1030:
temperature and can be expressed in terms of current through the pyrometer lamp. With the same current setting, the pyrometer is sighted on another black-body at a higher temperature. An absorbing medium of known transmission is inserted between the pyrometer and this black-body. The temperature of the black-body is then adjusted until a match exists between its intensity and that of the pyrometer filament. The true higher temperature of the black-body is then determined from Planck's Law. The absorbing medium is then removed and the current through the filament is adjusted to match the filament intensity to that of the black-body. This establishes a second calibration point for the pyrometer. This step is repeated to carry the calibration to higher temperatures. Now, temperatures and their corresponding pyrometer filament currents are known and a curve of temperature versus current can be drawn. This curve can then be extrapolated to very high temperatures.
1038:
longer than they were wide. To form such a cavity, a hole is drilled perpendicular to the long axis at the center of a rod of the material. These rods are then heated by passing a very large current through them, and the radiation emitted from the hole is observed with an optical pyrometer. The point of melting is indicated by the darkening of the hole when the liquid phase appears, destroying the black body conditions. Today, containerless laser heating techniques, combined with fast pyrometers and spectro-pyrometers, are employed to allow for precise control of the time for which the sample is kept at extreme temperatures. Such experiments of sub-second duration address several of the challenges associated with more traditional melting point measurements made at very high temperatures, such as sample vaporization and reaction with the container.
1021:. For the highest melting materials, this may require extrapolation by several hundred degrees. The spectral radiance from an incandescent body is known to be a function of its temperature. An optical pyrometer matches the radiance of a body under study to the radiance of a source that has been previously calibrated as a function of temperature. In this way, the measurement of the absolute magnitude of the intensity of radiation is unnecessary. However, known temperatures must be used to determine the calibration of the pyrometer. For temperatures above the calibration range of the source, an extrapolation technique must be employed. This extrapolation is accomplished by using
1159:, because the solid-liquid transition represents only a small change in volume. If, as observed in most cases, a substance is more dense in the solid than in the liquid state, the melting point will increase with increases in pressure. Otherwise the reverse behavior occurs. Notably, this is the case of water, as illustrated graphically to the right, but also of Si, Ge, Ga, Bi. With extremely large changes in pressure, substantial changes to the melting point are observed. For example, the melting point of silicon at ambient pressure (0.1 MPa) is 1415 °C, but at pressures in excess of 10 GPa it decreases to 1000 °C.
141:
3278:
2969:
1047:
49:
4470:
3129:
2773:
989:
1004:) and a simple magnifier. Several grains of a solid are placed in a thin glass tube and partially immersed in the oil bath. The oil bath is heated (and stirred) and with the aid of the magnifier (and external light source) melting of the individual crystals at a certain temperature can be observed. A metal block might be used instead of an oil bath. Some modern instruments have automatic optical detection.
1330:
961:
1166:. The melting point of a pure substance is always higher and has a smaller range than the melting point of an impure substance or, more generally, of mixtures. The higher the quantity of other components, the lower the melting point and the broader will be the melting point range, often referred to as the "pasty range". The temperature at which melting begins for a mixture is known as the
1178:. Eutectics are special types of mixtures that behave like single phases. They melt sharply at a constant temperature to form a liquid of the same composition. Alternatively, on cooling a liquid with the eutectic composition will solidify as uniformly dispersed, small (fine-grained) mixed crystals with the same composition.
1037:
of the material being measured. The containment of the high melting material in the liquid state may introduce experimental difficulties. Melting temperatures of some refractory metals have thus been measured by observing the radiation from a black body cavity in solid metal specimens that were much
1007:
The measurement can also be made continuously with an operating process. For instance, oil refineries measure the freeze point of diesel fuel "online", meaning that the sample is taken from the process and measured automatically. This allows for more frequent measurements as the sample does not have
1016:
For refractory materials (e.g. platinum, tungsten, tantalum, some carbides and nitrides, etc.) the extremely high melting point (typically considered to be above, say, 1,800 °C) may be determined by heating the material in a black body furnace and measuring the black-body temperature with an
1029:
Consider the case of using gold as the source (mp = 1,063 °C). In this technique, the current through the filament of the pyrometer is adjusted until the light intensity of the filament matches that of a black-body at the melting point of gold. This establishes the primary calibration
122:, the freezing point can easily appear to be below its actual value. When the "characteristic freezing point" of a substance is determined, in fact, the actual methodology is almost always "the principle of observing the disappearance rather than the formation of ice, that is, the
3877:
Buinevich, V.S.; Nepapushev, A.A.; Moskovskikh, D.O.; Trusov, G.V.; Kuskov, K.V.; Vadchenko, S.G.; Rogachev, A.S.; Mukasyan, A.S. (March 2020). "Fabrication of ultra-high-temperature nonstoichiometric hafnium carbonitride via combustion synthesis and spark plasma sintering".
1350:. The idea behind the theory was the observation that the average amplitude of thermal vibrations increases with increasing temperature. Melting initiates when the amplitude of vibration becomes large enough for adjacent atoms to partly occupy the same space. The
228:
compound with the highest known melting point of any substance to date and the only one confirmed to have a melting point above 4,273 K (4,000 °C; 7,232 °F) at ambient pressure. Quantum mechanical computer simulations predicted that this alloy
1089:) of the material are increasing (ΔH, ΔS > 0). Melting phenomenon happens when the Gibbs free energy of the liquid becomes lower than the solid for that material. At various pressures this happens at a specific temperature. It can also be shown that:
1025:
of radiation. The constants in this equation are not known with sufficient accuracy, causing errors in the extrapolation to become larger at higher temperatures. However, standard techniques have been developed to perform this extrapolation.
1894:
1758:
1634:
976:
is a metal strip with a temperature gradient (range from room temperature to 300 °C). Any substance can be placed on a section of the strip, revealing its thermal behaviour at the temperature at that point.
237:) would have a melting point of about 4,400 K. This prediction was later confirmed by experiment, though a precise measurement of its exact melting point has yet to be confirmed. At the other end of the scale,
215:
at about 3,700 °C (6,700 °F; 4,000 K); a liquid phase only exists above pressures of 10 MPa (99 atm) and estimated 4,030–4,430 °C (7,290–8,010 °F; 4,300–4,700 K) (see
1639:
Several other expressions for the estimated melting temperature can be obtained depending on the estimate of the average thermal energy. Another commonly used expression for the
Lindemann criterion is
1450:
1326:, or a combination of both. In highly symmetrical molecules the crystal phase is densely packed with many efficient intermolecular interactions resulting in a higher enthalpy change on melting.
1131:
1223:
has a lower freezing point than a pure solvent. This phenomenon is used in technical applications to avoid freezing, for instance by adding salt or ethylene glycol to water.
924:
Helium does not solidify at a pressure of one atmosphere. Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atmospheres, which corresponds to a melting point of absolute zero.
