1152:
587:
909:), and especially when produced or purified in a laboratory or an industrial process. In other words, the chemical substances of which fruits and vegetables, for example, are naturally composed even when growing wild are not called "chemicals" in general usage. In countries that require a list of ingredients in products, the "chemicals" listed are industrially produced "chemical substances". The word "chemical" is also often used to refer to addictive, narcotic, or mind-altering drugs.
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chemicals. The required purity and analysis depends on the application, but higher tolerance of impurities is usually expected in the production of bulk chemicals. Thus, the user of the chemical in the US might choose between the bulk or "technical grade" with higher amounts of impurities or a much purer "pharmaceutical grade" (labeled "USP",
258:. Broader definitions of chemicals or chemical substances can be found, for example: "the term 'chemical substance' means any organic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity, including – (i) any combination of such substances occurring in whole or in part as a result of a chemical reaction or occurring in nature".
936:
of a chemical includes not only its synthesis but also its purification to eliminate by-products and impurities involved in the synthesis. The last step in production should be the analysis of batch lots of chemicals in order to identify and quantify the percentages of impurities for the buyer of the
689:
keeps the substance together without a covalent or ionic bond. Coordination complexes are distinct substances with distinct properties different from a simple mixture. Typically these have a metal, such as a copper ion, in the center and a nonmetals atom, such as the nitrogen in an ammonia molecule
1238:
where the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products, leading to the insight that the relations among quantities of reactants and products typically form a ratio of positive integers. This means that if the amounts of the separate reactants are known, then the amount of the
931:
The cause of the difference in production volume is the complexity of the molecular structure of the chemical. Bulk chemicals are usually much less complex. While fine chemicals may be more complex, many of them are simple enough to be sold as "building blocks" in the synthesis of more complex
1013:
by professional chemists around the world. An enormous number of chemical compounds are possible through the chemical combination of the known chemical elements. As of Feb 2021, about "177 million organic and inorganic substances" (including 68 million defined-sequence biopolymers) are in the
314:
defines "monoconstituent substances", "multiconstituent substances" and "substances of unknown or variable composition". The latter two consist of multiple chemical substances; however, their identity can be established either by direct chemical analysis or reference to a single manufacturing
1292:. Stoichiometry measures these quantitative relationships, and is used to determine the amount of products and reactants that are produced or needed in a given reaction. Describing the quantitative relationships among substances as they participate in chemical reactions is known as
843:
are both chemical elements, and they can be mixed together in any ratio to form a yellow-grey mixture. No chemical process occurs, and the material can be identified as a mixture by the fact that the sulfur and the iron can be separated by a mechanical process, such as using a
1014:
scientific literature and registered in public databases. The names of many of these compounds are often nontrivial and hence not very easy to remember or cite accurately. Also, it is difficult to keep track of them in the literature. Several international organizations like
760:
are an exception: the isomerization occurs spontaneously in ordinary conditions, such that a pure substance cannot be isolated into its tautomers, even if these can be identified spectroscopically or even isolated in special conditions. A common example is
319:
is an extremely complex, partially polymeric mixture that can be defined by its manufacturing process. Therefore, although the exact chemical identity is unknown, identification can be made with a sufficient accuracy. The CAS index also includes mixtures.
400:, the concept was defined as is found in most chemistry textbooks. However, there are some controversies regarding this definition mainly because the large number of chemical substances reported in chemistry literature need to be indexed.
422:– that atoms have rigid three-dimensional structure and can thus form isomers that differ only in their three-dimensional arrangement – was another crucial step in understanding the concept of distinct chemical substances. For example,
1467:
926:
Research chemicals are produced individually for research, such as when searching for synthetic routes or screening substances for pharmaceutical activity. In effect, their price per gram is very high, although they are not
218:
In addition to the generic definition offered above, there are several niche fields where the term "chemical substance" may take alternate usages that are widely accepted, some of which are outlined in the sections below.
941:). "Chemicals" in the commercial and legal sense may also include mixtures of highly variable composition, as they are products made to a technical specification instead of particular chemical substances. For example,
331:
almost always appear as mixtures of molecules of multiple molar masses, each of which could be considered a separate chemical substance. However, the polymer may be defined by a known precursor or reaction(s) and the
478:
is a chemical substance made up of a particular kind of atom and hence cannot be broken down or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different element, though it can be transmuted into another element through a
1408:
807:
All matter consists of various elements and chemical compounds, but these are often intimately mixed together. Mixtures contain more than one chemical substance, and they do not have a fixed composition.
