1557:
1289:
708:
1603:
1341:
122:
1465:
1163:
156:
1227:
system has common features to the
Chinese made Type 82 130 mm (5.1 in) 30-tube MLRS (introduced by the Palestinian Liberation Army (PLA) in the early 1980s) rather than rail-guided Katyusha variants such as the Qassam Rocket. The warhead weight is 70 kg (150 lb) and it is filled with TNT. It had a range of 15 to 25 km (9.3 to 15.5 mi). The rocket has since then undergone some modifications. The Pasilan 2000 was more lethal than Baba mortar. But it was not heavily used for ground attacks during the
1090:
908:
633:
775:
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25:
817:
1054:
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1017:. They have short barrels in comparison to guns and are much more lightly built than guns of a similar calibre – all characteristics of infantry mortars. This produces a hybrid weapon capable of engaging area targets with indirect high-angle fire, and also specific targets such as vehicles and bunkers with direct fire. Such hybrids are much heavier and more complicated than infantry mortars, superior to
1343:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1347:
896:
1345:
2055:
942:, to vehicles specifically intended to carry a mortar. Simpler vehicles carry a standard infantry mortar while in more complex vehicles the mortar is fully integrated into the vehicle and cannot be dismounted from the vehicle. Mortar carriers cannot be fired while on the move, and some must be dismounted to fire.
1332:
for muzzle-loading rifles. For extra range, propellant rings (augmentation charges) are attached to the bomb's fins. The rings are usually easy to remove, because they have a major influence on the speed and thus the range of the bomb. Some mortar rounds can be fired without any augmentation charges,
1141:
launcher, used from the deck of a ship, used 24 spigot mortars which fired a diamond pattern of anti-submarine projectiles into the sea ahead of the ship. A sinking projectile detonated if it struck a submarine, and the pattern was such that any submarine partly in the landing zone of the projectiles
1077:
inside the projectile and firing the propellant charge. The advantage of a spigot mortar is that the firing unit (baseplate and spigot) is smaller and lighter than a conventional tube mortar of equivalent payload and range. It is also somewhat simpler to manufacture. Further, most spigot mortars have
1009:, which combine features of modern infantry mortars together with those of modern cannon. Such weapons are most commonly smoothbore, firing fin-stabilised rounds, using relatively small propellant charges in comparison to projectile weight. While some have been fitted with rifled barrels, such as the
878:
and had a booster charge for longer range, was developed after World War I; this was in effect a new weapon. By World War II, it could fire as many as 30 bombs per minute and had a range of over 2,500 yd (2,300 m) with some shell types. The French developed an improved version of the Stokes
1508:
imaging sensor that it uses to guide itself onto any tank or armoured fighting vehicle in the vicinity where it lands. The seeker is designed to ignore targets that are already burning. Launched from any 120 mm mortar, STRIX has a normal range of up to 4.5 km (2.8 mi). The addition of
1492:
guidance and directional control surfaces into a package that replaces standard fuses, transforming existing 120 mm mortar bodies into precision-guided munitions. The XM395 munition consists of a GPS-guided kit fitted to standard 120 mm smoothbore mortar rounds that includes the fitting of
1299:
for mortars generally comes in two main varieties: fin-stabilised and spin-stabilised. Examples of the former have short fins on their posterior portion, which control the path of the bomb in flight. Spin-stabilised mortar bombs rotate as they travel along and leave the mortar tube, which stabilises
1264:
from 60 mm (2.36 in) to 120 mm (4.72 in). However, both larger and smaller mortars have been produced. The modern mortar is a muzzle-loaded weapon and relatively simple to operate. It consists of a barrel into which the gunners drop a mortar round. When the round reaches the base
1319:
Operators may fire spin-stabilised rounds from either a smoothbore or a rifled barrel. Rifled mortars are more accurate but slower to load. Since mortars are generally muzzle-loaded, mortar bombs for rifled barrels usually have a pre-engraved band, called an obturator, that engages with the rifling
1170:
Insurgent groups often use improvised, or "homemade" mortars to attack fortified military installations or terrorise civilians. They are usually constructed from heavy steel piping mounted on a steel frame. These weapons may fire standard mortar rounds, purpose-made shells, repurposed gas cylinders
1642:
in a thinner skin than rifled artillery ammunition. Because of the difference in available volume, a smooth-bore mortar of a given diameter will have a greater explosive yield than a similarly sized artillery shell of a gun or howitzer. For example, a 120 mm mortar bomb has approximately the
1626:
are being employed in strategic positions to direct fire, an arrangement where the mortar is in relatively close proximity both to its forward observer and its target, allowing for fire to be quickly and accurately delivered with lethal effect. Mortars suffer from instability when used on snow or
1085:
A near-silent mortar can operate using the spigot principle. Each round has a close-fitting sliding plug in the tube that fits over the spigot. When the round is fired, the projectile is pushed off the spigot, but before the plug clears the spigot it is caught by a constriction at the base of the
1226:
or MBRL. This is ideal for LTTE's camouflage and conceals attacking style. Once a round is fired, forward observers/spies/civilian spotters can correct the fire. The way the tube is installed is similar to the positioning of rocket pods. The length and calibre of the barrel indicate
Pasilan 2000
1081:
The disadvantage is that while most mortar bombs have a streamlined shape towards the back that fits a spigot mortar application well, using that space for the spigot mortar tube takes volume and mass away from the payload of the projectile. If a soldier is carrying only a few projectiles, the
1717:
866:
in the base of the bomb would make contact with a firing pin at the base of the tube and detonate, firing the bomb towards the target. The Stokes mortar could fire as many as 25 bombs per minute and had a maximum range of 800 yd (730 m), firing the original cylindrical unstabilised
839:, there was a great need for a versatile and easily portable weapon that could be manned by troops under cover in the trenches. Stokes' design was initially rejected in June 1915 because it was unable to use existing stocks of British mortar ammunition, and it took the intervention of
1041:(Advanced Mortar System) is an example of an even more advanced gun mortar system. It uses a 120 mm automatic twin-barrelled, breech-loaded mortar turret, which can be mounted on a variety of armoured vehicles and attack boats. A modern example of a gun-mortar is the
1848:
1643:
same explosive capability as a 152 mm/155 mm artillery shell. Also, fin-stabilised munitions fired from a smooth-bore, which do not rely on the spin imparted by a rifled bore for greater accuracy, do not have the drawback of veering in the direction of the spin.
