40:
628:
963:
324:
683:
623:{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{lll}M({\ce {H}})&=1.00797(7)\times M_{\mathrm {u} }&=1.00797(7){\text{ g/mol}}\\M({\ce {S}})&=32.065(5)\times M_{\mathrm {u} }&=32.065(5){\text{ g/mol}}\\M({\ce {Cl}})&=35.453(2)\times M_{\mathrm {u} }&=35.453(2){\text{ g/mol}}\\M({\ce {Fe}})&=55.845(2)\times M_{\mathrm {u} }&=55.845(2){\text{ g/mol}}\end{array}}}
1437:
958:{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{lll}M({\ce {H2}})&=2\times 1.00797(7)\times M_{\mathrm {u} }&=2.01595(4){\text{ g/mol}}\\M({\ce {S8}})&=8\times 32.065(5)\times M_{\mathrm {u} }&=256.52(4){\text{ g/mol}}\\M({\ce {Cl2}})&=2\times 35.453(2)\times M_{\mathrm {u} }&=70.906(4){\text{ g/mol}}\end{array}}}
1152:
1958:
of the element. If a more accurate value of the molar mass is required, it is necessary to determine the isotopic distribution of the sample in question, which may be different from the standard distribution used to calculate the standard atomic mass. The isotopic distributions of the different
1817:
of an element. This is distinct but related to the molar mass, which is a measure of the average molecular mass of all the molecules in a sample and is usually the more appropriate measure when dealing with macroscopic (weigh-able) quantities of a substance.
202:
vs g/mol); however, the most authoritative sources define it differently. The difference is that molecular mass is the mass of one specific particle or molecule, while the molar mass is an average over many particles or molecules.
1432:{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ll}M({\ce {NaCl}})&={\bigl }\times 1{\text{ g/mol}}\\&=58.443(2){\text{ g/mol}}\\M({\ce {C12H22O11}})&={\bigl }\times 1{\text{ g/mol}}\\&=342.297(14){\text{ g/mol}}\end{array}}}
1131:
1657:
1986:
during calculations. When the molar mass is greater than 1000 g/mol, it is rarely appropriate to use more than one decimal place. These conventions are followed in most tabulated values of molar masses.
2486:
2361:
221:
The mole was defined in such a way that the molar mass of a compound, in g/mol, is numerically equal to the average mass of one molecule or formula unit, in daltons. It was exactly equal before the
318: kg/mol = 1 g/mol. For normal samples from earth with typical isotope composition, the atomic weight can be approximated by the standard atomic weight or the conventional atomic weight.
1569:
1032:
2236:
2176:
2042:
While molar masses are almost always, in practice, calculated from atomic weights, they can also be measured in certain cases. Such measurements are much less precise than modern
1486:
2115:
187:
of the constituent atoms on Earth. The molar mass is appropriate for converting between the mass of a substance and the amount of a substance for bulk quantities.
1919:
quoted including these groups, the amount of molecular weight that is ultimately added by this nucleobase to a DNA polymer is referred to as the nucleobase's
2588:"International union of pure and applied chemistry, commission on macromolecular nomenclature, note on the terminology for molar masses in polymer science".
637:
correct: standard relative atomic masses are dimensionless quantities (i.e., pure numbers) whereas molar masses have units (in this case, grams per mole).
2916:
atoms, at rest and in their electronic ground state, is 12. The simpler definition given here is equivalent to the full definition because of the way the
2523:
225:, and is now only approximately equal, but the difference is negligible for all practical purposes. Thus, for example, the average mass of a molecule of
1995:
Molar masses are almost never measured directly. They may be calculated from standard atomic masses, and are often listed in chemical catalogues and on
2736:
2518:
1040:
1590:
2766:
2714:
2972:
for calculation of molecular weights, reaction coefficients and stoichiometry. It includes both average atomic weights and isotopic weights.
