753:
1112:
step-families. Moreover, while adult adoptees showed more variability than their non-adopted peers on a range of psychosocial measures, adult adoptees exhibited more similarities than differences with adults who had not been adopted. There have been many cases of remediation or the reversibility of early trauma. For example, in one of the earliest studies conducted, Professor
Goldfarb in England concluded that some children adjust well socially and emotionally despite their negative experiences of institutional deprivation in early childhood. Other researchers also found that prolonged institutionalization does not necessarily lead to emotional problems or character defects in all children. This suggests that there will always be some children who fare well, who are resilient, regardless of their experiences in early childhood. Furthermore, much of the research on psychological outcomes for adoptees draws from clinical populations. This suggests that conclusions such that adoptees are more likely to have behavioral problems such as ODD and ADHD may be biased. Since the proportion of adoptees that seek mental health treatment is small, psychological outcomes for adoptees compared to those for the general population are more similar than some researchers propose.
1072:
racial/ethnic discrimination. It has been found that multicultural and transnational youth tend to identify with their parents origin of culture and ethnicity rather than their residing location, yet it is sometimes hard to balance an identity between the two because school environments tend to lack diversity and acknowledgment regarding such topics. These tensions also tend to create questions for the adoptee, as well as the family, to contemplate. Some common questions include what will happen if the family is more naĂŻve to the ways of socially constructed life? Will tensions arise if this is the case? What if the very people that are supposed to be modeling a sound identity are in fact riddled with insecurities? Ginni
Snodgrass answers these questions in the following way. The secrecy in an adoptive family and the denial that the adoptive family is different builds dysfunction into it. "... social workers and insecure adoptive parents have structured a family relationship that is based on dishonesty, evasions and exploitation. To believe that good relationships will develop on such a foundation is psychologically unsound" (Lawrence). Secrecy erects barriers to forming a healthy identity.
1213:
designed to construct the present tool and per-study study. The analysis of item and initial psychometric analyses indicate that there are two factors in it. Items 3-10-11-12-14-15-16-17-19-20-21 are reversed and the rest are graded positively. The results of exploratory factor analysis by main components with varimax rotation indicated two components of attitude toward adoption being named respectively cognitive as the aspects of attitude toward adoption and behavioral-emotional aspects of attitude toward adoption. These two components explained 43.25% of the variance of the total sample. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.709 for the whole questionnaire, 0.71 for the first component, and 0.713 for the second one. In addition, there was a significant positive relationship between desired social tendencies and the cognitive aspect of attitude toward adoption as well as the behavioral -emotional aspects of attitude toward adoption (P ⤠0.01).
1473:"Honest Adoption Language" refers to a set of terms that proponents say reflect the point of view that: (1) family relationships (social, emotional, psychological or physical) that existed prior to the legal adoption often continue past this point or endure in some form despite long periods of separation, and that (2) mothers who have "voluntarily surrendered" children to adoption (as opposed to involuntary terminations through court-authorized child-welfare proceedings) seldom view it as a choice that was freely made, but instead describe scenarios of powerlessness, lack of resources, and overall lack of choice. It also reflects the point of view that the term "birth mother" is derogatory in implying that the woman has ceased being a mother after the physical act of giving birth. Proponents of HAL liken this to the mother being treated as a "breeder" or "incubator". Terms included in HAL include terms that were used before PAL, including "natural mother", "first mother", and "surrendered for adoption".
777:: this involves the placing of a child for adoption outside that child's country of birth. This can occur through public or private agencies. In some countries, such as Sweden, these adoptions account for the majority of cases (see above table). The U.S. example, however, indicates there is wide variation by country since adoptions from abroad account for less than 15% of its cases. More than 60,000 Russian children have been adopted in the United States since 1992, and a similar number of Chinese children were adopted from 1995 to 2005. The laws of different countries vary in their willingness to allow international adoptions. Recognizing the difficulties and challenges associated with international adoption, and in an effort to protect those involved from the corruption and exploitation which sometimes accompanies it, the
1433:(founded in 1996), groups that helped overturn sealed records in Alabama, Delaware, New Hampshire, Oregon, Tennessee, and Maine. A coalition of New York and national adoptee rights activists successfully worked to overturn a restrictive 83-year-old law in 2019, and adult adopted people born in New York, as well as their descendants, today have the right to request and obtain their own original birth certificates. As of 2021, ten states in the United States recognize the right of adult adopted people to obtain their own original birth certificates, including Alabama, Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Kansas, Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon and Rhode Island. Connecticut in 2021 became the tenth state to restore an adopted person's right to request and obtain their original birth certificates.
1027:
were never pregnant. Another study found similar consequences for choosing to release a child for adoption. Adolescent mothers who released their children were more likely to reach a higher level of education and to be employed than those who kept their children. They also waited longer before having their next child. Most of the research that exists on adoption effects on the birth parents was conducted with samples of adolescents, or with women who were adolescents when carrying their babiesâlittle data exists for birth parents from other populations. Furthermore, there is a lack of longitudinal data that may elucidate long-term social and psychological consequences for birth parents who choose to place their children for adoption.
1058:
adoption circumstances, the people involved and affected by adoption (the biological parent, the adoptive parent and the adoptee) can be known as the "triad members and state". Adoption may threaten triad members' sense of identity. Triad members often express feelings related to confused identity and identity crises because of differences between the triad relationships. Adoption, for some, precludes a complete or integrated sense of self. Triad members may experience themselves as incomplete, deficient, or unfinished. They state that they lack feelings of well-being, integration, or solidity associated with a fully developed identity.
1316:'s 1939â1975 dictatorship the newborns of some left-wing opponents of the regime, or unmarried or poor couples, were removed from their mothers and adopted. New mothers were frequently told their babies had died suddenly after birth and the hospital had taken care of their burials, when in fact they were given or sold to another family. It is believed that up to 300,000 babies were involved. These systemâwhich allegedly involved doctors, nurses, nuns and priestsâoutlived Franco's death in 1975 and carried on as an illegal baby trafficking network until 1987 when a new law regulating adoption was introduced.
1015:
Studies by Leynes and by
Festinger and Young, Berkman, and Rehr found that, for pregnant adolescents, the decision to release the child for adoption depended on the attitude toward adoption held by the adolescent's mother. Another study found that pregnant adolescents whose mothers had a higher level of education were more likely to release their babies for adoption. Research suggests that women who choose to release their babies for adoption are more likely to be younger, enrolled in school, and have lived in a two-parent household at age 10, than those who kept and raised their babies.
748:: under this arrangement, charities and for-profit organizations act as intermediaries, bringing together prospective adoptive parents with families who want to place a child, all parties being residents of the same country. Alternatively, prospective adoptive parents sometimes avoid intermediaries and connect with women directly, often with a written contract; this is not permitted in some jurisdictions. Private domestic adoption accounts for a significant portion of all adoptions; in the United States, for example, nearly 45% of adoptions are estimated to have been arranged privately.
29:
1163:
referred to as Late
Discovery Adoptees (LDAs). Failure of the adoptive parent(s) to disclose adoption status to a child is an outdated adoption practice that was once fairly common for adoptees born in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. Since the 1970s, it has been socially unacceptable to keep the truth from adopted individuals regarding their genetic origins. The discovery of the deception regarding true parentage and that one is, in fact, a Late Discovery Adoptee can add "layers of trauma, loss, betrayal, identity confusion, and disorganization upon learning the truth."
702:
718:
are removed including abuse and neglect, which can have a lasting impact on the adoptee. Social workers in many cases will be notified of a safeguarding concern in relation to a child and will make enquiries into the child's well-being. Social workers will often seek means of keeping a child together with the birth family, for example, by providing additional support to the family before considering removal of a child. A court of law will often then make decisions regarding the child's future, for example, whether they can return to the birth family, enter into
978:. Studies by Cicchetti et al. (1990, 1995) found that 80% of abused and maltreated infants in their sample exhibited disorganized attachment styles. Disorganized attachment is associated with a number of developmental problems, including dissociative symptoms, as well as depressive, anxious, and acting-out symptoms. "Attachment is an active processâit can be secure or insecure, maladaptive or productive." In the U.K., some adoptions fail because the adoptive parents do not get sufficient support to deal with difficult, traumatized children. This is a
953:
parents enrich their children's lives to compensate for the lack of biological ties and the extra challenges of adoption." Another recent study found that adoptive families invested more heavily in their adopted children, for example, by providing further education and financial support. Noting that adoptees seemed to be more likely to experience problems such as drug addiction, the study speculated that adoptive parents might invest more in adoptees not because they favor them, but because they are more likely than genetic children to need the help.
1054:
develop feelings of a lack of acceptance because of such racial, ethnic, and cultural differences. Therefore, exposing transracial and transnational adoptees to their "cultures of origin" is important in order to better develop a sense of identity and appreciation for cultural diversity. Identity construction and reconstruction for transnational adoptees the instant they are adopted. For example, based upon specific laws and regulations of the United States, the Child
Citizen Act of 2000 makes sure to grant immediate U.S. citizenship to adoptees.
1019:
groups were high, and those who released their child were similar to those who kept their child in ratings of life satisfaction, relationship satisfaction, and positive future outlook for schooling, employment, finances, and marriage. Subsequent research found that adolescent mothers who chose to release their babies for adoption were more likely to experience feelings of sorrow and regret over their decision than those who kept their babies. However, these feelings decreased significantly from one year after birth to the end of the second year.
199:
408:, and 2) adoption became infused with secrecy, eventually resulting in the sealing of adoption and original birth records by 1945. The origin of the move toward secrecy began with Charles Loring Brace, who introduced it to prevent children from the Orphan Trains from returning to or being reclaimed by their parents. Brace feared the impact of the parents' poverty, in general, and Catholic religion, in particular, on the youth. This tradition of secrecy was carried on by the later Progressive reformers when drafting of American laws.
1076:
their biological parents? Silverstein and Kaplan's research states that adoptees lacking medical, genetic, religious, and historical information are plagued by questions such as "Who am I?" "Why was I born?" "What is my purpose?" This lack of identity may lead adoptees, particularly in adolescent years, to seek out ways to belong in a more extreme fashion than many of their non-adopted peers. Adolescent adoptees are overrepresented among those who join sub-cultures, run away, become pregnant, or totally reject their families.
97:
890:
926:
that have same-sex marriage allow joint adoption by those couples, the exceptions being
Ecuador (no adoption by same-sex couples), Taiwan (step-child adoption only) and Mexico (in one third of states with same-sex marriage). A few countries with civil unions or lesser marriage rights nonetheless allow step- or joint adoption.In 2019, the ACS enhanced its approach to measuring same-sex couple households, explicitly distinguishing between same-sex and opposite-sex spouses or partners.
1552:
strengthened by experiences where non-adoptees suggest adoptive ties are weaker than blood ties, 3) together, these factors engender, in some adoptees, a sense of social exclusion, and 4) these adoptees react by searching for a blood tie that reinforces their membership in the community. The externally focused rationale for reunion suggests adoptees may be well adjusted and happy within their adoptive families, but will search as an attempt to resolve experiences of social stigma.
1049:
regression. One's identity tends to lack stability in the beginning years of life but gains a more stable sense in later periods of childhood and adolescence. Typically associated with a time of experimentation, there are endless factors that go into the construction of one's identity. As well as being many factors, there are many types of identities one can associate with. Some categories of identity include gender, sexuality, class, racial and religious, etc. For transracial and
1448:
simultaneously cause offense or insult to others. This controversy illustrates the problems in adoption, as well as the fact that coining new words and phrases to describe ancient social practices will not necessarily alter the feelings and experiences of those affected by them. Two of the contrasting sets of terms are commonly referred to as "positive adoption language" (PAL) (sometimes called "respectful adoption language" (RAL)), and "honest adoption language" (HAL).
6513:
7656:
1172:
687:
353:, rather than adopted, to families who took them in. As in times past, some children were raised as members of the family while others were used as farm laborers and household servants. The sheer size of the displacementâthe largest migration of children in historyâand the degree of exploitation that occurred, gave rise to new agencies and a series of laws that promoted adoption arrangements rather than indenture. The hallmark of the period is
1237:
new principles including "to prevent placements of children...", reflecting the belief that children would be better served by staying with their biological families, a striking shift in policy that remains in force today. In addition, groups such as
Origins USA (founded in 1997) started to actively speak about family preservation and the rights of mothers. The intellectual tone of these reform movements was influenced by the publishing of
1465:"Constructive Adoption Terminology". This influenced Pat Johnston's "Positive Adoption Language" (PAL) and "Respectful Adoption Language" (RAL). The terms contained in "Positive Adoption Language" include the terms "birth mother" (to replace the terms "natural mother" and "real mother"), and "placing" (to replace the term "surrender"). These kinds of recommendations encouraged people to be more aware of their use of adoption terminology.
672:(also called confidential or secret adoption), which has not been the norm for most of modern history, seals all identifying information, maintaining it as secret and preventing disclosure of the adoptive parents', biological kin's, and adoptees' identities. Nevertheless, closed adoption may allow the transmittal of non-identifying information such as medical history and religious and ethnic background. Today, as a result of
7680:
949:
for adoptees, step-children, and foster children, causing the researchers to speculate that people are less interested in sustaining the genetic lines of others. This theory is supported in another more qualitative study wherein adoptive relationships marked by sameness in likes, personality, and appearance, were associated with both adult adoptees and adoptive parents reporting being happier with the adoption.
7668:
316:(BFA) is a good example, which had up to 30% of its charges adopted out by 1888. Officials of the BFA noted that, although the asylum promoted otherwise, adoptive parents did not distinguish between indenture and adoption: "We believe," the asylum officials said, "that often, when children of a younger age are taken to be adopted, the adoption is only another name for service."
387:
rear a noble family. How short-sighted it is then for such a family to take into its midst a child whose pedigree is absolutely unknown; or, where, if it were partially known, the probabilities are strong that it would show poor and diseased stock, and that if a marriage should take place between that individual and any member of the family the offspring would be degenerates.
1402:
adoptive parents, making it appear that the child was born to the adoptive parents. Beginning in the late 1930s and continuing through the 1970s, state laws allowed for the sealing of original birth certificates after an adoption and, except in some states, made the original birth certificate unavailable to the adopted person even at the age of majority.
1209:. Negative perceptions result in the belief that such children are so troubled it would be impossible to adopt them and create "normal" families. A 2004 report from the Pew Commission on Children in Foster Care has shown that the number of children waiting in foster care doubled since the 1980s and now remains steady at about a half-million a year."
1108:(ADHD), with an 8% rate in the general population. Suicide risks were also significantly greater than the general population. Swedish researchers found both international and domestic adoptees undertook suicide at much higher rates than non-adopted peers; with international adoptees and female international adoptees, in particular, at highest risk.