1239:
product can be calculated. Conversely, if one reactant has a known quantity and the quantity of the products can be empirically determined, then the amount of the other reactants can also be calculated.
945:
is not a single chemical compound or even a particular mixture: different gasolines can have very different chemical compositions, as "gasoline" is primarily defined through source, properties and
380:. He deduced that, "All samples of a compound have the same composition; that is, all samples have the same proportions, by mass, of the elements present in the compound." This is now known as the
1668:
311:
1760:
923:
Fine chemicals are produced at a high cost in small quantities for special low-volume applications such as biocides, pharmaceuticals and speciality chemicals for technical applications.
1493:
871:, and the two elements cannot be separated using normal mechanical processes; a magnet will be unable to recover the iron, since there is no metallic iron present in the compound.
702:
O. The metal is known as a "metal center" and the substance that coordinates to the center is called a "ligand". However, the center does not need to be a metal, as exemplified by
863:, with chemical formula FeS. The resulting compound has all the properties of a chemical substance and is not a mixture. Iron(II) sulfide has its own distinct properties such as
254:, which violate the requirement for constant composition. For these substances, it may be difficult to draw the line between a mixture and a compound, as in the case of
1018:
and CAS have initiated steps to make such tasks easier. CAS provides the abstracting services of the chemical literature, and provides a numerical identifier, known as
1296:. In the example above, reaction stoichiometry measures the relationship between the quantities of methane and oxygen that react to form carbon dioxide and water.
410:
have exactly the same composition, but differ in configuration (arrangement) of the atoms. For example, there was much speculation about the chemical identity of
1307:, the ratios that are arrived at by stoichiometry can be used to determine quantities by weight in a reaction described by a balanced equation. This is called
1630:
1525:
1035:
729:. Isomers usually have substantially different chemical properties, and often may be isolated without spontaneously interconverting. A common example is
1437:
718:, but non-metallic boron center takes the role of the "metal". If the ligand bonds to the metal center with multiple atoms, the complex is called a
1009:
of the compound. There has been a phenomenal growth in the number of chemical compounds being synthesized (or isolated), and then reported in the
912:
Within the chemical industry, manufactured "chemicals" are chemical substances, which can be classified by production volume into bulk chemicals,
306:
In law, "chemical substances" may include both pure substances and mixtures with a defined composition or manufacturing process. For example, the
1870:
1034:
and is popularly known as the
Chemical substances index. Other computer-friendly systems that have been developed for substance information are:
750:
1764:
725:
In organic chemistry, there can be more than one chemical compound with the same composition and molecular weight. Generally, these are called
162:
near 100 °C (212 °F), an example of one of the characteristic properties that define it. Other notable chemical substances include
1971:
972:
Many compounds are also known by their more common, simpler names, many of which predate the systematic name. For example, the long-known
1976:
920:
Bulk chemicals are produced in very large quantities, usually with highly optimized continuous processes and to a relatively low price.
593:
is a compound of potassium, iron, carbon and nitrogen; although it contains cyanide anions, it does not release them and is nontoxic.
1786:
765:, which has open-chain and ring forms. One cannot manufacture pure open-chain glucose because glucose spontaneously cyclizes to the
1721:
1697:
1954:
851:
In contrast, if iron and sulfur are heated together in a certain ratio (1 atom of iron for each atom of sulfur, or by weight, 56
1545:
1316:
deals with reactions involving gases, where the gases are at a known temperature, pressure, and volume and can be assumed to be
214:) in different solvents, under visible and UV light, showing how the chemical interacts dynamically with its solvent environment
1998:
1367:
1743:
2010:
1949:
1842:
859:) of iron to 32 grams (1 mol) of sulfur), a chemical reaction takes place and a new substance is formed, the compound
1863:
77:. If a mixture is separated to isolate one chemical substance to a desired degree, the resulting substance is said to be
1787:"Coping with the Growth of Chemical Knowledge: Challenges for Chemistry Documentation, Education, and Working Chemists"
1503:
1418:
1074:
1039:
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used for isolation and purification of elements and compounds from chemicals that led to the establishment of modern
1627:
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1856:
1522:
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of a "chemical substance" became firmly established in the late eighteenth century after work by the chemist
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1901:
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are common examples of mixtures. Sometimes, mixtures can be separated into their component substances by
608:
381:
247:
498:
As of 2019, there are 118 known elements, about 80 of which are stable – that is, they do not change by
2837:
2791:
2340:
2311:
2291:
2244:
1592:"Rock | Definition, Characteristics, Formation, Cycle, Classification, Types, & Facts | Britannica"
966:
938:
703:
227:
415:
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is an alkali aluminum silicate, where the alkali metal is interchangeably either sodium or potassium.
