360:Archived
2317:Archived
2274:Archived
2270:phys.org
2241:Archived
2144:Archived
2076:Archived
2023:Archived
1999:Archived
1939:Archived
1765:Molecule
1739:27230940
1682:25619890
1635:26178193
1603:: 7766.
1413:See also
1361:electron
1295:neutrons
1287:emission
1267:spectrum
1244:resistor
1029:(+) and
989:diatomic
960:such as
950:polymers
930:nonmetal
908:(termed
882:electron
874:fluorine
809:Covalent
764:graphene
630:radicals
618:reactive
568:hydrogen
484:molecule
336:of pure
305:molecula
296:molĂŠcule
281:and the
227:particle
223:molecule
176:molecule
144:molecule
6394:Commons
6358:Alchemy
5874:Organic
5336:Related
5307:Baryons
5281:Polaron
5271:Plasmon
5246:Fracton
5241:Exciton
5195:Diquark
5190:Pomeron
5165:T meson
5122:Baryons
5083:Pionium
5068:Muonium
4995:D meson
4990:B meson
4895:Neutron
4880:Nucleon
4872:Baryons
4863:Hadrons
4826:Tachyon
4801:Majoron
4766:Dilaton
4695:Photino
4531:Antitau
4498:Leptons
4250:Kerogen
4137:Related
4080:Glycine
4033:Propyne
3992:Ammonia
3890:Benzene
3885:Acetone
3877:or more
3848:Propene
3833:Ethanol
3723:Propyne
3542:Methane
3411:Ketenyl
3361:Ammonia
2746:Bibcode
2681:4322354
2660:Bibcode
2505:1182263
2496:1334749
2475:Bibcode
2448:1202253
2170:Bibcode
1730:4894979
1709:Bibcode
1662:Bibcode
1626:4518281
1605:Bibcode
1571:Physics
1559:Biology
1533:Portals
1357:protons
1198:Isomers
1101:isotope
1061:isomers
1049:ethanol
1042:integer
910:cations
790:Bonding
784:glasses
768:diamond
762:, e.g.
733:bedrock
696:removed
681:sources
528:gamboge
478:, that:
417:), and
322:History
67:improve
6455:Matter
6406:Portal
5552:UV-Vis
5312:Mesons
5261:Phonon
5256:Magnon
5178:Others
5148:Mesons
5041:Others
4937:Mesons
4885:Proton
4749:Others
4704:Others
4685:Gluino
4619:Scalar
4599:Photon
4582:Bosons
4425:Quarks
4301:Tholin
4122:Pyrene
3567:Silane
3537:Ketene
3039:Oxygen
2833:Object
2822:matter
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1386:helium
1299:X-rays
1271:energy
914:anions
870:Sodium
772:quartz
735:, the
626:nuclei
432:aether
354:metals
352:, and
261:, and
195:oxygen
170:, and
56:, but
5579:MALDI
5547:Raman
5300:Lists
5291:Trion
5286:Roton
5226:Anyon
5053:Atoms
4816:Preon
4756:Axion
4711:Axino
4604:Gluon
4591:Gauge
4287:(PAH)
3875:atoms
3810:atoms
3750:atoms
3748:Eight
3678:atoms
3676:Seven
3584:atoms
3478:atoms
3348:atoms
3336:Water
3266:Ozone
3208:(HNC)
3202:(HCN)
2820:Into
2703:IUPAC
2617:S2CID
2244:(PDF)
2237:(PDF)
2186:S2CID
2123:S2CID
2115:JSTOR
1755:IUPAC
1389:dimer
1240:diode
1057:atoms
1045:ratio
1031:minus
970:light
936:or SO
926:metal
855:Ionic
760:plane
419:water
399:earth
350:salts
346:rocks
311:moles
291:moles
287:Latin
211:water
148:atoms
112:PTCDA
6333:Atom
5601:HPLC
5251:Hole
5078:Onia
4985:Kaon
4945:Pion
4516:Muon
3808:Nine
3476:Five
3386:HCCN
3346:Four
3306:SiNC
2841:Atom
2764:PMID
2686:PMID
2633:2018
2609:PMID
2574:2017
2544:2020
2526:ISBN
2501:PMID
2444:PMID
2407:2020
2389:ISBN
2368:2020
2350:ISBN
2325:2012
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2252:2021
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1420:Atom
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1088:The
1066:The
1027:plus
1021:The
872:and
679:any
677:cite
541:and
389:fire
371:and
362:ions
205:, a
160:ions
6343:Ion
5574:ICP
5557:NMR
4526:Tau
4099:NCO
3999:ion
3906:, C
3873:Ten
3582:Six
3488:ion
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2717:doi
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1343:, H
1285:or
1232:TPP
1177:STM
980:or
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