1777:
184:. The melting point of ice at 1 atmosphere of pressure is very close to 0 °C (32 °F; 273 K); this is also known as the ice point. In the presence of
1988:
4009:"J10 Heat: Change of aggregate state of substances through change of heat content: Change of aggregate state of substances and the equation of Clapeyron-Clausius"
1645:
1058:
is required to raise its temperature to the melting point. However, further heat needs to be supplied for the melting to take place: this is called the
1524:
4380:
1337:
has a very high melting point (m.p.) of 319-321 °C. It tends to sublime, so the m.p. determination requires that the sample be sealed in a tube.
4008:
4271:"The development of models to predict melting and pyrolysis point data associated with several hundred thousand compounds mined from PATENTS"
180:
melts at 85 °C (185 °F; 358 K) and solidifies from 31 °C (88 °F; 304 K); such direction dependence is known as
1033:
In determining melting points of a refractory substance by this method, it is necessary to either have black body conditions or to know the
1981:
4155:
4407:
3625:
3458:
1963:
4253:
4315:
1974:
4183:
3913:
Holman, S. W.; Lawrence, R. R.; Barr, L. (1 January 1895). "Melting Points of
Aluminum, Silver, Gold, Copper, and Platinum".
1375:
188:, the freezing point of water is not always the same as the melting point. In the absence of nucleators water can exist as a
1148:
are respectively the temperature at the melting point, change of entropy of melting and the change of enthalpy of melting.
4914:
217:
4347:
4214:
4042:
3620:
3480:
978:
135:
96:
1095:
4929:
4674:
3995:
42:
4744:
4669:
4400:
3506:
3493:
3470:
Values for many highly radioactive elements are not empirically confirmed, or are theoretical predictions only.
1334:
4856:
4684:
4056:
3838:"Prediction of the material with highest known melting point from ab initio molecular dynamics calculations"
4919:
4866:
4739:
4484:
1288:
110:
When considered as the temperature of the reverse change from liquid to solid, it is referred to as the
4924:
3677:
3635:
1355:
4393:
1491:
1206:
1162:
Melting points are often used to characterize organic and inorganic compounds and to ascertain their
88:
199:, at 3,414 °C (6,177 °F; 3,687 K); this property makes tungsten excellent for use as
176:). However, certain substances possess differing solid-liquid transition temperatures. For example,
4891:
4790:
4420:
936:
Carbon does not melt at any temperature under standard pressure, instead it sublimes around 4,100 K
4785:
955:
4249:
1346:
An attempt to predict the bulk melting point of crystalline materials was first made in 1910 by
4810:
4800:
4550:
4545:
1951:
1251:. Carnelley based his rule on examination of 15,000 chemical compounds. For example, for three
4012:
1889:{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {2\pi mc^{2}a^{2}\theta _{\rm {D}}^{2}k_{\rm {B}}}{h^{2}}}}
140:
4173:
4152:
2117:
1366:
969:
212:
4729:
4489:
4065:
3849:
3790:
3741:
3614:
3609:
2026:
2014:
1220:
246:
221:
8:
4704:
4596:
4586:
4499:
4454:
4370:
4364:
4130:
1347:
1168:
200:
4069:
3853:
3794:
3745:
52:
Ice cubes put in water will start to melt when they reach their melting point of 0
4851:
4780:
4614:
4297:
4270:
3930:
3895:
3780:
3767:
Kringle, Loni; Thornley, Wyatt A.; Kay, Bruce D.; Kimmel, Greg A. (18 September 2020).
3640:
3532:
3526:
1483:
1246:
982:
20:
4116:
3951:
3768:
996:
A basic melting point apparatus for the analysis of crystalline solids consists of an
4881:
4876:
4846:
4805:
4694:
4646:
4631:
4524:
4494:
4343:
4302:
4229:
Bradley, Jean-Claude; Lang, Andrew; Williams, Antony; Curtin, Evan (11 August 2011).
4210:
4179:
4038:
3899:
3806:
3769:"Reversible structural transformations in supercooled liquid water from 135 to 245 K"
3726:
The melting point of purified water has been measured as 0.002519 ± 0.000002 °C, see
3697:
3604:
3540:
2868:
1907:
1341:
1323:
1256:
1252:
1232:
1193:. Upon further heating, they gradually soften, which can be characterized by certain
1070:
912:
835:
204:
161:
100:
241:
does not freeze at all at normal pressure even at temperatures arbitrarily close to
4836:
4459:
4292:
4282:
4238:
4112:
4073:
3922:
3891:
3887:
3857:
3798:
3749:
3689:
2941:
2745:
2551:
2358:
2263:
2163:
2129:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2001:
1240:
1186:
281:
145:
1753:{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}c^{2}a^{2}}{2k_{\rm {B}}}}.}
4826:
4679:
4416:
4206:
4159:
3969:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
1915:
1764:
1629:{\displaystyle T_{\rm {m}}={\cfrac {4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}c^{2}a^{2}}{k_{\rm {B}}}}.}
1507:
1284:
1194:
1022:
72:
35:
160:
points are approximately equal. For example, the melting and freezing points of
4624:
4619:
4576:
4509:
4504:
4054:
Brown, R. J. C. & R. F. C. (2000). "Melting Point and
Molecular Symmetry".
3862:
3837:
2005:
1515:
1319:
1190:
1155:, but generally this sensitivity is orders of magnitude less than that for the
1059:
84:
4287:
1163:
4908:
4861:
4841:
4764:
4659:
4591:
4514:
4243:
4230:
3810:
3630:
3599:
2984:
1947:
1156:
908:
904:
305:
242:
104:
3802:
192:
liquid down to −48.3 °C (−54.9 °F; 224.8 K) before freezing.
4886:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4714:
4664:
4581:
4379:
Over 250,000 freely downloadable melting point data. Also downloadable at
4306:
3701:
3650:
3645:
3303:
3154:
3034:
2088:
2021:
1210:
973:
363:
348:
189:
119:
4385:
48:
4795:
4689:
4601:
3403:
3383:
3373:
3090:
3050:
3042:
2083:
1946:. The Alfa Aesar and patent data have been summarized in (respectively)
1939:
1460:
1299:
hence its lower melting point but the melting point again increases with
1063:
1046:
1001:
144:
Melting points (in blue) and boiling points (in pink) of the first eight
68:
3934:
3693:
1069:
From a thermodynamics point of view, at the melting point the change in
4734:
4709:
4636:
4606:
4540:
4519:
3454:
3224:
3204:
3174:
3100:
3026:
3002:
2974:
2619:
2609:
2312:
1934:
released over 10,000 melting points of compounds from their catalog as
1931:
1308:
1276:
1268:
1034:
225:
185:
181:
173:
4077:
3753:
3926:
3363:
3343:
3333:
3323:
3264:
3164:
3134:
3110:
3080:
3070:
2709:
2649:
2629:
2589:
2567:
2496:
2426:
2364:
2292:
2279:
2179:
2108:
2098:
2093:
1935:
1468:
1361:
Assuming that all atoms in a crystal vibrate with the same frequency
1272:
1018:
577:
523:
505:
415:
26:
For the physical processes that take place at the melting point, see
4469:
3876:
4871:
4699:
4103:
Gilman, H.; Smith, C. L. (1967). "Tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)silane".