1154:
health of relationship to partner, and other contextual factors predicted later adjustment in early placed adoptees. Along with this, a 2009 study showed again that sexual orientation of parents does not affect externalizing and internalized problems, but family functioning and income can affect adjustment, especially for older adoptees.
257:, three adoptees were made heirs to an estate. Like other contemporary arrangements, the agreement stressed the responsibility of the adopted rather than adopter, focusing on the fact that, under the contract, the adoptive father was meant to be cared for in his old age; an idea that is similar to the conceptions of adoption under Roman law.
729:
adoption, and that the overall rate of never-married
American women who adopt is about 1.4%. Other reasons people adopt are numerous although not well documented. These may include wanting to cement a new family following divorce or death of one parent, compassion motivated by religious or philosophical conviction, to avoid contributing to
771:: this is a type of domestic adoption where a child is initially placed in public care. Many times the foster parents take on the adoption when the children become legally free. Its importance as an avenue for adoption varies by country. Of the 127,500 adoptions in the U.S. in 2000, about 51,000 or 40% were through the foster care system.
160:, used some form of adoption as well. Evidence suggests the goal of this practice was to ensure the continuity of cultural and religious practices; in contrast to the Western idea of extending family lines. In ancient India, adoption was conducted in a limited and highly ritualistic form, so that an adopter might have the necessary
1544:
detailed biological background, including medical information. It is speculated by adoption researchers, however, that the reasons given are incomplete: although such information could be communicated by a third-party, interviews with adoptees, who sought reunion, found they expressed a need to actually meet biological relations.
665:
the biological and adoptive parents may enter into a legally enforceable and binding agreement concerning visitation, exchange of information, or other interaction regarding the child. As of
February 2009, 24 U.S. states allowed legally enforceable open adoption contract agreements to be included in the adoption finalization.
737:) are not passed on, and health concerns relating to pregnancy and childbirth. Although there are a range of reasons, the most recent study of experiences of women who adopt suggests they are most likely to be 40â44 years of age, to be currently married, to have impaired fertility, and to be childless.
1540:
birth records, exceeding original forecasts made in 1975 when it was believed that only a small fraction of the adoptee population would request their records. The projection is known to underestimate the true search rate, however, since many adoptees of the era get their birth records by other means.
1464:
Social workers and other professionals in the field of adoption began changing terms of use to reflect what was being expressed by the parties involved. In 1979, Marietta
Spencer wrote "The Terminology of Adoption" for The Child Welfare League of America (CWLA), which was the basis for her later work
1386:
Adoption practices have changed significantly over the course of the 20th century, with each new movement labeled, in some way, as reform. Beginning in the 1970s, efforts to improve adoption became associated with opening records and encouraging family preservation. These ideas arose from suggestions
1377:
in China, when women were only allowed to have one child, local governments would often allow the woman to give birth and then they would take the baby away. Child traffickers, often paid by the government, would sell the children to orphanages that would arrange international adoptions worth tens of
1191:
The most recent adoption attitudes survey completed by the Evan Donaldson Institute provides further evidence of this stigma. Nearly one-third of the surveyed population believed adoptees are less-well adjusted, more prone to medical issues, and predisposed to drug and alcohol problems. Additionally,
1132:
are more likely to have mental health problems. The study suggests that to identify and treat mental health problems early, care professionals and the adopting parents need detailed biographical information about the child's life. Another study in the UK suggests that adopted children are more likely
1115:
While adoption studies have shown that by adulthood the personalities of adopted siblings are little or no more similar than random pairs of strangers, the parenting style of adoptive parents may still play a role in the outcome of their adoptive children. Research has suggested that adoptive parents
1111:
Nevertheless, work on adult adoptees has found that the additional risks faced by adoptees are largely confined to adolescence. Young adult adoptees were shown to be alike with adults from biological families and scored better than adults raised in alternative family types including single parent and
1026:
In another study that compared mothers who released their children to those who raised them, mothers who released their children were more likely to delay their next pregnancy, to delay marriage, and to complete job training. However, both groups reached lower levels of education than their peers who
1022:
More recent research found that in a sample of mothers who had released their children for adoption four to 12 years prior, every participant had frequent thoughts of their lost child. For most, thoughts were both negative and positive in that they produced both feelings of sadness and joy. Those who
965:
Beyond the foundational issues, the unique questions posed for adoptive parents are varied. They include how to respond to stereotypes, answering questions about heritage, and how best to maintain connections with biological kin when in an open adoption. One author suggests a common question adoptive
713:
Adoptions can occur between related or unrelated individuals. Historically, most adoptions occurred within a family. The most recent data from the U.S. indicates that about half of adoptions are currently between related individuals. A common example of this is a "step-parent adoption", where the new
386:
Now it happens that some people are interested in the welfare and high development of the human race; but leaving aside those exceptional people, all fathers and mothers are interested in the welfare of their own families. The dearest thing to the parental heart is to have the children marry well and
3635:
Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., & Braunwald, K. (1995). Finding order in disorganization: Lessons from research on maltreated infants' attachments to their caregivers. In D. Cicchetti & V. Carlson (Eds), Child Maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child
1559:
In sum, reunions can bring a variety of issues for adoptees and parents. Nevertheless, most reunion results appear to be positive. In the largest study to date (based on the responses of 1,007 adoptees and relinquishing parents), 90% responded that reunion was a beneficial experience. This does not,
1555:
Some adoptees reject the idea of reunion. It is unclear, though, what differentiates adoptees who search from those who do not. One paper summarizes the research, stating, "...attempts to draw distinctions between the searcher and non-searcher are no more conclusive or generalizable than attempts to
1547:
It appears the desire for reunion is linked to the adoptee's interaction with and acceptance within the community. Internally focused theories suggest some adoptees possess ambiguities in their sense of self, impairing their ability to present a consistent identity. Reunion helps resolve the lack of
1401:
After a legal adoption in the United States, an adopted person's original birth certificate is usually amended and replaced with a new post-adoption birth certificate. The names of any birth parents listed on the original birth certificate are replaced on an amended certificate with the names of the
1236:
is the emphasis that, if possible, mothers and children should be kept together. In the U.S., this was clearly illustrated by the shift in policy of the New York Foundling Home, an adoption-institution that is among the country's oldest and one that had pioneered sealed records. It established three
1066:
Family plays a vital role in identity formation. This is not only true in childhood but also in adolescence. Identity (gender/sexual/ethnic/religious/family) is still forming during adolescence and family holds a vital key to this. The research seems to be unanimous; a stable, secure, loving, honest
925:
Joint adoption by same-sex couples is legal in 34 countries as of March 2022, and additionally in various sub-national territories. Adoption may also be in the form of step-child adoption (6 additional countries), wherein one partner in a same-sex couple adopts the child of the other. Most countries
874:
Ad hoc studies performed in the U.S., however, suggest that between 10 and 25 percent of adoptions through the child welfare system (e.g., excluding babies adopted from other countries or step-parents adopting their stepchildren) disrupt before they are legally finalized and from 1 to 10 percent are
795:
treatments have been completed; embryos are given to another individual or couple, followed by the placement of those embryos into the recipient woman's uterus, to facilitate pregnancy and childbirth. In the United States, embryo adoption is governed by property law rather than by the court systems,
728:
is the main reason parents seek to adopt children they are not related to. One study shows this accounted for 80% of unrelated infant adoptions and half of adoptions through foster care. Estimates suggest that 11â24% of Americans who cannot conceive or carry to term attempt to build a family through
717:
Adoption is not always a voluntary process. In some countries, for example in the U.K., one of the main origins of children being placed for adoption is that they have been removed from the birth home, often by a government body such as the local authority. There are a number of reasons why children
664:
allows identifying information to be communicated between adoptive and biological parents and, perhaps, interaction between kin and the adopted person. Open adoption can be an informal arrangement subject to termination by adoptive parents who have sole custody over the child. In some jurisdictions,
307:
and informal adoption extended into the 19th century, today seen as a transitional phase for adoption history. Under the direction of social welfare activists, orphan asylums began to promote adoptions based on sentiment rather than work; children were placed out under agreements to provide care for
130:
Markedly different from the modern period, ancient adoption practices put emphasis on the political and economic interests of the adopter, providing a legal tool that strengthened political ties between wealthy families and created male heirs to manage estates. The use of adoption by the aristocracy
5218:
Abdollahzadeh,H., Chaloui.O., Mahmoudi,H.(2019). The Development and Standardization of Psychometric Criteria of Attitude toward Adoption Questionnaire (ATAQ) and its Relation to Prosocial Behavior and Character Strengths, International Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences (IJABS),6(1),1â12. DOI:
1522:
A common problem is that terms chosen by an identity group, as acceptable descriptors of themselves, can be used in negative ways by detractors. This compromises the integrity of the language and turns what was intended to be positive into negative or vice versa, thus often devaluing acceptability,
1212:
Attitude toward Adoption Questionnaire (ATAQ): this questionnaire was first developed by Abdollahzadeh, Chaloyi and Mahmoudi(2019). Preliminary Edition: This questionnaire has 23 items based on the Likert scale of 1 (totally Disagree), up to 5 (Totally Agree) being obtained after refining the items
1187:
In Western culture, many see that the common image of a family being that of a heterosexual couple with biological children. This idea places alternative family forms outside the norm. As a consequence â research indicates â disparaging views of adoptive families exist, along with doubts concerning
1075:
The research says that the dysfunction, untruths and evasiveness that can be present in adoptive families not only makes identity formation impossible, but also directly works against it. What effect on identity formation is present if the adoptee knows they are adopted but has no information about
1057:
Identity is defined both by what one is and what one is not. Adoptees born into one family lose an identity and then borrow one from the adopting family. The formation of identity is a complicated process and there are many factors that affect its outcome. From a perspective of looking at issues in
961:
suggested that the "parent-infant system", rather than a bond between biologically related individuals, is an evolved fit between innate behavior patterns of all human infants and equally evolved responses of human adults to those infant behaviors. Thus nature "ensures some initial flexibility with
676:
passed by some U.S. states, secret adoption is seeing renewed influence. In so-called "safe-haven" states, infants can be left anonymously at hospitals, fire departments, or police stations within a few days of birth, a practice criticized by some adoption advocacy organizations as being retrograde
455:
enacted its first laws in 1977. Additionally, the Asian powers opened their orphanage systems to adoption, influenced as they were by Western ideas following colonial rule and military occupation. In France, local public institutions accredit candidates for adoption, who can then contact orphanages
252:
made adoption difficult, requiring adopters to be over the age of 50, sterile, older than the adopted person by at least 15 years, and to have fostered the adoptee for at least six years. Some adoptions continued to occur, however, but became informal, based on ad hoc contracts. For example, in the
1539:
Nevertheless, some indication of the level of search interest by adoptees can be gleaned from the case of England and Wales which opened adoptees' birth records in 1975. The U.K. Office for National Statistics has projected that 33% of all adoptees would eventually request a copy of their original
1153:
is that a child needs a mother and a father in the home to develop properly. However, a 2013 study of predictors for psychological outcomes of adoptees showed that family type (hetero, gay, lesbian) does not affect the child's adjustment; rather the preparedness of the adoptive parent(s), and
1039:
Evidence about the development of adoptees can be supported in newer studies. It can be said that adoptees, in some respect, tend to develop differently from the general population. This can be seen in many aspects of life, but usually can be found as a greater risk around the time of adolescence.
1005:
Recent research has shown that adoptive parenting may have impacts on adoptive children, it has been shown that warm adoptive parenting reduces internalizing and externalizing problems of the adoptive children over time. Another study shows that warm adoptive parenting at 27 months predicted lower
948:
study of 6,000 adoptive, step, and foster families in the United States and South Africa from 1968 to 1985; the study indicated that food expenditures in households with mothers of non-biological children (when controlled for income, household size, hours worked, age, etc.) were significantly less
929:
Same-sex parents, according to the ACS, were predominantly female. Notably, 22.5% of female same-sex couple households had children under 18, in contrast to 6.6% of male same-sex couple households. In homes with children, neither male nor female same-sex couples were more likely to have biological
61:
or other systems designed for the care of the young, adoption is intended to effect a permanent change in status and as such requires societal recognition, either through legal or religious sanction. Historically, some societies have enacted specific laws governing adoption, while others used less
1543:
The research literature states adoptees give four reasons for desiring reunion: 1) they wish for a more complete genealogy, 2) they are curious about events leading to their conception, birth, and relinquishment, 3) they hope to pass on information to their children, and 4) they have a need for a
1574:
Attitudes and laws regarding adoption vary greatly. Whereas all cultures make arrangements whereby children whose birth parents are unavailable to rear them can be brought up by others, not all cultures have the concept of adoption, that is treating unrelated children as equivalent to biological
1162:
Late Discovery Adoption is a term used to describe the situation where an adopted individual first discovers that they are adopted at a later age than is universally considered to be appropriate, often well into adulthood. Adopted individuals who discover their adoption status at a later age are
1018:
There is limited research on the consequences of adoption for the original parents, and the findings have been mixed. One study found that those who released their babies for adoption were less comfortable with their decision than those who kept their babies. However, levels of comfort over both
640:
The number of adoptions is reported to be constant since 1987. Since 2000, adoption by type has generally been approximately 15% international adoptions, 40% from government agencies responsible for child welfare, and 45% other, such as voluntary adoptions through private adoption agencies or by
459:
Adoption is today practiced globally. The table below provides a snapshot of Western adoption rates. Adoption in the United States still occurs at rates nearly three times those of its peers even though the number of children awaiting adoption has held steady in recent years, between 100,000 and
369:
in 1909, where it was declared that the nuclear family represented "the highest and finest product of civilization" and was best able to serve as primary caretaker for the abandoned and orphaned. As late as 1923, only two percent of children without parental care were in adoptive homes, with the
1551:
Externally focused theories, in contrast, suggest that reunion is a way for adoptees to overcome social stigma. First proposed by Goffman, the theory has four parts: 1) adoptees perceive the absence of biological ties as distinguishing their adoptive family from others, 2) this understanding is
1308:, which allows the tribe and family of a Native American child to be involved in adoption decisions, with preference being given to adoption within the child's tribe. While forced assimilation usually revolves around ethnicity, assimilating children of political minorities has also occurred. In
1095:
These differences in development appear to play out in the way young adoptees deal with major life events. In the case of parental divorce, adoptees have been found to respond differently from children who have not been adopted. While the general population experienced more behavioral problems,
1001:
These differences in development appear to play out in the way young adoptees deal with major life events. In the case of parental divorce, adoptees have been found to respond differently from children who have not been adopted. While the general population experienced more behavioral problems,
970:" or "trace your eye color back through your parents and grandparents to see where your genes come from" could be hurtful to children who were adopted and do not know this biological information. Numerous suggestions have been made to substitute new lessons, e.g., focusing on "family orchards".