1929:
604:
31:
1658:
The boundary between metalloids and non-metals is imprecise, as explained in the previous reference.
2684:
2600:
2239:
991:
is the more common name for the chemical compound (S)-6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid.
17:
290:, such that a single rock is a uniform substance despite being a mixture in stoichiometric terms.
2622:
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is used in general usage to refer to both (pure) chemical substances and mixtures (often called
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377:
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1939:
1010:
242:, referencing them in the chemical substances index allows CAS to offer specific guidance on
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Steam and liquid water are two different forms of the same pure chemical substance, water.
8:
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124:. Some chemical substances can be combined or converted into new substances by means of
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1993:
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into other elements. Some elements can occur as more than a single chemical substance (
385:
1649:, 4th ed., pp 45–46, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2005.
1022:
to each chemical substance that has been reported in the chemical literature (such as
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or oxygen in water in a water molecule, forms a dative bond to the metal center, e.g.
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483:. This is because all of the atoms in a sample of an element have the same number of
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A chemical compound is a chemical substance that is composed of a particular set of
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is an example of a chemical substance, with a constant composition of two hydrogen
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392:; the discovery of many more chemical elements and new techniques in the realm of
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2005:
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562:. Non-metals lack the metallic properties described above, they also have a high
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1410:
Necessary Beings: An Essay on
Ontology, Modality, and the Relations Between Them
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sometimes resemble metals and sometimes resemble non-metals, and are known as
344:- repeating units, and is generally sold in several molar mass distributions,
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2020:
1446:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
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1618:, 4th ed., p37, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2005.
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of uncertain composition within their chemical substance index. While an
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of the reactants and products. In practice, because of the existence of
1324:, but the mass ratio of a single reaction has to be calculated from the
1130:(where a sample often contains numerous chemical substances) or after a
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Native sulfur crystals. Sulfur occurs naturally as elemental sulfur, in
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1242:
This is illustrated in the image here, where the balanced equation is:
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629:. All compounds are substances, but not all substances are compounds.
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2015:
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129:
37:
648:. Compounds based primarily on carbon and hydrogen atoms are called
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988:
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is now systematically named 6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol.
942:
757:
738:
734:
656:. Compounds containing bonds between carbon and a metal are called
637:
551:
538:. Metals typically conduct electricity and heat well, and they are
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121:
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270:, inorganic solid substances of uniform composition are known as
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are also given simpler names, for example the mild pain-killer
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Isolation, purification, characterization, and identification
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621:. Two or more elements combined into one substance through a
519:
511:
235:
231:
93:
69:. If two or more chemical substances can be combined without
1645:
Hill, J. W.; Petrucci, R. H.; McCreary, T. W.; Perry, S. S.
1614:
Hill, J. W.; Petrucci, R. H.; McCreary, T. W.; Perry, S. S.
128:. Chemicals that do not possess this ability are said to be
84:
Chemical substances can exist in several different physical
2730:
1495:
The
Processes of Life: An Introduction to Molecular Biology
1211:
1190:
852:
817:
813:
796:
663:
Compounds in which components share electrons are known as
614:
535:
527:
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on the composition of some pure chemical compounds such as
353:
349:
345:
140:
1196:
108:) without changing their chemical composition. Substances
2740:
1320:. For gases, the volume ratio is ideally the same by the
1202:
668:
618:
567:
506:). For instance, oxygen exists as both diatomic oxygen (O
101:
932:
molecules targeted for single use, as named above. The
874:
1288:. This particular chemical equation is an example of
667:
compounds. Compounds consisting of oppositely charged
406:
caused much consternation to early researchers, since
1187:
1178:
1175:
1134:(which often gives mixtures of chemical substances).
1344:
1208:
1205:
1181:
897:
is a precise technical term that is synonymous with
61:. Chemical substances may take the form of a single
1199:
1193:
1122:Often a pure substance needs to be isolated from a
787:Cranberry glass, while appearing homogeneous, is a
1639:
286:. Many minerals, however, mutually dissolve into
274:. When two or more minerals are combined to form
2829:
1542:"What is the TSCA Chemical Substance Inventory?"
