63:
28:
1080:
66:
65:
70:
69:
64:
71:
1657:
68:
683:
125:. The pressure exhibited by vapor present above a liquid surface is known as vapor pressure. As the temperature of a liquid increases, the attractive interactions between liquid molecules become less significant in comparison to the entropy of those molecules in the gas phase, increasing the vapor pressure. Thus, liquids with strong intermolecular interactions are likely to have smaller vapor pressures, with the reverse true for weaker interactions.
665:
of a few up to 8–10 percent. For many volatile substances, several different sets of parameters are available and used for different temperature ranges. The
Antoine equation has poor accuracy with any single parameter set when used from a compound's melting point to its critical temperature. Accuracy is also usually poor when vapor pressure is under 10 Torr because of the limitations of the apparatus used to establish the Antoine parameter values.
20:
1290:
119:. The equilibrium vapor pressure is an indication of a liquid's thermodynamic tendency to evaporate. It relates to the balance of particles escaping from the liquid (or solid) in equilibrium with those in a coexisting vapor phase. A substance with a high vapor pressure at normal temperatures is often referred to as
67:
1103:(the vapor pressure of dry ice is 5.73 MPa (831 psi, 56.5 atm) at 20 °C, which causes most sealed containers to rupture), and ice. All solid materials have a vapor pressure. However, due to their often extremely low values, measurement can be rather difficult. Typical techniques include the use of
664:
Sublimations and vaporizations of the same substance have separate sets of
Antoine coefficients, as do components in mixtures. Each parameter set for a specific compound is only applicable over a specified temperature range. Generally, temperature ranges are chosen to maintain the equation's accuracy
1055:
Systems that have vapor pressures higher than indicated by the above formula are said to have positive deviations. Such a deviation suggests weaker intermolecular attraction than in the pure components, so that the molecules can be thought of as being "held in" the liquid phase less strongly than in
253:
is a pragmatic mathematical expression of the relation between the vapor pressure and the temperature of pure liquid or solid substances. It is obtained by curve-fitting and is adapted to the fact that vapor pressure is usually increasing and concave as a function of temperature. The basic form of
218:
are subject to major errors. Procedures often consist of purifying the test substance, isolating it in a container, evacuating any foreign gas, then measuring the equilibrium pressure of the gaseous phase of the substance in the container at different temperatures. Better accuracy is achieved when
2413:
Several empirical methods exist to estimate the vapor pressure from molecular structure for organic molecules. Some examples are SIMPOL.1 method, the method of Moller et al., and EVAPORATION (Estimation of VApour
Pressure of ORganics, Accounting for Temperature, Intramolecular, and Non-additivity
1063:
There are also systems with negative deviations that have vapor pressures that are lower than expected. Such a deviation is evidence for stronger intermolecular attraction between the constituents of the mixture than exists in the pure components. Thus, the molecules are "held in" the liquid more
151:
formation in greater depths of liquid requires a slightly higher temperature due to the higher fluid pressure, due to hydrostatic pressure of the fluid mass above. More important at shallow depths is the higher temperature required to start bubble formation. The surface tension of the bubble wall
1950:
1819:
721:
Although the relation between vapor pressure and temperature is non-linear, the chart uses a logarithmic vertical axis to produce slightly curved lines, so one chart can graph many liquids. A nearly straight line is obtained when the logarithm of the vapor pressure is plotted against 1/(T + 230)
1640:
This method assumes that the heat of fusion is temperature-independent, ignores additional transition temperatures between different solid phases, and it gives a fair estimation for temperatures not too far from the melting point. It also shows that the sublimation pressure is lower than the
1688:
Like all liquids, water boils when its vapor pressure reaches its surrounding pressure. In nature, the atmospheric pressure is lower at higher elevations and water boils at a lower temperature. The boiling temperature of water for atmospheric pressures can be approximated by the
713:
has the highest vapor pressure of any of the liquids in the chart. It also has the lowest normal boiling point at −24.2 °C (−11.6 °F), which is where the vapor pressure curve of methyl chloride (the blue line) intersects the horizontal pressure line of one atmosphere
2495:(known since 1802), the partial pressure of water vapor or any substance does not depend on air at all, and the relevant temperature is that of the liquid. Nevertheless, the erroneous belief persists among the public and even meteorologists, aided by the misleading terms
1121:
1110:
There are a number of methods for calculating the sublimation pressure (i.e., the vapor pressure) of a solid. One method is to estimate the sublimation pressure from extrapolated liquid vapor pressures (of the supercooled liquid), if the
1830:
1699:
846:
210:
Experimental measurement of vapor pressure is a simple procedure for common pressures between 1 and 200 kPa. The most accurate results are obtained near the boiling point of the substance; measurements smaller than
2445:
properly refers to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water above a flat surface of liquid water or solid ice, and is a function only of temperature and whether the condensed phase is liquid or solid.
