132:
795:, depending on the external pressure. Beyond its triple point, a compound's normal boiling point, if any, is higher than its melting point. Beyond the critical point, a compound's liquid and vapor phases merge into one phase, which may be called a superheated gas. At any given temperature, if a compound's normal boiling point is lower, then that compound will generally exist as a gas at atmospheric external pressure. If the compound's normal boiling point is higher, then that compound can exist as a liquid or solid at that given temperature at atmospheric external pressure, and will so exist in equilibrium with its vapor (if volatile) if its vapors are contained. If a compound's vapors are not contained, then some volatile compounds can eventually evaporate away in spite of their higher boiling points.
135:
134:
139:
138:
133:
140:
137:
1054:
799:
2775:
2468:
687:
1029:
1022:
3478:
941:
2626:
2271:
1015:
934:
27:
136:
786:
for that compound, listed in reference books. The higher a compound's normal boiling point, the less volatile that compound is overall, and conversely, the lower a compound's normal boiling point, the more volatile that compound is overall. Some compounds decompose at higher temperatures before
1125:
In other mixtures of miscible compounds (components), there may be two or more components of varying volatility, each having its own pure component boiling point at any given pressure. The presence of other volatile components in a mixture affects the vapor pressures and thus boiling points and
874:
dimerize by forming hydrogen bonds between molecules. A minor factor affecting boiling points is the shape of a molecule. Making the shape of a molecule more compact tends to lower the normal boiling point slightly compared to an equivalent molecule with more surface area.
1151:
Following is a table of the change in the boiling point of water with elevation, at intervals of 500 meters over the range of human habitation , then of 1,000 meters over the additional range of uninhabited surface elevation , along with a similar range in
Imperial.
364:
705:
has the highest vapor pressure of any of the liquids in the chart. It also has the lowest normal boiling point (−24.2 °C), which is where the vapor pressure curve of methyl chloride (the blue line) intersects the horizontal pressure line of one atmosphere
605:
is the pressure for a corresponding saturation temperature at which a liquid boils into its vapor phase. Saturation pressure and saturation temperature have a direct relationship: as saturation pressure is increased, so is saturation temperature.
206:
The boiling point corresponds to the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the surrounding environmental pressure. Thus, the boiling point is dependent on the pressure. Boiling points may be published with respect to the
674:) and the boiling point of water is 71 °C (160 °F). The Celsius temperature scale was defined until 1954 by two points: 0 °C being defined by the water freezing point and 100 °C being defined by the water boiling point at
65:
boils at 100°C (or with scientific precision: 99.97 °C (211.95 °F)) under standard pressure at sea level, but at 93.4 °C (200.1 °F) at 1,905 metres (6,250 ft) altitude. For a given pressure, different liquids will
1134:
into a liquid. Furthermore, at any given temperature, the composition of the vapor is different from the composition of the liquid in most such cases. In order to illustrate these effects between the volatile components in a mixture, a
697:
The vapor pressure chart to the right has graphs of the vapor pressures versus temperatures for a variety of liquids. As can be seen in the chart, the liquids with the highest vapor pressures have the lowest normal boiling points.
1067:
Most volatile compounds (anywhere near ambient temperatures) go through an intermediate liquid phase while warming up from a solid phase to eventually transform to a vapor phase. By comparison to boiling, a
1480:
251:
234:, where the gas and liquid properties become identical. The boiling point cannot be increased beyond the critical point. Likewise, the boiling point decreases with decreasing pressure until the
866:
of its molecules. As the polarity of a compound's molecules increases, its normal boiling point increases, other factors being equal. Closely related is the ability of a molecule to form
862:, or otherwise very large, the compound often decomposes at high temperature before the boiling point is reached. Another factor that affects the normal boiling point of a compound is the
1088:
In the preceding section, boiling points of pure compounds were covered. Vapor pressures and boiling points of substances can be affected by the presence of dissolved impurities (
537:
89:. At that temperature, the vapor pressure of the liquid becomes sufficient to overcome atmospheric pressure and allow bubbles of vapor to form inside the bulk of the liquid. The
115:. Evaporation is a surface phenomenon in which molecules located near the liquid's edge, not contained by enough liquid pressure on that side, escape into the surroundings as
397:
1092:) or other miscible compounds, the degree of effect depending on the concentration of the impurities or other compounds. The presence of non-volatile impurities such as
108:
is the energy required to transform a given quantity (a mol, kg, pound, etc.) of a substance from a liquid into a gas at a given pressure (often atmospheric pressure).
694:
The higher the vapor pressure of a liquid at a given temperature, the lower the normal boiling point (i.e., the boiling point at atmospheric pressure) of the liquid.
230:). At higher elevations, where the atmospheric pressure is much lower, the boiling point is also lower. The boiling point increases with increased pressure up to the
3221:"Notation for states and processes, significance of the word standard in chemical thermodynamics, and remarks on commonly tabulated forms of thermodynamic functions"
570:
505:
478:
1487:
592:
445:
419:
3266:, Scroll down to Table A-5 and read the temperature value of 99.61 °C at a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). Obtained from McGraw-Hill's Higher Education website.
762:; because it is difficult to measure extreme temperatures precisely without bias, both have been cited in the literature as having the higher boiling point.
870:(in the liquid state), which makes it harder for molecules to leave the liquid state and thus increases the normal boiling point of the compound. Simple
223:
94:
241:
If the heat of vaporization and the vapor pressure of a liquid at a certain temperature are known, the boiling point can be calculated by using the
203:) is removed. Similarly, a liquid at saturation temperature and pressure will boil into its vapor phase as additional thermal energy is applied.