247:. Until 2019, the mole was defined as the amount of substance that has as many constituent particles as there are atoms in 12 grams of
2691:
1723:, with the definition 1 Da = 1 g/mol, despite the fact that it is strictly a unit of mass (1 Da = 1 u =
677:). The molar mass of molecules of these elements is the molar mass of the atoms multiplied by the number of atoms in each molecule:
3003:
1887:
The distinction between molar mass and molecular mass is important because relative molecular masses can be measured directly by
2863:
2912:
The technical definition is that the relative molar mass is the molar mass measured on a scale where the molar mass of unbound
2072:, that equal volumes of gases under identical conditions contain equal numbers of particles. This principle is included in the
1947:
is a notable, and serious, exception). This is adequate for almost all normal uses in chemistry: it is more precise than most
236:
and metals, the molar mass is computed dividing by the number of moles of atoms instead. Thus, for example, the molar mass of
2830:
2435:
2310:
2181:
Combining these two equations gives an expression for the molar mass in terms of the vapour density for conditions of known
1145:
is the relative molar mass, also called formula weight. For normal samples from earth with typical isotope composition, the
1943:). Most atomic masses are known to a precision of at least one part in ten-thousand, often much better (the atomic mass of
1149:
or the conventional atomic weight can be used as an approximation of the relative atomic mass of the sample. Examples are:
2046:
measurements of atomic weights and molecular masses, and are of mostly historical interest. All of the procedures rely on
1511:
273:. The molar mass of a compound in g/mol thus is equal to the mass of this number of molecules of the compound in grams.
1813:(Da or u). Different molecules of the same compound may have different molecular masses because they contain different
2708:
2636:
2532:
999:
2965:
2790:
3053:
2195:
2138:
218:
of molar mass is kg/mol. However, for historical reasons, molar masses are almost always expressed in g/mol.
211:
1959:
elements in a sample are not necessarily independent of one another: for example, a sample which has been
2996:
2794:
2560:
109:
2864:"Interpreting and propagating the uncertainty of the standard atomic weights (IUPAC Technical Report)"
222:
3118:
3088:
2426:
2297:
2247:
1575:
1464:
2936:
2536:
2975:
2051:
2695:
2652:
2429:
of the solute in solution, and assuming no dissociation of the solute, the molar mass is given by
1441:
An average molar mass may be defined for mixtures of compounds. This is particularly important in
3073:
2372:
1923:(i.e., the molecular weight of this nucleobase within the DNA polymer, minus protecting groups).
1446:
256:
1770:(F.W.) (for non-molecular compounds), are older terms for what is now more correctly called the
1157:
2989:
2552:
2409:
1830:
1684:
1146:
286:
180:
1954:
The precision of atomic masses, and hence of molar masses, is limited by the knowledge of the
2862:
Possolo, Antonio; van der Veen, Adriaan M. H.; Meija, Juris; Hibbert, D. Brynn (2018-01-04).
2822:
2082:
2068:
The measurement of molar mass by vapour density relies on the principle, first enunciated by
2597:
2497:
2401:
2382:
2272:
2257:
2047:
1972:
978:
282:
244:
8:
3154:
3093:
3058:
2917:
2280:
2125:
1964:
1936:
1788:
1449:
of non-uniform polymers so that different polymer molecules contain different numbers of
994:
300:
226:
158:
2601:
1911:
has a specific meaning when used in the context of DNA synthesis: whereas an individual
229:
is about 18.0153 daltons, and the molar mass of water is about 18.0153 g/mol.