2491:
derives from the obsolete theory that water vapor dissolves into air, and that air at a given temperature can only hold a certain amount of water before becoming "saturated". Actually, as stated by
690:
As a general trend, vapor pressures of liquids at ambient temperatures increase with decreasing boiling points. This is illustrated in the vapor pressure chart (see right) that shows graphs of the
143:) is the temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the ambient atmospheric pressure. With any incremental increase in that temperature, the vapor pressure becomes sufficient to overcome
1064:
strongly when a second molecule is present. An example is a mixture of trichloromethane (chloroform) and 2-propanone (acetone), which boils above the boiling point of either pure component.
1494:
1394:
1060:
of approximately 95% ethanol and water. Because the azeotrope's vapor pressure is higher than predicted by Raoult's law, it boils at a temperature below that of either pure component.
367:
308:
1438:
1338:
659:
606:
1534:
1026:
1285:{\displaystyle \ln \,P_{\rm {s}}^{\rm {sub}}=\ln \,P_{\rm {l}}^{\rm {sub}}-{\frac {\Delta _{\rm {fus}}H}{R}}\left({\frac {1}{T_{\rm {sub}}}}-{\frac {1}{T_{\rm {fus}}}}\right)}
1087:
Equilibrium vapor pressure can be defined as the pressure reached when a condensed phase is in equilibrium with its own vapor. In the case of an equilibrium solid, such as a
1048:. Raoult's law is applicable only to non-electrolytes (uncharged species); it is most appropriate for non-polar molecules with only weak intermolecular attractions (such as
1634:
1597:
884:
527:
554:
2858:
Moller B.; Rarey J.; Ramjugernath D. (2008). "Estimation of the vapour pressure of non-electrolyte organic compounds via group contributions and group interactions".
668:
The Wagner equation gives "one of the best" fits to experimental data but is quite complex. It expresses reduced vapor pressure as a function of reduced temperature.
2457:. Equilibrium vapor pressure may differ significantly from saturation vapor pressure depending on the size of droplets and presence of other particles which act as
1980:
962:
911:
500:
83:
and is closed with a piece of cork. By heating the alcohol, the vapors fill in the space, increasing the pressure in the tube to the point of the cork popping out.
2004:
1556:
1046:
986:
935:
694:
for a variety of liquids. At the normal boiling point of a liquid, the vapor pressure is equal to the standard atmospheric pressure defined as 1 atmosphere, 760
477:
457:
437:
415:
393:
2614:
1945:{\displaystyle T_{b}={\frac {1730.63\ {}^{\circ }{\text{C}}}{8.07131-\log _{10}\left({\frac {P}{1{\text{ Torr}}}}\right)}}-233.426\ {}^{\circ }{\text{C}}}
1814:{\displaystyle \log _{10}\left({\frac {P}{1{\text{ Torr}}}}\right)=8.07131-{\frac {1730.63\ {}^{\circ }{\text{C}}}{233.426\ {}^{\circ }{\text{C}}+T_{b}}}}
3187:
722:
where T is the temperature in degrees
Celsius. The vapor pressure of a liquid at its boiling point equals the pressure of its surrounding environment.
2674:
743:
2758:
Wagner, W. (1973), "New vapour pressure measurements for argon and nitrogen and a new method for establishing rational vapour pressure equations",
219:
care is taken to ensure that the entire substance and its vapor are both at the prescribed temperature. This is often done, as with the use of an
3007:"SIMPOL.1: a simple group contribution method for predicting vapor pressures and enthalpies of vaporization of multifunctional organic compounds"
2453:
does not require the condensed phase to be a flat surface; it might consist of tiny droplets possibly containing solutes (impurities), such as a
3260:
2941:
3256:
159:. For example, air at sea level, and saturated with water vapor at 20 °C, has partial pressures of about 2.3 kPa of water, 78 kPa of
2577:
1095:
of a solid matches the rate of deposition of its vapor phase. For most solids this pressure is very low, but some notable exceptions are
2802:
2024:
Dühring's rule states that a linear relationship exists between the temperatures at which two solutions exert the same vapor pressure.
3073:"EVAPORATION: a new vapour pressure estimation method for organic molecules including non-additivity and intramolecular interactions"
3191:
2885:
Krieger, Ulrich K.; Siegrist, Franziska; Marcolli, Claudia; Emanuelsson, Eva U.; Gøbel, Freya M.; Bilde, Merete (8 January 2018).
319:
260:
2812:
2742:
2657:
617:
566:
3324:
2972:
2828:
Dreisbach, R. R. & Spencer, R. S. (1949). "Infinite Points of Cox Chart
Families and dt/dP Values at any Pressure".
2707:
3339:
2894:
2434:
in the atmosphere, even if it is not in equilibrium. This differs from its meaning in other sciences. According to the
2887:"A reference data set for validating vapor pressure measurement techniques: homologous series of polyethylene glycols"
155:
The vapor pressure that a single component in a mixture contributes to the total pressure in the system is called its
3349:
1443:
1343:
3334:
2032:
The following table is a list of a variety of substances ordered by increasing vapor pressure (in absolute units).