208:
3415:
3321:
3029:
2941:
1462:
737:
787:
reaching their normal boiling point, or sometimes even their melting point. For a stable compound, the boiling point ranges from its
85:) of a liquid is the special case in which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the defined atmospheric pressure at sea level, one
1143:
is a process of boiling and condensation which takes advantage of these differences in composition between liquid and vapor phases.
623:
into its liquid phase as the system pressure is increased. Similarly, a liquid at saturation pressure and temperature will tend to
1473:
123:
is a process in which molecules anywhere in the liquid escape, resulting in the formation of vapor bubbles within the liquid.
359:{\displaystyle T_{\text{B}}=\left({\frac {1}{T_{0}}}-{\frac {R\,\ln {\frac {P}{P_{0}}}}{\Delta H_{\text{vap}}}}\right)^{-1}}
1072:
is a physical transformation in which a solid turns directly into vapor, which happens in a few select cases such as with
846:
have high boiling points, but not all. Very generally—with other factors being equal—in compounds with covalently bonded
180:. The saturation temperature is the temperature for a corresponding saturation pressure at which a liquid boils into its
3925:
3355:
3330:
3200:
3142:
3117:
211:
1080:
is a temperature at which a solid turning directly into vapor has a vapor pressure equal to the external pressure.
646:) (actually 99.97 °C (211.9 °F) following the thermodynamic definition of the Celsius scale based on the
53:
The boiling point of a liquid varies depending upon the surrounding environmental pressure. A liquid in a partial
3935:
3682:
3039:
792:
770:
As can be seen from the above plot of the logarithm of the vapor pressure vs. the temperature for any given pure
714:
242:
231:
3263:
654:
at a standard pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar) is 99.61 °C (211.3 °F). For comparison, on top of
3752:
3677:
3408:
3158:
2009:
1704:
1069:
20:
778:. A given pure compound has only one normal boiling point, if any, and a compound's normal boiling point and
3864:
3692:
675:
3874:
3747:
3492:
512:
153:
842:
have high normal boiling points, if they do not decompose before reaching such high temperatures. Many
3401:
733:
199:), a vapor at saturation temperature will begin to condense into its liquid phase as thermal energy (
3276:
West, J. B. (1999). "Barometric pressures on Mt. Everest: New data and physiological significance".
3899:
3798:
3428:
721:
375:
3793:
3034:
1114:
111:
Liquids may change to a vapor at temperatures below their boiling points through the process of
3818:
3808:
3558:
3553:
1097:
775:
3376:
3191:
Reel, Kevin R.; Fikar, R. M.; Dumas, P. E.; Templin, Jay M. & Van Arnum, Patricia (2006).
681:
3082:
1616:
854:) increases, the normal boiling point increases. When the molecular size becomes that of a
3930:
3737:
3497:
3050:
1525:
1513:
1105:
863:
548:
540:
483:
456:
219:
105:
58:
577:
8:
3712:
3604:
3594:
3507:
3462:
827:
144:
Demonstration of the lower boiling point of water at lower pressure, achieved by using a
3175:
3859:
3788:
3622:
3301:
2963:
2957:
992:
914:
430:
422:
404:
1130:
of all the components in the mixture. The dew point is a temperature at which a vapor
57:, i.e., under a lower pressure, has a lower boiling point than when that liquid is at
3889:
3884:
3854:
3813:
3702:
3654:
3639:
3532:
3502:
3351:
3326:
3293:
3196:
3190:
3178:
3138:
3113:
2971:
2366:
1077:
783:
771:
759:
707:
624:
595:
86:
3305:
798:
3844:
3467:
3285:
3232:
2441:
2244:
2052:
1856:
1763:
1660:
1627:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1500:
1093:
1053:
196:
189:
3834:
3687:
3424:
3289:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
871:
831:
774:, its normal boiling point can serve as an indication of that compound's overall
702:
3382:
717:
of a liquid is the highest temperature (and pressure) it will actually boil at.
3920:
3632:
3627:
3584:
3517:
3512:
1504:
1073:
851:
815:
448:
185:
39:
3254:
IUPAC defines the "standard pressure" as being 10 Pa (which amounts to 1 bar).
97:
since 1982 as the temperature at which boiling occurs under a pressure of one
3914:
3869:
3849:
3772:
3732:
3599:
3522:
3067:
3061:
3055:
2481:
1109:
1108:'s volatility, and thus raises the normal boiling point in proportion to the
1101:
867:
855:
779:
667:
655:
507:
is known (usually data available at 1 atm or 100 kPa (1 bar)),
3375:
3237:
3220:
3132:
3894:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3722:
3672:
3589:
3297:
3088:
3077:
3044:
2800:
2651:
2531:
1587:
1520:
1140:
1131:
1119:
788:
765:
682:
Relation between the normal boiling point and the vapor pressure of liquids
620:
235:
167:
162:
contains as much thermal energy as it can without boiling (or conversely a
3393:
3195:(9th ed.). Research & Education Association. section 71, p. 224.
3803:
3697:
3609:
2898:
2880:
2870:
2587:
2547:
2539:
1582:
663:
145:
112:
3251:
650:) at a pressure of 1 atm (101.325 kPa). The IUPAC-recommended
238:
is reached. The boiling point cannot be reduced below the triple point.