3032:
2885:
2073:
207:
2946:
3164:
3027:
2889:
2826:
2704:
2632:
2628:
2528:
2043:
1996:
1948:
1888:
1787:
quantity (i.e., a pure number, without units) equal to the molar mass divided by the
974:
166:
150:
2746:
2304:
in solution, and assuming no dissociation of the solute, the molar mass is given by
39:
3159:
3144:
2875:
2814:
2750:
2741:
2605:
2569:
1896:
1892:
1842:
1834:
688:
329:
296:
259:
as the amount of that substance containing an exactly defined number of particles,
175:
of many instances of the compound, which often vary in mass due to the presence of
183:
and is thus a terrestrial average and a function of the relative abundance of the
3128:
3108:
2969:
2940:
2069:
1982:
for all calculations. This is more accurate than is usually required, but avoids
1912:
1442:
194:(for molecular compounds) and formula mass (for non-molecular compounds, such as
1841:
of the element in a given sample (usually assumed to be "normal"). For example,
3149:
2664:
2609:
2253:
2063:
2010:
1983:
1978:
A useful convention for normal laboratory work is to quote molar masses to two
1800:
1688:
1126:{\displaystyle M=M_{\rm {u}}M_{\rm {r}}=M_{\rm {u}}\sum _{i}{A_{\rm {r}}}_{i}.}
191:
20:
3190:
3184:
3169:
3083:
2745:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
2378:
1979:
1940:
1931:
The precision to which a molar mass is known depends on the precision of the
1810:
1716:
1489:
215:
199:
2754:
2690:
2574:
3123:
3037:
1960:
1849:, but individual water molecules have molecular masses which range between
1720:
1719:, symbol Da, is also sometimes used as a unit of molar mass, especially in
1652:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\overline {M}}}=\sum _{i}{\frac {w_{i}}{M_{i}}}.}
255:
12 g/mol, by definition. Since 2019, a mole of any substance has been
2880:
1915:
nucleobase to be added to a DNA polymer has protecting groups and has its
1687:
of its constituent elements. However, it should be distinguished from the
165:) of any sample of the compound. The molar mass is a bulk, not molecular,
3103:
3012:
2186:
1932:
1822:
1704:
210:
of the substance, that does not depend on the size of the sample. In the
162:
102:
86:
45:
24:
198:) are commonly used as synonyms of molar mass, differing only in units (
633:
Multiplying by the molar mass constant ensures that the calculation is
195:
2962:
1662:
As an example, the average molar mass of dry air is 28.96 g/mol.
299:
is given by the relative atomic mass of the element multiplied by the
2913:
1971:
of all the elements present. This complicates the calculation of the
1784:
634:
248:
126:
1935:
from which it was calculated (and very slightly on the value of the
1752:
for the mass, in grams, of one mole of molecules of a compound. The
3113:
3063:
2405:
2276:
2182:
667:
645:
641:
82:
2956:
3078:
2390:
2261:
2031:
2027:
1968:
1955:
1944:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1450:
184:
176:
171:
77:
2981:
1748:
for the mass, in grams, of one mole of atoms of an element, and
2861:
2386:
2301:
656:
243:
Since 1971, SI defined the "amount of substance" as a separate
233:
2404:
for dilute solutions. When the composition is expressed as a
2275:
for dilute solutions. When the composition is expressed as a
1809:) is the mass of a given molecule: it is usually measured in
3068:
2770:
2767:"Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements"
2003:
1–238 g/mol for atoms of naturally occurring elements;
1695:
sometimes known as molecular weight), which is the mass of
990:
292:
251:. During that period, the molar mass of carbon-12 was thus
237:
154:
98:
57:
53:
49:
232:
For chemical elements without isolated molecules, such as
2035:
1303:
1290:
1277:
884:
796:
708:
2933:
2481:{\displaystyle M={{wK_{\text{b}}} \over {\Delta T}}.\ }
2356:{\displaystyle M={{wK_{\text{f}}} \over {\Delta T}}.\ }
2959:
Online Molar Mass and
Elemental Composition Calculator
1951:, and exceeds the purity of most laboratory reagents.
2438:
2313:
2198:
2141:
2085:
1593:
1514:
1467:
1155:
1043:
1002:
686:
327:
179:. Most commonly, the molar mass is computed from the
1895:. This is accurate enough to directly determine the
1837:. The standard atomic weight takes into account the
1564:{\displaystyle {\overline {M}}=\sum _{i}x_{i}M_{i}.}
2851:(53rd ed.). Cleveland, OH: Chemical Rubber Co.
2590:
Journal of
Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition
2524:
Quantities, Units and
Symbols in Physical Chemistry
2480:
2355:
2230:
2170:
2109:
1651:
1563:
1480:
1431:
1125:
1026:
957:
622:
2813:
2519:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
1456:
3182:
2408:, the proportionality constant is known as the
2279:, the proportionality constant is known as the
1926:
2997:
2421:) and is characteristic for each solvent. If
2292:) and is characteristic for each solvent. If
1939:, which depends on the measured value of the
1829:, while molar masses are calculated from the
1384:
1317:
1215:
1181:
1027:{\displaystyle M_{u}\approx 1{\text{ g/mol}}}
2846:
2692:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
2241:
2054:of the compound must be taken into account.