3785:
3728:
Feistel, R. & Wagner, W. (2006). "A New
Equation of State for H
3678:"A New Method of Freezing-Point Determination for Small Quantities"
3413:
3283:
3194:
3184:
3060:
2947:
2918:
2908:
2878:
2848:
2808:
2798:
2778:
2699:
2557:
2515:
2416:
2406:
2396:
2386:
2332:
2237:
2211:
2135:
1304:
1292:
1174:
1152:
1074:
997:
988:
803:
787:
771:
595:
559:
451:
379:
196:
157:
92:
31:
1342:
Predicting the melting point of substances (Lindemann's criterion)
4831:
4719:
4654:
4571:
4566:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3450:
3393:
3313:
3293:
3254:
3234:
3214:
3018:
3010:
2994:
2898:
2838:
2818:
2788:
2751:
2669:
2639:
2599:
2579:
2538:
2525:
2506:
2486:
2374:
2302:
2169:
2103:
1300:
1296:
1216:
1185:
do not possess a melting point; on heating they undergo a smooth
1082:
871:
717:
683:
263:
169:
153:
53:
27:
4376:
4311:
4440:
3446:
3353:
3244:
3144:
2957:
2828:
2761:
2719:
2679:
2659:
2466:
2456:
2446:
2322:
2269:
2224:
2202:
2151:
1943:
1312:
1280:
753:
735:
701:
649:
631:
541:
487:
469:
433:
397:
333:
297:
238:
208:
165:
80:
4133:(1910). "The calculation of molecular vibration frequencies".
3970:"Latent heat | Definition, Examples, & Facts | Britannica"
1172:
while the temperature where melting is complete is called the
4449:
4435:
3522:
2928:
2732:
2345:
2192:
1182:
1151:
The melting point is sensitive to extremely large changes in
960:
76:
1219:
is depressed when another compound is added, meaning that a
4269:
Tetko, Igor V; m. Lowe, Daniel; Williams, Antony J (2016).
3835:
2888:
2858:
2476:
2436:
2250:
1329:
1055:
1008:
to be manually collected and taken to a remote laboratory.
853:
819:
665:
613:
273:
177:
3483:, and so has no true melting point under these conditions.
2331:
2236:
2210:
2134:
4445:
4228:
2689:
2524:
3915:
Proceedings of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
3766:
2718:
2223:
1365:, the average thermal energy can be estimated using the
1315:
with high symmetry have relatively high melting points.
4053:
1866:
1799:
1722:
1667:
1601:
1546:
1445:{\displaystyle E=4\pi ^{2}m\nu ^{2}~u^{2}=k_{\rm {B}}T}
4102:
1869:
1802:
1725:
1670:
1604:
1549:
1011:
4035:
3727:
1925:
1780:
1648:
1527:
1378:
1098:
981:
gives information on melting point together with its
41:"Freezing point" redirects here. For other uses, see
4268:
1354:states that melting is expected when the vibration
3912:
1888:
1752:
1628:
1444:
1125:
4373:by Thomas Carnelley (Harrison, London, 1885–1887)
4367:by Thomas Carnelley (Harrison, London, 1885–1887)
3617:, a compound with the highest known melting point
972:exist for the determination of melting points. A
4906:
4207:Defects and geometry in condensed matter physics
1957:
1000:with a transparent window (most basic design: a
861:
843:
761:
743:
725:
3734:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data
879:
691:
585:
567:
549:
531:
123:
4171:
1126:{\displaystyle \Delta S={\frac {\Delta H}{T}}}
245:; a pressure of more than twenty times normal
91:. The melting point of a substance depends on
4401:
4153:Point defects, lattice structure, and melting
4123:
4033:Tonkov, E. Yu. and Ponyatovsky, E. G. (2005)
1982:
949:
673:
639:
621:
603:
513:
495:
477:
459:
423:
387:
4129:
1200:
441:
405:
195:The metal with the highest melting point is
83:. At the melting point the solid and liquid
4415:
4224:
4222:
3994:The exact relationship is expressed in the
1922:range from 0.15 to 0.3 for most materials.
1050:Pressure dependence of water melting point.
4408:
4394:
3626:Melting points of the elements (data page)
3459:Melting points of the elements (data page)
1989:
1975:
1964:Melting points of the elements (data page)
1267:the melting point increases in the series
118:. Because of the ability of substances to
4296:
4286:
4242:
3861:
3784:
1518:, then the melting point is estimated as
1318:A high melting point results from a high
1287:the melting point increases in the order
964:Kofler bench with samples for calibration
16:Temperature at which a solid turns liquid
4264:
4262:
4219:
1328:
1045:
987:
959:
139:
47:
4371:Melting and boiling point tables vol. 2
4365:Melting and boiling point tables vol. 1
4165:
3549:shows natural occurrence of the element
2983:
932:
930:
4907:
4199:
4145:
4096:
3946:
3944:
3836:Hong, Q.-J.; van de Walle, A. (2015).
3675:
3302:
3153:
3033:
1073:(ΔG) of the material is zero, but the
211:does not melt at ambient pressure but
4389:
4340:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
4259:
3402:
3382:
3372:
3089:
3049:
3041:
1279:−16.4 °C (256.8 K). Likewise in
1249:is associated with high melting point
992:Automatic digital melting point meter
304:
292:
262:
4175:Solid state physics: an introduction
3223:
3203:
3173:
3099:
3025:
3001:
2973:
2618:
2608:
2311:
1475:is the average vibration amplitude,
927:
4231:"ONS Open Melting Point Collection"
4105:Journal of Organometallic Chemistry
3941:
3362:
3342:
3332:
3322:
3263:
3163:
3133:
3109:
3079:
3069:
2708:
2648:
2628:
2588:
2566:
2495:
2425:
2363:
2291:
2278:
2178:
1333:Like many high symmetry compounds,
1226:
1181:In contrast to crystalline solids,
1012:Techniques for refractory materials
918:
911:; and χ is the standard symbol for
897:
13:
3505:Arsenic does not melt at STP, but
3453:(°C), rounded. For equivalents in
3412:
3282:
3193:
3183:
3059:
2946:
2917:
2907:
2877:
2847:
2807:
2797:
2777:
2698:
2556:
2514:
2415:
2405:
2395:
2385:
1926:Databases and automated prediction
1856:
1839:
1787:
1736:
1655:
1612:
1534:
1433:
1111:
1099:
14:
4941:
4358:
3621:List of elements by melting point
3496:at approximately 4000°C (4273 K).
3492:Carbon does not melt at STP, but
3392:
3312:
3292:
3253:
3233:
3213:
3017:
3009:
2993:
2897:
2867:
2837:
2817:
2787:
2750:
2668:
2638:
2598:
2578:
2537:
2505:
2485:
2373:
2301:
2168:
1041:
979:Differential scanning calorimetry
136:List of elements by melting point
4468:
4338:Haynes, William M., ed. (2011).