19:
This article is about the boiling point of liquids. For other uses, see
3742:
3717:
3644:
3614:
3548:
3527:
3193:
AP Chemistry (REA) – The Best Test Prep for the
Advanced Placement Exam
3135:
Pollution
Prevention: The Waste Management Approach to the 21st Century
3072:
2937:
2721:
2701:
2671:
2597:
2523:
2499:
2473:
2119:
2109:
1811:
985:
980:
839:
686:
643:
615:
227:
215:
98:
1028:
1021:
2860:
2840:
2830:
2820:
2761:
2661:
2631:
2607:
2577:
2567:
2209:
2149:
2129:
2089:
2067:
1993:
1923:
1861:
1791:
1778:
1675:
1607:
1597:
1592:
1127:
1061:
940:
907:
3477:
619:
system), vapor at saturation pressure and temperature will begin to
3879:
3707:
2906:
2780:
2691:
2681:
2557:
2446:
2416:
2406:
2376:
2346:
2306:
2296:
2276:
2199:
2057:
2017:
1913:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1831:
1738:
1712:
1632:
1014:
847:
819:
751:
47:
1060:
of two hypothetical only weakly interacting components without an
933:
3839:
3727:
3662:
3579:
3574:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2928:
2890:
2810:
2790:
2751:
2731:
2711:
2515:
2507:
2491:
2396:
2336:
2316:
2286:
2249:
2169:
2139:
2099:
2079:
2040:
2027:
2003:
1983:
1871:
1801:
1665:
1602:
1089:
975:
859:
747:
639:
120:
67:
26:
3448:
3133:
Theodore, Louis; Dupont, R. Ryan; Ganesan, Kumar, eds. (1999).
2924:
2850:
2741:
2641:
2456:
2326:
2259:
2219:
2179:
2159:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1821:
1768:
1725:
1698:
1648:
902:
823:
807:
803:
755:
743:
647:
610:
54:
43:
30:
Water boiling at 99.3 °C (210.8 °F) at 215 m (705 ft) elevation
16:
Temperature at which a substance changes from liquid into vapor
3381:
3058:(Estimation of normal boiling points from molecular structure)
3457:
3443:
3047:, a device to accurately measure the boiling point of liquids
2953:
2429:
2232:
1844:
1688:
843:
811:
659:
116:
62:
50:
surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor.
2386:
2356:
1973:
1933:
1751:
1466:
671:
200:
2415:
1830:
1737:
1711:
1631:
3453:
2189:
2026:
1100:
far lower than the main component compound decreases its
181:
2218:
1724:
1146:
766:
Boiling point as a reference property of a pure compound
3318:
627:
into its vapor phase as system pressure is decreased.
126:
727:
580:
551:
515:
486:
459:
433:
407:
378:
254:
3112:(1st ed.). McGraw-Hill. section 17.43, p. 321.
166:
contains as little thermal energy as it can without
3107:
690:A log-lin vapor pressure chart for various liquids
586:
564:
531:
499:
472:
439:
413:
391:
358:
3264:Appendix 1: Property Tables and Charts (SI Units)
399:is the boiling point at the pressure of interest,
3912:
1076:at atmospheric pressure. For such compounds, a
1122:boils at a higher temperature than pure water.
38:of a substance is the temperature at which the
226:standard pressure of 100.000 kPa (1
195:If the pressure in a system remains constant (
188:. Any addition of thermal energy results in a
184:. The liquid can be said to be saturated with
3409:
3345:
1481:
742:The element with the lowest boiling point is
963:Comparison of pentane isomer boiling points
3423:
3275:
666:) elevation, the pressure is about 34
3416:
3402:
3218:
3030:Boiling points of the elements (data page)
2942:Boiling points of the elements (data page)
1488:
1474:
1463:Boiling points of the elements (data page)
1083:
738:Boiling points of the elements (data page)
3236:
480:is some pressure where the corresponding
300:
1052:
797:
685:
630:There are two conventions regarding the
130:
25:
3319:Perry, R.H.; Green, D.W., eds. (1997).
3214:
3212:
2980:shows natural occurrence of the element
2480:
1112:of the solutes. This effect is called
701:For example, at any given temperature,
3913:
2799:
2650:
2530:
3397:
3159:"Boiling Point of Water and Altitude"
3085:relating latent heat to boiling point
2897:
2879:
2869:
2586:
2546:
2538:
1147:Boiling point of water with elevation
532:{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{vap}}}
3322:Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook
3209:
2720:
2700:
2670:
2596:
2522:
2498:
2472:
2118:
2108:
1810:
2859:
2839:
2829:
2819:
2760:
2660:
2630:
2606:
2576:
2566:
2208:
2148:
2128:
2088:
2066:
1992:
1922:
1860:
1790:
1777:
1674:
127:Saturation temperature and pressure
13:
3110:3,000 Solved Problems in Chemistry
2905:
2779:
2690:
2680:
2556:
2445:
2405:
2375:
2345:
2305:
2295:
2275:
2198:
2056:
2016:
1912:
1902:
1892:
1882:
850:, as the size of the molecule (or
728:Boiling point of chemical elements
516:
326:
83:atmospheric pressure boiling point
14:
3947:
3368:
2889:
2809:
2789:
2750:
2730:
2710:
2514:
2506:
2490:
2395:
2365:
2335:
2315:
2285:
2248:
2168:
2138:
2098:
2078:
2039:
2002:
1982:
1870:
1800:
1664:
3476:
3384:The New Student's Reference Work
3137:. CRC Press. section 27, p. 15.
2849:
2773:
2740:
2640:
2624:
2466:
2455:
2325:
2269:
2258:
2178:
2158:
1962:
1952:
1942:
1820:
1767:
1697:
1647:
1456:
1027:
1020:
1013:
939:
932:
3350:(1st ed.). Prentice-Hall.