1336:are used instead in calculating the mass ratio.
1046:Identification of a typical chemical substance
414:, until the correct structure was described by
30:"Chemical" redirects here. For other uses, see
518:). The majority of elements are classified as
1864:
1608:
1219:) is the relationship between the weights of
772:
154:of hydrogen to oxygen is always 2:1 in every
1784:
883:Chemicals in graduated cylinders and beaker
384:. Later with the advancement of methods for
1763:. Nicnas.gov.au. 2005-06-01. Archived from
1712:
1710:
1523:Appendix IV: Chemical Substance Index Names
522:. These are elements with a characteristic
1871:
1857:
1299:Because of the well known relationship of
848:to attract the iron away from the sulfur.
1878:
1567:"Mineral | Types & Uses | Britannica"
957:Every chemical substance has one or more
644:in which atoms, molecules or ions form a
1707:
1150:
878:
782:
745:. Their interconversion requires either
632:A chemical compound can be either atoms
585:
441:
205:
36:
1669:"1.16: Methods for Separating Mixtures"
965:. An alternative system is used by the
340:is a mixture of very long chains of -CH
14:
2830:
1544:. US Environmental Protection Agency.
1491:
1368:Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures
952:
916:and chemicals found in research only:
803:nm in diameter, giving it a red color.
426:has three distinct isomers, a pair of
222:
1852:
1789:. Rz.uni-karlsruhe.de. Archived from
1736:
1734:
1030:). This information is compiled as a
581:
2786:
1812:"Chemical Abstracts substance count"
1406:
875:Chemicals versus chemical substances
546:. Around 14 to 21 elements, such as
437:
323:
2810:
1468:"2.1: Pure Substances and Mixtures"
238:could be more closely defined as a
24:
1741:Random House Unabridged Dictionary
1731:
1492:Hunter, Lawrence E. (2012-01-13).
1443:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
1100:
430:with one diastereomer forming two
158:of water. Pure water will tend to
25:
2859:
1830:
1040:International Chemical Identifier
961:, usually named according to the
2809:
2797:
2785:
2774:
2773:
1836:
1512:from the original on 2018-01-13.
1427:from the original on 2018-01-13.
1347:
1234:Stoichiometry is founded on the
1171:
1155:A stoichiometric diagram of the
1143:This section is an excerpt from
228:Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)
1804:
1778:
1753:
1686:
1661:
1652:
1621:
1548:from the original on 2009-06-05
487:, though they may be different
146:to a single oxygen atom (i.e. H
1584:
1559:
1534:
1516:
1485:
1460:
1431:
1400:
1227:before, during, and following
1137:
250:are another special case from
201:
13:
1:
2138:Interface and colloid science
1892:Glossary of chemical formulae
1728:in Oxford Online Dictionaries
1704:in Oxford Online Dictionaries
1393:
1280:gas to yield one molecule of
1276:reacts with two molecules of
692:tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate
388:particularly in the realm of
210:Colors of a single chemical (
1378:Dedicated bio-based chemical
652:, and all others are called
491:, with differing numbers of
248:Non-stoichiometric compounds
7:
2415:Bioorganometallic chemistry
1902:List of inorganic compounds
1628:Law of Definite Proportions
1373:Prices of chemical elements
1340:
1236:law of conservation of mass
1111:1/C2H6O/c1-2-3/h3H,2H2,1H3
839:Grey iron metal and yellow
609:List of inorganic compounds
570:. Certain elements such as
382:law of constant composition
73:, they may form a chemical
10:
2864:
2341:Dynamic covalent chemistry
2312:Enantioselective synthesis
2292:Physical organic chemistry
2245:Organolanthanide chemistry
1633:November 18, 2007, at the
1142:
967:Chemical Abstracts Service
939:United States Pharmacopeia
886:
776:
773:Substances versus mixtures
704:boron trifluoride etherate
602:
596:
467:
461:
363:
261:
116:in response to changes in
29:
2769:
2672:
2433:
2349:
2270:
2220:
2096:
2039:
1930:Electroanalytical methods
1915:
1887:
1309:composition stoichiometry
605:List of organic compounds
32:Chemical (disambiguation)
2685:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2601:Supramolecular chemistry
2240:Organometallic chemistry
1407:Hale, Bob (2013-09-19).