1599:. This also makes it possible to launch attacks from positions lower than the target of the attack. (For example, long-range artillery could not shell a target 1 km (0.62 mi) away and 30 m (98 ft) higher, a target easily accessible to a mortar.)
1658:
From the 17th to the mid-20th century, very heavy, relatively immobile siege mortars were used, of up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) calibre, often made of cast iron and with an outside barrel diameter many times that of the bore diameter. An early example was
1622:, which is very hard or impossible to accomplish with long range artillery because of its much flatter trajectory. Mortars are also highly effective when used from concealed positions, such as the natural escarpments on hillsides or from woods, especially if
1221:
The
Pasilan 2000, the improved version, has been developed with characteristics similar to a rocket launcher. The Pasilan 2000 was a heavy mortar fired from a mobile launcher mounted on a tractor. The shell does not emit constant muzzle flares like
1344:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1269:
that fires the round. The barrel is generally set at an angle of between 45 and 85 degrees (800 to 1500 mils), with the higher angle producing a shorter horizontal trajectory. Some mortars have a moving firing pin, operated by a
1856:
847:) and Lieutenant Colonel J. C. Matheson of the Trench Warfare Supply Department (who reported to Lloyd George) to expedite manufacture of the Stokes mortar. The weapon proved to be extremely useful in the muddy trenches of the
1217:
used by the LTTE for ground operations since the 1980s. As Baba mortar rounds contained tar, they caused a fire when they hit the ground. The Baba, the prototype mortar, was crude. But with time the weapon has improved.
1580:, which allows light (60 mm (2.4 in)) and medium (81 mm (3.2 in)/82 mm (3.2 in)) mortars to be considered light weapons; i.e. capable of transport by personnel without vehicle assistance.
2348:
730:
were widely used on the coast to launch lines to ships in distress, and interest in their use as a weapon was not revived until the beginning of the 20th century. Mortars were heavily used by both sides during the
1720:
1690:" ((36 in (910 mm)) developed in the United States for use in World War II. Although the latter two had a calibre of 36 in (910 mm), only the "Monster Mortar" was used in combat (at the
743:
reported making mortars "by taking logs of the toughest wood that could be found, boring them out for 6 or 12 lb (2.7 or 5.4 kg) shells and binding them with strong iron bands. These answered as
1328:, whose ammunition had a sub-calibre expandable ring that enlarged when fired. This allows the projectile to slide down the barrel freely but grip the rifling when fired. The system resembles the
1086:
tube. This traps the gases from the propelling charge and hence the sound of the firing. After World War II the
Belgium Fly-K silent spigot mortar was accepted into French service as the TN-8111.
793:, where heavy artillery had been unable to destroy defensive structures like barbed wire and bunkers. Consequently they developed a short-barrelled rifled muzzle-loading mortar called the
2374:
2514:
1033:. However, they do have a niche in, for example, providing a multi-role anti-personnel, anti-armour capability in light mobile formations. Such systems, like the Soviet 120 mm
2681:
2238:
1719:
2285:
1082:
projectile weight disadvantage is not significant. However, the weight of a large quantity of the heavier and more complex spigot projectiles offsets the weight saved.
2544:
1583:
Mortars are short-range weapons and often more effective than long range artillery for many purposes within their shorter range. In particular, because of its high,
2706:
1101:
Spigot mortars generally fell out of favour after World War II and were replaced by smaller conventional mortars. Military applications of spigot mortars include:
648:, were large and heavy and could not be easily transported. Simply made, these weapons were no more than iron bowls reminiscent of the kitchen and apothecary
1065:, onto which a hollow tube in the projectile fits—inverting the normal tube-mortar arrangement. At the top of the tube in the projectile, a cavity contains
570:
Mortars have been used for hundreds of years. The earliest reported use of mortars was in Korea in a 1413 naval battle when Korean gunsmiths developed the
887:; this design was widely copied with and without license. These weapons were the prototypes for all subsequent light mortar developments around the world.