952:
Other studies provide evidence that adoptive relationships can form along other lines. A study evaluating the level of parental investment indicates strength in adoptive families, suggesting that parents who adopt invest more time in their children than other parents, and concludes "...adoptive
3625:
Main, M. & Hesse, E. (1990) Parents' Unresolved Traumatic Experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status. In M.T. Greenberg, D. Ciccehetti, & E.M. Cummings (Eds), Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention (pp161-184). Chicago: University of
1368:
is the practice of rearing human children to be sold, typically for adoption. Poor mothers have used street clinics, known as "baby factories", to deliver babies to be adopted by richer women for payment. While this can be voluntary, baby factories have also coerced or abducted women into such
1053:
adoptees, tension is generally found in the categories of racial, ethnic and national identification. Because of this, the strength and functionality of family relationships play a huge role in its development and outcome of identity construction. Transracial and transnational adoptees tend to
1014:
Several factors affect the decision to release or raise the child. White adolescents tend to give up their babies to non-relatives, whereas black adolescents are more likely to receive support from their own community in raising the child and also in the form of informal adoption by relatives.
1035:
Previous research on adoption has led to assumptions that indicate that there is a heightened risk in terms of psychological development and social relationships for adoptees. Yet, such assumptions have been clarified as flawed due to methodological failures. But more recent studies have been
403:
Taken together, these trends resulted in a new American model for adoption. Following its Roman predecessor, Americans severed the rights of the original parents while making adopters the new parents in the eyes of the law. Two innovations were added: 1) adoption was meant to ensure the "best
1195:
The majority of people state that their primary source of information about adoption comes from friends and family and the news media. Nevertheless, most people report the media provides them a favorable view of adoption; 72% indicated receiving positive impressions. There is, however, still
1048:
There are many ways in which the concept of identity can be defined. It is true in all cases that identity construction is an ongoing process of development, change and maintenance of identifying with the self. Research has shown that adolescence is a time of identity progression rather than
1071:
adoptions are some factors that play a significant role in the identity construction of adoptees. Many tensions arise from relationships built between the adoptee(s) and their family. These include being "different" from the parent(s), developing a positive racial identity, and dealing with
973:
Adopting older children presents other parenting issues. Some children from foster care have histories of maltreatment, such as physical and psychological neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse, and are at risk of developing psychiatric problems. Such children are at risk of developing a
1447:
The language of adoption is changing and evolving, and since the 1970s has been a controversial issue tied closely to adoption reform efforts. The controversy arises over the use of terms which, while designed to be more appealing or less offensive to some persons affected by adoption, may
1460:
by Sorosky, Pannor and Baran were published, and support groups formed like CUB (Concerned United Birthparents), a major shift from "natural parent" to "birthparent" occurred. Along with the change in times and social attitudes came additional examination of the language used in adoption.
260:
Europe's cultural makeover marked a period of significant innovation for adoption. Without support from the nobility, the practice gradually shifted toward abandoned children. Abandonment levels rose with the fall of the empire and many of the foundlings were left on the doorstep of the
1410:. In the United States, Jean Paton founded Orphan Voyage in 1954, and Florence Fisher founded the Adoptees' Liberty Movement Association (ALMA) in 1971, calling sealed records "an affront to human dignity". While in 1975, Emma May Vilardi created the first mutual-consent registry, the
142:
were often picked up for slavery and composed a significant percentage of the Empire's slave supply. Roman legal records indicate that foundlings were occasionally taken in by families and raised as a son or daughter. Although not normally adopted under Roman Law, the children, called
1481:
There are supporters of various lists, developed over many decades, and there are persons who find them lacking, created to support an agenda, or furthering division. All terminology can be used to demean or diminish, uplift or embrace. In addressing the linguistic problem of naming,
1083:
on adoptee maturation, concluding that cognitive abilities of adoptees reflect those of their adoptive parents in early childhood but show little similarity by adolescence, resembling instead those of their biological parents and to the same extent as peers in non-adoptive families.
989:
on adoptee maturation, concluding that cognitive abilities of adoptees reflect those of their adoptive parents in early childhood but show little similarity by adolescence, resembling instead those of their biological parents and to the same extent as peers in non-adoptive families.
1247:. "Primal wound" is described as the "devastation which the infant feels because of separation from its birth mother. It is the deep and consequential feeling of abandonment which the baby adoptee feels after the adoption and which may continue for the rest of his life."
1405:
Adopted people have long sought to undo these laws so that they can obtain their own original birth certificates. Movements to unseal original birth certificates and other adoption records for adopted people proliferated in the 1970s along with increased acceptance of
3645:
Cicchetti, D., Cummings, E.M., Greenberg, M.T., & Marvin, R.S. (1990). An organizational perspective on attachment beyond infancy. In M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & M. Cummings (Eds), Attachment in the Preschool Years (pp. 3â50). Chicago: University of Chicago
4036:
Furstenburg, F.F. & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1985). Teenage childbearing: Causes, consequences, and remedies. In L. Aiken and D. Mechanic (Eds.), Applications of social science to clinical medicine and health policy (pp. 307â334). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University
714:
partner of a parent legally adopts a child from the parent's previous relationship. Intra-family adoption can also occur through surrender, as a result of parental death, or when the child cannot otherwise be cared for and a family member agrees to take over.
1099:
The adoptee population does, however, seem to be more at risk for certain behavioral issues. Researchers from the University of Minnesota studied adolescents who had been adopted and found that adoptees were twice as likely as non-adopted people to develop
1091:
found correlations between an adoptee's weight class and his biological parents' BMI while finding no relationship with the adoptive family environment. Moreover, about one-half of inter-individual differences were due to individual non-shared influences.
997:
found correlations between an adoptee's weight class and his biological parents' BMI while finding no relationship with the adoptive family environment. Moreover, about one-half of inter-individual differences were due to individual non-shared influences.
956:
Psychologists' findings regarding the importance of early mother-infant bonding created some concern about whether parents who adopt older infants or toddlers after birth have missed some crucial period for the child's development. However, research on
3606:
Lyons-Ruth K. & Jacobvitz, D. (1999) Attachment disorganization: unresolved loss, relational violence and lapses in behavioral and attentional strategies. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.) Handbook of Attachment. (pp. 520â554). NY: Guilford
875:
dissolved after legal finalization. The wide range of values reflects the paucity of information on the subject and demographic factors such as age; it is known that teenagers are more prone to having their adoptions disrupted than young children.
456:
abroad or ask for the support of NGOs. The system does not involve fees, but gives considerable power to social workers whose decisions may restrict adoption to "standard" families (middle-age, medium to high income, heterosexual, Caucasian).
399:
changed. Simultaneously, the scientific community began to stress the dominance of nurture over genetics, chipping away at eugenic stigmas. In this environment, adoption became the obvious solution for both unwed people and infertile couples.
1124:
Adopted children are more likely to experience psychological and behavioral problems than non-adopted peers. Children who were older than four at the time of their adoption experience more psychological problems than those who were younger.
411:
The number of adoptions in the United States peaked in 1970. It is uncertain what caused the subsequent decline. Likely contributing factors in the 1960s and 1970s include a decline in the fertility rate, associated with the introduction of
6471:
1192:
40â45% thought adoptees were more likely to have behavior problems and trouble at school. In contrast, the same study indicated adoptive parents were viewed favorably, with nearly 90% describing them as "lucky, advantaged, and unselfish".
1096:
substance use, lower school achievement, and impaired social competence after parental divorce, the adoptee population appeared to be unaffected in terms of their outside relationships, specifically in their school or social abilities.
1002:
substance use, lower school achievement, and impaired social competence after parental divorce, the adoptee population appeared to be unaffected in terms of their outside relationships, specifically in their school or social abilities.
1535:
Estimates for the extent of search behavior by adoptees have proven elusive; studies show significant variation. In part, the problem stems from the small adoptee population which makes random surveying difficult, if not impossible.
4429:
Adoption, and it's Associated Therapy Issues. A Literature Review discussing the impact of adoption on Self-worth, Identity and the Primary Relationships of the Adoptee and both the Biological and Adoptive Parents. Christine Peers
1526:
Language at its best honors the self-referencing choices of the persons involved, uses inclusive terms and phrases, and is sensitive to the feelings of the primary parties. Language evolves with social attitudes and experiences.
364:
movement swept the United States with a critical goal of ending the prevailing orphanage system. The culmination of such efforts came with the First White House Conference on the Care of Dependent Children called by President
752:
811:, as witnessed by the public, the adoption is then considered binding, in some courts of law, even though not initially sanctioned by the court. The particular terms of a common-law adoption are defined by each legal
6434:(University of Texas Press; 185 pages; 2010). Uses interviews with 131 adoptive parents in a study of how adopters' attitudes uphold, accommodate, or subvert prevailing ideologies of kinship in the United States.
943:
The biological relationship between a parent and child is important, and the separation of the two has led to concerns about adoption. The traditional view of adoptive parenting received empirical support from a
4522:
Goldfarb, W. (1955). Emotional and intellectual consequences of psychologic deprivation in infancy: A Re-evaluation. In P. Hoch & J. Zubin (Eds.), Psychopathology of Childhood (pp. 105â119). NY: Grune &
1036:
supportive in indicating more accurate information and results about the similarities, differences and overall lifestyles of adoptees. Adoptees are four times more likely to attempt suicide than other people.
377:
ideas in America put up obstacles to the growth of adoption. There were grave concerns about the genetic quality of illegitimate and indigent children, perhaps best exemplified by the influential writings of
7522:
3742:
Lyons-Ruth, K.; Alpern, L.; Repacholi, B. (1993). "Disorganized infant attachment classification and maternal psychosocial problems as predictors of hostile-aggressive behavior in the preschool classroom".
966:
parents have is: "Will we love the child even though he/she is not our biological child?" A specific concern for many parents is accommodating an adoptee in the classroom. Familiar lessons like "draw your
5870:
273:. This created the first system in European history in which abandoned children did not have legal, social, or moral disadvantages. As a result, many of Europe's abandoned and orphaned children became
2220:
Bernadine Barr, "Spare Children, 1900â1945: Inmates of Orphanages as Subjects of Research in Medicine and in the Social Sciences in America" (PhD diss., Stanford University, 1992), p. 32, figure 2.2.
312:, unique in that it codified the ideal of the "best interests of the child". Despite its intent, though, in practice, the system operated much the same as earlier incarnations. The experience of the
5925:
5341:
1351:
and its attendant social stigma were usually the impetus for a mother's decision to give her child to a baby farmer. Baby 'farmers' would sometimes neglect or murder the babies to keep costs down.
6468:
1425:(AAC) passing a unanimous resolution: "Open Records complete with all identifying information for all members of the adoption triad, birthparents, adoptive parents and adoptee at the adoptee's
341:
roaming the streets of New York City. Brace considered the abandoned youth, particularly Catholics, to be the most dangerous element challenging the city's order. His solution was outlined in
3155:
308:
them as family members instead of under contracts for apprenticeship. The growth of this model is believed to have contributed to the enactment of the first modern adoption law in 1851 by the
1250:
Forced adoption has also been enforced with the rationale of child welfare. The children of unwed or single mothers are commonly the target of such forced adoption. This was prominent during
1418:). Similar ideas were taking hold globally with grass-roots organizations like Parent Finders in Canada and Jigsaw in Australia. In 1975, England and Wales opened records on moral grounds.
1575:
children of the adoptive parents. Under Islamic Law, for example, adopted children must keep their original surname to be identified with blood relations, and, traditionally, women wear a
6188:
R. Rushbrooke, The proportion of adoptees who have received their birth records in England and Wales, Population Trends (104), UK Office for National Statistics, Summer 2001, pages 26â34
1183:, Canada. Since its first publication in 1908, the story of the orphaned Anne, and how the Cuthberts took her in, has been widely popular in the English-speaking world and, later, Japan.
1137:(PTS) than the general population. Their PTS symptoms depend on the type of adverse experiences they went through and knowledge of their history offers an option for tailored support.
428:
services available to the young and low-income, and the legalization of abortion. In addition, the years of the late 1960s and early 1970s saw a dramatic change in society's view of
3170:
1304:. These practices have become significant social and political issues in recent years, and in many cases the policies have changed. The United States, for example, now has the 1978
35:
of New York Foundling Hospital with children. Sister Irene is among the pioneers of modern adoption, establishing a system to board out children rather than institutionalize them.
2823:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau. 2005. Archived from
1281:
5726:, Child Welfare Information Gateway, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children's Bureau, 2020, p. 5
2803:
5202:"The Development and Standardization of Psychometric Criteria of Attitude toward Adoption Questionnaire (ATAQ) and its Relation to Prosocial Behavior and Character Strengths"
1280:. Forced adoption based on ethnicity occurred during World War II. In German-occupied Poland, it is estimated that 200,000 Polish children with purportedly Aryan traits were
5659:
265:. Initially, the clergy reacted by drafting rules to govern the exposing, selling, and rearing of abandoned children. The Church's innovation, however, was the practice of
3533:
Gauthier, L.; Stollak, G.; Messe, L.; Arnoff, J. (1996). "Recall of childhood neglect and physical abuse as differential predictors of current psychological functioning".
349:
movement. The orphan trains eventually shipped an estimated 200,000 children from the urban centers of the East to the nation's rural regions. The children were generally
5809:
3517:
436:
efforts grew so that few children born out of wedlock today are adopted. Ironically, adoption is far more visible and discussed in society today, yet it is less common.
10461:
10316:
4165:
Fravel, D.L.; McRoy, R.G.; Grotevant, H.D. (2000). "Birthmother perceptions of the psychologically present adopted child: Adoption openness and boundary ambiguity".
2509:
296:
and girls might be married off under the institution's authority. Institutions informally adopted out children as well, a mechanism treated as a way to obtain cheap
7527:
5974:
5354:
2852:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau. 2009.
1116:
can have impacts on adoptees as well, several recent studies have shown that warm adoptive parenting can reduce behavioral problems of adopted children over time.
1087:
Similar mechanisms appear to be at work in the physical development of adoptees. Danish and American researchers conducting studies on the genetic contribution to
993:
Similar mechanisms appear to be at work in the physical development of adoptees. Danish and American researchers conducting studies on the genetic contribution to
6263:
R. Sullivan and E. Lathrop, "Openness in adoption: retrospective lessons and prospective choices," Children and Youth Services Review Vol. 26 Issue 4, April 2004.
5876:
2950:
Berry, Marianne; Barth, Richard P.; Needell, Barbara (1996). "Preparation, support, and satisfaction of adoptive families in agency and independent adoptions".
1128:
According to study in the UK, adopted children can have mental health problems that do not improve even four years after their adoption. Children with multiple
2639:
863:. It is a legal avenue unique to adoptive parents as disruption/dissolution does not apply to biological kin, although biological family members are sometimes
834:
Although adoption is often described as forming a "forever" family, the relationship can be ended at any time. The legal termination of an adoption is called
4639:"Long-Term Effects of Pre-Placement Risk Factors on Children's Psychological Symptoms and Parenting Stress Among Families Adopting Children From Foster Care"
3840:
Plomin, R.; Fulker, D.W.; Corley, R.; DeFries, J.C. (1997). "Nature, nurture, and cognitive development from 1â16 years: A parent-offspring adoption study".