658:organometallic compounds
418:. Likewise, the idea of
2623:Combinatorial chemistry
2534:Food physical chemistry
2497:Environmental chemistry
2381:Bioorthogonal chemistry
2307:Retrosynthetic analysis
2128:Chemical thermodynamics
2111:Spectroelectrochemistry
2054:Computational chemistry
1456:10.1351/goldbook.C01039
901:for chemists, the word
566:and a tendency to form
416:Friedrich August Kekulé
334:molar mass distribution
282:), they are defined as
246:of alloy compositions.
166:(a form of the element
2695:of element discoveries
2541:Agricultural chemistry
2529:Carbohydrate chemistry
2420:Bioinorganic chemistry
2285:Alkane stereochemistry
2230:Coordination chemistry
2059:Mathematical chemistry
1925:Instrumental chemistry
1294:reaction stoichiometry
1163:
1105:
963:IUPAC rules for naming
884:
804:
685:are compounds where a
683:Coordination complexes
594:
591:Potassium ferricyanide
459:
378:basic copper carbonate
315:process. For example,
301:
294:are a common example:
215:
42:
2690:Timeline of chemistry
2587:Post-mortem chemistry
2572:Clandestine chemistry
2502:Atmospheric chemistry
2425:Biophysical chemistry
2257:Solid-state chemistry
2207:Equilibrium chemistry
2116:Photoelectrochemistry
1284:and two molecules of
1154:
1126:, for example from a
1104:
1011:scientific literature
882:
799:particles of about 40
786:
589:
445:
209:
40:
2848:Artificial materials
2680:History of chemistry
2635:Chemical engineering
2410:Bioorganic chemistry
2160:Structural chemistry
1897:List of biomolecules
1845:at Wikimedia Commons
1761:"What is a chemical"
1673:Chemistry LibreTexts
1472:Chemistry LibreTexts
997:frequently refer to
558:, are classified as
394:analytical chemistry
55:chemical composition
49:is a unique form of
2843:Chemical substances
2703:The central science
2657:Ceramic engineering
2582:Forensic toxicology
2555:Chemistry education
2453:Radiation chemistry
2435:Interdisciplinarity
2388:Medicinal chemistry
2326:Fullerene chemistry
2202:Microwave chemistry
2071:Molecular mechanics
2066:Molecular modelling
1843:Chemical substances
1290:complete combustion
1070:CAS registry number
1047:
1020:CAS registry number
1007:molecular structure
953:Naming and indexing
824:processes, such as
751:acid-base catalysis
737:. The former is an
714:, where the highly
654:inorganic compounds
646:crystalline lattice
252:inorganic chemistry
223:Inorganic chemistry
57:and characteristic
2746:Chemical substance
2608:Chemical synthesis
2577:Forensic chemistry
2458:Actinide chemistry
2400:Clinical chemistry
2081:Molecular geometry
2076:Molecular dynamics
2031:Elemental analysis
1984:Separation process
1785:Joachim Schummer.
1746:2017-11-07 at the
1724:2017-11-07 at the
1700:2017-11-07 at the
1596:www.britannica.com
1571:www.britannica.com
1528:2007-12-03 at the
1448:Chemical Substance
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1164:
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1045:
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582:Chemical compounds
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386:chemical synthesis
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126:chemical reactions
67:chemical compounds
47:chemical substance
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2838:General chemistry
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2761:Quantum mechanics
2726:Chemical compound
2709:Chemical reaction
2647:Materials science
2565:General chemistry
2560:Amateur chemistry
2488:Photogeochemistry
2473:Stellar chemistry
2443:Nuclear chemistry
2364:Molecular biology
2331:Polymer chemistry
2302:Organic synthesis
2297:Organic reactions
2262:Ceramic chemistry
2252:Cluster chemistry
2182:Chemical kinetics
2170:Molecular physics
2049:Quantum chemistry
1962:Mass spectrometry
1841:Media related to
1647:General Chemistry
1616:General Chemistry
1388:Research chemical
1314:Gas stoichiometry
1132:chemical reaction
1115:
1114:
1003:chemical formulae
650:organic compounds
627:chemical compound
623:chemical reaction
599:Chemical compound
564:electronegativity
500:radioactive decay
438:Chemical elements
390:organic chemistry
324:Polymer chemistry
256:palladium hydride
16:(Redirected from
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2011:Characterization
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470:List of elements
464:Chemical element
456:hydrogen sulfide
454:minerals and in
266:In the field of
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2369:Cell biology
2359:Biochemistry
2187:Spectroscopy
2086:VSEPR theory
1935:Spectroscopy
1879:Branches of
1816:. Retrieved
1806:
1795:. Retrieved
1791:the original
1780:
1769:. Retrieved
1765:the original
1755:
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1693:
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1677:. Retrieved
1675:. 2019-09-19
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1599:. Retrieved
1595:
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1575:. Retrieved
1573:. 2023-12-22
1570:
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1487:
1476:. Retrieved
1474:. 2017-03-15
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806:
788:
755:
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716:Lewis acidic
681:
662:
636:together in
631:
612:
497:
473:
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367:
338:polyethylene
327:
305:
296:anorthoclase
265:
226:
217:
152:atomic ratio
134:
83:
46:
44:
2816:WikiProject
2041:Theoretical
2026:Calorimetry
1318:ideal gases
1138:Measurement
1081:Alcohol, or
1051:Common name
834:evaporation
687:dative bond
432:enantiomers
310:regulation
202:Definitions
118:temperature
2832:Categories
2652:Metallurgy
2351:Biological
1917:Analytical
1797:2013-06-06
1771:2013-06-06
1679:2024-01-07
1601:2024-01-20
1577:2024-01-20
1552:2009-10-19
1478:2024-01-07
1394:References
1268:Here, one
1157:combustion
1042:or InChI.