629:
high". The time of flight of these was apparently long enough that casualties could be avoided by posting observers to give warning of their trajectories.
1150:
dogs for bird hunting. Simple launchers use a separate small primer cap as the sole propellant (similar or identical to the cartridges used in industrial
858:
The Stokes mortar was a simple muzzle-loaded weapon, consisting of a smoothbore metal tube fixed to a base plate (to absorb recoil) with a lightweight
2160:
1146:
Non-military applications include the use of small-calibre spigot mortars to launch lightweight, low-velocity foam dummy targets used for training
1073:. There is usually a trigger mechanism built into the base of the spigot, with a long firing pin running up the length of the spigot activating a
1663:, with a 15.5 in (390 mm) barrel diameter and firing a 220 lb (100 kg) hollow ball filled with gunpowder and used during the
2686:
2403:
2637:
2611:
2691:
2382:
2522:
1192:
1260:
Most modern mortar systems consist of four main components: a barrel, a base plate, a bipod and a sight. Modern mortars normally range in
1213:
are known as "Pasilan 2000", also known as a "rocket mortar" or "Arti-mortar" like the 122 mm (4.8 in) cannon, successor to the
2719:
2127:
2004:
2199:
1171:
filled with explosives and shrapnel, or any other type of improvised explosive, incendiary or chemical munitions. These were called "
194:
189:
2574:
2244:
2492:
1078:
no barrel in the conventional sense, which means ammunition of almost any weight and diameter can be fired from the same mortar.
174:
2277:
1556:
1106:
1477:
179:
2193:
2121:
2067:
1977:
1952:
1832:
1652:
1288:
89:
61:
1793:
184:
133:
2552:
803:, they were made in three sizes: 7.58 cm (2.98 in), 17 cm (6.7 in), and 25 cm (9.8 in).
1927:
1913:
1176:
835:
in 1915 during the First World War that the modern mortar transportable by one person was born. In the conditions of
498:
108:
68:
1704:
42:
1587:
with a near vertical descent, the mortar can land bombs on nearby targets, including those behind obstacles or in
2455:
1602:
2441:
1878:
2028:
939:
922:
are vehicles which carry a mortar as a primary weapon. Numerous vehicles have been used to mount mortars, from
75:
46:
2605:
2548:
1998:
1197:. Observers have noted that they are "wildly inaccurate" and responsible for hundreds of civilian deaths.
967:
self-propelled 240 mm (9.4 in) heavy mortar which is one of the largest mortars in current use.
57:
2321:
848:
786:
707:
2740:
2488:
2148:
1919:
1062:
1006:
986:
640:, September 1687. The trajectory of the shell that hit the Parthenon, causing its explosion, is marked.
219:
1488:. Based on Orbital ATK's Precision Guidance Kit for 155 mm artillery projectiles, XM395 combines
1313:
2411:
1745:
1489:
1481:
1030:
946:
931:
315:
1472:, holding a XM395 Precision Guided Mortar Munition prototype at Fort Benning, Georgia, February 2006
1301:
2644:
2618:
2220:
1769:
1018:
618:
450:
2100:
War Dept. Technical Manual TM9-2005, Volume 3, Ordnance
Materiel – General, Page 17, December 1942
1500:
is a
Swedish endphase-guided projectile fired from a 120 mm mortar currently manufactured by
1691:
689:
400:
35:
2663:
2258:
610:
350:
2335:
2111:
1916:. Volume 5. Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Part 7. Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic
2183:
1764:
1675:
1309:
1113:
958:
912:
844:
760:
491:
121:
2349:
Slough observer:Suspected Second World War mortar exploded in
Windsor today, 3 October 2014
1739:
1660:
1584:
1568:
Modern mortars and their ammunition are generally much smaller and lighter than long range
1501:
1469:
1206:
790:
693:
614:
395:
214:
82:
8:
2582:
1485:
1464:
923:
871:
637:
2484:
2240:
Fly-K mortar systems – excellent stealth capabilities and tremendous tactical potential
1679:
1623:
1497:
1321:
1275:
953:
that can be equipped with a mortar, either outside or inside of the cabin. The
Israeli
863:
855:, where artillery shells, because of their low angle of flight, could not possibly go.
840:
752:
736:
732:
715:
653:
555:
252:
167:
125:
1698:
was a 60 cm (24 in) mortar and the largest to see combat in modern warfare.
1561:
1316:, and training rounds. Mortar bombs are often referred to, incorrectly, as "mortars".
1162:
583:
2189:
2117:
2024:
1973:
1948:
1923:
1828:
1664:
1138:
1094:
1002:
768:
657:
649:
645:
559:
355:
325:
305:
2701:
2735:
1774:
1638:
placed upon them by rifling or greater pressures, and can therefore carry a higher
1188:
950:
884:
880:
740:
673:
579:
484:
435:
310:
272:
207:
2307:
1945:
Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the
Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire
1997:
1334:
1127:
1089:
767:
from closed firing positions in the field; and with the collaboration of
General
748:, and shells were successfully thrown from them into the trenches of the enemy".