3116:
2907:
2853:
4832:
Farr, Rachel H.; Patterson, Charlotte J. (2013). "Lesbian and Gay Adoptive Parents and Their Children". In Goldberg, Abbie E.; Allen, Katherine R. (eds.).
2820:
292:
As the idea of institutional care gained acceptance, formal rules appeared about how to place children into families: boys could become apprenticed to an
9810:
8147:
4377:
Bauer, Stephanie; Loomis, Colleen; Akkari, Abdeljalil (May 2012). "Intercultural immigrant youth identities in contexts of family, friends, and school".
2494:
6017:
3697:
Lyons-Ruth, K. (1996). "Attachment relationships among children with aggressive behavior problems: The role of disorganized early attachment patterns".
4192:
McLaughlin, S.D.; Manninen, D.L.; Winges, L.D. (1988). "Do adolescents who relinquish their children fare better or worse than those who raise them?".
733:
out of the belief that it is more responsible to care for otherwise parent-less children than to reproduce, to ensure that inheritable diseases (e.g.,
5779:
R. Rushbrooke, The proportion of adoptees who have received their birth records in England and Wales, Population Trends (104), Summer 2001, pp 26â34."
3903:
Vogler, G.P., Influences of genes and shared family environment on adult body mass index assessed in an adoption study by a comprehensive path model,
1330:
Adoption is usually managed by judges, bureaucrats and social workers. Profiting from giving or receiving orphans has incentivized abusive practices.
3147:
1456:
In the 1970s, as adoption search and support organizations developed, there were challenges to the language in common use at the time. As books like
5950:
3938:"Charting the trajectories of adopted children's emotional and behavioral problems: The impact of early adversity and postadoptive parental warmth"
1429:(18 or 19, depending on state) or earlier if all members of the triad agree." Later years saw the evolution of more militant organizations such as
1067:
and supportive family in which all members feel safe to explore their identity is necessary for the formation of a sound identity. Transracial and
3200:
1258:. The children of parents in poverty have also been targeted for forced adoption under the rational of child welfare. This was often the case for
4411:
Snodgrass, Ginni D. Research and Studies on Adoptees. Statistics on the effects of Adoption. Appendix A. s.l. : George Fox University, 1998.
1244:
4532:
Pringel, M. L., & Bossio, V. (1960). Early, prolonged separation and emotional adjustment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37â48
587:
Breakdown: 50 non-relative, 50 relative, 17 step-parent, 12 surrogacy, 1 foster parent, 18 international relative, 6 international non-relative
6273:
3353:
1591:
In some countries, such as the United States, "Homecoming Day" is the day when an adoptee is officially united with their new adoptive family.
1486:
says that using "inclusive" and "neutral" language is based upon the concept that "language represents thought, and may even control thought."
5129:
4358:
Johnson, Fern L.; Mickelson, Stacie; Lopez Davila, Mariana (22 September 2013). "Transracial Foster Care and Adoption: Issues and Realities".
6400:(University of Michigan Press; 2014) 422 pages; Scholarly biography of an activist (1908â2002) who led the struggle for open adoption records
6119:
2571:
778:
1276:
Removing children of ethnic minorities from their families to be adopted by those of the dominant ethnic group has been used as a method of
9620:
5498:
67:
5897:
4751:
3178:
10379:
10364:
6502:
6238:
5792:
5253:
2889:
10217:
7578:
1023:
experienced the greatest portion of positive thoughts were those who had open, rather than closed or time-limited mediated, adoptions.
395:, saw rapid growth and acceptance of adoption as a means to build a family. Illegitimate births rose three-fold after World War II, as
6285:
6151:
5009:
Wegar, Katarina (2000). "Adoption, Family Ideology, and Social Stigma: Bias in Community Attitudes, Adoption Research, and Practice".
807:, leaves his or her children with a friend or relative for an extended period of time. At the end of a designated term of (voluntary)
10143:
8087:
8001:
3083:
3051:
2477:
2265:
2205:
2164:
1724:
357:'s adoption law of 1917, which mandated investigation of all placements and limited record access to those involved in the adoption.
4603:
3884:
3104:
2800:
10306:
7907:
7637:
5111:
1149:
families and those in heterosexual families have no significant differences in development. One of the main arguments used against
1105:
5666:
5154:
4563:"Mental health and behavioural difficulties in adopted children: A systematic review of post-adoption risk and protective factors"
4118:
Kalmuss, D.; Namerow, P.B.; Bauer, U. (1992). "Short-term consequences of parenting versus adoption among young unmarried women".
3990:"Warm Parenting and Effortful Control in Toddlerhood: Independent and Interactive Predictors of School-Age Externalizing Behavior"
3022:
2758:
2323:
2233:
10329:
9803:
8068:
7922:
7684:
7560:
1657:
5872:
Governor Cuomo Announces New Law Allowing Adoptees to Obtain a Certified Birth Certificate at Age 18 Goes into Effect January 15
2590:
2362:
E. Wayne Carp, Family Matters: Secrecy and Disclosure in the History of Adoption, Harvard University Press, 2000, pages 103â104.
2119:
46:
of another, usually a child, from that person's biological or legal parent or parents. Legal adoptions permanently transfer all
10341:
9711:
9408:
8132:
7927:
7598:
3514:
3069:"Adoption Experiences of Women and Men and Demand for Children to Adopt by Women 18â44 Years of Age in the United States, 2002"
3037:"Adoption Experiences of Women and Men and Demand for Children to Adopt by Women 18â44 Years of Age in the United States, 2002"
1411:
554:
92 non-family adoptions; 171 family adoptions (e.g. stepparent). Not included: 459 international adoptions were also recorded.
5183:
2665:
300:, demonstrated by the fact that when the adopted died their bodies were returned by the family to the institution for burial.
244:
was replaced, a stark contrast to Roman traditions. The evolution of European law reflects this aversion to adoption. English
8287:
8122:
4849:
1843:
1414:(ISRR), allowing those separated by adoption to locate one another. and Lee Campbell and other birthmothers established CUB (
1293:
248:, for instance, did not permit adoption since it contradicted the customary rules of inheritance. In the same vein, France's
6422:
The Girls Who Went Away: The Hidden History of Women Who Surrendered Children for Adoption in the Decades Before Roe v. Wade
5971:
5483:
5425:
3988:
Reuben, Julia D.; Shaw, Daniel S.; Neiderhiser, Jenae M.; Natsuaki, Misaki N.; Reiss, David; Leve, Leslie D. (August 2016).
2715:
2045:
1919:
1421:
By 1979, representatives of 32 organizations from 33 states, Canada and Mexico gathered in Washington, DC, to establish the
10336:
8092:
3282:
958:
5738:
5691:
2506:
10179:
8977:
7966:
7944:
7532:
6036:
3569:
149:, were reared in an arrangement similar to guardianship, being considered the property of the father who abandoned them.
119:, for example, details the rights of adopters and the responsibilities of adopted individuals at length. The practice of
5459:
5358:
10346:
9796:
9777:
7978:
7672:
7642:
6465:(Stanford University Press; 2013) 336 pages); comparative ethnographic study of transnational and interracial adoption.
4984:
3441:
2622:
2540:
361:
115:
While the modern form of adoption emerged in the United States, forms of the practice appeared throughout history. The
5721:
4637:
Nadeem, Erum; Waterman, Jill; Foster, Jared; Paczkowski, Emilie; Belin, Thomas R.; Miranda, Jeanne (28 January 2016).
10073:
9747:
7801:
7537:
6685:
6254:
Schechter and Bertocci, "The Meaning of the Search" in Brodzinsky and Schechter, Psychology of Adoption," 1990, p. 70
6179:
Schechter and Bertocci, "The Meaning of the Search" in Brodzinsky and Schechter, Psychology of Adoption," 1990, p. 67
6082:
5435:
4916:"Predictors of psychological adjustment in early placed adopted children with lesbian, gay, and heterosexual parents"
4048:
Kallen, D.J.; Griffore, R.J.; Popovich, S.; Powell, V. (1990). "Adolescent mothers and their mothers view adoption".
3229:
1780:
370:
balance in foster arrangements and orphanages. Less than forty years later, nearly one-third were in adoptive homes.
4083:
Donnelly, B.W.; Voydanoff, P. (1996). "Parenting versus placing for adoption: Consequences for adolescent mothers".
3475:
2846:
2643:
10321:
10010:
9995:
9461:
8227:
8073:
8013:
7806:
6870:
5097:
4545:
2735:
413:
329:
The next stage of adoption's evolution fell to the emerging nation of the United States. Rapid immigration and the
6377:
2904:
2462:
1347:
is the practice of accepting custody of a child in return for payment. This was most common in Victorian Britain.
9605:
9451:
8810:
8077:
7872:
7718:
7239:
7062:
6836:
6495:
1569:
1504:
Stereotyping is mostly implicit, unconscious, and facilitated by the availability of pejorative labels and terms.
6245:
K. March, "The stranger who bore me: Adoptee-birth mother interactions," Dissertation, McMaster University, 1990
5295:
3300:
10263:
10045:
9819:
9772:
9762:
8732:
7972:
7960:
6525:
6408:
4962:"A safe space for Late Discovery Adoptees or anyone who has made an unexpected discovery about their parentage"
1672:
1134:
6442:
3193:"33: Convention of 29 May 1993 on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption"
1583:, these cultural distinctions have led to making adoption illegal opting instead for a system of foster care.
9767:
9492:
9308:
9129:
8871:
8531:
7862:
7770:
7620:
7588:
7486:
6014:
4234:
L. Borders, et. Adult Adoptees and Their Friends, National Council of Family Relations, 2000, Vol. 49, No. 4,
2824:
1415:
1129:
1101:
1040:
For example, it has been found that many adoptees experience difficulty in establishing a sense of identity.
930:
children, but male same-sex couples were more likely to adopt children and less likely to have stepchildren.
626:
309:
5834:
3919:
Thomas O'Conner, Are Associations Between Parental Divorce and Children's Adjustment Genetically Mediated?,
210:
164:
performed by a son. China had a similar idea of adoption with males adopted solely to perform the duties of
10243:
10128:
10118:
9686:
9532:
9428:
9403:
9174:
8117:
7990:
7565:
7481:
6819:
3391:
2381:
1682:
1612:
3389:
Gibson, K. (2009). "Differential parental investment in families with both adopted and genetic children".
3354:"Adoptive Parents, Adoptive Parents: Evaluating the Importance of Biological Ties for Parental Investment"
1202:
for using outdated orphanage imagery as did advocacy non-profit The Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute.
10311:
10253:
9625:
9348:
8644:
7917:
7912:
7765:
7094:
7037:
6601:
3192:
2432:
975:
5522:
2987:"Understanding U.S. Fertility: Continuity and Change in the National Survey of Family Growth, 1988â1995"
2296:"Understanding U.S. Fertility: Continuity and Change in the National Survey of Family Growth, 1988â1995"
1560:
however, imply ongoing relationships were formed between adoptee and parent nor that this was the goal.
333:
resulted in unprecedented overcrowding of orphanages and foundling homes in the mid-nineteenth century.
10212:
9860:
9547:
9378:
9373:
8159:
7660:
7625:
7615:
6655:
6537:
6488:
5331:
5309:
4488:
3124:
2925:
1826:
Scheidel, W. (28 September 2011). "The Roman Slave Supply". In Bradley, Keith; Cartledge, Paul (eds.).
1422:
1284:
and given to German or Austrian couples, and only 25,000 returned to their families after the war. The
6425:
2411:
2092:
Topic: Charles Loring Brace, The Dangerous Classes of New York and Twenty Years' Work Among Them, 1872
277:
of the Church, which in turn took the role of adopter. Oblation marks the beginning of a shift toward
9893:
9855:
9850:
9757:
9716:
9552:
9272:
9104:
8881:
8847:
7996:
7882:
7837:
7418:
7288:
7246:
7107:
5645:
3639:
3629:
3433:
3427:
2754:
The National Adoption Information Clearinghouse of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
1662:
1497:
The rights, opportunities, and freedoms of certain people are restricted because they are reduced to
1388:
1262:
or "contract children" in Switzerland between the 1850s through the middle of the twentieth century.
1196:
substantial criticism of the media's adoption coverage. Some adoption blogs, for example, criticized
782:
165:
20:
3711:
3364:
819:
relationships after co-habitation of 2 years. The practice is called "private fostering" in Britain.
404:
interests of the child", the seeds of this idea can be traced to the first American adoption law in
10296:
9985:
9840:
9124:
8082:
8045:
8018:
8007:
7791:
7630:
7154:
6970:
6937:
6829:
5756:
5126:
1677:
1305:
120:
111:. Adoption was a customary practice of the Roman Empire that enabled peaceful transitions of power.
2568:
852:. After legal finalization, the disruption process is usually initiated by adoptive parents via a
10374:
10301:
10227:
10018:
9911:
9580:
8970:
8924:
8822:
8190:
7775:
7583:
7437:
7229:
6922:
5621:
4786:
4330:
Patton-Imani, Sandra (2012). "Orphan Sunday: Narratives of Salvation in Transnational Adoption".
1607:
1348:
1297:
785:, which came into force on 1 May 1995 and has been ratified by 105 countries as of February 2024.
74:). Modern systems of adoption, arising in the 20th century, tend to be governed by comprehensive
6201:
March, K. (1995). "Perception of Adoption as Social Stigma: Motivation for Search and Reunion".
6135:
Cultural Sensitivity and Political Correctness: The Linguistic Problem of Naming, Edna Andrews,
5990:
5232:
5044:
March, K. (1995). "Perception of Adoption as Social Stigma: Motivation for Search and Reunion".
4440:
2556:
10023:
10005:
9960:
9845:
9413:
9252:
8180:
7887:
7822:
7496:
7364:
7354:
7219:
6942:
6875:
6850:
6786:
6660:
5336:
3706:
1507:
Rendering the labels and terms socially unacceptable, people then must consciously think about
1068:
1050:
905:
792:
774:
706:
269:, whereby children were dedicated to lay life within monastic institutions and reared within a
171:
The practice of adopting the children of family members and close friends was common among the
6235:
6116:
5903:
5789:
5261:
2886:
2474:
2091:
10202:
10189:
9865:
9742:
9303:
9227:
9154:
9119:
8888:
8247:
7877:
7796:
7755:
7745:
7476:
7278:
7082:
6757:
3465:
Michaels, Ruth, and Florence Rondell. The Adoption Family Book I: You and Your Child. Page 4.