1999:(SDS). Molar masses typically vary between:
968:
2514:
2512:
276:
3004:
2990:
2622:
2527:, 2nd edition, Oxford: Blackwell Science.
2366:
1756:is a former term for a mole of atoms, and
993:which form the compound multiplied by the
38:
2976:Molar mass: chemistry second-level course
2879:
2625:Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature
2573:
1821:Molecular masses are calculated from the
1741:, as of 2022 CODATA recommended values).
1498:of the components and their molar masses
640:Some elements are usually encountered as
2963:Stoichiometry Add-In for Microsoft Excel
2509:
2231:{\displaystyle M={{RT\rho } \over {p}}.}
2171:{\displaystyle \rho ={{nM} \over {V}}.}
146:
3183:
2697:The International System of Units (SI)
2550:
2546:
2544:
1902:
1744:Obsolete terms for molar mass include
2985:
2553:"Atomic Weights of the Elements 2005"
2264:, and the freezing-point depression (
1766:(M.W.) (for molecular compounds) and
1670:Molar mass is closely related to the
1665:
169:of a substance. The molar mass is an
2791:"Author Guidelines – Article Layout"
2686:
2684:
2665:"CODATA Value: atomic mass constant"
153:is defined as the ratio between the
2541:
2393:, and the boiling-point elevation (
1574:It can also be calculated from the
1461:The average molar mass of mixtures
13:
2742:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
2463:
2400:) is directly proportional to the
2338:
2271:) is directly proportional to the
1703:isotopic composition), and to the
1107:
1083:
1068:
1056:
923:
835:
747:
588:
516:
444:
372:
14:
3202:
3011:
2927:
2849:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
2681:
2057:
1794:
2389:is higher than that of the pure
1891:, often to a precision of a few
223:redefinition of the mole in 2019
2855:
2839:
2807:
2783:
2759:
2720:from the original on 2021-06-04
2260:is lower than that of the pure
1481:{\displaystyle {\overline {M}}}
2953:and all the calculations shown
2906:
2730:
2657:
2645:
2616:
2581:
1990:
1457:Average molar mass of mixtures
1417:
1411:
1379:
1373:
1358:
1352:
1337:
1331:
1307:
1263:
1248:
1242:
1210:
1204:
1195:
1189:
1171:
1163:
943:
937:
911:
905:
888:
870:
855:
849:
823:
817:
800:
782:
767:
761:
735:
729:
712:
694:
608:
602:
576:
570:
559:
551:
536:
530:
504:
498:
487:
479:
464:
458:
432:
426:
415:
407:
392:
386:
360:
354:
343:
335:
1:
2703:(8th ed.), p. 126,
2503:
212:International System of Units
2947:Online Molar Mass Calculator
1683:) of a compound and to the
1603:
1520:
1473:
240:is about 55.845 g/mol.
16:Mass per amount of substance
7:
2943:web and mobile application.
2934:HTML5 Molar Mass Calculator
2491:
1927:Precision and uncertainties
1488:can be calculated from the
1445:, where there is usually a
977:is given by the sum of the
10:
3207:
2868:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2847:Weast, R. C., ed. (1972).
2623:Metanomski, W. V. (1991).
2610:10.1002/pol.1984.130220116
2561:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2370:
2245:
2061:
1798:
280:
18:
3137:
3119:Thermodynamic temperature
3046:
3020:
2819:Chemistry of the Elements
2817:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
2651:The Engineering ToolBox
2248:Freezing-point depression
2242:Freezing-point depression
2011:simple chemical compounds
1760:for a mole of molecules.
969:Molar masses of compounds
108:
92:
76:
64:
37:
32:
2949:with the uncertainty of
2899:
277:Molar masses of elements
245:dimension of measurement
56:samples that have equal
19:Not to be confused with
2755:10.1351/goldbook.R05270
2575:10.1351/pac200678112051
2373:Boiling-point elevation
2367:Boiling-point elevation
2110:{\displaystyle pV=nRT,}
1831:standard atomic weights
1707:, which is the mass of
1685:standard atomic weights
1447:molar mass distribution
181:standard atomic weights
2551:Wieser, M. E. (2006),
2482:
2410:ebullioscopic constant
2357:
2232:
2172:
2128:. The vapour density (
2111:
2048:colligative properties
1691:(which is confusingly
1653:
1565:
1482:
1433:
1147:standard atomic weight
1127:
1028:
959:
624:
287:Standard atomic weight
2957:Molar Mass Calculator
2881:10.1515/pac-2016-0402
2823:Butterworth-Heinemann
2815:Greenwood, Norman N.