685:
681:
652:
whence they drew their name. An early transportable mortar was invented by Baron
420:
405:
385:
155:
1627:
soft ground, because the recoil pushes them into the ground or snow unevenly. A
1300:
them in much the same way as a rifle bullet. Both types of rounds can be either
1908:
1671:
1611:
1172:
1121:
1074:
919:
907:
836:
832:
820:
756:
723:
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539:
445:
242:
2696:
2071:
1801:
632:
2729:
1993:
1683:
1615:
1588:
1116:
used by Japan in World War II to some psychological effect in the battles of
1022:
998:
935:
828:
774:
764:
622:
543:
345:
290:
262:
1695:
1509:
a special sustainer motor increases the range to 7.5 km (4.7 mi).
1329:
900:
664:
mortar gained quick popularity, necessitating a new form of naval ship, the
2713:
1728:
World War II US Army movie footage of the 914 mm "Little David" mortar
1687:
1228:
1210:
727:
626:
591:
547:
516:
455:
415:
365:
247:
224:
2434:"Picatinny fields first precision-guided mortars to troops in Afghanistan"
993:. They are usually mounted on an armoured vehicle and are capable of both
975:
816:
2281:
1628:
1596:
1533:
1504:. STRIX is fired like a conventional mortar round. The round contains an
1042:
994:
979:
963:
957:
tank uses a 60 mm (2.4 in) mortar as a secondary armament. The
862:
mount. When a mortar bomb was dropped into the tube, an impact sensitive
800:
795:
665:
430:
380:
375:
340:
16:
Artillery weapon that launches explosive projectiles at a range of angles
1097:
launcher on display. Note the exposed spigot on the lower left launcher.
1757:
1537:
1325:
1296:
1266:
1066:
990:
927:
875:
599:
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523:
465:
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370:
300:
2008:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 40.
2433:
1886:
1573:
1569:
1545:
1223:
1147:
1010:
697:
696:. High angle trajectory mortars held a great advantage over standard
677:
360:
320:
295:
129:
1591:, such as light vehicles behind hills or structures, or infantry in
24:
2021:
The Fortress in the Age of Vauban and Frederick the Great 1660–1789
1577:
1505:
1305:
1151:
1117:
1037:, are mostly self-propelled (although a towed variant exists). The
1034:
1026:
1014:
470:
390:
335:
2278:"Syrian rebel "hell cannons" kill 300 civilians: monitoring group"
1053:
2518:
1750:
1639:
1513:
1271:
1261:
1252:
1070:
954:
745:
711:
661:
527:
440:
425:
330:
267:
257:
668:. Mortars played a significant role in the Venetian conquest of
1635:
1619:
1592:
1244:
1029:
and inferior anti-tank capability compared to modern anti-tank
852:
531:
519:
147:
985:
Gun-mortars are breech-loaded mortars usually equipped with a
550:
with a variety of ammunition. Historically mortars were heavy
1541:
1529:
1353:
859:
669:
606:
551:
535:
1493:
a nose and tail subsystem containing the maneuvering parts.
1166:
Improvised mortars in Batey ha-Osef Museum, Tel Aviv, Israel
915:
M113 mortar carrier showing the placement of an 81 mm mortar
574:(gourd-shaped mortar) (완구, 碗口). The earliest version of the
1131:
1038:
680:
was blown up. An early use of these more mobile mortars as
656:
in 1701. This mortar fired an exploding shell, which had a
1256:
Looking down an L16 mortar barrel. Note: fixed firing pin.
722:
The mortar had fallen out of general use in Europe by the
2638:"Field Manual 3-22.91 – Mortar Fire Direction Procedures"
1634:
Fin-stabilised mortar bombs do not have to withstand the
851:, as a mortar round could be aimed to fall directly into
2375:"Alliant Techsystems Takes Army Mortar Contract (Again)"
1105:
The 230 mm (9.1 in) petard mortar used on the
895:
714:
13-inch mortar "Dictator" was a rail-mounted gun of the
2617:. Department of the Army. December 2007. Archived from
2351:. Example of use of the word "mortar" for a mortar bomb
870:
A modified version of the mortar, which fired a modern
771:, he designed the first mortar that fired navy shells.
2643:. Department of the Army. 17 July 2008. Archived from
1025:
role, but have a reduced range compared to modern gun-
586:(1325–1395), is generally credited with inventing the
530:) metal tube fixed to a base plate (to spread out the
515:
today is usually a simple, lightweight, man-portable,
2682:
Mallet's Mortar, the largest British mortar ever made
1670:
The largest mortars ever developed were the Belgian "
1248:
L16 mortar consisting of barrel, base plate and bipod
2545:""MALAKHIT" AUTOMATED ARTILLERY FIRE CONTROL SYSTEM"
1292:
Mortar round with propellant rings about to be fired
1134:
anti-tank launchers used by Britain in World War II.