3352:
3276:
3243:
3143:
3127:
2967:
2956:
2940:
2827:
2771:
2760:
2744:
2678:
2658:
2550:
2465:
2455:
2445:
2357:
2321:
2268:
2262:
2201:
2162:
2150:
2128:
1307:. Many cage-like compounds like
4084:
4047:
4037:, CRC Press, Boca Raton, p. 98
4027:
4001:
3988:
3962:
3682:Journal of Experimental Biology
3499:
3486:
3473:
3464:
3439:
2927:
2731:
2344:
2191:
907:; C is the standard symbol for
43:Freezing point (disambiguation)
19:For the EP by Zerobaseone, see
4209:, Cambridge University Press,
3906:
3892:10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.03.158
3870:
3829:
3817:
3760:
3720:
3708:
3669:
2887:
2857:
2475:
2435:
2249:
1335:tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)silane
95:and is usually specified at a
1:
4857:Macroscopic quantum phenomena
4117:10.1016/S0022-328X(00)91037-4
4057:Journal of Chemical Education
3657:
2688:
1958:Melting point of the elements
903:Z is the standard symbol for
4867:Order and disorder (physics)
4342:(92nd ed.). CRC Press.
4256:retrieved 13 September 2013.
3676:Ramsay, J. A. (1 May 1949).
3662:
1763:From the expression for the
1494:. If the threshold value of
7:
4337:
4162:, Thesis, Technion, Israel.
4090:
3996:Clausius–Clapeyron relation
3823:
3714:
3592:
1358:exceeds a threshold value.
1275:−129.8 °C (143 K) and
129:
10:
4946:
4915:Atmospheric thermodynamics
4325:
4275:Journal of Cheminformatics
3863:10.1103/PhysRevB.92.020104
3518:
3435:
3428:
3424:
3121:
2288:
2188:
2147:
2122:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2012:
1970:
1961:
1938:and similar data has been
1356:root mean square amplitude
1295:has a lower symmetry than
1204:
953:
950:Melting point measurements
888:
133:
40:
25:
18:
4819:
4773:
4645:
4559:
4533:
4477:
4466:
4428:
4288:10.1186/s13321-016-0113-y
4178:. Wiley-VCH. p. 67.
3562:
3275:
3126:
1289:meta, ortho and then para
1239:, established in 1882 by
1207:Freezing-point depression
1201:Freezing-point depression
255:List of common chemicals
254:
4892:Thermo-dielectric effect
4791:Enthalpy of vaporization
4485:Bose–Einstein condensate
4244:10.1038/npre.2011.6229.1
3479:Helium cannot freeze at
1215:The freezing point of a
67:) of a substance is the
4786:Enthalpy of sublimation
4318:retrieved 18 June 2016.
4205:Nelson, D. R., (2002),
4172:Philip Hofmann (2008).
3803:10.1126/science.abb7542
1952:support vector machines
1062:, and is an example of
956:Melting-point apparatus
4930:Threshold temperatures
4801:Latent internal energy
4551:Color-glass condensate
4158:5 October 2016 at the
3880:Ceramics International
3636:Simon–Glatzel equation
1890:
1754:
1630:
1446:
1338:
1127:
1051:
993:
965:
149:
56:
4611:Magnetically ordered
1891:
1755:
1631:
1447:
1367:equipartition theorem
1332:
1271:−160 °C (113 K)
1128:
1054:For a solid to melt,
1049:
991:
970:laboratory techniques
963:
915:on the Pauling scale.
186:nucleating substances
152:For most substances,
143:
134:Further information:
116:crystallization point
51:
4490:Fermionic condensate
4151:Sorkin, S., (2003),
3615:Hafnium carbonitride
3610:Hagedorn temperature
1778:
1646:
1525:
1492:absolute temperature
1376:
1096:
247:atmospheric pressure
222:Hafnium carbonitride
218:carbon phase diagram
201:electrical filaments
71:at which it changes
4920:Physical quantities
4705:Chemical ionization
4597:Programmable matter
4587:Quantum spin liquid
4455:Supercritical fluid
4070:2000JChEd..77..724B
4015:on 28 February 2008
3886:(10): 16068–16073.
3854:2015PhRvB..92b0104H
3795:2020Sci...369.1490K
3779:(6510): 1490–1492.
3746:2006JPCRD..35.1021F
3694:10.1242/jeb.26.1.57
2875:(−38.8290 °C)
2686:(156.5985 °C)
1868:
1849:
1801:
1724:
1669:
1603:
1548:
1352:Lindemann criterion
1348:Frederick Lindemann
4852:Leidenfrost effect
4781:Enthalpy of fusion
4546:Quark–gluon plasma
3974:www.britannica.com
3641:Slip melting point
3509:at 615 °C (887 K).
3107:(350–550 °C)
3097:(364–507 °C)
2865:(1064.18 °C)
2739:(−111.75 °C)
2545:(−157.37 °C)
2493:(29.7646 °C)
2473:(1084.62 °C)
2352:(−189.34 °C)
2257:(−248.59 °C)
2247:(−219.67 °C)
2234:(−218.79 °C)
2221:(−209.86 °C)
2145:(−259.16 °C)
1930:In February 2011,
1886:
1882:
1863:
1833:
1750:
1743:
1719:
1626:
1619:
1598:
1508:Lindemann constant
1484:Boltzmann constant
1442:
1339:
1253:structural isomers
1247:molecular symmetry
1123:
1052:
994:
983:enthalpy of fusion
966:
207:. The often-cited
205:incandescent lamps
150:
65:liquefaction point
57:
21:Melting Point (EP)
4925:Phase transitions
4900:
4899:
4882:Superheated vapor
4877:Superconductivity
4847:Equation of state
4695:Flash evaporation
4647:Phase transitions
4632:String-net liquid
4525:Photonic molecule
4495:Degenerate matter
4377:Patent mined data
4235:Nature Precedings
4185:978-3-527-40861-0
4078:10.1021/ed077p724
3754:10.1063/1.2183324
3605:Congruent melting
3590:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3320:(1132.2 °C)
2895:(327.46 °C)
2855:(1768.3 °C)
2716:(449.51 °C)
2706:(630.63 °C)
2696:(231.93 °C)
2676:(321.07 °C)
2666:(961.78 °C)
2656:(1554.9 °C)
2503:(938.25 °C)
2483:(419.53 °C)
2342:(−101.5 °C)
2329:(115.21 °C)
2299:(660.32 °C)
2276:(97.794 °C)
2176:(180.50 °C)
2120:
2018:
1908:Debye temperature
1884:
1867:
1800:
1745:
1723:
1668:
1621:
1602:
1547:
1413:
1324:entropy of fusion
1257:molecular formula
1233:organic chemistry
1121:
1071:Gibbs free energy
947:
946:
913:electronegativity
97:standard pressure
4937:
4837:Compressed fluid
4472:
4417:States of matter
4410:
4403:
4396:
4387:
4386:
4353:
4319:
4310:
4300:
4290:
4266:
4257:
4248:
4246:
4226:
4217:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4169:
4163:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4100:
4094:
4093:, pp. 6.153–155.