3252:
3233:
2606:
1667:
835:
829:
734:
488:
135:
was a kind of Roman adoption in which the person adopted consented to be adopted by another.
28:
6374:
Children and Youth in Adoption, Orphanages, and Foster Care: A Historical Handbook and Guide
4696:"Early adversity predicts adoptees' enduring emotional and behavioral problems in childhood"
4480:
4308:
Meeus, Wim. "The Study of Adolescent Formation 2000â2010: A Review of Longitunal Research".
3515:
http://adoption.com/Grade_School:_Understanding_Child_Development_and_the_Impact_of_Adoption
2847:"Postadoption Contact Agreements Between Birth and Adoptive Families: Summary of State Laws"
10423:
10268:
10103:
9835:
9600:
9527:
9476:
9237:
9212:
9202:
8944:
8929:
8876:
8832:
8742:
8674:
8220:
8024:
7939:
7897:
7892:
7491:
7442:
6762:
6752:
6680:
6675:
6650:
6635:
6630:
6167:
6148:
6002:
3935:
3904:
3400:
2687:
1627:
1442:
1180:
1176:
945:
768:
730:
334:
313:
278:
6310:
Smit, Eileen M. (1 December 2002). "Adopted Children: Core Issues and Unique Challenges".
4452:
Annika von Borczyskowski, Suicidal behavior in national and international adult adoptees,
3616:
Solomon, J. & George, C. (Eds.) (1999). Attachment Disorganization. NY: Guilford Press
3068:
3036:
2262:
2202:
2161:
1721:
701:
621:
10â20 of these were national adoptions of infants. The rest were international adoptions.
8:
10456:
10123:
10063:
9980:
9827:
9615:
9542:
9466:
9287:
9267:
9222:
9159:
9042:
8994:
8914:
8866:
8859:
8561:
8518:
7842:
7832:
7827:
7711:
6995:
6952:
6917:
6824:
6804:
5079:
National Adoption Attitudes Survey, June 2002, Evan Donaldson Institute, page 20 and 38."
4295:
As if born to: The social construction of a deficit identity position for adopted persons
3881:
2666:"Live births (by sex), stillbirths (Maori and total population) (Annual-Jun) â Infoshare"
1632:
1600:
1277:
1271:
1233:
1228:
1079:
Concerning developmental milestones, studies from the Colorado Adoption Project examined
985:
Concerning developmental milestones, studies from the Colorado Adoption Project examined
433:
6449:
Adoption in post-Soviet Russia: Nationalism and the re-invention of the "Russian family"
6432:
Blue-Ribbon Babies and Labors of Love: Race, Class, and Gender in U.S. Adoption Practice
6066:
5380:
5108:
3404:
3105:
US Child Welfare Information Gateway: "How Many Children Were Adopted in 2000 and 2001?"
2103:
1758:
H. David Kirk, Adoptive Kinship: A Modern Institution in Need of Reform, 1985, page xiv.
1373:
are known to abduct the children of homeless mothers sleeping on the street. During the
799:
Common law adoption: this is an adoption that has not been recognized beforehand by the
10369:
10258:
10164:
9965:
9888:
9661:
9398:
9134:
8963:
7750:
7593:
7322:
7176:
6947:
6932:
6323:
6218:
6099:
5847:
5158:
5061:
5026:
4896:
4814:
4785:
Anthony, R.; Paine, A.L.; Westlake, M.; Lowthian, E.; Shelton, K.H. (7 November 2020).
4767:
4728:
4671:
4638:
4619:
4582:
4505:
4394:
4270:
4245:
4209:
4135:
4100:
4065:
4014:
3989:
3962:
3937:
3857:
3853:
3803:
3756:
3674:
3657:
3412:
3325:
3006:
2986:
2967:
2755:
2700:
2315:
2295:
2230:
1642:
1490:
1289:
1198:
465:
Adoptions, live births and adoption/live birth ratios for a number of Western countries
366:
330:
282:
172:
5810:"Most American adoptees can't access their birth certificates. That could soon change"
5481:
National Indian Child Welfare Association: the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (ICWA)
4694:
Paine, Amy L.; Fahey, Kevin; Anthony, Rebecca E.; Shelton, Katherine H. (1 May 2021).
4541:
Hamilton, L. (2012). Adoption. In Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. Retrieved from
1369:
facilities to be raped in order to sell their babies for adoption. Organized rings in
198:
10451:
10138:
10058:
9752:
9595:
9517:
9497:
9368:
9247:
9242:
9207:
9184:
9114:
9099:
8842:
8669:
8639:
8392:
8277:
8175:
7984:
7902:
7760:
7413:
7332:
7256:
7234:
6747:
6665:
6516:
6335:
6327:
6103:
5431:
5201:
5022:
4943:
4935:
4915:
4900:
4888:
4845:
4818:
4806:
4771:
4733:
4715:
4676:
4658:
4623:
4586:
4501:
4398:
4275:
4217:
4178:
4019:
3967:
3920:
3861:
3795:
3760:
3724:
3679:
3589:
3550:
3546:
3437:
3225:
3014:
2971:
2587:
2525:
2116:
1839:
1776:
1637:
1387:
that the secrecy inherent in modern adoption may influence the process of forming an
1285:
1150:
884:
868:
843:
745:
559:
440:
396:
139:
124:
116:
3807:
3329:
2422:
Christine Adamec and William Pierce, The Encyclopedia of Adoption, 2nd Edition, 2000
10400:
10395:
10291:
10275:
9635:
9471:
9446:
9438:
9194:
9078:
9057:
8934:
8606:
8596:
8591:
8566:
8397:
8376:
8272:
8137:
7857:
6975:
6742:
6737:
6319:
6210:
6091:
6062:
5180:
5053:
5018:
4927:
4878:
4837:
4798:
4759:
4723:
4707:
4666:
4650:
4611:
4574:
4497:
4386:
4265:
4257:
4201:
4174:
4127:
4092:
4057:
4009:
4001:
3957:
3949:
3849:
3787:
3752:
3716:
3669:
3581:
3542:
3408:
3315:
2998:
2959:
2448:
2307:
1831:
1374:
1365:
1360:
1313:
1239:
379:
217:
157:
153:
5622:"'One Child Nation' Exposes the Tragic Consequences of Chinese Population Control"
5144:
National Adoption Attitudes Survey, June 2002, Evan Donaldson Institute, page 20."
4787:"Patterns of adversity and post-traumatic stress among children adopted from care"
4561:
Duncan, Morvwen; Woolgar, Matt; Ransley, Rachel; Fearon, Pasco (1 December 2021).
1835:
1708:
10222:
10159:
10093:
10053:
10035:
9903:
9788:
9666:
9585:
9422:
9383:
9282:
9032:
8837:
8817:
8805:
8737:
8586:
8581:
8571:
8461:
8267:
8262:
8213:
8112:
7867:
7471:
7327:
7191:
7149:
7010:
6985:
6909:
6799:
6781:
6727:
6611:
6475:
6352:
6242:
6155:
6123:
6040:
6021:
5978:
5796:
5595:
5569:
5543:
5487:
5480:
5402:
5314:
5187:
5133:
5115:
5088:
National Adoption Attitudes Survey, June 2002, Evan Donaldson Institute, page 47"
4802:
4549:
4390:
3936:
Amy L. Paine; Oliver Perra; Rebecca Anthony; Katherine H. Shelton (August 2021).
3888:
3877:
3521:
3286:
3279:
3278:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Child Welfare Information Gateway,
2911:
2893:
2807:
2762:
2739:
2719:
2712:
2626:
2594:
2575:
2544:
2513:
2481:
2350:
2337:
2281:
2269:
2249:
2237:
2209:
2189:
2168:
2148:
2135:
2123:
2077:
2062:
2049:
2042:
2025:
2010:
1995:
1980:
1966:
1949:
1935:
1905:
1890:
1875:
1860:
1812:
1797:
1745:
1728:
1426:
1222:
1088:
994:
788:
690:
669:
425:
262:
249:
96:
6480:
6053:
Logan, J. (1996). "Birth Mothers and Their Mental Health: Uncharted Territory".
4841:
2801:
Openness in Adoption: Building Relationships Between Adoptive and Birth Families
2075:
Wayne Carp, Editor, Adoption in America, article by: Susan Porter, A Good Home,
2060:
Wayne Carp, Editor, Adoption in America, article by: Susan Porter, A Good Home,
2023:
Wayne Carp, Editor, Adoption in America, article by: Susan Porter, A Good Home,
2008:
Wayne Carp, Editor, Adoption in America, article by: Susan Porter, A Good Home,
9726:
9706:
9701:
9691:
9651:
9328:
9257:
9047:
8769:
8717:
8684:
8679:
8601:
8541:
8451:
8421:
8257:
8153:
8097:
7704:
7514:
7341:
7317:
7261:
7139:
7134:
7124:
7112:
6990:
6774:
6645:
6591:
6298:
6095:
5951:"Adoptees nationwide may soon gain access to their original birth certificates"
5699:
5509:
4711:
3585:
1622:
1617:
1430:
1325:
1251:
889:
673:
604:
Adoptions breakdown: 438 inter-country; 174 stepchildren; 35 foster; 10 other.
392:
304:
225:
176:
161:
7523:
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
6033:
5631:
4883:
4866:
4578:
4453:
4005:
3953:
3720:
3526:
3501:
10445:
10418:
10133:
9952:
9920:
9915:
9883:
9721:
9630:
9575:
9570:
9512:
9343:
9179:
9164:
9149:
9062:
9022:
8904:
8699:
8616:
8546:
8446:
8107:
8102:
7934:
7552:
7466:
7427:
7403:
7312:
7196:
7129:
7000:
6904:
6865:
6722:
6557:
6463:
Broken Links, Enduring Ties: American Adoption Across Race, Class, and Nation
6331:
6284:
Tim Lister and Mary Rogers, "Egypt says adoptive moms were human smugglers,"
4939:
4892:
4719:
4695:
4662:
4654:
4465:
William Feigelman, Comparisons with Persons Raised in Conventional Families,
2929:
2443:
1652:
1647:
1259:
979:
808:
804:
661:
417:
405:
241:
5899:
Signed and Unsealed, New York Delivers on Its Promise for Open Birth Records
5660:"Does Adoption Affect the Adolescent Eriksonian Task of Identity Formation?"
5220:
4562:
3791:
3735:
3320:
2619:
2537:
920: Same-sex marriage but adoption by married same-sex couples not allowed
914: No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples and no same-sex marriage
10430:
10413:
9671:
9522:
9507:
9363:
9353:
9139:
8827:
8789:
8784:
8611:
8456:
8142:
7696:
7381:
7376:
7117:
7017:
6962:
6690:
6569:
6564:
6339:
5327:
5205:
5200:
Abdollahzadeh, Hasan; Chaloui, Ommolbanin; Mahmoudi, Hiva (November 2019).
4947:
4834:
LGBT-Parent Families: Innovations in Research and Implications for Practice
4810:
4737:
4680:
4279:
4261:
4023:
3971:
3799:
2810:, Child Welfare Information Gateway, January 2013, Retrieved 1 January 2019
2775:
1483:
1407:
1344:
1339:
1080:
986:
812:
800:
452:
429:
346:
229:
58:
32:
4348:
24. Kaplan, Deborah N Silverstein and Sharon. Lifelong Issues in Adoption.
4244:
Keyes, M. A.; Malone, S. M.; Sharma, A.; Iacono, W. G.; McGue, M. (2013).
4221:
3764:
3728:
3683:
3593:
3554:
3018:
2371:
National Council for Adoption, Adoption Fact Book, 2000, page 42, Table 11
10248:
10207:
10174:
9942:
9935:
9681:
9656:
9502:
9338:
9323:
9109:
9037:
9027:
8709:
8664:
8508:
8402:
8357:
8185:
7852:
7731:
7371:
7307:
7144:
7087:
7027:
7022:
6860:
6809:
6670:
4961:
3820:
3658:"A prospective longitudinal study of disorganized/disoriented attachment"
3513:
Grade School: Understanding Child Development and the Impact of Adoption
3479:
2250:
Child Welfare and Social Action in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
1906:
Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa
1687:
1255:
1206:
967:
725:
719:
444:
297:
63:
6512:
5692:"ADOPTING -Why adoptive parents support open records for adult adoptees"
4763:
4615:
4542:
2871:
Seymore, Malinda L. (March 2015). "Openness in International Adoption".
2732:
10408:
10108:
10098:
10030:
9696:
9590:
9393:
9318:
9262:
9232:
9169:
9067:
8909:
8854:
8727:
8689:
8551:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8478:
8466:
8406:
8362:
6769:
6709:
6640:
5739:"The Strange History of Adult Adoptee Access to Original Birth Records"
4213:
3873:
3871:
3561:
3010:
2963:
2319:
1498:
1171:
864:
816:
686:
432:
and in the legal rights of those born outside of wedlock. In response,
350:
245:
132:
6222:
5523:"ÂŁ700 for a child? Guatemalan 'baby factory' deals in misery and hope"
5065:
5030:
4752:"Adopted children may develop specific types of post-traumatic stress"
4509:
4139:
4104:
4069:
3915:
3913:
3274:
3272:
3264:
693:
adopted 10 children in the 1960s. In this photo they are on a tour of
10197:
10085:
9925:
9387:
9358:
9333:
9217:
9072:
8986:
8919:
8626:
8503:
8252:
8127:
8050:
7847:
7159:
7032:
6892:
6882:
6717:
6695:
6622:
5626:
5287:
4931:
4151:
4149:
2821:"Postadoption Contact Agreements Between Birth and Adoptive Families"
2449:
The Politics of Adoption: Gender and the Making of French Citizenship
1392:
694:
382:, who protested against adopting children of unknown origin, saying,
354:
286:
270:
237:
71:
51:
43:
6456:
Adoption Nation: How the Adoption Revolution Is Transforming America
6367:
Related by Adoption: a handbook for grandparents and other relatives
5127:
The Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute, 9 April 2007 press release
4205:
3899:
3897:
3868:
3002:
2985:
Mosher, William D.; Bachrach, Christine A. (JanuaryâFebruary 1996).
2311:
2294:
Mosher, William D.; Bachrach, Christine A. (JanuaryâFebruary 1996).
337:, a Protestant minister, became appalled by the legions of homeless
10169:
10113:
9970:
9676:
9610:
8722:
8659:
8654:
8631:
8576:
8322:
7542:
7359:
7273:
7251:
7171:
7072:
6980:
6814:
6732:
6552:
6214:
5768:
5057:
4985:"Why wasn't I told? Making sense of the late discovery of adoption"
4131:
4096:
4061:
3910:
3600:
3269:
2104:
The Dangerous Classes of New York and Twenty Years' Work Among Them
1766:
1764:
1205:
The stigmas associated with adoption are amplified for children in
982:
as local authority care for these children is extremely expensive.