3216:
3143:
3115:
2435:
129:
733:
gives an approximation to the vapor pressure of mixtures of liquids. It states that the activity (pressure or
1401:
1301:
188:
2484:
over the curved surface of the droplet to be greater than that over a flat water surface" (emphasis added).
2681:
2572:
737:) of a single-phase mixture is equal to the mole-fraction-weighted sum of the components' vapor pressures:
1501:
2884:
116:
2711:
991:
2458:
105:
32:
3292:
3245:
3072:
2886:
128:
The vapor pressure of any substance increases non-linearly with temperature, often described by the
2582:
2557:
2431:
1683:
1604:
1567:
1079:
854:
2903:
2587:
238:
505:
2968:
Thermophysical
Properties Of Fluids II – Methane, Ethane, Propane, Isobutane, And Normal Butane
2473:
2198:
1068:
532:
121:
27:
2732:
2649:
2526:
1092:
234:
227:
3084:
3018:
2907:
2767:
1958:
940:
889:
485:
241:, most of which are liquids at body temperature but have a relatively high vapor pressure.
144:
140:
133:
3286:
3220:
2019:
8:
3183:
3147:
2567:
2552:
2542:
2531:
233:
In a medical context, vapor pressure is sometimes expressed in other units, specifically
3309:
3304:
3088:
3022:
2911:
2771:
2639:
3046:
2933:
2217:
1989:
1541:
1112:
1031:
971:
920:
462:
442:
422:
400:
378:
48:
3344:
2925:
2808:
2779:
2738:
2653:
2642:
2547:
2516:
2446:
2098:
715:
172:
2988:
2937:
1660:
Graph of water vapor pressure versus temperature. At the normal boiling point of 100
3092:
3026:
2915:
2867:
2837:
2775:
2521:
2350:
2136:
1690:
1104:
250:
156:
3298:
2965:
2976:
2871:
2536:
2492:
1648:> 0) and the difference grows with increased distance from the melting point.
730:
710:
192:
3329:
2388:
841:{\displaystyle P_{\rm {tot}}=\sum _{i}Py_{i}=\sum _{i}P_{i}^{\rm {sat}}x_{i}\,}
112:
3119:
1440:
is the extrapolated vapor pressure of the liquid component at the temperature
23:
The microscopic process of evaporation and condensation at the liquid surface.
3318:
3097:
3047:"Vapour pressure of Pure Liquid Organic Compounds: Estimation by EVAPORATION"
2929:
2477:
2369:
1656:
965:
914:
677:
560:
A simpler form of the equation with only two coefficients is sometimes used:
200:
196:
148:
136:
44:
3031:
3006:
1115:
is known, by using this particular form of the
Clausius–Clapeyron relation:
2920:
2562:
2312:
2274:
1559:
1049:
220:
204:
109:
55:
36:
3211:
3209:
2979:(page 110 of PDF, page 686 of original document), BA Younglove and JF Ely.
2423:
1096:
2841:
3206:
682:
40:
3136:
1340:
is the sublimation pressure of the solid component at the temperature
3184:"Relative Humidity & Saturation Vapor Pressure: A Brief Tutorial"
2640:
Petrucci, Ralph H.; Harwood, William S.; Herring, F.Geoffrey (2002).
2408:
1057:
237:. Accurate knowledge of the vapor pressure is important for volatile
51:
2715:
2464:
However, these terms are used inconsistently, and some authors use
2179:
2117:
2079:
734:
479:
are substance-specific coefficients (i.e., constants or parameters)
244:
184:
160:
97:
2675:"Vapor Pressure of Organic Compounds. Measurement and Correlation"
2331:
2236:
1983:
1100:
1088:
80:
19:
2857:
3215:
3142:
3114:
2293:
313:
and it can be transformed into this temperature-explicit form:
164:
3310:
Prediction of Vapor
Pressures of Pure Liquid Organic Compounds
3305:
Online vapor pressure calculation tool (Requires
Registration)
3110:
3108:
2827:
1067:
The negative and positive deviations can be used to determine
2454:
2255:
2155:
226:
Very low vapor pressures of solids can be measured using the
168:
101:
152:
leads to an overpressure in the very small initial bubbles.
3105:
2672:
2007:
1668:
3203:(Alternate title: "Water Vapor Myths: A Brief Tutorial".)
1675:
195:
with the dimension of force per area and designates the
16:
Pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium
1091:, this can be defined as the pressure when the rate of
671:
223:, by submerging the containment area in a liquid bath.
2800:
2791:
Perry's
Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 7th Ed. pp. 4–15
1664:°C, it equals the standard atmospheric pressure of 760
2995:(page 14 of PDF, page 10 of original document), ESDU.