4088:
4082:
4081:
4051:
4045:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4011:. Archived from
4005:
3999:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3948:
3939:
3938:
3927:10.2307/20020628
3910:
3904:
3903:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3848:(2): 020104(R).
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3788:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3740:(2): 1021–1047.
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3673:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3529:
3510:
3503:
3497:
3490:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3443:
3416:
3406:
3396:
3386:
3376:
3366:
3356:
3346:
3340:(639.4 °C)
3336:
3330:(639±3 °C)
3326:
3316:
3306:
3296:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3267:
3257:
3247:
3237:
3227:
3217:
3207:
3197:
3187:
3177:
3167:
3157:
3147:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3117:(52±15 °C)
3113:
3103:
3093:
3083:
3073:
3063:
3057:(10±11 °C)
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2987:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2960:
2950:
2944:
2931:
2921:
2911:
2905:(271.5 °C)
2901:
2891:
2881:
2871:
2861:
2851:
2841:
2831:
2821:
2811:
2801:
2791:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2764:
2754:
2748:
2735:
2729:(113.7 °C)
2725:
2712:
2702:
2692:
2682:
2672:
2662:
2652:
2642:
2632:
2622:
2612:
2602:
2592:
2582:
2570:
2564:(39.30 °C)
2560:
2554:
2541:
2531:
2518:
2509:
2499:
2489:
2479:
2469:
2459:
2449:
2439:
2429:
2419:
2409:
2399:
2389:
2377:
2367:
2361:
2348:
2338:
2325:
2319:(44.15 °C)
2315:
2305:
2295:
2282:
2272:
2266:
2253:
2243:
2230:
2217:
2205:
2195:
2182:
2172:
2166:
2154:
2141:
2132:
2115:
2013:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1832:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1684:
1683:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1563:
1562:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1423:
1422:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1397:
1396:
1285:dichlorobenzenes
1241:Thomas Carnelley
1237:Carnelley's rule
1227:Carnelley's rule
1195:softening points
1187:glass transition
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1109:
937:
934:
925:
922:
916:
901:
881:
863:
845:
763:
745:
727:
693:
675:
641:
623:
605:
587:
569:
551:
533:
515:
497:
479:
461:
443:
425:
407:
389:
314:
312:
302:
300:
290:
288:
287:
285:
284:
279:
276:
252:
251:
146:carboxylic acids
4945:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4896:
4827:Baryonic matter
4815:
4769:
4740:Saturated fluid
4680:Crystallization
4641:
4615:Antiferromagnet
4555:
4529:
4473:
4464:
4424:
4414:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4328:
4323:
4322:
4267:
4260:
4227:
4220:
4204:
4200:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4170:
4166:
4160:Wayback Machine
4150:
4146:
4128:
4124:
4101:
4097:
4089:
4085:
4052:
4048:
4032:
4028:
4018:
4016:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3993:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3950:
3949:
3942:
3911:
3907:
3875:
3871:
3834:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3765:
3761:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3595:
3586:
3585:
3552:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3525:
3514:
3513:
3504:
3500:
3491:
3487:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3444:
3440:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3400:(1527 °C)
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3360:(1340 °C)
3359:
3354:
3350:(1176 °C)
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3310:(1568 °C)
3309:
3304:
3300:(1750 °C)
3299:
3294:
3290:(1227 °C)
3289:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3265:
3261:(1545 °C)
3260:
3255:
3251:(1529 °C)
3250:
3245:
3241:(1461 °C)
3240:
3235:
3231:(1407 °C)
3230:
3225:
3221:(1356 °C)
3220:
3215:
3211:(1312 °C)
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3191:(1072 °C)
3190:
3185:
3181:(1042 °C)
3180:
3175:
3171:(1024 °C)
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2991:(2100 °C)
2990:
2985:
2981:(1627 °C)
2980:
2975:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2873:234.3210 K
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2845:(2446 °C)
2844:
2839:
2835:(3033 °C)
2834:
2829:
2825:(3186 °C)
2824:
2819:
2815:(3422 °C)
2814:
2809:
2805:(3017 °C)
2804:
2799:
2795:(2233 °C)
2794:
2789:
2785:(1652 °C)
2784:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2758:(28.5 °C)
2757:
2752:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2684:429.7485 K
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2646:(1964 °C)
2645:
2640:
2636:(2334 °C)
2635:
2630:
2626:(2157 °C)
2625:
2620:
2616:(2623 °C)
2615:
2610:
2606:(2477 °C)
2605:
2600:
2596:(1855 °C)
2595:
2590:
2586:(1526 °C)
2585:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2544:
2539:
2535:(−7.2 °C)
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2491:302.9146 K
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2463:(1455 °C)
2462:
2457:
2453:(1495 °C)
2452:
2447:
2443:(1538 °C)
2442:
2437:
2433:(1246 °C)
2432:
2427:
2423:(1907 °C)
2422:
2417:
2413:(1910 °C)
2412:
2407:
2403:(1668 °C)
2402:
2397:
2393:(1541 °C)
2392:
2387:
2380:
2375:
2371:(63.5 °C)
2370:
2365:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2309:(1414 °C)
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:(2076 °C)
2198:
2193:
2189:
2186:(1287 °C)
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2123:
2008:
1995:
1966:
1960:
1928:
1916:Planck constant
1905:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1765:Debye frequency
1735:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1481:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1405:
1401:
1392:
1388:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1344:
1266:
1262:
1229:
1213:
1205:Main articles:
1203:
1110:
1108:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1044:
1014:
958:
952:
943:
942:
941:
940:
935:
928:
923:
919:
902:
898:
310:
308:
296:
294:
280:
277:
272:
271:
269:
268:
266:
236:
232:
138:
132:
46:
39:
36:Crystallization
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4943:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4806:Trouton's rule
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4675:Critical point
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4577:Liquid crystal
4574:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4510:Strange matter
4507:
4505:Rydberg matter
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4443:
4438:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4413:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4374:
4368:
4360:
4359:External links
4357:
4355:
4354:
4349:978-1439855119
4348:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4258:
4218:
4198:
4184:
4164:
4144:
4122:
4111:(2): 245–253.