2653:Molecular Mass of Air
2483:
2358:
2233:
2173:
2112:
1956:isotopic distribution
1847:18.0153(3) g/mol
1839:isotopic distribution
1654:
1566:
1483:
1434:
1128:
1029:
960:
625:
206:The molar mass is an
2498:Mole map (chemistry)
2436:
2402:amount concentration
2311:
2273:amount concentration
2196:
2139:
2083:
1973:standard uncertainty
1845:has a molar mass of
1805:The molecular mass (
1591:
1512:
1465:
1153:
1041:
1000:
979:relative atomic mass
973:The molar mass of a
684:
325:
283:Relative atomic mass
137:) (sometimes called
48:and molar masses of
44:A diagram comparing
3094:Amount of substance
3059:Molar concentration
3047:Physical quantities
2918:molar mass constant
2747:relative molar mass
2602:1984JPoSL..22...57.
2537:Electronic version.
2281:cryoscopic constant
2126:amount of substance
1975:in the molar mass.
1937:molar mass constant
1903:DNA synthesis usage
1789:molar mass constant
1772:relative molar mass
1750:gram molecular mass
1672:relative molar mass
1584:of the components:
1305:
1292:
1279:
995:molar mass constant
886:
798:
710:
301:molar mass constant
257:redefined in the SI
159:amount of substance
3054:Mass concentration
3033:Boltzmann constant
2968:2011-05-11 at the
2939:2017-04-25 at the
2920:is itself defined.
2631:. pp. 47–73.
2478:
2353:
2228:
2168:
2107:
2074:ideal gas equation
2044:mass spectrometric
2007:10–1000 g/mol
1997:safety data sheets
1666:Related quantities
1649:
1621:
1561:
1537:
1478:
1429:
1427:
1293:
1280:
1267:
1123:
1098:
1024:
955:
953:
874:
786:
698:
620:
618:
291:The molar mass of
208:intensive property
147:related quantities
3178:
3177:
3028:Avogadro constant
2832:978-0-08-037941-8
2629:Blackwell Science
2477:
2470:
2458:
2385:of an involatile
2352:
2345:
2333:
2223:
2163:
1949:chemical analyses
1893:parts per million
1889:mass spectrometry
1699:molecule (of any
1644:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1528:
1523:
1476:
1423:
1398:
1296:
1283:
1270:
1254:
1229:
1169:
1089:
1022:
949:
877:
861:
789:
773:
701:
614:
557:
542:
485:
470:
413:
398:
341:
151:chemical compound
123:
122:
3198:
3160:Combined gas law
3155:Gay-Lussac's law
3006:
2999:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2921:
2910:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2821:(2nd ed.).
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2763:
2757:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2719:
2702:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2669:physics.nist.gov
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2557:
2548:
2539:
2516:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2446:
2424:
2420:
2399:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2321:
2295:
2291:
2270:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2206:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2149:
2131:
2123:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2008:
1917:molecular weight
1897:chemical formula
1883:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1808:
1782:
1764:Molecular weight
1746:gram atomic mass
1740:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1682:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1623:
1620:
1608:
1599:
1595:
1583:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1524:
1516:
1504:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1469:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1321:
1320:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1268:
1255:
1252:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1185:
1184:
1170:
1167:
1144:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1012:
1011:
988:
964:
962:
961:
956:
954:
950:
947:
928:
927:
926:
887:
885:
882:
875:
862:
859:
840:
839:
838:
799:
797:
794:
787:
774:
771:
752:
751:
750:
711:
709:
706:
699:
676:
665:
654:
629:
627:
626:
621:
619:
615:
612:
593:
592:
591:
558:
555:
543:
540:
521:
520:
519:
486:
483:
471:
468:
449:
448:
447:
414:
411:
399:
396:
377:
376:
375:
342:
339:
317:
315:
272:
270:
267:
264:
149:for usage) of a
139:molecular weight
136:
72:
42:
30:
29:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3133:
3129:Specific volume
3109:Particle number
3042:
3016:
3010:
2970:Wayback Machine
2941:Wayback Machine
2930:
2925:
2924:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2860:
2856:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2812:
2808:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2775:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2700:
2689:
2682:
2673:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2621:
2617:
2596:(1): 57. 1984.