934:production
869:solubility
822:mechanical
767:hemiacetal
603:See also:
576:metalloids
560:non-metals
504:allotropes
468:See also:
280:aggregates
174:(NaCl; an
172:table salt
110:transition
59:properties
2714:Catalysis
2222:Inorganic
2016:Titration
1881:chemistry
1814:. Cas.org
1221:reactants
907:compounds
758:tautomers
756:However,
747:enzymatic
638:molecules
540:malleable
404:Isomerism
398:chemistry
292:Feldspars
2780:Category
2736:Molecule
2673:See also
2098:Physical
1744:Archived
1722:Archived
1718:chemical
1698:Archived
1694:compound
1631:Archived
1546:Archived
1526:Archived
1510:Archived
1425:Archived
1341:See also
1330:isotopes
1270:molecule
1225:products
1086:Ethanol
1038:and the
1032:database
995:Chemists
989:Naproxen
943:gasoline
903:chemical
899:chemical
739:aldehyde
735:fructose
665:covalent
642:crystals
552:nitrogen
526:such as
493:neutrons
489:isotopes
329:Polymers
317:charcoal
276:mixtures
272:minerals
212:Nile red
156:molecule
150:O). The
122:pressure
71:reacting
18:Chemical
2792:Commons
2756:Alchemy
2272:Organic
1818:Feb 15,
1274:methane
1161:methane
1124:mixture
1028:patents
977:glucose
969:(CAS).
789:mixture
779:Mixture
763:glucose
731:glucose
727:isomers
720:chelate
625:form a
572:silicon
544:ductile
485:protons
476:element
452:sulfate
448:sulfide
412:benzene
408:isomers
370:concept
364:History
268:geology
262:Geology
240:mixture
164:diamond
98:liquids
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63:element
2804:Portal
1950:UV-Vis
1750:, 1997
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1278:oxygen
1036:SMILES
1001:using
846:magnet
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810:Butter
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743:ketone
634:bonded
556:oxygen
554:, and
548:carbon
534:, and
532:copper
524:lustre
520:metals
510:) and
358:UHMWPE
232:alloys
168:carbon
144:bonded
106:plasma
94:solids
92:(e.g.
90:phases
86:states
51:matter
1977:MALDI
1945:Raman
1438:IUPAC
1301:moles
1286:water
1259:+ 2 H
1255:→ CO
1251:+ 2 O
1075:InChI
1016:IUPAC
974:sugar
927:sold.
853:grams
832:, or
793:glass
677:salts
673:ionic
615:atoms
512:ozone
312:REACH
284:rocks
236:alloy
194:; an
180:sugar
141:atoms
137:water
135:Pure
130:inert
104:, or
102:gases
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1999:HPLC
1820:2021
1500:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1223:and
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818:wood
816:and
814:soil
797:gold
733:vs.
669:ions
619:ions
607:and
542:and
536:gold
528:iron
450:and
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356:and
354:HDPE
350:MDPE
346:LDPE
278:(or
160:boil
2741:Ion
1972:ICP
1955:NMR
1452:doi
1450:".
1303:to
1272:of
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857:mol
855:(1
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710:OEt
640:or
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198:).
170:),
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