3339:
3312:
3040:Critical point (thermodynamics)
2428:
2231:
1843:
1687:
652:standard boiling point of water
632:standard boiling point of water
3269:
3257:
3245:
3184:
3169:
3151:
3126:
3101:
2936:For the equivalent in degrees
2385:
2355:
1972:
1932:
1750:
710:) of absolute vapor pressure.
638:is commonly given as 100
21:Boiling point (disambiguation)
1:
3865:Macroscopic quantum phenomena
3325:(7th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
3278:Journal of Applied Physiology
3094:
2188:
746:. Both the boiling points of
676:standard atmospheric pressure
3875:Order and disorder (physics)
3348:Thermodynamics and Chemistry
3290:10.1152/jappl.1999.86.3.1062
2948:Some values are predictions
1058:Binary boiling point diagram
782:can serve as characteristic
392:{\displaystyle T_{\text{B}}}
7:
3108:Goldberg, David E. (1988).
3023:
838:In general, compounds with
834:as a function of molar mass
572:is the boiling temperature,
243:Clausius–Clapeyron equation
70:at different temperatures.
10:
3954:
3225:Pure and Applied Chemistry
3176:General Chemistry Glossary
3163:www.engineeringtoolbox.com
2952:
2947:
2935:
2922:
2915:
2618:
1787:
1684:
1644:
1621:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1511:
1469:
1460:
731:
151:
18:
3926:Meteorological quantities
3827:
3781:
3653:
3567:
3541:
3485:
3474:
3436:
2993:
2772:
2623:
734:List of chemical elements
79:atmospheric boiling point
3900:Thermo-dielectric effect
3799:Enthalpy of vaporization
3493:Bose–Einstein condensate
3064:including boiling points
1118:. As a common example,
890:) isomer boiling points
722:Vapour pressure of water
609:If the temperature in a
154:Vapor–liquid equilibrium
3794:Enthalpy of sublimation
3238:10.1351/pac198254061239
3035:Boiling-point elevation
1156:Boiling point of water
1115:boiling point elevation
1084:Impurities and mixtures
3936:Threshold temperatures
3809:Latent internal energy
3559:Color-glass condensate
3346:DeVoe, Howard (2000).
1064:
879:Comparison of butane (
835:
691:
588:
566:
533:
501:
474:
441:
415:
393:
360:
174:Saturation temperature
149:
91:standard boiling point
31:
3619:Magnetically ordered
3377:"Boiling-Point"
1137:boiling point diagram
1056:
801:
732:Further information:
689:
613:remains constant (an
589:
567:
565:{\displaystyle T_{0}}
534:
502:
500:{\displaystyle T_{0}}
475:
473:{\displaystyle P_{0}}
442:
416:
394:
361:
143:
119:. On the other hand,
29:
3498:Fermionic condensate
3051:Hagedorn temperature
1003:2,2-dimethylpropane
636:normal boiling point
587:{\displaystyle \ln }
578:
549:
541:heat of vaporization
513:
484:
457:
431:
405:
376:
252:
106:heat of vaporization
93:has been defined by
75:normal boiling point
59:atmospheric pressure
3713:Chemical ionization
3605:Programmable matter
3595:Quantum spin liquid
3463:Supercritical fluid
3219:Cox, J. D. (1982).
2239:(−108.099 °C)
2047:(−153.415 °C)
1851:(−185.848 °C)
1758:(−246.046 °C)
1735:(−182.962 °C)
1722:(−195.795 °C)
1655:(−268.928 °C)
1642:(−252.879 °C)
1157:
964:
891:
784:physical properties
603:Saturation pressure
61:. Because of this,
3860:Leidenfrost effect
3789:Enthalpy of fusion
3554:Quark–gluon plasma
3083:Trouton's constant
2594:(762–862 °C)
1775:(882.940 °C)
1748:(−188.11 °C)
1703:3915 K (
1155:
1139:is commonly used.
1096:or compounds of a
1065:
962:
878:
836:
802:Boiling points of
692:
584:
562:
529:
497:
470:
437:
423:ideal gas constant
411:
389:
356:
150:
32:
3908:
3907:
3890:Superheated vapor
3885:Superconductivity
3855:Equation of state
3703:Flash evaporation
3655:Phase transitions
3640:String-net liquid
3533:Photonic molecule
3503:Degenerate matter
3252:Standard Pressure
3179:Purdue University
3021:
3020:
3015:
3014:
2837:(3235.0 °C)
2827:(3902.0 °C)
2614:(177±10 °C)
2373:(356.73 °C)
2323:(5627.0 °C)
2008:887 K (
1920:(2672.0 °C)
1841:(−34.04 °C)
1619:
1517:
1454:
1453:
1078:sublimation point
1051:
1050:
960:
959:
772:chemical compound
760:standard pressure
596:natural logarithm
526:
440:{\displaystyle P}
414:{\displaystyle R}
386:
340:
336:
322:
289:
262:
212:standard pressure
141:
77:(also called the
3943:
3845:Compressed fluid
3480:
3425:States of matter
3418:
3411:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3388:
3379:
3362:
3361:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3231:(6): 1239–1250.