1992:
1961:
1833:
1702:
1607:
1570:
1544:
1504:
1446:
1404:
1346:
1304:
1124:
1034:
994:
974:
943:
923:
892:
857:
746:
620:
569:
535:
508:
488:
465:
445:
425:
403:
381:
322:
263:
2737:(4th ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 331.
1824:
or transformed into this temperature-explicit form:
183:
Vapor pressure is measured in the standard units of
3188:
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
2641:
2449:is defined relative to saturation vapor pressure.
2409:Estimating vapor pressure from molecular structure
1998:
1974:
1944:
1813:
1628:
1591:
1550:
1528:
1488:
1432:
1388:
1332:
1284:
1040:
1020:
980:
956:
929:
905:
878:
840:
686:A log-lin vapor pressure chart for various liquids
653:
600:
548:
521:
494:
471:
451:
431:
409:
387:
361:
302:
3316:
725:
245:Estimating vapor pressures with Antoine equation
3070:
1489:{\displaystyle T_{\rm {sub}}<T_{\rm {fus}}}
1389:{\displaystyle T_{\rm {sub}}<T_{\rm {fus}}}
115:(solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a
3257:New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology
3051:Tropospheric Chemistry Modelling at BIRA-IASB
3004:
395:is the absolute vapor pressure of a substance
199:(Pa) as its standard unit. One pascal is one
2730:
2468:outside the narrow meaning given by the AMS
1071:coefficients of the components of mixtures.
147:and cause the liquid to form vapor bubbles.
2703:
2701:
2578:Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)
171:, totaling 102.2 kPa, making the basis for
2991:Thermophysical Properties Of Nitrous Oxide
1083:Vapor pressure of liquid and solid benzene
3096:
3030:
2919:
2853:
2851:
2673:Růžička, K.; Fulem, M. & Růžička, V.
2417:
1651:
1160:
1128:
837:
362:{\displaystyle T={\frac {B}{A-\log P}}-C}
303:{\displaystyle \log P=A-{\frac {B}{C+T}}}
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
2726:
2724:
2698:
1655:
1078:
681:
178:
61:
26:
18:
3243:
2801:Perry, R.H.; Green, D.W., eds. (1997).
2648:(8th ed.). Prentice Hall. p.
1433:{\displaystyle P_{\rm {l}}^{\rm {sub}}}
1333:{\displaystyle P_{\rm {s}}^{\rm {sub}}}
709:For example, at any given temperature,
654:{\displaystyle T={\frac {B}{A-\log P}}}
601:{\displaystyle \log P=A-{\frac {B}{T}}}
43:sites. This principle is indigenous in
3317:
2848:
2757:
3181:
3164:
3071:Compernolle, S.; et al. (2011).
2721:
2539:: vapor pressure lowering in solution
1641:extrapolated liquid vapor pressure (Δ
2830:Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
2804:Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook
2635:
2633:
1529:{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {fus}}H}
672:Relation to boiling point of liquids
3005:Pankow, J. F.; et al. (2008).
1056:the pure liquid. An example is the
1028:is the vapor pressure of component
692:vapor pressures versus temperatures
417:is the temperature of the substance
13:
2895:Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
1620:
1617:
1614:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1411:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1311:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1167:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1135:
1012:
1009:
1006:
870:
867:
864:
821:
818:
815:
759:
756:
753:
14:
3361:
3280:
2630:
2013:
1636:is the melting point temperature.
1021:{\displaystyle P_{i}^{\rm {sat}}}
988:in the vapor phase respectively.
886:is the mixture's vapor pressure,
3244:Raymond, David J. (2011-05-12).
2734:Chemical Engineering Design]
1982:is the boiling point in degrees
3266:from the original on 2017-03-29
3246:"Chapter 5: Cloud Microphysics"
3237:
3217:American Meteorological Society
3194:from the original on 1998-07-13
3144:American Meteorological Society
3116:American Meteorological Society
3064:
3039:
2998:
2982:
2959:
2947:from the original on 2022-10-09
2878:
2436:American Meteorological Society
2432:partial pressure of water vapor
1599:is the sublimation temperature.
139:of a liquid (also known as the
2821:
2794:
2785:
2751:
2666:
2603:
2503:and the related definition of
718:) of absolute vapor pressure.
191:(SI) recognizes pressure as a
79:experiment. The tube contains
31:If vapor pressure exceeds the
1:
2807:(7th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
2708:What is the Antoine Equation?
2624:
1629:{\displaystyle T_{\rm {fus}}}
1592:{\displaystyle T_{\rm {sub}}}
879:{\displaystyle P_{\rm {tot}}}
726:Liquid mixtures: Raoult's law
611:which can be transformed to:
235:millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
189:International System of Units
173:standard atmospheric pressure
3221:"equilibrium vapor pressure"
2872:10.1016/j.molliq.2008.04.020
2860:Journal of Molecular Liquids
2780:10.1016/0011-2275(73)90003-9
58:tracks when passing through.