2221:"A Second Wind For The Lightweight Infantry Mortar"
1551:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1061:A spigot mortar consists mainly of a solid rod or
688:) was by British forces in the suppression of the
2151:Brandt mle 27 (Mortier Brandt de 81 mm modele 27)
1761:, a mortar used to test the strength of gunpowder
2727:
1822:
1532:-guided mortar munition, which was developed by
1320:of the barrel. Exceptions to this were the U.S.
625:used seven mortars that fired "stone shots one
1967:
1825:Siege Weapons of the Far East (2): AD 960–1644
660:that was lit by the hot gases when fired. The
636:Engraving depicting the Venetian siege of the
2425:
2275:
2259:"Tank Hurls Flying Dust Bins and Lays Tracks"
1942:
1478:XM395 Precision Guided Mortar Munition (PGMM)
1187:Improvised mortars used by insurgents in the
598:recorded the use of a mini cannon called the
492:
2716:-era German 60 cm self-propelled mortar
2687:Defense Update: Modern mobile 120 mm mortars
2515:"Israeli army tests GPS-guided mortar shell"
2265:, Hearst Magazines, p. 7, December 1944
2116:. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 202.
2109:
2181:
2113:The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II
1972:. Princeton University Press. p. 140.
1961:
1816:
621:by Giovanni da Tagliacozzo states that the
558:(technically called bombs) in high-arching
132:mortar (round visible in smoke) during the
2362:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Ammunition
2175:
2103:
1947:. Cambridge University Press. p. 68.
1936:
1753:a lightweight mortar, sometimes improvised
1674:" (24 in (610 mm)) developed by
499:
485:
2692:Defense Update: Advanced mortar munitions
1800:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
1710:Roaring Meg on display at Goodrich Castle
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2431:
2336:"Dossier on LTTE Weapons – PDF document"
2023:(2017 ed.). Routledge. p. 65.
1992:
1682:(36 in (910 mm)) developed by
1601:
1555:
1463:
1339:
1287:
1251:
1243:
1177:Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA)
1161:
1088:
1052:
974:
906:
894:
823:with example of his WWI mortar and bombs
815:
773:
706:
672:, and in the course of this campaign an
631:
120:
2567:
2485:"GMM 120–120 mm Guided Mortar Munition"
1907:
1742:, used in mortars before the modern age
1200:
1114:320 mm (13 in) Type 98 mortar
2728:
2669:. Department of the Army. 1 March 2000
2288:from the original on December 16, 2014
2046:, by Sam Grant, Kindle location 12783,
2664:"Field Manual 23-91 – Mortar Gunnery"
2188:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 42–43.
2018:
1653:list of the largest cannon by caliber
2163:from the original on 1 December 2017
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2367:
2276:Oliver Holmes (December 12, 2014).
2044:Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S Grant
1564:during the "Armiya 2020" exhibition
1536:. Another Israeli guided mortar is
1459:
1182:
195:Siege artillery in the US Civil War
190:Field artillery in the US Civil War
13:
1999:"Coehoorn, Menno, Baron van"
1694:in 1832). The World War II German
1646:
1142:would be struck one or more times.
248:Cannons of Maritime Southeast Asia
185:Naval artillery in the Age of Sail
154:
14:
2752:
2599:
2495:from the original on 7 April 2014
2432:Calloway, Audra (29 March 2011).
1970:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time
1914:Science and Civilisation in China
1827:. Osprey Publishing. p. 13.
1468:Soldiers standing in front of an
1057:A Blacker Bombard during training
989:, and sometimes equipped with an
903:heavy siege mortar in August 1944
890:
2612:"Field Manual 3-22.90 – Mortars"
2606:A Guide to Modern Mortar Systems
2456:"XM395: 120 mm Precision Mortar"
2444:from the original on 2016-12-30.
2404:"XM395 Precision Mortar (120mm)"
2185:Infantry Mortars of World War II
1715:
1703:
1552:Compared to long range artillery
1361:Data for 81 mm L16 mortar
1048:
811:
602:that was similar to the mortar.
542:. Mortars are typically used as
23:
2697:How does a mortar work? – video
2537:
2507:
2477:
2448:
2396:
2354:
2342:
2328:
2322:"Pasilan 2000 used by the LTTE"
2314:
2300:
2269:
2251:
2231:
2213:
2202:from the original on 2015-03-20
2141:
2130:from the original on 2015-03-20
2094:
2085:
2068:"Stokes Mortar - by WL Ruffell"
2060:
2049:
2037:
1560:Self-propelled mortar based on
1205:Improvised mortars used in the
34:needs additional citations for
2012:
1986:
1901:
1871:
1841:
1786:
1265:of the barrel it hits a fixed
970:
940:M113 armored personnel carrier
1:
2381:. Dec 7, 2004. Archived from
1780:
1651:For the largest mortars, see
1281:
1157:
175:Artillery in the Song dynasty
2549:KBP Instrument Design Bureau
1798:Oxford Dictionary of English
1606:Mortar trajectory comparison
980:2B9 Vasilek 82 mm gun mortar
700:in the rough terrain of the
617:. An Italian account of the
611:1453 siege of Constantinople
526:(although some models use a
180:Artillery in the Middle Ages
7:
2019:Duffy, Christopher (1985).