4095:
4083:
4046:
4026:
4000:
3987:
3961:
3940:
3905:
3869:
3828:
3816:
3759:
3729:
3719:
3707:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3553:
3523:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3498:
3485:
3472:
3463:
3445:Values are in
3437:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3420:(827 °C)
3411:
3410:(827 °C)
3401:
3391:
3390:(860 °C)
3381:
3380:(900 °C)
3371:
3370:(986 °C)
3361:
3351:
3341:
3331:
3321:
3311:
3301:
3291:
3281:
3273:
3272:
3271:(824 °C)
3262:
3252:
3242:
3232:
3222:
3212:
3202:
3201:(826 °C)
3192:
3182:
3172:
3162:
3161:(935 °C)
3152:
3151:(795 °C)
3142:
3141:(920 °C)
3132:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3108:
3105:623–823 K
3098:
3095:637–780 K
3088:
3087:(400 °C)
3078:
3077:(−73 °C)
3068:
3067:(430 °C)
3058:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3024:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2982:
2972:
2965:
2964:(700 °C)
2955:
2945:
2937:
2936:
2935:(−71 °C)
2926:
2925:(302 °C)
2916:
2915:(254 °C)
2906:
2896:
2886:
2885:(304 °C)
2876:
2866:
2863:1337.33 K
2856:
2846:
2836:
2826:
2816:
2806:
2796:
2786:
2776:
2769:
2768:(727 °C)
2759:
2749:
2741:
2740:
2730:
2722:
2717:
2707:
2697:
2687:
2677:
2667:
2664:1234.93 K
2657:
2654:1828.05 K
2647:
2637:
2627:
2617:
2607:
2597:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2574:(777 °C)
2565:
2555:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2528:
2523:
2522:(221 °C)
2513:
2504:
2501:1211.40 K
2494:
2484:
2474:
2471:1357.77 K
2464:
2454:
2444:
2434:
2424:
2414:
2404:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2381:(842 °C)
2372:
2362:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2335:
2330:
2320:
2310:
2300:
2290:
2287:
2286:(650 °C)
2277:
2274:370.944 K
2267:
2259:
2258:
2248:
2240:
2235:
2227:
2222:
2214:
2209:
2200:
2190:
2187:
2177:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2149:
2146:
2138:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2006:periodic table
1996:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1962:Main article:
1959:
1956:
1927:
1924:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1878:
1874:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1795:
1789:
1784:
1761:
1760:
1749:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1663:
1657:
1652:
1637:
1636:
1625:
1614:
1609:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1542:
1536:
1531:
1516:atomic spacing
1479:
1453:
1452:
1441:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1343:
1340:
1320:heat of fusion
1264:
1260:
1243:, states that
1228:
1225:
1202:
1199:
1191:viscous liquid
1134:
1133:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1060:heat of fusion
1043:
1042:Thermodynamics
1040:
1013:
1010:
954:Main article:
951:
948:
945:
944:
939:
938:
926:
917:
895:
894:
893:
889:
886:
885:
882:
877:
874:
868:
867:
864:
859:
856:
850:
849:
846:
841:
838:
832:
831:
828:
825:
822:
816:
815:
812:
809:
806:
800:
799:
796:
793:
790:
784:
783:
780:
777:
774:
768:
767:
764:
759:
756:
750:
749:
746:
741:
738:
732:
731:
728:
723:
720:
714:
713:
710:
707:
704:
698:
697:
694:
689:
686:
680:
679:
676:
671:
668:
662:
661:
658:
655:
652:
646:
645:
642:
637:
634:
628:
627:
624:
619:
616:
610:
609:
606:
601:
598:
592:
591:
588:
583:
580:
574:
573:
570:
565:
562:
556:
555:
552:
547:
544:
538:
537:
534:
529:
526:
520:
519:
516:
511:
508:
502:
501:
498:
493:
490:
484:
483:
480:
475:
472:
466:
465:
462:
457:
454:
448:
447:
444:
439:
436:
430:
429:
426:
421:
418:
412:
411:
408:
403:
400:
394:
393:
390:
385:
382:
376:
375:
372:
369:
366:
360:
359:
356:
353:
351:
345:
344:
342:
339:
337:
330:
329:
326:
323:
320:
316:
315:
303:
291:
261:
257:
256:
249:is necessary.
234:
230:
172:; −37.89
131:
128:
112:freezing point
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4942:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4903:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4862:Mpemba effect
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4842:Cooling curve
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4765:Vitrification
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4730:Recombination
4728:
4726:
4725:Melting point
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4670:Critical line
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4660:Boiling point
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4592:Exotic matter
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4406:
4404:
4399:
4397:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4351:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4317:
4314:published on
4313:
4308:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4263:
4255:
4252:published on
4251:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4223:
4216:
4215:0-521-00400-4
4212:
4208:
4202:
4187:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4168:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4148:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4050:
4044:
4043:0-8493-3367-9
4040:
4036:
4030:
4014:
4010:
4004:
3997:
3991:
3976:. 4 June 2024
3975:
3971:
3965:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3873:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3723:
3716:
3711:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3668:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3631:Phase diagram
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:Boiling point
3598:
3597:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3528:
3521:
3517:
3508:
3502:
3495:
3489:
3482:
3476:
3467:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3407:
3397:
3387:
3377:
3367:
3357:
3347:
3337:
3327:
3318:1405.3 K
3317:
3307:
3297:
3287:
3274:
3268:
3258:
3248:
3238:
3228:
3218:
3208:
3198:
3188:
3178:
3168:
3158:
3148:
3138:
3125:
3120:
3115:325±15 K
3114:
3104:
3094:
3084:
3074:
3064:
3055:283±11 K
3054:
3046:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2988:
2978:
2966:
2961:
2954:(27 °C)
2951:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2932:
2922:
2912:
2902:
2893:600.61 K
2892:
2882:
2872:
2862:
2853:2041.4 K
2852:
2842:
2832:
2822:
2812:
2802:
2792:
2782:
2770:
2765:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2737:161.40 K
2736:
2727:386.85 K
2726:
2714:722.66 K
2713:
2704:903.78 K
2703:
2694:505.08 K
2693:
2683:
2674:594.22 K
2673:
2663:
2653:
2643:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2603:
2593:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2562:312.45 K
2561:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2543:115.78 K
2542:
2532:
2519:
2510:
2500:
2490:
2481:692.68 K
2480:
2470:
2460:
2450:
2440:
2430:
2420:
2410:
2400:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2339:
2327:388.36 K
2326:
2316:
2306:
2297:933.47 K
2296:
2283:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2244:
2231:
2218:
2206:
2196:
2183:
2174:453.65 K
2173:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2142:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1998:Melting point
1992:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1948:random forest
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1876:
1872:
1851:
1845:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1793:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1747:
1731:
1727:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1661:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1623:
1607:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1540:
1529:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1439:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1157:boiling point
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1102:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1009:
1005:
1003:
999:
990:
986:
984:
980:
975:
971:
962:
957:
933:
931:
921:
914:
910:
909:heat capacity
906:
905:atomic number
900:
896:
892:
887:
883:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
865:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
847:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
829:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
813:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
797:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
781:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
747:
742:
739:
737:
734:
733:
729:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
711:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
695:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
677:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
659:
656:
653:
651:
648:
647:
643:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
625:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
607:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
589:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
571:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
553:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
535:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
517:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
499:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
481:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
463:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
445:
440:
437:
435:
432:
431:
427:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
409:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
391:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
373:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
357:
354:
352:
350:
347:
346:
343:
340:
338:
335:
332:
331:
327:
324:
321:
318:
317:
307:
299:
283:
275:
265:
259:
258:
253:
250:
248:
244:
243:absolute zero
240:
227:
223:
219:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:(−38.83
167:
163:
159:
155:
147:
142:
137:
127:
125:
124:melting point
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:(or, rarely,
62:
61:melting point
55:
50:
44:
37:
33:
29:
22:
4902:
4887:Superheating
4760:Vaporization
4755:Triple point
4750:Supercooling
4724:
4715:Lambda point
4665:Condensation
4582:Time crystal
4560:Other states
4500:Quantum Hall
4339:
4278:
4274:
4234:
4201:
4189:. Retrieved
4174:
4167:
4147:
4138:
4134:
4131:Lindemann FA
4125:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4086:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4034:
4029:
4017:. Retrieved
4013:the original
4003:
3990:
3978:. Retrieved
3973:
3964:
3955:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3845:
3842:Phys. Rev. B
3841:
3831:
3819:
3776:
3772:
3762:
3737:
3733:
3722:
3710:
3688:(1): 57–64.