2587:
2586:
2582:
2568:(11): 2051–66,
2555:
2549:
2542:
2517:
2510:
2506:
2494:
2462:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2425:represents the
2422:
2419:
2413:
2394:
2375:
2369:
2337:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2296:represents the
2293:
2290:
2284:
2265:
2250:
2244:
2218:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2158:
2150:
2148:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2070:Amedeo Avogadro
2066:
2060:
2038:fragments, etc.
2021:
2018:
2016:
2006:
1993:
1984:rounding errors
1967:in the lighter
1929:
1913:phosphoramidite
1905:
1899:of a molecule.
1881:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1781:
1775:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1681:
1675:
1668:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1616:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1443:polymer science
1426:
1425:
1420:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1383:
1382:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1302:
1297:
1289:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1214:
1213:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1137:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1019:
1007:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
987:
981:
971:
952:
951:
946:
929:
922:
921:
917:
891:
883:
878:
873:
864:
863:
858:
841:
834:
833:
829:
803:
795:
790:
785:
776:
775:
770:
753:
746:
745:
741:
715:
707:
702:
697:
687:
685:
682:
681:
675:
671:
664:
660:
653:
649:
617:
616:
611:
594:
587:
586:
582:
562:
554:
545:
544:
539:
522:
515:
514:
510:
490:
482:
473:
472:
467:
450:
443:
442:
438:
418:
410:
401:
400:
395:
378:
371:
370:
366:
346:
338:
328:
326:
323:
322:
313:
311:
309:
289:
281:Main articles:
279:
268:
265:
262:
260:
134:
95:
70:
67:
60:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3204:
3194:
3193:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3165:Avogadro's law
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3009:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2960:
2954:
2944:
2929:
2928:External links
2926:
2923:
2922:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2874:(2): 395–424.
2854:
2838:
2831:
2825:. p. 21.
2806:
2795:RSC Publishing
2782:
2758:
2729:
2709:
2680:
2656:
2644:
2637:
2615:
2580:
2540:
2535:. p. 41.
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2417:
2371:Main article:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2288:
2254:freezing point
2246:Main article:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2227:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2179:
2178:
2167:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2132:) is given by
2118:
2117:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2064:Vapour density
2062:Main article:
2059:
2058:Vapour density
2056:
2040:
2039:
2014:
2004:
1992:
1989:
1980:decimal places
1928:
1925:
1921:formula weight
1909:formula weight
1904:
1901:
1879:
1863:
1801:Molecular mass
1799:Main article:
1796:
1795:Molecular mass
1793:
1779:
1768:formula weight
1715:isotope). The
1689:molecular mass
1679:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1648:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1580:
1576:mass fractions
1572:
1571:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1501:
1494:
1490:mole fractions
1475:
1472:
1458:
1455:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1287:
1274:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1141:
1134:
1133:
1122:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1006:
985:
970:
967:
966:
965:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
925:
920:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
890:
881:
872:
869:
866:
865:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
837:
832:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
802:
793:
784:
781:
778:
777:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
749:
744:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
714:
705:
696:
693:
690:
689:
673:
662:
651:
631:
630:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
590:
585:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
561:
553:
550:
547:
546:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
518:
513:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
489:
481:
478:
475:
474:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
446:
441:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
417:
409:
406:
403:
402:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
374:
369:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
345:
337:
334:
331:
330:
307:
278:
275:
192:molecular mass
143:formula weight
121:
120:
112:
106:
105:
96:
93:
90:
89:
80:
74:
73:
68:
66:Common symbols
65:
62:
61:
43:
35:
34:
21:Molecular mass
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3203:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3171:
3170:Ideal gas law