1733:
1109:by Britain in World War II.
644:Early mortars, such as the
554:. Mortars launch explosive
10:
2757:
2702:Mortars during World War I
2489:Israel Military Industries
1920:Cambridge University Press
1650:
1534:Israel Military Industries
1518:Guided Mortar Munition 120
1484:mortar round developed by
1453:1,700–4,680 (1,860–5,120)
1442:1,340–3,850 (1,470–4,210)
1431:1,070–3,080 (1,170–3,370)
1352:L16 81 mm mortar fired by
1308:or visible illumination),
987:hydraulic recoil mechanism
947:armoured fighting vehicles
934:, such as variants of the
932:infantry fighting vehicles
924:improvised civilian trucks
763:applied the principles of
565:
220:List of cannon projectiles
1823:Stephen Turnbull (2002).
1746:Chemical mortar battalion
1239:
1234:
1019:rocket-propelled grenades
1001:. The archetypes are the
883:, further refined as the
316:Breech-loading swivel gun
2056:naval-military-press.com
1770:List of infantry mortars
1631:addresses this problem.
1618:directly into the enemy
806:
582:(1380–1443), the son of
451:Self-propelled artillery
2005:Encyclopædia Britannica
1968:Franz Babinger (1992).
1548:is also laser-guided.
1021:in the anti-armour and
690:Jacobite rising of 1719
401:Large-calibre artillery
2579:Guinness World Records
2379:Defense Industry Daily
1943:Gábor Ágoston (2005).
1607:
1565:
1524:; also referred to as
1473:
1420:780–2,265 (853–2,477)
1409:580–1,710 (630–1,870)
1398:390–1,120 (430–1,220)
1357:
1293:
1257:
1249:
1167:
1098:
1058:
982:
916:
904:
824:
799:. Heavily used during
782:
719:
641:
619:1456 siege of Belgrade
560:ballistic trajectories
351:Double-barreled cannon
159:
136:
2110:Chris Bishop (2002).
1765:List of heavy mortars
1676:Henri-Joseph Paixhans
1605:
1559:
1467:
1351:
1291:
1255:
1247:
1165:
1092:
1056:
978:
913:Israeli Defence Force
910:
898:
845:Minister of Munitions
827:It was not until the
819:
777:
761:Imperial Russian Army
755:, Lieutenant General
710:
635:
534:) with a lightweight
158:
124:
2182:John Norris (2002).
1740:Carcass (projectile)
1585:parabolic trajectory
1502:Saab Bofors Dynamics
1470:M1064 mortar carrier
1207:Sri Lankan civil war
1201:Sri Lankan civil war
791:Siege of Port Arthur
694:Battle of Glen Shiel
615:Mehmed the Conqueror
578:dates back to 1407.
396:Infantry support gun
58:"Mortar" weapon
43:improve this article
2650:on 17 February 2013
2624:on 17 February 2013
2463:ATK Advanced Weapon
2157:Militaryfactory.com
1794:"mortar definition"
1486:Alliant Techsystems
1362:
945:There are numerous
831:was devised by Sir
638:Acropolis of Athens
142:Part of a series on
128:soldiers firing an
2555:on 2 November 2019
2225:thinkdefence.co.uk
1889:on 1 December 2017
1859:on 10 October 2017
1853:Culturecontent.com
1804:on October 9, 2019
1686:in 1857, and the "
1614:, mortars can use
1608:
1566:
1528:) is a GPS and/or
1498:Strix mortar round
1474:
1387:180–520 (200–570)
1360:
1358:
1322:M2 4.2-inch mortar
1294:
1258:
1250:
1168:
1099:
1059:
983:
917:
905:
841:David Lloyd George
825:
783:
753:Russo-Japanese War
737:Siege of Vicksburg
733:American Civil War
720:
716:American Civil War
654:Menno van Coehoorn
642:
546:weapons for close
522:, consisting of a
160:
137:
134:War in Afghanistan
126:United States Army
2741:Korean inventions
2263:Popular Mechanics
2195:978-1-84176-414-6
2123:978-1-58663-762-0
1979:978-0-691-01078-6
1954:978-0-521-84313-3
1834:978-1-841-76340-8
1723:
1692:Battle of Antwerp
1665:English Civil War
1636:rotational forces
1624:forward observers
1480:is a 120 mm
1457:
1456:
1349:
1276:trigger mechanism
1003:Brandt Mle CM60A1
951:main battle tanks
899:The German 60 cm
769:Roman Kondratenko
646:Pumhart von Steyr
605:The first use in
509:
508:
326:Coastal artillery
119:
118:
111:
93:
2748:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2642:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2616:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2581:. Archived from
2575:"Largest Mortar"
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2551:. Archived from
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2521:. Archived from
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2410:. Archived from
2408:Northrop Grumman
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2371:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2243:, archived from
2235:
2229:
2228:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2153:Infantry Mortar"
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2070:. Archived from
2064:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1885:. Archived from
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1855:. Archived from
1845:
1839:
1838:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1790:
1775:Livens Projector
1725:
1724:
1707:
1460:Precision guided
1369:Muzzle Velocity
1363:
1359:
1350:
1335:81 mm L16 mortar
1189:Syrian civil war
1183:Syrian civil war
741:Ulysses S. Grant
674:ammunition depot
501:
494:
487:
436:Recoilless rifle
268:Majapahit cannon
139:
138:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2726:
2725:
2722:(streaming wmv)
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2636:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2597:
2588:
2586:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2415:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2274:
2270:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2227:, July 19, 2021
2219:
2218:
2214:
2205:
2203:
2196:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2124:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2017:
2013:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1922:. p. 313.