7:
3287:Fluid Characteristics Chart
3148:"saturation vapor pressure"
2510:
2466:"saturation vapor pressure"
2027:
130:Clausius–Clapeyron relation
10:
3368:
3325:Engineering thermodynamics
2712:Frostburg State University
2451:Equilibrium vapor pressure
2017:
1681:
675:
522:{\displaystyle \log _{10}}
94:equilibrium vapor pressure
3340:Meteorological quantities
3182:Babin, Steven M. (1998).
2489:saturation vapor pressure
2482:saturation vapor pressure
2472:. For example, a text on
2459:cloud condensation nuclei
2443:saturation vapor pressure
2043:
2040:
2037:
1074:
549:{\displaystyle \log _{e}}
106:thermodynamic equilibrium
33:thermodynamic equilibrium
3350:Thermodynamic properties
3301:, The MSDS HyperGlossary
3098:10.5194/acp-11-9431-2011
2615:see spelling differences
2596:
2583:Vapour pressure of water
2573:Vapor–liquid equilibrium
2558:Saturation vapor density
1684:Vapour pressure of water
937:in the liquid phase and
239:inhalational anesthetics
3335:Meteorological concepts
3225:Glossary of Meteorology
3152:Glossary of Meteorology
3124:Glossary of Meteorology
3032:10.5194/acp-8-2773-2008
2904:Copernicus Publications
2710:(Chemistry Department,
2588:High-pressure chemistry
2487:The still-current term
2439:Glossary of Meteorology
1107:and gas transpiration.
3253:Atmospheric Convection
2921:10.5194/amt-11-49-2018
2474:atmospheric convection
2418:Meaning in meteorology
2199:Methyl isobutyl ketone
2000:
1976:
1955:where the temperature
1946:
1815:
1679:
1652:Boiling point of water
1630:
1593:
1552:
1536:is the heat of fusion.
1530:
1490:
1434:
1390:
1334:
1286:
1084:
1069:thermodynamic activity
1042:
1022:
982:
958:
931:
907:
880:
842:
687:
655:
602:
550:
523:
496:
473:
453:
433:
411:
389:
363:
304:
84:
59:
39:occurs in presence of
24:
2731:Sinnot, R.K. (2005).
2001:
1977:
1975:{\displaystyle T_{b}}
1947:
1816:
1659:
1631:
1594:
1553:
1531:
1491:
1435:
1391:
1335:
1287:
1082:
1043:
1023:
983:
959:
957:{\displaystyle y_{i}}
932:
908:
906:{\displaystyle x_{i}}
881:
843:
685:
676:Further information:
656:
603:
551:
524:
497:
495:{\displaystyle \log }
474:
454:
434:
412:
390:
364:
305:
228:Knudsen effusion cell
179:Measurement and units
74:
30:
22:
2062:Octaethylene glycol
1990:
1959:
1831:
1700:
1605:
1568:
1542:
1502:
1444:
1402:
1344:
1302:
1122:
1032:
992:
972:
941:
921:
890:
855:
744:
618:
567:
533:
506:
502:is typically either
486:
463:
443:
423:
401:
379:
320:
261:
145:atmospheric pressure
141:normal boiling point
134:atmospheric pressure
3089:2011ACP....11.9431C
3023:2008ACP.....8.2773P
2912:2018AMT....11...49K
2842:10.1021/ie50469a040
2772:1973Cryo...13..470W
2568:True vapor pressure
2553:Relative volatility
2543:Reid vapor pressure
2532:Osmotic coefficient
2497:saturation pressure
1429:
1329:
1185:
1153:
1017:
826:
2975:2016-12-21 at the
2218:Iron pentacarbonyl
1996:
1972:
1942:
1811:
1680:
1626:
1589:
1548:
1526:
1486:
1430:
1405:
1386:
1330:
1305:
1282:
1161:
1129:
1085:
1038:
1018:
995:
978:
954:
927:
903:
876:
838:
804:
803:
777:
688:
651:
598:
546:
519:
492:
469:
449:
429:
407:
385:
359:
300:
85:
60:
25:
3289:, Engineer's Edge
3083:(18): 9431–9450.
3077:Atmos. Chem. Phys
3017:(10): 2773–2796.
3011:Atmos. Chem. Phys
2814:978-0-07-049841-9
2744:978-0-7506-6538-4
2659:978-0-13-014329-7
2644:General Chemistry
2548:Relative humidity
2527:Lee–Kesler method
2517:Absolute humidity
2505:relative humidity
2447:Relative humidity
2406:
2405:
1999:{\displaystyle P}
1986:and the pressure
1940:
1927:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1868:
1855:
1809:
1793:
1780:
1771:
1758:
1735:
1732:
1551:{\displaystyle R}
1275:
1247:
1217:
1041:{\displaystyle i}
981:{\displaystyle i}
930:{\displaystyle i}
794:
768:
649:
596:
472:{\displaystyle C}
452:{\displaystyle B}
432:{\displaystyle A}
410:{\displaystyle T}
388:{\displaystyle P}
351:
298:
254:the equation is:
207:(N·m or kg·m·s).