856:
266:
233:
4294:
4146:
1920:
Review of Blood Ties and Fictive Ties, Canadian Journal of History
1493:
defend it as inoffensive-language usage whose goal is multi-fold:
181:
9313:
9277:
8649:
8556:
8526:
8439:
8334:
8329:
7461:
7432:
7408:
7390:
7186:
7166:
6391:
Family Matters: Secrecy and Disclosure in the History of Adoption
5405:. Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. 7 June 2011
4865:
Averett, Paige; Nalavany, Blace; Ryan, Scott (30 November 2009).
3894:
2922:
1370:
962:
respect to the particular adults who take on the parental role."
860:
848:
if the relationship is ended afterwards. It may also be called a
761:
439:
The American model of adoption eventually proliferated globally.
421:
374:
293:
108:
75:
4604:"Adopted children can experience lasting mental health problems"
3636:
abuse and neglect (pp. 135â157). NY: Cambridge University Press.
2940:
National Council For Adoption, Adoption Factbook, 2000, Table 11
1761:
1556:
substantiate ... differences between adoptees and nonadoptees."
791:: based on the donation of embryos remaining after one couple's
740:
Unrelated adoptions may occur through the following mechanisms:
103:
became emperor of Rome through adoption by the previous emperor
9975:
9537:
9456:
9052:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8939:
8779:
8774:
8429:
8411:
8339:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8236:
7299:
7181:
7005:
6927:
6586:
6581:
6576:
4420:
Kaplan, Deborah N Silverstein and Sharon. Lifelong Issues in A.
1301:
893:
Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples around the world:
448:
343:
The Best Method of Disposing of Our Pauper and Vagrant Children
274:
145:
131:
is well-documented: many of Rome's emperors were adopted sons.
100:
47:
4636:
2885:
Ellen Herman, Adoption History Project, University of Oregon,
2431:
Ellen Herman, Adoption History Project, University of Oregon,
2410:
Ellen Herman, Adoption History Project, University of Oregon,
2229:
Ellen Herman, Adoption History Project, University of Oregon,
2201:
Ellen Herman, Adoption History Project, University of Oregon,
2160:
Ellen Herman, Adoption History Project, University of Oregon,
2115:
Ellen Herman, Adoption History Project, University of Oregon,
2090:
Ellen Herman, Adoption History Project, University of Oregon,
2041:
Ellen Herman, Adoption History Project, University of Oregon,
1514:
When labeling is a conscious activity, the described person's
8764:
8367:
8312:
7061:
6596:
6547:
4246:"Risk of Suicide Attempt in Adopted and Nonadopted Offspring"
3987:
3610:
1580:
1576:
1309:
853:
254:
221:
104:
8955:
5199:
4784:
4047:
3456:
A. Adesman and C. Adamec, Parenting Your Adopted Child, 2004
1961:
1959:
1739:
1737:
9144:
8694:
8434:
8371:
7266:
6236:
http://digitalcommons.mcmaster.ca/dissertations/AAINN60675/
5499:
Spanish doctor stands trial over Franco-era 'stolen babies'
3476:"Adoptionfilm.org | Messages from the Production Team"
1378:
thousands of dollars, turning a profit for the government.
1146:
338:
5926:"Birth certificate bill championed by Cassano becomes law"
4560:
3778:"Developmental Issues For Young Children in Foster Care".
3532:
3123:. Administration for Children and Families. Archived from
1579:
in the presence of males in their adoptive households. In
1518:
merits become apparent, rather than his or her stereotype.
240:
were paramount; a ruling dynasty lacking a "natural-born"
9418:
8317:
8205:
7077:
4469:
1540-9635, Volume 25, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 199 â 223
3839:
3824:
3741:
3619:
3117:"AFCARS Report #1 â Current Estimates as of January 1999"
1956:
1734:
443:
established their first formal adoption law in 1926. The
7528:
Declaration on the elimination of violence against women
4867:"An Evaluation of Gay/Lesbian and Heterosexual Adoption"
4693:
4191:
3050:(27). U.S. Center for Disease Control: 19. August 2008.
1292:
in Australia were affected by similar policies, as were
1006:
levels of child externalizing problems at ages 6 and 7.
228:
cultures that dominated Europe after the decline of the
6398:
Jean Paton and the Struggle to Reform American Adoption
6297:
Jennifer S. Jones, "Is Adoption from Egypt Possible?,"
6191:
6034:
Speaking Positively: Using Respectful Adoption Language
4243:
3567:
3082:(27). U.S. Center for Disease Control: 8. August 2008.
2642:. Department of Child, Youth and Family. Archived from
842:
if they are ended before being finalized, and they are
815:. For example, the U.S. state of California recognizes
657:
Contemporary adoption practices can be open or closed.
54:, from the biological parents to the adoptive parents.
5510:
Spain's stolen babies and the families who lived a lie
5460:"Internet Adoption Scams and the Russian Adoption Ban"
5427:
Yes, You Can Adopt!: A Comprehensive Guide to Adoption
3246:
The best interests of the child: the least detrimental
803:, but where a parent, without resorting to any formal
7218:
6196:
6194:
3690:
3649:
281:, eventually bringing about the establishment of the
5288:"Book Review - The Primal Wound by Nancy N. Verrier"
4164:
3570:"Long term consequences of childhood physical abuse"
1395:, and provide little in the way of medical history.
8148:
Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
6417:(New York: Upper West Side Philosophers, Inc. 2013)
6312:
Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing
5767:ISRR â International Soundex Reunion Registry
5281:
5279:
4864:
4117:
3100:
3098:
3096:
1930:
1928:
1451:
107:, and was in turn succeeded by his own adopted son
9818:
5644:Adoption History Project (University of Oregon), "
3171:"Adopted Chinese orphans often have special needs"
2037:
2035:
1009:
709:is among North America's oldest adoption agencies.
523:Includes all adoption orders in England and Wales
451:made adoptees full members of the family in 1959.
16:Parenting a child in place of the original parents
10462:Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement
6510:
5243:Martin Gottlieb, The Foundling, 2001, pg. 105â106
5231:Adoption History Project (University of Oregon),
4376:
4325:
4323:
4082:
3504:Robin Hillborn, Teacher's Guide to Adoption, 2005
2949:
1468:
10443:
6080:Wells, S. (1993). "What do Birthmothers Want?".
5835:As adoptees seek roots, states unsealing records
5276:
5181:http://pewfostercare.org/docs/index.php?DocID=41
4298:(D.S.W. dissertation) Wilfrid Laurier University
3298:
3222:The International Law on the Rights of the Child
3093:
2756:How Many Children Were Adopted in 2007 and 2008?
1925:
1830:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 287â310.
1166:
6469:Fictive Kinship: Making Maladaptation Palatable
6439:Strangers and Kin: the American Way of Adoption
4914:Goldberg, Abbie E.; Smith, JuliAnna Z. (2013).
3835:
3833:
3342:L. Raynor, The Adopted Child Comes of Age, 1980
2776:"National Vital Statistics System â Birth Data"
2382:"US Supreme Court Cases from Justia & Oyez"
2351:Strangers and Kin: the American Way of Adoption
2338:Strangers and Kin: the American Way of Adoption
2149:E. Adoption in America: Historical Perspectives
2032:
878:
188:
138:Infant adoption during Antiquity appears rare.
62:formal means (notably contracts that specified
4454:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
4320:
2984:
2461:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
2293:
1476:
9804:
8971:
8221:
7712:
6496:
6405:Adoption: A Brief Social and Cultural History
5383:. Department of History, University of Oregon
5190:The Pew Commission of Children in Foster Care
5155:"Policy and Practice: Many Faces of Adoption"
4913:
4831:
4643:Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
3699:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
1145:There is evidence that shows the adoptees of
823:
779:Hague Conference on Private International Law
7726:
6384:Adoption in America: Historical Perspectives
6272:Sayyid Muhammad Rivzi, "Adoption in Islam,"
6139:, Vol. 71, No. 4 (Winter, 1996), pp.389â404.
5965:
5538:
5536:
4329:
3830:
3568:Malinosky-Rummell, R.; Hansen, D.J. (1993).
3299:Case, A.; Lin, I. F.; McLanahan, S. (2000).
2473:Australian Institute of Health and Welfare,
2282:Adoption in America: Historical Perspectives
2190:Adoption in America: Historical Perspectives
10380:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation
10365:Birth control movement in the United States
8708:
4286:
3502:http://www.familyhelper.net/ad/adteach.html
3251:(book), Joseph Goldstein, 1996, p.16, web:
1891:Adoption in India: Policies and Experiences
1140:
10218:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
9811:
9797:
8978:
8964:
8228:
8214:
7719:
7705:
7579:International Center for Research on Women
6503:
6489:
4836:. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 39â55.
4700:European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
3983:
3981:
3696:
3224:(book), Geraldine Van Bueren, 1998, p.95,
2952:Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal
2401:M. Gottlieb, The Foundling, 2001, page 106
1319:
1157:
1030:
681:
42:is a process whereby a person assumes the
8088:Canadian Indian residential school system
6079:
6052:
5630:. YouTube. 16 August 2019. Archived from
5533:
5458:Bernardo, Sanford M. (31 December 2012).
5310:Searching for missing relatives in Poland
5221:https://doi.org/10.22037/ijabs.v6i1.26379
4882:
4727:
4670:
4610:(Plain English summary). 28 August 2020.
4269:
4013:
3961:
3931:
3929:
3710:
3673:
3319:
2607:Families in Rush to Adopt a Foreign Child
2179:M. Gottlieb, The Foundling, 2001, page 76
5570:"Nigeria 'baby factory' raided in Lagos"
5457:
5417:
5171:The Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute
5098:3 Generations of Adoption, 12 April 2007
4758:(Plain English summary). 3 August 2021.
2495:Population and Household Characteristics
1825:
1511:they describe someone unlike themselves.
1170:
1106:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
933:
888:
751:
700:
685:
647:
460:125,000 during the period 2009 to 2018.
253:year 737, in a charter from the town of
197:
95:
27:
8069:List of international adoption scandals
5736:
5520:
5423:
5357:. Australian Government. Archived from
5342:American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise
3978:
3655:
2870:
2463:U.S. Trends in Foster Care and Adoption
1658:Effects of adoption on the birth mother
1436:
232:denounced the practice of adoption. In
10444:
8133:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany
6005:Child Welfare League of American 1980s
5807:
5355:"Sorry Day and the Stolen Generations"
4598:
4596:
4478:
3926:
3880:, An adoption study of human obesity,
3821:'I sent my adopted son back into care'
3388:
1828:The Cambridge World History of Slavery
1563:
1412:International Soundex Reunion Registry
1265:
1254:in the 1950s through the 1970s in the
641:stepparents and other family members.
9792:
8959:
8209:
8123:Forced adoption in the United Kingdom
7700:
7298:
6484:
6200:
5657:
5043:
5008:
4982:
4543:http://www.sociologyencyclopedia.com/
3168:
3089:from the original on 1 December 2023.
3057:from the original on 1 December 2023.
3025:from the original on 24 October 2008.
2750:
2748:
2326:from the original on 24 October 2008.
2263:Excerpt from Wanted: A Child to Adopt
1770:
1294:Native Americans in the United States
838:. In U.S. terminology, adoptions are
152:Other ancient civilizations, notably
7667:
7561:Office of Research on Women's Health
6309:
5953:. The Conversation. 22 November 2021
5923:
5596:"Nigerian's battle to keep her baby"
4456:Volume 41, Number 2 / February, 2006
4360:New England Journal of Public Policy
3994:Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
3429:The Mental and Social Life of Babies
3425:
3351:
3145:
2859:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1188:the strength of their family bonds.
959:The Mental and Social Life of Babies
796:in contrast to traditional adoption.
652:
416:, the completion of legalization of
179:where the custom was referred to as
70:without an accompanying transfer of
8002:Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act
7967:Adoption Information Disclosure Act
7945:History of children in the military
7679:
7599:Society for Women's Health Research
7533:International Day of the Girl Child
6129:
6067:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjsw.a011137
5285:
4593:
3891:Volume 314:193â198, 23 January 1986
3882:The New England Journal of Medicine
3280:Adoption Disruption and Dissolution
3258:
3215:
3203:from the original on 29 August 2023
3158:from the original on 26 March 2023.
2586:Central Statistics Office Ireland,
2524:UK Office for National Statistics,
2505:UK Office for National Statistics,
1934:Brodzinsky and Schecter (editors),
1743:Brodzinsky and Schecter (editors),
1381:
1354:
13:
9778:Parents Against Child Exploitation
8169:Historical criticism of orphanages
8060:Controversial violations of rights
7643:Birth control in the United States
6415:The Wisdom of Parenthood: An Essay
6359:
6324:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2002.tb00389.x
6203:Journal of Marriage and the Family
5298:from the original on 3 March 2024.
5046:Journal of Marriage and the Family
4481:"Adult Adoptees and Their Friends"
4310:Journal of Research on Adolescence
4155:Donnelly, B.W. & Voydanoff, P.
3921:American Psychological Association
3854:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00458.x
3757:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02929.x
3675:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06163.x
3413:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.01.001
3239:
2745:
1216:
14:
10473:
10074:self-report sexual risk behaviors
9748:Mothers Apart from Their Children
8093:Tennessee Children's Home Society
7538:Commission on the Status of Women
6548:External female genitalia (vulva)
5924:Inquirer, Eric Bedner / Journal.
5875:, 13 January 2020, archived from
4307:
3301:"How Hungry is the Selfish Gene?"
2569:Report of The Adoption Board 2003
2493:Australian Bureau of Statistics,
2484:, Child Welfare Series Number 35.
1586:
50:and responsibilities, along with
10144:Precocious puberty and pregnancy
8074:American Indian boarding schools
8014:Islamic adoptional jurisprudence
7678:
7666:
7655:
7654:
6871:Assisted reproductive technology
6511:
6303:
6291:
6278:
6266:
6257:
6248:
6229:
6182:
6173:
6161:
6142:
6117:"Why Birthmother Means Breeder,"
6110:
6073:
6046:
6027:
6008:
5996:
5984:
5943:
5917:
5890:
5863:
5840:
5827:
5801:
5782:
5773:
5761:
5749:
5730:
5714:
5684:
5651:
5638:
5614:
5588:
5562:
5514:
5503:
5492:
5474:
5451:
5395:
5373:
5347:
5321:
5302:
5246:
5237:
5225:
5212:
5193:
5174:
5147:
5138:
5120:
5102:
5091:
5082:
5073:
5037:
5023:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2000.00363.x
5002:
4976:
4954:
4907:
4858:
4825:
4778:
4744:
4687:
4630:
4554:
4535:
4526:
4516:
4502:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2000.00407.x
4472:
4459:
4446:
4433:
4423:
4414:
4405:
4370:
4351:
4342:
4301:
4237:
4228:
4185:
4179:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2000.00425.x
4158:
4111:
4076:
4040:
4030:
3905:International journal of obesity
3814:
3771:
3492:Adoption: An American Revolution
3432:. Univ. Chicago Press. pp.