1909:Needham, Joseph
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1680:Mallet's Mortar
1656:
1649:
1647:Largest mortars
1554:
1540:, developed by
1462:
1375:
1370:
1340:
1284:
1242:
1237:
1203:
1185:
1173:barrack busters
1160:
1128:Blacker Bombard
1051:
1007:Brandt 60 mm LR
973:
920:Mortar carriers
911:Interior of an
893:
814:
809:
686:siege artillery
682:field artillery
568:
552:siege artillery
505:
476:
475:
421:Naval artillery
386:Helical railgun
286:
278:
277:
258:Filipino cannon
253:Japanese cannon
238:
230:
229:
210:
200:
199:
170:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2754:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2724:
2723:
2717:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2660:
2634:
2608:
2601:
2600:External links
2598:
2596:
2595:
2566:
2536:
2506:
2476:
2447:
2424:
2395:
2366:
2360:Hogg, Ian V.:
2353:
2341:
2327:
2313:
2299:
2268:
2250:
2230:
2212:
2194:
2174:
2140:
2122:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2059:
2048:
2036:
2029:
2011:
1996:, ed. (1911).
1994:Chisholm, Hugh
1985:
1978:
1960:
1953:
1935:
1928:
1900:
1870:
1840:
1833:
1815:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1754:
1748:
1743:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1702:
1672:Monster Mortar
1648:
1645:
1612:trench warfare
1589:fortifications
1553:
1550:
1544:. The Russian
1461:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1314:high explosive
1283:
1280:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1202:
1199:
1184:
1181:
1159:
1156:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1124:
1110:
1107:Churchill AVRE
1050:
1047:
1031:guided weapons
1023:bunker-busting
972:
969:
930:, to modified
892:
891:Mortar carrier
889:
879:mortar as the
872:fin-stabilised
843:(at that time
837:trench warfare
833:Wilfred Stokes
821:Wilfred Stokes
813:
810:
808:
805:
778:German 7.5 cm
757:Leonid Gobyato
724:Napoleonic era
702:West Highlands
567:
564:
507:
506:
504:
503:
496:
489:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
287:
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
243:English cannon
239:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
222:
217:
215:Breech-loading
211:
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
171:
166:
165:
162:
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144:
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117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2753:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
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2721:
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2711:
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2700:
2698:
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2683:
2680:
2665:
2661:
2646:
2639:
2635:
2620:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2585:on 2006-02-10
2584:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2525:on 2014-04-07
2524:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2464:
2457:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2414:on 2017-09-10
2413:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2385:on 2006-03-18
2384:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2363:
2357:
2350:
2345:
2337:
2331:
2323:
2317:
2309:
2303:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2247:on 2023-03-14
2246:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2144:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2074:on 2015-01-15
2073:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1929:9780521303583
1925:
1921:
1918:. Cambridge:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1888:
1884:
1883:Data.kdata.kr
1880:
1874:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:Robert Mallet
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1616:plunging fire
1613:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1355:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1254:
1246:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1209:by the rebel
1208:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1191:are known as
1190:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1049:Spigot mortar
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:indirect fire
996:
992:
988:
981:
977:
968:
966:
965:
960:
956:
952:
948:
943:
941:
937:
936:M3 half-track
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
909:
902:
897:
888:
886:
885:Brandt Mle 31
882:
881:Brandt Mle 27
877:
873:
868:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
849:Western Front
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:Stokes mortar
822:
818:
812:Stokes mortar
804:
802:
798:
797:
792:
788:
781:
776:
772:
770:
766:
765:indirect fire
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
742:
738:
734:
729:
728:Manby Mortars
725:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:of Scotland.
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
684:(rather than
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
639:
634:
630:
628:
624:
623:Ottoman Turks
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:siege warfare
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:Ch'oe Hae-san
577:
573:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:indirect fire
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:rifled barrel
525:
521:
518:
517:muzzle-loaded
514:
502:
497:
495:
490:
488:
483:
482:
480:
479:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
346:Demi-culverin
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
291:Anti-tank gun
289:
288:
282:
281:
274:
273:Mughal cannon
271:
269:
266:
264:
263:Korean cannon
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
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32:This article
30:
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2708:
2671:. Retrieved
2652:. Retrieved
2645:the original
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2587:. Retrieved
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1797:
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1688:Little David
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1597:spider holes
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1302:illumination
1295:
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1229:Eelam War IV
1220:
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1211:Tamil Tigers
1204:
1194:hell cannons
1193:
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959:Russian army
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857:
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789:studied the
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643:
627:Italian mile
604:
592:Ming dynasty
587:
584:Ch'oe Mu-sŏn
575:
571:
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548:fire support
538:mount and a
512:
510:
456:Siege cannon
416:Mountain gun
410:
366:Gun-howitzer
105:
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65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2709:Karl Morser
2469:21 February
2282:Yahoo! News
2280:. Reuters.