72:
3357:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3250:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3213:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3179:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3120:"vapor pressure"
3112:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3002:
2996:
2986:
2980:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2923:
2891:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2728:
2719:
2705:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2686:
2680:. Archived from
2679:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2647:
2637:
2618:
2607:
2522:Antoine equation
2351:Carbonyl sulfide
2137:Xenon difluoride
2035:
2034:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1691:Antoine equation
1674:
1667:
1663:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1415:
1414:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1315:
1314:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1171:
1170:
1152:
1151:
1139:
1138:
1105:thermogravimetry
1047:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1003:
987:
985:
984:
979:
963:
961:
960:
955:
953:
952:
936:
934:
933:
928:
912:
910:
909:
904:
902:
901:
885:
883:
882:
877:
875:
874:
873:
847:
845:
844:
839:
836:
835:
825:
824:
812:
802:
790:
789:
776:
764:
763:
762:
705:
702:kPa, or 14.69595
701:
697:
660:
658:
657:
652:
650:
648:
628:
607:
605:
604:
599:
597:
589:
556:
555:
553:
552:
547:
545:
544:
528:
526:
525:
520:
518:
517:
501:
499:
498:
493:
478:
476:
475:
470:
458:
456:
455:
450:
438:
436:
435:
430:
416:
414:
413:
408:
394:
392:
391:
386:
368:
366:
365:
360:
352:
350:
330:
309:
307:
306:
301:
299:
297:
283:
251:Antoine equation
217:
216:
157:partial pressure
77:pistol test tube
73:
3367:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3315:
3314:
3283:
3278:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3248:
3242:
3238:
3229:
3227:
3214:
3207:
3197:
3195:
3180:
3165:
3156:
3154:
3141:
3137:
3128:
3126:
3113:
3106:
3069:
3065:
3056:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3003:
2999:
2987:
2983:
2977:Wayback Machine
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2856:
2849:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2729:
2722:
2706:
2699:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2638:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2611:vapour pressure
2608:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2513:
2501:supersaturation
2420:
2411:
2161:
2045:
2041:Vapor pressure
2030:
2022:
2016:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1686:
1672:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1644:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1077:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1005:
1004:
999:
993:
990:
989:
973:
970:
969:
948:
944:
942:
939:
938:
922:
919:
918:
897:
893:
891:
888:
887:
863:
862:
858:
856:
853:
852:
831:
827:
814:
813:
808:
798:
785:
781:
772:
752:
751:
747:
745:
742:
741:
728:
711:methyl chloride
703:
699:
695:
680:
674:
632:
627:
619:
616:
615:
588:
568:
565:
564:
540:
536:
534:
531:
530:
513:
509:
507:
504:
503:
487:
484:
483:
482:
464:
461:
460:
444:
441:
440:
424:
421:
420:
402:
399:
398:
380:
377:
376:
334:
329:
321:
318:
317:
287:
282:
262:
259:
258:
247:
214:
212:
181:
167:and 0.9 kPa of
62:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3365:
3364:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3299:Vapor Pressure
3296:
3295:, Hyperphysics
3293:Vapor Pressure
3290:
3282:
3281:External links
3279:
3277:
3276:
3259:. p. 73.
3236:
3205:
3163:
3135:
3104:
3063:
3053:. 11 June 2014
3038:
2997:
2981:
2958:
2877:
2847:
2820:
2813:
2793:
2784:
2766:(8): 470–482,
2750:
2743:
2720:
2697:
2665:
2658:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2428:vapor pressure
2419:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2389:Carbon dioxide
2385:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2029:
2026:
2020:Dühring's rule
2018:Main article:
2015:
2014:Dühring's rule
2012:
1995:
1969:
1965:
1953:
1952:
1934:
1924:
1921:
1914:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1862:
1852:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1822:
1821:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1777:
1765:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1682:Main article:
1653:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1600:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1563:
1547:
1537:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1497:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1397:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1293:
1292:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1113:heat of fusion
1076:
1073:
1037:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1002:
998:
977:
951:
947:
926:
900:
896:
872:
869:
866:
861:
849:
848:
834:
830:
823:
820:
817:
811:
807:
801:
797:
793:
788:
784:
780:
775:
771:
767:
761:
758:
755:
750:
727:
724:
673:
670:
662:
661:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
631:
626:
623:
609:
608:
595:
592:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
558:
557:
543:
539:
516:
512:
491:
480:
468:
448:
428:
418:
406:
396:
384:
370:
369:
358:
355:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
333:
328:
325:
311:
310:
296:
293:
290:
286:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
246:
243:
180:
177:
90:Vapor pressure
45:cloud chambers
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3363:
3362:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2962:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2852:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2797:
2788:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2687:on 2010-12-26
2683:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2636:
2634:
2629:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2478:Kelvin effect
2476:states, "The
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2370:Nitrous oxide
2368:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2036:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
1993:
1985:
1967:
1963:
1932:
1922:
1919:
1912:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1860:
1850:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1763:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1670:
1658:
1649:
1647:
1609:
1601:
1572:
1564:
1561:
1545:
1538:
1523:
1498:
1469:
1465:
1448:
1406:
1398:
1369:
1365:
1348:
1306:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1278:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1186:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1050:London forces
1035:
1000:
996:
975:
968:of component
967:
966:mole fraction
949:
945:
924:
917:of component
916:
915:mole fraction
898:
894:
859:
832:
828:
809:
805:
799:
795:
791:
786:
782:
778:
773:
769:
765:
748:
740:
739:
738:
736:
732:
723:
719:
717:
712:
707:
698:Torr, 101.325
693:
684:
679:
678:Boiling point
669:
666:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
629:
624:
621:
614:
613:
612:
593:
590:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
563:
562:
561:
541:
537:
514:
510:
489:
481:
466:
446:
426:
419:
404:
397:
382:
375:
374:
373:
356:
353:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
331:
326:
323:
316:
315:
314:
294:
291:
288:
284:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
257:
256:
255:
252:
242:
240:
236:
231:
229:
224:
222:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
137:boiling point
135:
131:
126:
124:
123:
118:
117:closed system
114:
111:
107:
103:
100:exerted by a
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
78:
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
21:
3268:. Retrieved
3252:
3239:
3228:. Retrieved
3224:
3196:. Retrieved
3155:. Retrieved
3151:
3138:
3127:. Retrieved
3123:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3055:. Retrieved
3050:
3041:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2990:
2984:
2967:
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2899:
2893:
2880:
2863:
2859:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2803:
2796:
2787:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2733:
2689:. Retrieved
2682:the original
2668:
2643:
2610:
2605:
2592:
2563:Triple point
2537:Raoult's law
2504:
2500:
2496:
2493:Dalton's law
2488:
2486:
2481:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2427:
2421:
2412:
2313:Formaldehyde
2275:Acetaldehyde
2031:
2023:
1954:
1823:
1687:
1645:
1639:
1560:gas constant
1294:
1109:
1086:
1066:
1062:
1054:
850:
731:Raoult's law
729:
720:
708:
691:
689:
667:
663:
610:
559:
371:
312:
248:
232:
225:
221:isoteniscope
209:
205:square meter
193:derived unit
182:
163:, 21 kPa of
154:
127:
120:
93:
89:
88:
86:
76:
56:condensation
37:condensation
2613:in the UK;
2480:causes the
2426:, the term
2424:meteorology
2044:Temperature
1097:naphthalene
1093:sublimation
3319:Categories
3270:2022-11-28
3230:2022-11-28
3198:2022-11-28
3157:2022-11-28
3129:2022-11-28
3057:2018-11-26
2836:(1): 176.
2760:Cryogenics
2691:2009-10-18
2625:References
2430:means the
2414:effects).
2374:5.660 MPa
2355:1.255 MPa
2336:997.8 kPa
2317:435.7 kPa
2065:9.2×10 Pa
2038:Substance
1906: Torr
1731: Torr
1671:or 101.325
41:nucleation
2930:1867-1381
2906:: 49–63.
2866:: 52–63.
2279:98.7 kPa
2260:37.9 kPa
2256:Freon 113
2241:5.83 kPa
2222:2.80 kPa
2203:2.66 kPa
2087:0.000004
1933:∘
1920:−
1889:
1876:−
1861:∘
1786:∘
1764:∘
1748:−
1714:
1507:Δ
1250:−
1194:Δ
1187:−
1058:azeotrope
796:∑
770:∑
643:
637:−
586:−
574:
354:−
345:
339:−
280:−
268:
110:condensed
108:with its
52:particles
3345:Pressure
3261:Archived
3219:(2012).
3192:Archived
3146:(2020).
3118:(2012).
2973:Archived
2942:Archived
2938:41910898
2716:Maryland
2609:Spelled
2511:See also
2470:Glossary
2393:5.7 MPa
2298:220 kPa
2184:2.4 kPa
2180:Propanol
2165:2.3 kPa
2125:0.00001
2118:Tungsten
2106:0.00001
2080:Glycerol
2028:Examples
735:fugacity
230:method.