3685:
3681:
3671:
3651:Zone melting
3646:Triple point
3546:
3524:
3519:
3501:
3488:
3475:
3466:
3441:
3429:
3338:912.5 K
3328:912±3 K
2903:544.7 K
2756:301.7 K
2533:265.8 K
2369:336.7 K
2350:83.81 K
2340:171.6 K
2317:317.3 K
2255:24.56 K
2245:53.48 K
2232:54.36 K
2219:63.23 K
2143:13.99 K
1997:
1929:
1919:
1918:. Values of
1911:
1900:
1898:
1768:
1762:
1638:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1454:
1362:
1360:
1351:
1345:
1317:
1244:
1236:
1230:
1214:
1211:Supercooling
1180:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1086:
1078:
1068:
1053:
1032:
1028:
1023:Planck's law
1015:
1006:
995:
974:Kofler bench
967:
920:
899:
890:
364:Paraffin wax
349:Cocoa butter
224:(HfCN) is a
194:
151:
115:
111:
109:
64:
60:
58:
4796:Latent heat
4745:Sublimation
4690:Evaporation
4625:Ferromagnet
4620:Ferrimagnet
4602:Dark matter
4534:High energy
4332:Works cited
4019:19 February
3921:: 218–233.
3826:, p. 4.123.
3732:O Ice Ih".
3717:, p. 4.122.
3418:1100 K
3408:1100 K
3398:1800 K
3388:1133 K
3378:1173 K
3368:1259 K
3358:1613 K
3348:1449 K
3308:1841 K
3298:2023 K
3288:1500 K
3269:1097 K
3259:1818 K
3249:1802 K
3239:1734 K
3229:1680 K
3219:1629 K
3209:1585 K
3199:1099 K
3189:1345 K
3179:1315 K
3169:1297 K
3159:1208 K
3149:1068 K
3139:1193 K
2989:2400 K
2979:1900 K
2843:2719 K
2833:3306 K
2823:3459 K
2813:3695 K
2803:3290 K
2793:2506 K
2783:1925 K
2766:1000 K
2644:2237 K
2634:2607 K
2624:2430 K
2614:2896 K
2604:2750 K
2594:2128 K
2584:1799 K
2572:1050 K
2461:1728 K
2451:1768 K
2441:1811 K
2431:1519 K
2421:2180 K
2411:2183 K
2401:1941 K
2391:1814 K
2379:1115 K
2307:1687 K
2197:2349 K
2184:1560 K
1461:atomic mass
1064:latent heat
1002:Thiele tube
190:supercooled
89:equilibrium
69:temperature
4909:Categories
4811:Volatility
4774:Quantities
4735:Regelation
4710:Ionization
4685:Deposition
4637:Superglass
4607:Antimatter
4541:QCD matter
4520:Supersolid
4515:Superfluid
4478:Low energy
4141:: 609–612.
4064:(6): 724.
3786:1912.06676
3658:References
3534:From decay
3527:Primordial
3455:Fahrenheit
3085:670 K
3075:200 K
3065:700 K
2962:973 K
2952:300 K
2933:202 K
2923:575 K
2913:527 K
2883:577 K
2520:494 K
2284:923 K
1932:Alfa Aesar
1309:adamantane
1277:neopentane
1269:isopentane
1081:) and the
1035:emissivity
384:0.00008988
336:(Pb60Sn40)
319:Water @STP
226:refractory
182:hysteresis
164:is 234.32
101:atmosphere
99:such as 1
3900:216437833
3811:0036-8075
3663:Citations
3541:Synthetic
1936:open data
1835:θ
1808:π
1690:ν
1677:π
1569:ν
1556:π
1469:frequency
1403:ν
1390:π
1305:triazines
1283:and also
1273:n-pentane
1112:Δ
1100:Δ
1019:pyrometer
578:Potassium
524:Aluminium
506:Magnesium
456:0.0012506
416:Beryllium
402:0.0001785
260:Chemical
120:supercool
87:exist in
4872:Spinodal
4820:Concepts
4700:Freezing
4381:figshare
4307:26807157
4191:13 March
4156:Archived
3952:"Carbon"
3935:20020628
3702:15406812
3593:See also
3507:sublimes
3494:sublimes
3457:°F, see
3449:(K) and
2942:⑦
2746:⑥
2552:⑤
2359:④
2264:③
2164:②
2130:①
2002:elements
1322:, a low
1293:Pyridine
1221:solution
1175:liquidus
1153:pressure
1075:enthalpy
1017:optical
998:oil bath
827:1,337.33
804:Platinum
788:Tungsten
772:Tantalum
709:1,234.93
692:302.9146
657:1,357.77
596:Titanium
564:0.003214
560:Chlorine
474:0.001429
452:Nitrogen
380:Hydrogen
213:sublimes
197:tungsten
158:freezing
130:Examples
93:pressure
32:Freezing
4832:Binodal
4720:Melting
4655:Boiling
4572:Crystal
4567:Colloid
4326:Sources
4298:4724158
4135:Phys. Z
4066:Bibcode
3980:28 June
3956:rsc.org
3850:Bibcode
3791:Bibcode
3773:Science
3742:Bibcode
3579:p-block
3574:d-block
3569:f-block
3564:g-block
3559:s-block
3544:
3538:
3530:
3451:Celsius
3047:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2208:
2157:
2116:↓
2017: →
2004:in the
2000:of the
1944:patents
1914:is the
1906:is the
1514:is the
1506:is the
1490:is the
1482:is the
1467:is the
1459:is the
1301:diazine
1297:benzene
1281:xylenes
1217:solvent
1189:into a
1183:glasses
1169:solidus
1083:entropy
872:Bismuth
848:629.88
840:13.5336
836:Mercury
811:2,041.4
718:Cadmium
684:Gallium
572:239.11
554:717.87
286:
270:
264:Density
166:kelvins
162:mercury
154:melting
103:or 100
28:Melting
4460:Plasma
4441:Liquid
4346:
4305:
4295:
4254:QsarDB
4213:
4182:
4091:Haynes
4041:
3933:
3898:
3824:Haynes
3809:
3715:Haynes
3700:
3547:Border
3520:Legend
3447:Kelvin
2118:Period
1899:where
1502:where
1486:, and
1455:where
1412:
1313:cubane
1164:purity
891:Notes
884:1,837
866:2,022
862:600.61
858:11.342
844:234.43
830:3,129
824:19.282
814:4,098
798:5,828
782:5,731
776:16.654
766:457.4
762:386.85
754:Iodine
748:2,345
744:429.75
736:Indium
730:1,040
726:594.22
712:2,435
706:10.501
702:Silver
696:2,673
678:1,180
674:692.88
660:2,835
650:Copper
644:3,186
632:Nickel
626:3,134
608:3,560
590:1,032
586:336.53
550:388.36
542:Sulfur
536:2,792
532:933.47
518:1,363
500:1,156
496:370.87
488:Sodium
482:90.20
470:Oxygen
464:77.36
446:4,000
434:Carbon
428:2,742
398:Helium
392:20.28
334:Solder
239:helium
209:carbon
81:liquid
34:, and
4450:Vapor
4436:Solid
4429:State
4316:OCHEM
4312:Model
4281:: 2.