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3145:Charles's law
3143:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3089:Mass fraction
3087:
3085:
3084:Mole fraction
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2716:
2712:
2710:92-822-2213-6
2706:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2640:
2638:0-632-02847-5
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2554:
2547:
2545:
2538:
2534:
2533:0-632-03583-8
2530:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2508:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2472:
2466:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:mass fraction
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2379:boiling point
2374:
2347:
2341:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:mass fraction
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2225:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2165:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2015:
2012:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1933:atomic masses
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1823:atomic masses
1819:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1785:dimensionless
1783:). This is a
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1758:gram-molecule
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1711:atom (of any
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1663:
1646:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1491:
1470:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1392:
1389:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1312:
1298:
1285:
1272:
1260:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1223:
1220:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1176:
1160:
1148:
1140:
1120:
1115:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1078:
1074:
1063:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
980:
976:
940:
934:
931:
918:
914:
908:
902:
899:
896:
893:
879:
867:
852:
846:
843:
830:
826:
820:
814:
811:
808:
805:
791:
779:
764:
758:
755:
742:
738:
732:
726:
723:
720:
717:
703:
691:
680:
679:
678:
669:
658:
647:
643:
638:
636:
635:dimensionally
605:
599:
596:
583:
579:
573:
567:
564:
548:
533:
527:
524:
511:
507:
501:
495:
492:
476:
461:
455:
452:
439:
435:
429:
423:
420:
404:
389:
383:
380:
367:
363:
357:
351:
348:
332:
321:
320:
319:
310: ≈
306:
302:
298:
294:
288:
284:
274:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
219:
217:
216:coherent unit
213:
209:
204:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
161:(measured in
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
132:
128:
119:
116:
113:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
91:
88:
84:
81:
79:
75:
69:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
3124:Molar volume
3098:
3038:Gas constant
2950:
2908:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2848:
2841:
2818:
2809:
2798:. Retrieved
2785:
2774:. Retrieved
2761:
2740:
2732:
2722:, retrieved
2696:
2672:. Retrieved
2668:
2659:
2647:
2624:
2618:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2565:
2559:
2522:
2414:
2396:
2376:
2285:
2267:
2251:
2180:
2119:
2067:
2052:dissociation
2041:
1994:
1977:
1953:
1930:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1906:
1886:
1858:(15) Da
1820:
1804:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1721:biochemistry
1712:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1573:
1460:
1440:
1138:
1135:
982:
972:
639:
632:
304:
290:
252:
242:
231:
220:
205:
189:
170:
142:
138:
130:
124:
117:
114:
78:SI unit
3150:Boyle's law
3104:Atomic mass
2845:See, e.g.,
2187:temperature
2024: g/mol
1991:Measurement
1874:(9) Da
1705:atomic mass
1422: g/mol
1397: g/mol
1253: g/mol
1228: g/mol
1187:22.98976928
1021: g/mol
948: g/mol
860: g/mol
772: g/mol
613: g/mol
541: g/mol
469: g/mol
397: g/mol
196:ionic salts
94:Other units
25:Mass number
3099:Molar mass
2800:2007-10-14
2776:2007-10-14
2724:2021-12-16
2674:2024-06-21
2627:. Oxford:
2504:References
2050:, and any
1739:10 kg
214:(SI), the
145:, but see
131:molar mass
33:Molar mass
3021:Constants
2914:carbon 12
2890:145931362
2464:Δ
2339:Δ
2215:ρ
2143:ρ
1961:distilled
1907:The term
1754:gram-atom
1614:∑
1604:¯
1530:∑
1521:¯
1474:¯
1390:×
1368:×
1347:×
1326:×
1221:×
1091:∑
1014:≈
915:×
900:×
827:×
812:×
739:×
724:×
642:molecules
580:×
508:×
436:×
364:×
249:carbon-12
127:chemistry
110:Dimension
3185:Category
3114:Pressure
3064:Molality
3015:concepts
2966:Archived
2937:Archived
2715:archived
2694:(2006),
2521:(1993).
2492:See also
2406:molality
2383:solution
2277:molality
2258:solution
2183:pressure
2032:proteins
2028:polymers
1969:isotopes
1965:enriched
1963:will be
1833:of each
1825:of each
1815:isotopes
975:compound
668:chlorine
646:hydrogen
185:isotopes
177:isotopes
167:property
157:and the
3079:Density
2598:Bibcode
2391:solvent
2300:of the
2262:solvent
2124:is the
1945:lithium
1835:element
1827:nuclide
1811:daltons
1453:units.