185:pressure
161:nitrogen
122:volatile
98:pressure
47:, where
3085:Bibcode
3019:Bibcode
2951:7 April
2908:Bibcode
2768:Bibcode
2332:Propane
2244:0.0583
2237:Ethanol
2206:0.0266
2141:600 Pa
2128:0.0075
2109:0.0075
2099:Mercury
2084:0.4 Pa
2071:6.9×10
2068:9.2×10
2057:(mmHg)
1984:Celsius
1923:233.426
1873:8.07131
1851:1730.63
1776:233.426
1754:1730.63
1745:8.07131
1558:is the
1295:where:
1101:dry ice
1089:crystal
964:is the
913:is the
372:where:
96:is the
81:alcohol
49:ionized
35:value,
2936:
2928:
2811:
2741:
2656:
2399:42753
2380:42453
2377:56.60
2358:12.55
2345:26.85
2339:9.978
2320:4.357
2294:Butane
2282:0.987
2263:0.379
2225:0.028
2209:19.95
2187:0.024
2168:0.023
2144:0.006
2112:41.85
2090:0.003
2074:89.85
2054:(bar)
2006:is in
1926:
1854:
1779:
1757:
1673:
1666:
1662:
1075:Solids
851:where
704:
700:
696:
201:newton
197:pascal
187:. The
165:oxygen
149:Bubble
132:. The
113:phases
3330:Gases
3264:(PDF)
3249:(PDF)
2945:(PDF)
2934:S2CID
2902:(1).
2890:(PDF)
2685:(PDF)
2678:(PDF)
2597:Notes
2455:cloud
2361:9412
2342:7584
2323:3268
2304:1650
2247:43.7
2190:18.0
2171:17.5
2156:Water
2147:4.50
2131:3203
2122:1 Pa
2103:1 Pa
2051:(Pa)
2046:(°C)
706:psi.
169:argon
102:vapor
54:form
2953:2022
2926:ISSN
2809:ISBN
2739:ISBN
2654:ISBN
2499:and
2301:2.2
2285:740
2266:284
2008:torr
1669:torr
1466:<
1366:<
459:and
249:The
203:per
75:The
3093:doi
3027:doi
2916:doi
2868:doi
2864:143
2838:doi
2776:doi
2650:484
2422:In
2402:20
2396:57
2383:25
2364:25
2326:20
2307:20
2288:20
2269:20
2250:20
2231:20
2228:21
2212:25
2193:20
2174:20
2162:O)
2150:25
2093:50
1880:log
1705:log
1676:kPa
1643:fus
1052:).
716:atm
640:log
571:log
538:log
529:or
511:log
490:log
342:log
265:log
215:kPa
104:in
92:or
3321::
3255:.
3251:.
3223:.
3208:^
3190:.
3186:.
3166:^
3150:.
3122:.
3107:^
3091:.
3081:11
3079:.
3075:.
3049:.
3025:.
3013:.
3009:.
2940:.
2932:.
2924:.
2914:.
2900:11
2898:.
2892:.
2862:.
2850:^
2834:41
2832:.
2774:,
2764:13
2762:,
2723:^
2714:,
2700:^
2652:.
2632:^
2507:.
2461:.
2441:,
2158:(H
2010:.
1884:10
1709:10
1693::
1158:ln
1126:ln
1099:,
515:10
439:,
175:.
3273:.
3233:.
3201:.
3160:.
3132:.
3101:.
3095::
3087::
3060:.
3035:.
3029::
3021::
3015:8
2993:"
2989:"
2970:"
2966:"
2955:.
2918::
2910::
2874:.
2870::
2844:.
2840::
2817:.
2778::
2770::
2747:.
2718:)
2694:.
2662:.
2617:.
2160:2
1994:P
1968:b
1964:T
1939:C
1913:)
1902:1
1898:P
1893:(
1867:C
1845:=
1840:b
1836:T
1804:b
1800:T
1796:+
1792:C
1770:C
1742:=
1738:)
1727:1
1723:P
1718:(
1678:.
1646:H
1621:s
1618:u
1615:f
1610:T
1584:b
1581:u
1578:s
1573:T
1562:.
1546:R
1524:H
1518:s
1515:u
1512:f
1496:.
1481:s
1478:u
1475:f
1470:T
1460:b
1457:u
1454:s
1449:T
1425:b
1422:u
1419:s
1412:l
1407:P
1396:.
1381:s
1378:u
1375:f
1370:T
1360:b
1357:u
1354:s
1349:T
1325:b
1322:u
1319:s
1312:s
1307:P
1279:)
1270:s
1267:u
1264:f
1259:T
1255:1
1242:b
1239:u
1236:s
1231:T
1227:1
1221:(
1215:R
1211:H
1205:s
1202:u
1199:f
1181:b
1178:u
1175:s
1168:l
1163:P
1155:=
1149:b
1146:u
1143:s
1136:s
1131:P
1036:i
1013:t
1010:a
1007:s
1001:i
997:P
976:i
950:i
946:y
925:i
899:i
895:x
871:t
868:o
865:t
860:P
833:i
829:x
822:t
819:a
816:s
810:i
806:P
800:i
792:=
787:i
783:y
779:P
774:i
766:=
760:t
757:o
754:t
749:P
714:(
646:P
634:A
630:B
625:=
622:T
594:T
591:B
583:A
580:=
577:P
542:e
467:C
447:B
427:A
405:T
383:P
357:C
348:P
336:A
332:B
327:=
324:T
295:T
292:+
289:C
285:B
277:A
274:=
271:P
213:1
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