3216:
3207:
3206:
3188:
3182:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3105:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2883:
2873:
2863:
2853:
2843:
2833:
2823:
2813:
2803:
2793:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2764:
2754:
2744:
2734:
2724:
2714:
2704:
2694:
2684:
2674:
2664:
2654:
2648:(3443 °C)6
2644:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2610:
2600:
2592:1035–1135 K
2590:
2584:(~1100 °C)
2580:
2570:
2560:
2554:(67±10 °C)
2550:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2484:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2449:
2436:(−61.7 °C)
2432:
2426:(230±3 °C)
2422:
2409:
2399:
2389:
2379:
2369:
2359:
2349:
2339:
2329:
2319:
2309:
2299:
2289:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2252:
2235:
2229:(184.3 °C)
2225:
2212:
2202:
2192:
2182:
2172:
2162:
2152:
2142:
2132:
2122:
2112:
2102:
2092:
2082:
2070:
2060:
2043:
2033:
2020:
2006:
1996:
1986:
1976:
1966:
1956:
1946:
1936:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1874:
1864:
1847:
1837:
1828:(444.6 °C)
1824:
1818:(280.5 °C)
1814:
1804:
1794:
1781:
1771:
1754:
1744:
1731:
1718:
1701:
1691:
1678:
1668:
1651:
1638:
1614:
1512:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1467:
1158:
1154:
1031:
1024:
1017:
965:
961:
943:
936:
922:2-methylpropane
892:
889:
877:
872:carboxylic acids
832:carboxylic acids
658:, at 8,848
593:
591:
590:
585:
571:
569:
568:
563:
561:
560:
538:
536:
535:
530:
528:
527:
524:
506:
504:
503:
498:
496:
495:
479:
477:
476:
471:
469:
468:
446:
444:
443:
438:
420:
418:
417:
412:
398:
396:
395:
390:
388:
387:
384:
365:
363:
362:
357:
355:
354:
346:
342:
341:
339:
338:
337:
334:
324:
323:
321:
320:
308:
295:
290:
288:
287:
275:
264:
263:
260:
214:of 101.325
190:phase transition
160:saturated liquid
142:
3953:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3835:Baryonic matter
3823:
3777:
3748:Saturated fluid
3688:Crystallization
3649:
3623:Antiferromagnet
3563:
3537:
3481:
3472:
3432:
3422:
3374:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3317:
3313:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3189:
3185:
3174:
3170:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3026:
3017:
3016:
2983:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2956:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2877:(1470 °C)
2876:
2871:
2867:(2627 °C)
2866:
2861:
2857:(3110 °C)
2856:
2851:
2847:(2607 °C)
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2817:(4131 °C)
2816:
2811:
2807:(4027 °C)
2806:
2801:
2797:(4788 °C)
2796:
2791:
2787:(3198 °C)
2786:
2781:
2774:
2768:(1196 °C)
2767:
2762:
2758:(1950 °C)
2757:
2752:
2748:(2868 °C)
2747:
2742:
2738:(2600 °C)
2737:
2732:
2728:(2567 °C)
2727:
2722:
2718:(3123 °C)
2717:
2712:
2708:(3273 °C)
2707:
2702:
2698:(1529 °C)
2697:
2692:
2688:(1900 °C)
2687:
2682:
2678:(3000 °C)
2677:
2672:
2668:(3074 °C)
2667:
2662:
2658:(3130 °C)
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2638:(3464 °C)
2637:
2632:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2564:(1130 °C)
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2488:(5500 °C)
2487:
2482:
2474:
2467:
2463:(1737 °C)
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2403:(1564 °C)
2402:
2397:
2393:(1749 °C)
2392:
2387:
2383:(1473 °C)
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2363:(2970 °C)
2362:
2357:
2353:(3825 °C)
2352:
2347:
2343:(4130 °C)
2342:
2337:
2333:(5012 °C)
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2313:(5930 °C)
2312:
2307:
2303:(5458 °C)
2302:
2297:
2293:(4603 °C)
2292:
2287:
2283:(3402 °C)
2282:
2277:
2270:
2266:(1845 °C)
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2206:(1635 °C)
2205:
2200:
2196:(2602 °C)
2195:
2190:
2186:(2072 °C)
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2166:(2210 °C)
2165:
2160:
2156:(2963 °C)
2155:
2150:
2146:(3695 °C)
2145:
2140:
2136:(4150 °C)
2135:
2130:
2126:(4265 °C)
2125:
2120:
2116:(4639 °C)
2115:
2110:
2106:(4744 °C)
2105:
2100:
2096:(4377 °C)
2095:
2090:
2086:(2930 °C)
2085:
2080:
2074:(1377 °C)
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2046:
2041:
2037:(58.8 °C)
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2004:
2000:(2833 °C)
1999:
1994:
1990:(2400 °C)
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1970:(2562 °C)
1969:
1964:
1960:(2730 °C)
1959:
1954:
1950:(2927 °C)
1949:
1944:
1940:(2861 °C)
1939:
1934:
1930:(2061 °C)
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1910:(3407 °C)
1909:
1904:
1900:(3287 °C)
1899:
1894:
1890:(2836 °C)
1889:
1884:
1878:(1484 °C)
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1808:(3265 °C)
1807:
1802:
1798:(2470 °C)
1797:
1792:
1788:
1785:(1091 °C)
1784:
1779:
1774:
1773:1156.090 K
1769:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:(3642 °C)
1708:
1699:
1695:(3927 °C)
1694:
1689:
1685:
1682:(2469 °C)
1681:
1676:
1672:(1330 °C)
1671:
1666:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1622:
1507:
1494:
1465:
1459:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1149:
1086:
1037:
1009:
1000:2-methylbutane
949:
928:
888:
884:
880:
816:halogenoalkanes
768:
740:
730:
703:methyl chloride
684:
579:
576:
575:
556:
552:
550:
547:
546:
523:
519:
514:
511:
510:
491:
487:
485:
482:
481:
464:
460:
458:
455:
454:
432:
429:
428:
406:
403:
402:
383:
379:
377:
374:
373:
347:
333:
329:
325:
316:
312:
307:
296:
294:
283:
279:
274:
273:
269:
268:
259:
255:
253:
250:
249:
164:saturated vapor
156:
131:
129:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3951:
3950:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3814:Trouton's rule
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3683:Critical point
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3585:Liquid crystal
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3518:Strange matter
3515:
3513:Rydberg matter
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3421:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3370:
3369:External links
3367:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3338:
3331:
3311:
3268:
3256:
3244:
3208:
3201:
3183:
3168:
3150:
3143:
3125:
3118:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2984:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2933:
2932:
2927:K and degrees
2923:Values are in
2920:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2887:(996 °C)
2878:
2868:
2858:
2848:
2838:
2835:3508.15 K
2828:
2825:4175.15 K
2818:
2808:
2798:
2788:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2749:
2739:
2729:
2719:
2709:
2699:
2689:
2679:
2669:
2659:
2649:
2639:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2605:
2604:(610 °C)
2595:
2585:
2575:
2574:(107 °C)
2565:
2555:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2479:
2471:
2464:
2454:
2453:(677 °C)
2444:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2419:
2414:
2413:(962 °C)
2404:
2394:
2384:
2374:
2364:
2354:
2344:
2334:
2324:
2321:5900.15 K
2314:
2304:
2294:
2284:
2274:
2267:
2257:
2256:(671 °C)
2247:
2241:
2240:
2237:165.051 K
2230:
2222:
2217:
2216:(988 °C)
2207:
2197:
2187:
2177:
2176:(767 °C)
2167:
2157:
2147:
2137:
2127:
2117:
2107:
2097:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2065:
2064:(688 °C)
2055:
2049:
2048:
2045:119.735 K
2038:
2030:
2025:
2024:(685 °C)
2015:
2014:(615 °C)
2001:
1991:
1981:
1980:(907 °C)
1971:
1961:
1951:
1941:
1931:
1921:
1918:2945.15 K
1911:
1901:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1869:
1868:(759 °C)
1859:
1853:
1852:
1842:
1834:
1829:
1819:
1809:
1799:
1789:
1786:
1776:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1741:
1736:
1728:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1696:
1686:
1683:
1673:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1505:periodic table
1495:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1461:Main article:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1148:
1145:
1085:
1082:
1074:carbon dioxide
1049:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
989:
988:
983:
978:
969:
958:
957:
954:
951:
945:
944:
937:
930:
924:
923:
920:
917:
911:
910:
905:
896:
886:
882:
868:hydrogen bonds
852:molecular mass
793:critical point
767:
764:
729:
726:
715:critical point
683:
680:
600:
599:
583:
573:
559:
555:
544:
543:of the liquid,
522:
518:
508:
494:
490:
467:
463:
452:
451:of the liquid,
449:vapor pressure
436:
426:
410:
400:
382:
367:
366:
353:
350:
345:
332:
328:
319:
315:
311:
306:
303:
299:
293:
286:
282:
278:
272:
267:
258:
232:critical point
186:thermal energy
152:Main article:
128:
125:
40:vapor pressure
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3949:
3948:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:Mpemba effect
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3850:Cooling curve
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3773:Vitrification
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:Recombination
3736:
3734:
3733:Melting point
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3678:Critical line
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3668:Boiling point
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:Exotic matter
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3387:
3385:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3359:
3357:0-02-328741-1
3353:
3349:
3342:
3334:
3332:0-07-049841-5
3328:
3324:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3284:(3): 1062–6.
3283:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3260:
3253:
3248:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3213:
3204:
3202:0-7386-0221-3
3198:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3146:
3144:1-56670-495-2
3140:
3136:
3129:
3121:
3119:0-07-023684-4
3115:
3111:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:Melting point
3066:
3063:
3062:List of gases
3060:
3057:
3056:Joback method
3054:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2884:
2874:
2864:
2854:
2844:
2834:
2824:
2814:
2804:
2794:
2784:
2771:
2765:
2755:
2745:
2735:
2725:
2715:
2705:
2695:
2685:
2675:
2665:
2655:
2645:
2635:
2622:
2617:
2612:450±10 K
2611:
2601:
2591:
2581:
2571:
2561:
2552:340±10 K
2551:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2485:
2477:
2465:
2460:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2423:
2410:
2400:
2390:
2380:
2371:629.88 K
2370:
2360:
2350:
2340:
2330:
2320:
2310:
2300:
2290:
2280:
2268:
2263:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2226:
2213:
2203:
2193:
2183:
2173:
2163:
2153:
2143:
2133:
2123:
2113:
2103:
2093:
2083:
2076:
2071:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2034:
2021:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1987:
1977:
1967:
1957:
1947:
1937:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1849:87.302 K
1848:
1839:239.11 K
1838:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1795:
1782:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1756:27.104 K
1755:
1745:
1733:90.188 K
1732:
1720:77.355 K
1719:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1679:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1640:20.271 K
1639:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:Boiling point
1491:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1457:Element table
1449:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1193:−1,500
1192:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1178:Boiling point
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:Boiling point
1165:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1110:concentration
1107:
1103:
1102:mole fraction
1099:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1002:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
973:
970:
967:
966:
955:
952:
947:
946:
942:
938:
935:
931:
926:
925:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
909:
906:
904:
900:
897:
894:
893:
876:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
856:macromolecule
853:
849:
845:
841:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
796:
794:
790:
785:
781:
780:melting point
777:
773:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
739:
735:
725:
723:
718:
716:
711:
709:
704:
699:
695:
688:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
662:(29,029
661:
657:
656:Mount Everest
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
617:
612:
607:
604:
597:
581:
574:
557:
553:
545:
542:
520:
509:
492:
488:
465:
461:
453:
450:
434:
427:
424:
408:
401:
380:
372:
371:
370:
351:
348:
343:
330:
317:
313:
309:
304:
301:
297:
291:
284:
280:
276:
270:
265:
256:
248:
247:
246:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
210:
204:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:boiling point
175:
171:
169:
165:
161:
155:
147:
124:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
69:
64:
60:
56:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:boiling point
28:
22:
3895:Superheating
3768:Vaporization
3763:Triple point
3758:Supercooling
3723:Lambda point
3673:Condensation
3667:
3590:Time crystal
3568:Other states
3508:Quantum Hall
3383:
3347:
3341:
3320:
3314:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3259:
3247:
3228:
3224:
3192:
3186:
3181:website page
3171:
3162:
3153:
3134:
3128:
3109:
3103:
3089:Triple point
3078:Superheating
3045:Ebulliometer
2977:
2955:
2931:°C, rounded
2916:
2805:4300? K
2582:~1400 K
2434:211.5 K
2424:503±3 K
2227:457.4 K
2035:332.0 K
1826:717.8 K
1816:553.7 K
1746:85.03 K
1653:4.222 K
1496:
1150:
1141:Distillation
1136:
1124:
1113:
1087:
1066:
1057:
971:
968:Common name
898:
895:Common name
837:
789:triple point
769:
754:exceed 5000
741:
719:
712:
700:
696:
693:
651:
635:
631:
629:
614:
608:
602:
601:
368:
240:
236:triple point
205:
194:
177:
173:
172:
163:
159:
157:
110:
103:
90:
82:
78:
74:
72:
52:
35:
33:
3931:Temperature
3804:Latent heat
3753:Sublimation
3698:Evaporation
3633:Ferromagnet
3628:Ferrimagnet
3610:Dark matter
3542:High energy
2875:1743 K
2865:2900 K
2855:3383 K
2845:2880 K
2815:4404 K
2795:5061 K
2785:3471 K
2766:1469 K
2756:2223 K
2746:3141 K
2736:2873 K
2726:2840 K
2716:3396 K
2706:3546 K
2696:1802 K
2686:2173 K
2676:3273 K
2666:3347 K
2656:3403 K
2646:3716 K
2636:3737 K
2562:1430 K
2486:5800 K
2461:2010 K
2411:1235 K
2401:1837 K
2391:2022 K
2381:1746 K
2361:3243 K
2351:4098 K
2341:4403 K
2331:5285 K
2311:6203 K
2301:5731 K
2291:4876 K
2281:3675 K
2264:2118 K
2214:1261 K
2204:1908 K
2194:2875 K
2184:2345 K
2174:1040 K
2164:2483 K
2154:3236 K
2144:3968 K
2134:4423 K
2124:4538 K
2114:4912 K
2104:5017 K
2094:4650 K
2084:3203 K
2072:1650 K
1998:3106 K
1988:2673 K
1978:1180 K
1968:2835 K
1958:3003 K
1948:3200 K
1938:3134 K
1928:2334 K
1908:3680 K
1898:3560 K
1888:3109 K
1876:1757 K
1866:1032 K
1806:3538 K
1796:2743 K
1783:1363 K
1693:4200 K
1680:2742 K
1670:1603 K
1185:−500
1070:sublimation
1038:point (°C)
950:point (°C)
840:ionic bonds
182:vapor phase
146:vacuum pump
113:evaporation
46:equals the
3915:Categories
3819:Volatility
3782:Quantities
3743:Regelation
3718:Ionization
3693:Deposition
3645:Superglass
3615:Antimatter
3549:QCD matter
3528:Supersolid
3523:Superfluid
3486:Low energy
3095:References
3073:Subcooling
2965:From decay
2958:Primordial
2938:Fahrenheit
2885:1269
2602:883 K
2572:380 K
2451:950 K
2254:944 K
2062:961 K
2022:958 K
1128:dew points
1120:salt water
1098:volatility
993:IUPAC name
986:neopentane
981:isopentane
915:IUPAC name
776:volatility
670:(255
642:(212
616:isothermal
222:), or the
168:condensing
87:atmosphere
2972:Synthetic
2940:°F, see:
1173:Elevation
1161:Elevation
1132:condenses
1062:azeotrope
1008:Molecular
927:Molecular
908:isobutane
848:molecules
820:aldehydes
720:See also
517:Δ
349:−
327:Δ
305:
292:−
209:NIST, USA
3880:Spinodal
3828:Concepts
3708:Freezing
3306:27875962
3298:10066724
3024:See also
1501:elements
1106:solution
1104:and the
997:pentane
864:polarity
828:alcohols
752:tungsten
621:condense
245:, thus:
218:(1
197:isobaric
48:pressure
3840:Binodal
3728:Melting
3663:Boiling
3580:Crystal
3575:Colloid
3389:. 1914.