1452:Positive adoptive language (PAL)
1119:
373:Nevertheless, the popularity of
319:
10264:Sexually transmitted infections
9606:Management of domestic violence
9452:Corporal punishment in the home
8078:American Indian outing programs
7873:Cultural variations in adoption
6837:Breastfeeding and mental health
3942:Development and Psychopathology
3907:, 1995, vol. 19, no1, pp. 40â45
3507:
3495:
3468:
3459:
3450:
3419:
3382:
3345:
3336:
3292:
3185:
3162:
3139:
3109:
3061:
3029:
2978:
2943:
2934:
2916:
2898:
2879:
2863:
2839:
2813:
2794:
2768:
2725:
2705:
2693:
2680:
2658:
2632:
2612:
2599:
2580:
2567:Adoption Authority of Ireland,
2561:
2549:
2530:
2518:
2499:
2487:
2467:
2455:
2437:
2425:
2416:
2404:
2395:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2343:
2330:
2287:
2274:
2255:
2242:
2223:
2214:
2195:
2182:
2173:
2154:
2141:
2128:
2109:
2096:
2084:
2069:
2054:
2017:
2002:
1987:
1972:
1941:
1912:
1897:
1882:
1867:
1570:Cultural variations in adoption
1333:
1010:Effects on the original parents
9820:Sexual and reproductive health
9763:National Fatherhood Initiative
8733:Genealogical numbering systems
7973:Adoption and Safe Families Act
7961:Access to Adoption Records Act
6055:British Journal of Social Work
5902:, 4 March 2020, archived from
5381:"The Adoption History Project"
5344:). Accessed 15 September 2008.
4120:Journal of Marriage and Family
2306:(1). Guttmacher Institute: 5.
1852:
1819:
1804:
1789:
1752:
1714:
1701:
1673:Notable orphans and foundlings
1469:Honest adoption language (HAL)
1:
9768:National Parents Organization
9493:Adverse childhood experiences
8985:
8872:International Day of Families
8532:Australian Aboriginal kinship
7863:Political abuse of psychiatry
7487:Social determinants of health
5745:, vol. 5, pp. 64â65
5521:Tuckman, Jo (13 March 2007).
5292:The Primal Psychotherapy Page
4332:Dialog: A Journey of Theology
3786:(5): 1145â50. November 2000.
3169:Crary, David (3 April 2010).
3148:"Who Will Adopt the Orphans?"
2873:Texas A&M Law Scholarship
2433:Topic: International Adoption
1836:10.1017/CHOL9780521840668.016
1771:Benet, Mary Kathleen (1976).
1694:
1416:Concerned United Birthparents
1391:, create confusion regarding
1167:Public perception of adoption
1130:adverse childhood experiences
1102:oppositional defiant disorder
1061:
420:methods, the introduction of
391:The period 1945 to 1974, the
310:Commonwealth of Massachusetts
10244:Disorders of sex development
9533:Effects of domestic violence
9175:Social emotional development
8118:Forced adoption in Australia
8062:in adoption or child custody
7991:Foster Care Independence Act
7482:Gender disparities in health
6820:Mother-to-child transmission
6353:the American Way of Adoption
6043:, by Patricia Irwin Johnston
5993:The Adoption History Project
4920:Journal of Family Psychology
4803:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104795
4467:Marriage & Family Review
4391:10.1080/13676261.2012.693593
4292:Beauchesne, Lise M. (1997).
4194:Family Planning Perspectives
3547:10.1016/0145-2134(96)00043-9
3392:Evolution and Human Behavior
3361:American Sociological Review
2991:Family Planning Perspectives
2300:Family Planning Perspectives
1683:Reactive attachment disorder
938:
898: Joint adoption allowed
879:Adoption by same-sex couples
360:During the same period, the
189:Middle ages to modern period
86:
7:
10254:Reproductive system disease
9349:Identification (psychology)
7095:Pelvic inflammatory disease
7038:Hormone replacement therapy
6602:Reproductive system disease
5737:Samuels, Elizabeth (2001),
4964:. latediscoveryadoptees.com
4842:10.1007/978-1-4614-4556-2_3
2997:(1). Guttmacher Institute.
2780:Centers for Disease Control
2711:Embassy of Sweden (Seoul),
2609:, Guardian, 28 January 2007
2475:Adoptions Australia 2003â04
2117:Topic: Charles Loring Brace
1594:
1477:Inclusive adoption language
1282:removed from their families
1043:
760:, a foster care program in
758:Hope and Homes for Children
325:Adopting to create a family
10:
10478:
10213:Obstetrics and gynaecology
9773:Parentâteacher association
9548:Parental abuse by children
9429:Positive Parenting Program
9379:Parent management training
9374:Normative social influence
8235:
8160:Jewish orphans controversy
7997:Hague Adoption Convention
7589:Black Women's Health Study
6656:Complications of pregnancy
6447:Minchella, Tina Danielle.
6096:10.1177/030857599301700405
5723:Access to Adoption Records
4712:10.1007/s00787-020-01553-0
4479:Border, L. DiAnne (2000).
3923:2000, Vol. 36 No.4 429â437
3586:10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.68
2905:Bethany Christian Services
2412:Topic: Adoption Statistics
2248:Lawrence and Pat Starkey,
1936:The Psychology of Adoption
1775:. Free Press. p. 14.
1746:The Psychology of Adoption
1598:
1567:
1530:
1440:
1423:American Adoption Congress
1358:
1337:
1323:
1269:
1226:
1220:
882:
827:
824:Disruption and dissolution
480:Adoption/live birth ratio
345:(1859), which started the
211:Ferdinand Georg WaldmĂźller
123:is well-documented in the
92:Adoption for the well-born
81:
18:
10388:
10357:
10284:
10236:
10188:
10152:
10129:Pregnant patients' rights
10084:
10044:
9994:
9951:
9902:
9894:Pre-conception counseling
9876:
9851:Abortion-rights movements
9826:
9758:National Childbirth Trust
9735:
9644:
9561:
9553:Stress in early childhood
9485:
9437:
9296:
9273:Taking children seriously
9193:
9105:Applied behavior analysis
9088:
8993:
8897:
8833:National Grandparents Day
8798:
8757:
8625:
8517:
8477:
8420:
8385:
8350:
8286:
8243:
8168:
8059:
8041:
8034:
7979:Christian law of adoption
7953:
7883:Genealogical bewilderment
7838:Adoption reunion registry
7815:
7784:
7738:
7650:
7607:
7566:Women's Health Initiative
7551:
7513:
7504:
7453:
7419:Major depressive disorder
7287:
7247:Intimate partner violence
7209:
7108:Female genital mutilation
7103:
7052:
6961:
6903:
6849:
6795:
6708:
6621:
6610:
6536:
6523:
5755:Adoption History Project
5646:Adoption History in Brief
5424:Mintzer, Richard (2003).
5403:"First Nations in Canada"
4983:Pearl, Lynne (May 2000).
4884:10.1080/10926750903313278
4791:Child Abuse & Neglect
4579:10.1177/03085759211058358
4006:10.1007/s10802-015-0096-6
3954:10.1017/S0954579420000231
3721:10.1037/0022-006x.64.1.64
2588:Births, Deaths, Marriages
1996:The Kindness of Strangers
1981:The Kindness of Strangers
1967:The Kindness of Strangers
1950:The Kindness of Strangers
1876:The Kindness of Strangers
1861:The Kindness of Strangers
1813:The Kindness of Strangers
1798:The Kindness of Strangers
1663:Genetic sexual attraction
783:Hague Adoption Convention
756:Children associated with
584:0.26 per 100 live births
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
68:parental responsibilities
21:Adoption (disambiguation)
10015:Gamete Cryopreservation
9861:Circumcision controversy
9841:Compulsory sterilization
9414:The talk (sex education)
9125:Developmental psychology
8083:Indian Placement Program
8046:Adoption in ancient Rome
8019:Putative father registry
8008:Indian Child Welfare Act
7155:Gynaecological disorders
6971:Culture and menstruation
6938:Contraceptive prevalence
6830:Compulsory sterilization
6458:. New York: Basic Books.
6430:Gailey, Christine Ward.
6241:10 December 2010 at the
6083:Adoption & Fostering
5977:19 December 2010 at the
5186:17 December 2005 at the
5109:Maya's Mom, 7 April 2007
4990:. The Benevolent Society
4655:10.1177/1063426615621050
4567:Adoption & Fostering
4379:Journal of Youth Studies
2668:. Statistics New Zealand
2280:E. Wayne Carp (Editor),
2188:E. Wayne Carp (Editor),
1773:The Politics of Adoption
1678:Putative father registry
1306:Indian Child Welfare Act
1141:Adoptees of LGBT parents
618:1.1 per 100 live births
601:1.1 per 100 live births
570:0.6 per 100 live births
551:0.4 per 100 live births
537:0.8 per 100 live births
520:0.7 per 100 live births
499:0.2 per 100 live births
447:passed its law in 1956.
418:artificial birth control
121:adoption in ancient Rome
10375:Social hygiene movement
10228:Transgender health care
9621:Parental responsibility
9581:Cost of raising a child
8925:Sociology of the family
8775:Philia (brotherly love)
8351:Second-degree relatives
7438:Urinary tract infection
7230:Abuse during childbirth
6443:excerpt and text search
6426:excerpt and text search
6409:excerpt and text search
6378:excerpt and text search
6170:Holt International 1997
6154:12 January 2011 at the
5972:Birthparent Legacy Term
5849:Today is Truly Historic
5658:Miles, Jadrian (2003).
4357:
3792:10.1542/peds.106.5.1145
3535:Child Abuse and Neglect
3520:6 November 2014 at the
3321:10.1111/1468-0297.00565
3154:. The Washington Post.
2738:31 October 2008 at the
2718:12 October 2008 at the
2512:11 January 2009 at the
2480:10 October 2009 at the
2208:19 October 2009 at the
2167:19 October 2009 at the
2122:19 October 2009 at the
1608:Adoption by celebrities
1320:Commercialized adoption
1158:Late discovery adoptees
1031:Development of adoptees
976:disorganized attachment
707:New York Foundling Home
682:How adoptions originate
637:â3 per 100 live births
531:between 20 and 35 year
10203:Genitourinary medicine
10006:In vitro fertilization
9961:Hormonal contraception
9846:Contraceptive security
8780:Storge (familial love)
8386:Third-degree relatives
8288:First-degree relatives
8181:Mount Cashel Orphanage
7888:International adoption
7823:Adopted child syndrome
7785:Foster care by country
7355:Cardiovascular disease
6943:Contraceptive security
6876:In vitro fertilization
6787:Postpartum confinement
6661:Hyperemesis gravidarum
5430:. Carroll & Graf.
5337:Jewish Virtual Library
4262:10.1542/peds.2012-3251
3656:Carlson, E.A. (1988).
3574:Psychological Bulletin
3285:3 January 2009 at the
2887:Topic: Confidentiality
2268:28 August 2010 at the
2236:27 August 2010 at the
2102:Charles Loring Brace,
1727:14 August 2014 at the
1184:
922:
906:Second-parent adoption
793:in vitro fertilization
775:International adoption
764:
710:
698:
631:approx 136,000 (2008)
389:
213:
194:Adoption and commoners
112:
36:
9866:Intersex human rights
9743:Families Need Fathers
9304:After-school activity
9228:Concerted cultivation
9223:Buddha-like parenting
9155:Nature versus nurture
9120:Cognitive development
8889:National Adoption Day
8765:Agape (parental love)
7477:Healthcare inequality
7279:Gender discrimination
7083:Human papilloma virus
6758:Vesicovaginal fistula
6020:26 April 2011 at the
5981:TRIADOPTIONÂŽ Archives
5795:30 April 2011 at the
5788:TRIADOPTION Archives
5757:Topic Confidentiality
3842:Psychological Science
3265:Somebody Else's Child
2761:12 April 2019 at the
2574:11 March 2006 at the
2543:23 April 2011 at the
2147:Wayne Carp (Editor),
2048:15 April 2010 at the
1918:S. Finley-Croswhite,
1668:National Adoption Day
1174:
1135:post-traumatic stress
934:Parenting of adoptees
892:
830:Disruption (adoption)
755:
704:
689:
648:Contemporary adoption
384:
203:At the monastery gate
201:
173:cultures of Polynesia
99:
31:
10424:tax on childlessness
10180:Genital modification
10104:Unintended pregnancy
9836:Reproductive Justice
9601:Right to family life
9528:Dysfunctional family
9238:Free-range parenting
9213:Attachment parenting
9203:Achievement ideology
8945:Dysfunctional family
8930:Museum of Motherhood
8877:National Family Week
8743:Quarters of nobility
8191:St. John's Orphanage
8025:Uniform Adoption Act
7940:Sealed birth records
7898:Language of adoption
7893:Interracial adoption
7584:Nurses' Health Study
7492:Reproductive justice
7443:Urinary incontinence
7063:Sexually transmitted
6918:Intrauterine devices
6763:Rectovaginal fistula
6753:Obstetrical fistulae
6681:Gestational diabetes
6676:Obstetrical bleeding
6651:Adolescent pregnancy
6636:Gravidity and parity
6631:Unintended pregnancy
6474:4 March 2016 at the
6461:Seligmann, Linda J.
6454:Pertman, A. (2000).
6382:Carp, E. Wayne, ed.
6039:24 June 2008 at the
6003:Adoption Terminology
5906:on 12 September 2020
5837:, 13 February 2008."
5808:Gass-Poore, Jordan.
5790:TRIADOPTION Archives
5264:on 12 September 2007
4548:24 July 2008 at the
3887:4 March 2009 at the
3308:The Economic Journal
3127:on 26 September 2006
2928:10 February 2009 at
2910:7 April 2007 at the
2892:3 April 2009 at the
2806:27 July 2020 at the
2625:16 June 2008 at the
2555:Statistics Iceland,
2536:Ăslensk ĂttleiĂ°ing,
1801:, 1998, page 74, 115
1443:Language of adoption
1437:Language of adoption
1181:Prince Edward Island
1177:Anne of Green Gables
946:Princeton University
859:and is analogous to
769:Foster care adoption
511:England & Wales
335:Charles Loring Brace
314:Boston Female Asylum
279:institutionalization
216:The nobility of the
19:For other uses, see
10124:Pregnancy from rape
9981:Intrauterine device
9616:Parental alienation
9543:Narcissistic parent
9467:Positive discipline
9288:Work at home parent
9268:Strict father model
9253:Nurturant parenting
9160:Parental investment
8995:Kinship terminology
8915:Wedding anniversary
8867:American Family Day
8823:FatherâDaughter Day
8770:Eros (marital love)
8519:Kinship terminology
7843:Adoption tax credit
7833:Adoption home study
7828:Adoption disclosure
7739:Adoption by country
7497:Women's empowerment
7365:Alzheimer's disease
6996:Cloth menstrual pad
6953:Fertility awareness
6923:Oral contraceptives
6805:Perinatal mortality
6122:6 July 2008 at the
6024:by Brenda Romanchik
5702:on 19 February 2006
5672:on 16 February 2008
5634:on 29 October 2021.