1451:monomer
1409:342.297
1371:15.9994
1350:1.00794
1329:12.0107
989:of the
759:2.01595
727:1.00797
644:, e.g.
384:1.00797
352:1.00797
297:element
253:exactly
200:daltons
172:average
3074:Volume
2888:
2829:
2707:
2635:
2531:
2476:
2387:solute
2351:
2302:solute
2120:where
2017:1000–5
1941:dalton
1870:22.027
1868:) and
1851:18.010
1717:dalton
1713:single
1701:single
1240:58.443
1202:35.453
1136:Here,
935:70.906
903:35.453
847:256.52
815:32.065
657:sulfur
600:55.845
568:55.845
528:35.453
496:35.453
456:32.065
424:32.065
295:of an
234:carbon
129:, the
58:masses
2900:Notes
2886:S2CID
2737:IUPAC
2718:(PDF)
2701:(PDF)
2556:(PDF)
2381:of a
2256:of a
1843:water
1725:1.660
991:atoms
293:atoms
261:6.022
227:water
163:moles
46:moles
3191:Mass
3138:Laws
3069:Mass
3013:Mole
2827:ISBN
2771:NIST
2705:ISBN
2633:ISBN
2529:ISBN
2377:The
2252:The
2185:and
2026:for
2009:for
1872:7364
1856:6863
1735:(52)
1693:also
1168:NaCl
285:and
238:iron
190:The
155:mass
54:gold
52:and
50:iron
2876:doi
2751:doi
2749:".
2606:doi
2570:doi
2036:DNA
2022:000
2019:000
1884:).
1853:564
1730:068
1727:539
1709:one
1697:one
666:),
655:),
263:140
141:or
125:In
103:mol
87:mol
23:or
3187::
2884:.
2872:90
2870:.
2866:.
2793:.
2769:.
2739:,
2713:,
2683:^
2667:.
2604:.
2594:22
2592:.
2566:78
2564:,
2558:,
2543:^
2511:^
2189::
2076::
2034:,
2030:,
1791:.
1733:92
1505::
1415:14
1365:11
1344:22
1323:12
1299:11
1286:22
1273:12
1034::
876:Cl
672:Cl
556:Fe
484:Cl
316:10
303:,
271:10
266:76
83:kg
3005:e
2998:t
2991:v
2978:.
2951:M
2892:.
2878::
2835:.
2803:.
2779:.
2753::
2677:.
2641:.
2612:.
2608::
2600::
2572::
2473:.
2467:T
2457:b
2453:K
2449:w
2443:=
2440:M
2423:w
2418:b
2415:K
2412:(
2397:T
2395:Δ
2348:.
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2332:f
2328:K
2324:w
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2315:M
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2286:K
2283:(
2268:T
2266:Δ
2226:.
2220:p
2212:T
2209:R
2203:=
2200:M
2166:.
2160:V
2155:M
2152:n
2146:=
2130:ρ
2122:n
2105:,
2102:T
2099:R
2096:n
2093:=
2090:V
2087:p
2013:;
1882:O
1880:2
1878:H
1876:(
1866:O
1864:2
1862:H
1860:(
1807:m
1780:r
1777:M
1774:(
1737:×
1680:r
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1674:(
1647:.
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1601:M
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1500:M
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1412:(
1406:=
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1385:]
1380:)
1377:3
1374:(
1362:+
1359:)
1356:7
1353:(
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1335:8
1332:(
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1208:2
1205:(
1199:+
1196:)
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1190:(
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1172:)
1164:(
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1121:.
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1108:r
1103:A
1095:i
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1079:M
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1069:r
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1057:u
1052:M
1048:=
1045:M
1017:1
1009:u
1005:M
986:r
983:A
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941:4
938:(
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919:M
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909:2
906:(
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894:=
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880:2
871:(
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853:4
850:(
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818:(
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783:(
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762:(
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730:(
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718:=
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704:2
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695:(
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670:(
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659:(
652:2
650:H
648:(
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603:(
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552:(
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531:(
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480:(
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459:(
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412:S
408:(
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390:7
387:(
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355:(
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344:)
340:H
336:(
333:M
314:×
312:1
308:u
305:M
269:×
135:M
133:(
118:N
115:M
101:/
99:g
85:/
71:M
27:.
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