2167:19 November
1893:19 November
1863:19 November
1661:Roaring Meg
1629:Raschen bag
1520:; known as
1371:m/s (ft/s)
1215:Baba mortar
1043:2B9 Vasilek
995:direct fire
971:Gun-mortars
964:2S4 Tyulpan
801:World War I
796:Minenwerfer
787:German Army
780:Minenwerfer
751:During the
726:, although
666:bomb vessel
609:was at the
524:smooth-bore
431:Railway gun
381:Hand mortar
376:Hand cannon
341:Demi-cannon
99:August 2023
2730:Categories
2589:2006-04-04
2418:2018-06-11
2389:2018-06-11
2206:2016-03-27
2134:2016-03-27
2078:2014-07-17
2030:1138924644
1808:10 October
1781:References
1758:Eprouvette
1696:Karl-Gerät
1574:field guns
1572:, such as
1538:Iron Sting
1450:250 (820)
1439:224 (730)
1428:195 (640)
1417:162 (530)
1406:137 (450)
1395:110 (360)
1333:e.g., the
1330:Minié ball
1326:M30 mortar
1297:Ammunition
1282:Ammunition
1267:firing pin
1158:Improvised
1069:, such as
1067:propellant
991:autoloader
928:insurgents
901:Karl-Gerät
876:projectile
739:, General
698:field guns
600:hu dun pao
596:Qi Jiguang
594:, general
466:Swivel gun
461:Smoothbore
441:Rifled gun
371:Gun-mortar
301:Autocannon
237:By country
69:newspapers
2673:7 January
2654:7 January
2628:7 January
2308:"Forign1"
1678:in 1832,
1667:in 1646.
1578:howitzers
1570:artillery
1546:KM-8 Gran
1447:Charge 6
1436:Charge 5
1425:Charge 4
1414:Charge 3
1403:Charge 2
1392:Charge 1
1384:73 (240)
1224:artillery
1175:" by the
1152:nail guns
1148:retriever
1027:howitzers
1011:2S31 Vena
961:uses the
949:and even
735:. At the
678:Parthenon
590:. In the
361:Field gun
321:Carronade
296:Artillery
208:Operation
2493:Archived
2442:Archived
2438:Army.mil
2364:, p. 126
2286:Archived
2200:Archived
2161:Archived
2128:Archived
1911:(1987).
1734:See also
1620:trenches
1593:trenches
1506:infrared
1381:Primary
1356:soldiers
1306:infrared
1139:Hedgehog
1118:Iwo Jima
1095:hedgehog
1035:2S9 Nona
1015:2S9 Nona
926:used by
853:trenches
746:Coehorns
471:Tank gun
391:Howitzer
356:Falconet
336:Culverin
306:Basilisk
2736:Mortars
2529:6 April
2519:i24news
2499:6 April
2091:Ruffell
1751:Coehorn
1640:payload
1514:GMM 120
1376:m (yd)
1366:Charge
1272:lanyard
1262:calibre
1122:Okinawa
1071:cordite
955:Merkava
759:of the
712:US Army
692:at the
676:in the
662:Coehorn
650:mortars
566:History
426:Railgun
331:Coilgun
311:Bombard
285:By type
168:History
148:Cannons
83:scholar
2192:
2120:
2027:
1976:
1951:
1926:
1849:"Toys"
1831:
1562:K-4386
1522:Patzmi
1482:guided
1374:Range
1240:Design
1235:Modern
1075:primer
1063:spigot
864:primer
588:wan'gu
576:wan'gu
572:wan'gu
556:shells
532:recoil
520:cannon
513:mortar
411:Mortar
406:Minion
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2720:Video
2714:WW II
2667:(PDF)
2648:(PDF)
2641:(PDF)
2622:(PDF)
2615:(PDF)
2559:8 May
2465:. ATK
2459:(PDF)
1879:"대완구"
1542:Elbit
1530:laser
1526:Morty
1354:JGSDF
1310:smoke
860:bipod
807:Types
670:Morea
540:sight
536:bipod
446:Saker
90:JSTOR
76:books
2707:The
2675:2013
2656:2013
2630:2013
2561:2020
2531:2014
2501:2014
2471:2012
2294:2014
2190:ISBN
2169:2017
2118:ISBN
2025:ISBN
1974:ISBN
1949:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1895:2017
1865:2017
1829:ISBN
1810:2019
1576:and
1512:The
1496:The
1476:The
1324:and
1231:.
1137:The
1132:PIAT
1130:and
1126:The
1120:and
1112:The
1039:AMOS
1013:and
1005:and
997:and
938:and
785:The
658:fuse
130:M120
62:news
1610:In
1595:or
1490:GPS
1274:or
1179:.
1154:).
613:by
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2732::
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