4250:Model
3931:JSTOR
3896:S2CID
3781:arXiv
3430:Notes
2015:Group
1942:from
1940:mined
1255:with
1245:high
1136:Here
968:Many
880:544.7
876:9.807
808:21.46
795:3,695
792:19.25
779:3,290
688:5.907
670:7.134
640:1,728
636:8.912
622:1,811
618:7.874
604:1,941
582:0.862
568:171.6
546:2.067
528:2.698
510:1.738
492:0.971
478:54.36
460:63.15
438:2.267
424:1,560
410:4.22
388:14.01
355:307.2
293:Melt
85:phase
77:solid
75:from
73:state
4421:list
4344:ISBN
4303:PMID
4211:ISBN
4193:2011
4180:ISBN
4039:ISBN
4021:2008
3982:2024
3807:ISSN
3698:PMID
1950:and
1910:and
1767:for
1510:and
1311:and
1303:and
1209:and
1144:and
1056:heat
854:Lead
820:Gold
758:4.93
740:7.31
722:8.69
666:Zinc
654:8.96
614:Iron
600:4.54
420:1.85
374:643
328:373
306:Boil
235:0.51
231:0.38
229:(HfN
178:agar
156:and
148:(°C)
59:The
4446:Gas
4293:PMC
4283:doi
4239:doi
4113:doi
4074:doi
3923:doi
3888:doi
3858:doi
3799:doi
3777:369
3750:doi
3690:doi
3481:STP
1498:is
1369:as
1231:In
514:923
371:310
368:0.9
341:461
325:273
220:).
203:in
126:."
114:or
105:kPa
79:to
4911::
4448:/
4301:.
4291:.
4277:.
4273:.
4261:^
4237:.
4233:.
4221:^
4139:11
4137:.
4107:.
4072:.
4062:77
4060:.
3972:.
3954:.
3943:^
3929:.
3919:31
3917:.
3894:.
3884:46
3882:.
3856:.
3846:92
3844:.
3840:.
3805:.
3797:.
3789:.
3775:.
3771:.
3748:.
3738:35
3736:.
3696:.
3686:26
3684:.
3680:.
3415:No
3405:Md
3395:Fm
3385:Es
3375:Cf
3365:Bk
3355:Cm
3345:Am
3335:Pu
3325:Np
3315:U
3305:Pa
3295:Th
3285:Ac
3266:Yb
3256:Tm
3246:Er
3236:Ho
3226:Dy
3216:Tb
3206:Gd
3196:Eu
3186:Sm
3176:Pm
3166:Nd
3156:Pr
3146:Ce
3136:La
3112:Og
3102:Ts
3092:Lv
3082:Mc
3072:Fl
3062:Nh
3052:Cn
3044:Rg
3036:Ds
3028:Mt
3020:Hs
3012:Bh
3004:Sg
2996:Db
2986:Rf
2976:Lr
2959:Ra
2949:Fr
2930:Rn
2920:At
2910:Po
2900:Bi
2890:Pb
2880:Tl
2870:Hg
2860:Au
2850:Pt
2840:Ir
2830:Os
2820:Re
2810:W
2800:Ta
2790:Hf
2780:Lu
2763:Ba
2753:Cs
2734:Xe
2711:Te
2701:Sb
2691:Sn
2681:In
2671:Cd
2661:Ag
2651:Pd
2641:Rh
2631:Ru
2621:Tc
2611:Mo
2601:Nb
2591:Zr
2581:Y
2569:Sr
2559:Rb
2540:Kr
2527:Br
2517:Se
2508:As
2498:Ge
2488:Ga
2478:Zn
2468:Cu
2458:Ni
2448:Co
2438:Fe
2428:Mn
2418:Cr
2408:V
2398:Ti
2388:Sc
2376:Ca
2366:K
2347:Ar
2334:Cl
2324:S
2314:P
2304:Si
2294:Al
2281:Mg
2271:Na
2252:Ne
2204:C
2194:B
2181:Be
2171:Li
2153:He
2109:18
2104:17
2099:16
2094:15
2089:14
2084:13
2079:12
2074:11
2069:10
1954:.
1771:,
1500:ca
1471:,
1463:,
1291:.
1265:12
1235:,
1197:.
1146:ΔH
1142:ΔS
1140:,
1066:.
985:.
929:^
358:-
282:cm
174:°F
170:°C
107:.
54:°C
30:,
4423:)
4419:(
4409:e
4402:t
4395:v
4352:.
4309:.
4285::
4279:8
4247:.
4241::
4195:.
4119:.
4115::
4109:8
4080:.
4076::
4068::
4023:.
3998:.
3984:.
3958:.
3937:.
3925::
3902:.
3890::
3866:.
3860::
3852::
3813:.
3801::
3793::
3783::
3756:.
3752::
3744::
3730:2
3704:.
3692::
3461:.
2723:2
2721:I
2529:2
2336:2
2241:2
2239:F
2228:2
2226:O
2215:2
2213:N
2139:2
2137:H
2064:9
2059:8
2054:7
2049:6
2044:5
2039:4
2034:3
2027:2
2022:1
1990:e
1983:t
1976:v
1920:c
1912:h
1904:D
1901:θ
1877:2
1873:h
1857:B
1852:k
1846:2
1840:D
1829:2
1825:a
1819:2
1815:c
1811:m
1805:2
1794:=
1788:m
1783:T
1769:ν
1748:.
1737:B
1732:k
1728:2
1714:2
1710:a
1704:2
1700:c
1694:2
1686:m
1681:2
1673:4
1662:=
1656:m
1651:T
1624:.
1613:B
1608:k
1593:2
1589:a
1583:2
1579:c
1573:2
1565:m
1560:2
1552:4
1541:=
1535:m
1530:T
1512:a
1504:c
1496:u
1488:T
1480:B
1477:k
1473:u
1465:ν
1457:m
1440:T
1434:B
1429:k
1425:=
1420:2
1416:u
1407:2
1399:m
1394:2
1386:4
1383:=
1380:E
1363:ν
1263:H
1261:5
1259:C
1138:T
1119:T
1115:H
1106:=
1103:S
1087:S
1085:(
1079:H
1077:(
442:—
406:—
322:1
313:)
311:K
309:(
301:)
298:K
295:(
289:)
278:/
274:g
267:(
233:C
45:.
38:.
23:.
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