3010:p-block
3005:d-block
3000:f-block
2995:g-block
2990:s-block
2975:
2969:
2961:
2929:Celsius
2911:
2903:
2895:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2478:
1615:↓
1516: →
1503:in the
1499:of the
1447:29,000
1433:26,000
1417:23,000
1401:20,000
1385:16,500
1369:15,000
1353:13,500
1337:12,000
1321:10,500
1090:solutes
1036:Boiling
976:pentane
948:Boiling
919:butane
860:polymer
824:ketones
808:alkenes
804:alkanes
791:to its
748:rhenium
594:is the
539:is the
447:is the
421:is the
369:where:
121:boiling
81:or the
3468:Plasma
3449:Liquid
3386:
3354:
3329:
3304:
3296:
3199:
3141:
3116:
2978:Border
2925:kelvin
2917:Legend
1617:Period
1450:154.6
1436:161.1
1425:9,000
1420:167.5
1409:8,000
1404:173.8
1393:7,000
1388:180.9
1377:6,000
1372:183.9
1361:5,000
1356:186.8
1345:4,500
1340:189.8
1329:4,000
1324:192.6
1313:3,500
1308:195.5
1305:9,000
1297:3,000
1292:198.3
1289:7,500
1281:2,500
1276:201.1
1273:6,000
1265:2,000
1260:203.9
1257:4,500
1249:1,500
1244:206.6
1241:3,000
1233:1,000
1228:209.3
1225:1,500
1212:212.0
1204:100.0
1196:214.7
1188:101.6
956:−11.7
903:butane
844:metals
812:ethers
744:helium
648:kelvin
634:: The
611:system
176:means
55:vacuum
44:liquid
3921:Gases
3458:Vapor
3444:Solid
3437:State
3302:S2CID
2010:subl.
1705:subl.
1514:Group
1428:67.4
1412:71.4
1396:75.3
1380:79.1
1364:82.8
1348:84.6
1332:86.4
1316:88.2
1300:90.0
1284:91.7
1268:93.4
1252:95.1
1236:96.7
1220:98.4
1180:(°F)
1175:(ft)
1168:(°C)
1094:salts
1044:27.7
1041:36.0
1010:form
953:−0.5
929:form
625:flash
224:IUPAC
117:vapor
95:IUPAC
63:water
42:of a
3429:list
3352:ISBN
3327:ISBN
3294:PMID
3197:ISBN
3139:ISBN
3114:ISBN
1217:500
1047:9.5
830:and
750:and
736:and
713:The
672:Torr
201:heat
104:The
73:The
68:boil
34:The
3454:Gas
3286:doi
3233:doi
1163:(m)
758:at
708:atm
668:kPa
525:vap
335:vap
228:bar
220:atm
216:kPa
170:).
99:bar
3917::
3456:/
3380:.
3300:.
3292:.
3282:86
3280:.
3229:54
3227:.
3223:.
3211:^
3161:.
2908:No
2900:Md
2892:Fm
2882:Es
2872:Cf
2862:Bk
2852:Cm
2842:Am
2832:Pu
2822:Np
2812:U
2802:Pa
2792:Th
2782:Ac
2763:Yb
2753:Tm
2743:Er
2733:Ho
2723:Dy
2713:Tb
2703:Gd
2693:Eu
2683:Sm
2673:Pm
2663:Nd
2653:Pr
2643:Ce
2633:La
2609:Og
2599:Ts
2589:Lv
2579:Mc
2569:Fl
2559:Nh
2549:Cn
2541:Rg
2533:Ds
2525:Mt
2517:Hs
2509:Bh
2501:Sg
2493:Db
2483:Rf
2475:Lr
2458:Ra
2448:Fr
2431:Rn
2418:At
2408:Po
2398:Bi
2388:Pb
2378:Tl
2368:Hg
2358:Au
2348:Pt
2338:Ir
2328:Os
2318:Re
2308:W
2298:Ta
2288:Hf
2278:Lu
2261:Ba
2251:Cs
2234:Xe
2211:Te
2201:Sb
2191:Sn
2181:In
2171:Cd
2161:Ag
2151:Pd
2141:Rh
2131:Ru
2121:Tc
2111:Mo
2101:Nb
2091:Zr
2081:Y
2069:Sr
2059:Rb
2042:Kr
2029:Br
2019:Se
2005:As
1995:Ge
1985:Ga
1975:Zn
1965:Cu
1955:Ni
1945:Co
1935:Fe
1925:Mn
1915:Cr
1905:V
1895:Ti
1885:Sc
1873:Ca
1863:K
1846:Ar
1833:Cl
1823:S
1813:P
1803:Si
1793:Al
1780:Mg
1770:Na
1753:Ne
1700:C
1690:B
1677:Be
1667:Li
1650:He
1608:18
1603:17
1598:16
1593:15
1588:14
1583:13
1578:12
1573:11
1568:10
1209:0
1201:0
887:10
858:,
826:,
822:,
818:,
814:,
810:,
806:,
724:.
678:.
664:ft
644:°F
640:°C
582:ln
302:ln
192:.
158:A
101:.
3431:)
3427:(
3417:e
3410:t
3403:v
3360:.
3335:.
3308:.
3288::
3241:.
3235::
3205:.
3165:.
3147:.
3122:.
2442:7
2420:2
2245:6
2223:2
2221:I
2053:5
2031:2
2012:)
1857:4
1835:2
1764:3
1742:2
1740:F
1729:2
1727:O
1716:2
1714:N
1707:)
1661:2
1636:2
1634:H
1628:1
1563:9
1558:8
1553:7
1548:6
1543:5
1538:4
1533:3
1526:2
1521:1
1489:e
1482:t
1475:v
974:-
972:n
901:-
899:n
885:H
883:4
881:C
756:K
706:(
660:m
598:.
558:0
554:T
521:H
493:0
489:T
466:0
462:P
435:P
425:,
409:R
385:B
381:T
352:1
344:)
331:H
318:0
314:P
310:P
298:R
285:0
281:T
277:1
271:(
266:=
261:B
257:T
148:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