5602:. 26 September 2012
5544:"The baby stealers"
5486:14 May 2013 at the
5161:on 19 February 2006
4764:10.3310/alert_47378
4616:10.3310/alert_40787
3482:on 31 December 2005
3405:2009EHumB..30..184G
3370:on 21 February 2007
2713:Adoptions to Sweden
2699:Statistics Norway,
2686:Statistics Norway,
2620:Demographic Balance
2593:10 May 2008 at the
2162:Topic: Home Studies
1633:Attachment disorder
1613:Adoption by country
1601:Outline of adoption
1564:Cultural variations
1278:forced assimilation
1272:Forced assimilation
1266:Forced assimilation
1234:Family preservation
1229:Family preservation
861:divorce proceedings
467:
434:family preservation
10370:History of condoms
10259:Sexual dysfunction
10165:Sexual orientation
10119:Options counseling
9966:Male contraception
9889:Genetic counseling
9662:T. Berry Brazelton
9399:Social integration
9135:Identity formation
8675:collateral descent
7594:Cartwright Inquiry
7505:Politics, research
7323:Endometrial cancer
7177:Sexual intercourse
6948:Planned parenthood
6933:Male contraceptive
5879:on 17 October 2020
5743:Adoption Quarterly
5550:. 15 November 2020
5318:. 30 October 2009.
5132:3 May 2008 at the
5114:3 May 2008 at the
4871:Adoption Quarterly
2964:10.1007/BF01876644
2731:Statistics Sweden
2722:, 12 February 2002
2646:on 26 October 2014
2452:, MIT Press, 2014.
2203:Topic: Placing Out
2134:Stephen O'Connor,
1879:, 1998, page 53-95
1816:, 1998, page 62-63
1643:Attachment therapy
1491:inclusive language
1199:Meet the Robinsons
1185:
1081:genetic influences
987:genetic influences
923:
765:
746:domestic adoptions
711:
699:
581:59,863 (2012/13)
463:
367:Theodore Roosevelt
331:American Civil War
283:foundling hospital
214:
140:Abandoned children
113:
37:
10439:
10438:
10139:Teenage pregnancy
9856:Genital integrity
9786:
9785:
9596:Family disruption
9518:Cinderella effect
9498:Child abandonment
9472:Tactical ignoring
9369:Moral development
9248:Helicopter parent
9243:Gatekeeper parent
9208:Atlas personality
9185:Social psychology
9130:Human development
9115:Child development
9100:Attachment theory
8953:
8952:
8753:
8752:
8670:Lineal descendant
8640:Bilateral descent
8393:Great-grandparent
8278:Matrifocal family
8203:
8202:
8199:
8198:
8176:Duplessis Orphans
7985:Dima Yakovlev Law
7903:Same-sex adoption
7694:
7693:
7574:
7573:
7399:
7398:
7350:
7349:
7333:Papanicolaou test
7289:Non-communicable
7257:Sexual harassment
7235:Domestic violence
7205:
7204:
7048:
7047:
6845:
6844:
6748:Retained placenta
6666:Ectopic pregnancy
6437:Melosh, Barbara.
6015:Adoption Language
5852:, 15 January 2020
5332:"Stolen Children"
5286:Speyrer, John A.
5254:"Position Papers"
5233:Topic Illegtimacy
4851:978-1-4614-4556-2
4443:, 26 January 2009
4441:Psychiatric Times
3745:Child Development
3662:Child Development
3352:Hamilton, Laura.
3234:Books-Google-81MC
3121:Children's Bureau
3076:Vital Health Stat
3044:Vital Health Stat
2923:SECA Organization
2557:Births and Deaths
1999:, 1998, page 421.
1888:Vinita Bhargava,
1845:978-0-511-78034-9
1722:Codex Justinianus
1709:Code of Hammurabi
1638:Attachment theory
1523:meaning and use.
1458:Adoption Triangle
1290:Aboriginal people
1286:Stolen Generation
1151:same-sex adoption
885:Same-sex adoption
735:TayâSachs disease
653:Forms of adoption
645:
644:
634:3,978,500 (2015)
441:England and Wales
125:Codex Justinianus
117:Code of Hammurabi
78:and regulations.
10469:
10401:Two-child policy
10396:One-child policy
10276:Gender dysphoria
9813:
9806:
9799:
9790:
9789:
9636:Shared parenting
9447:Blanket training
9439:Child discipline
9079:In loco parentis
9058:Shared parenting
8980:
8973:
8966:
8957:
8956:
8935:Astronaut family
8706:
8705:
8607:Iroquois kinship
8597:Sudanese kinship
8592:Hawaiian kinship
8567:Family of choice
8398:Great-grandchild
8273:Immediate family
8230:
8223:
8216:
8207:
8206:
8138:Tianjin Massacre
8039:
8038:
7858:Child laundering
7721:
7714:
7707:
7698:
7697:
7682:
7681:
7670:
7669:
7658:
7657:
7511:
7510:
7296:
7295:
7216:
7215:
7210:Non-reproductive
7059:
7058:
6976:Feminine hygiene
6743:Cesarian section
6738:Obstructed labor
6619:
6618:
6534:
6533:
6515:
6505:
6498:
6491:
6482:
6481:
6413:Eskin, Michael.
6396:Carp, E. Wayne.
6389:Carp, E. Wayne.
6372:Askeland, Lori.
6351:Barbara Melosh,
6344:
6343:
6307:
6301:
6295:
6289:
6288:, 23 March 2009,
6282:
6276:
6270:
6264:
6261:
6255:
6252:
6246:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6198:
6189:
6186:
6180:
6177:
6171:
6165:
6159:
6146:
6140:
6133:
6127:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6050:
6044:
6031:
6025:
6012:
6006:
6000:
5994:
5988:
5982:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5930:Journal Inquirer
5921:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5867:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5844:
5838:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5805:
5799:
5786:
5780:
5777:
5771:
5769:Reunion Registry
5765:
5759:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5698:. Archived from
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5671:
5665:. Archived from
5664:
5655:
5649:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5540:
5531:
5530:
5518:
5512:
5507:
5501:
5496:
5490:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5351:
5345:
5325:
5319:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5283:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5260:. Archived from
5250:
5244:
5241:
5235:
5229:
5223:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5197:
5191:
5178:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5157:. Archived from
5151:
5145:
5142:
5136:
5124:
5118:
5106:
5100:
5095:
5089:
5086:
5080:
5077:
5071:
5069:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5011:Family Relations
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4989:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4932:10.1037/a0032911
4911:
4905:
4904:
4886:
4877:(3â4): 129â151.
4862:
4856:
4855:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4797:(Pt 2): 104795.
4782:
4776:
4775:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4731:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4674:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4600:
4591:
4590:
4558:
4552:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4489:Family Relations
4485:
4476:
4470:
4463:
4457:
4450:
4444:
4439:Kaplan, Arline,
4437:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4327:
4318:
4317:
4305:
4299:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4273:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4167:Family Relations
4162:
4156:
4153:
4144:
4143:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4085:Family Relations
4080:
4074:
4073:
4050:Family Relations
4044:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4017:
4000:(6): 1083â1096.
3985:
3976:
3975:
3965:
3933:
3924:
3917:
3908:
3901:
3892:
3875:
3866:
3865:
3837:
3828:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3714:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3677:
3668:(4): 1107â1128.
3653:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3530:
3524:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3478:. Archived from
3472:
3466:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3426:Kaye, K (1982).
3423:
3417:
3416:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3369:
3363:. Archived from
3358:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3314:(466): 781â804.
3305:
3296:
3290:
3276:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3253:Books-Google-HkC
3243:
3237:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3181:on 5 March 2016.
3177:. Archived from
3175:The Boston Globe
3166:
3160:
3159:
3146:Nemtsova, Anna.
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3113:
3107:
3102:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3073:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3041:
3033:
3027:
3026:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2932:
2920:
2914:
2902:
2896:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2817:
2811:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2782:. 9 January 2019
2772:
2766:
2765:, September 2011
2752:
2743:
2729:
2723:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2640:"Adoptions Data"
2636:
2630:
2616:
2610:
2603:
2597:
2584:
2578:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2538:Adoption Numbers
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2349:Barbara Melosh,
2347:
2341:
2336:Barbara Melosh,
2334:
2328:
2327:
2291:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2259:
2253:
2246:
2240:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2199:
2193:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2158:
2152:
2145:
2139:
2132:
2126:
2113:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2073:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2015:
2006:
2000:
1991:
1985:
1984:, 1998, page 420
1976:
1970:
1969:, 1998, page 184
1963:
1954:
1953:, 1998, page 224
1945:
1939:
1938:, 1990, page 274
1932:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1880:
1871:
1865:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1823:
1817:
1808:
1802:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1768:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1749:, 1990, page 274
1741:
1732:
1718:
1712:
1705:
1548:self-knowledge.
1382:Official records
1375:One Child Policy
1366:Child harvesting
1361:Child harvesting
1355:Child harvesting
1314:Francisco Franco
1240:The Primal Wound
919:
913:
903:
897:
668:The practice of
493:270 (2007â2008)
468:
462:
380:Henry H. Goddard
166:ancestor worship
10477:
10476:
10472:
10471:
10470:
10468:
10467:
10466:
10442:
10441:
10440:
10435:
10384:
10353:
10326:United Kingdom
10280:
10232:
10223:Sexual medicine
10184:
10160:Gender identity
10148:
10094:Maternal health
10080:
10040:
10036:fertility fraud
9997:
9990:
9947:
9898:
9872:
9822:
9817:
9787:
9782:
9731:
9712:Matthew Sanders
9667:Rudolf Dreikurs
9640:
9626:Parents' rights
9586:Deadbeat parent
9563:
9557:
9481:
9433:
9409:The talk (race)
9292:
9283:Tiger parenting
9189:
9084:
9033:Extended family
8989:
8984:
8954:
8949:
8893:
8794:
8749:
8738:Seize quartiers
8704:
8645:Common ancestor
8629:
8621:
8587:Chinese kinship
8582:Nurture kinship
8572:Fictive kinship
8513:
8473:
8462:daughter-in-law
8416:
8381:
8346:
8282:
8268:Conjugal family
8263:Extended family
8239:
8234:
8204:
8195:
8164:
8113:Michael A. Hess
8061:
8055:
8030:
7949:
7868:Closed adoption
7811:
7780:
7734:
7725:
7695:
7690:
7646:
7631:Family planning
7609:
7603:
7570:
7547:
7506:
7500:
7472:Gender equality
7455:
7449:
7395:
7346:
7328:Cervical cancer
7290:
7283:
7221:
7211:
7201:
7192:Sex differences
7150:Forced marriage
7099:
7064:
7054:
7044:
6986:Menstrual cycle
6957:
6910:Family planning
6908:
6899:
6852:
6841:
6800:Maternal deaths
6791:
6782:Postpartum care
6728:Multiple births
6704:
6613:
6606:
6539:
6530:
6527:
6519:
6509:
6476:Wayback Machine
6362:
6360:Further reading
6348:
6347:
6308:
6304:
6296:
6292:
6283:
6279:
6275:, 9 April 2010,
6271:
6267:
6262:
6258:
6253:
6249:
6243:Wayback Machine
6234:
6230:
6199:
6192:
6187:
6183:
6178:
6174:
6166:
6162:
6156:Wayback Machine
6147:
6143:
6137:American Speech
6134:
6130:
6126:by Diane Turski
6124:Wayback Machine
6115:
6111:
6078:
6074:
6051:
6047:
6041:Wayback Machine
6032:
6028:
6022:Wayback Machine
6013:
6009:
6001:
5997:
5989:
5985:
5979:Wayback Machine
5970:
5966:
5956:
5954:
5949:
5948:
5944:
5934:
5932:
5922:
5918:
5909:
5907:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5882:
5880:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5855:
5853:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5832:
5828:
5818:
5816:
5806:
5802:
5797:Wayback Machine
5787:
5783:
5778:
5774:
5766:
5762:
5754:
5750:
5735:
5731:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5705:
5703:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5662:
5656:
5652:
5643:
5639:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5605:
5603:
5594:
5593:
5589:
5579:
5577:
5576:. 26 April 2018
5568:
5567:
5563:
5553:
5551:
5542:
5541:
5534:
5519:
5515:
5508:
5504:
5497:
5493:
5488:Wayback Machine
5479:
5475:
5465:
5463:
5456:
5452:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5422:
5418:
5408:
5406:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5386:
5384:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5364:
5362:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5326:
5322:
5315:Financial Times
5307:
5303:
5284:
5277:
5267:
5265:
5252:
5251:
5247:
5242:
5238:
5230:
5226:
5217:
5213:
5198:
5194:
5188:Wayback Machine
5179:
5175:
5164:
5162:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5143:
5139:
5134:Wayback Machine
5125:
5121:
5116:Wayback Machine
5107:
5103:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5042:
5038:
5007:
5003:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4977:
4967:
4965:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4912:
4908:
4863:
4859:
4852:
4830:
4826:
4783:
4779:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4692:
4688:
4635:
4631:
4602:
4601:
4594:
4559:
4555:
4550:Wayback Machine
4540:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4517:
4483:
4477:
4473:
4464:
4460:
4451:
4447:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4375:
4371:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4328:
4321:
4306:
4302:
4291:
4287:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4206:10.2307/2135594
4190:
4186:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4147:
4116:
4112:
4081:
4077:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4031:
3986:
3979:
3934:
3927:
3918:
3911:
3902:
3895:
3889:Wayback Machine
3876:
3869:
3838:
3831:
3819:
3815:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3740:
3736:
3712:10.1.1.463.4585
3695:
3691:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3601:
3566:
3562:
3531:
3527:
3522:Wayback Machine
3512:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3485:
3483:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3424:
3420:
3387:
3383:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3303:
3297:
3293:
3289:, December 2004
3287:Wayback Machine
3277:
3270:
3263:
3259:
3244:
3240:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3167:
3163:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3128:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3094:
3086:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3054:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3003:10.2307/2135956
2983:
2979:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2921:
2917:
2912:Wayback Machine
2903:
2899:
2894:Wayback Machine
2884:
2880:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2828:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2808:Wayback Machine
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2763:Wayback Machine
2753:
2746:
2740:Wayback Machine
2730:
2726:
2720:Wayback Machine
2710:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2627:Wayback Machine
2617:
2613:
2604:
2600:
2595:Wayback Machine
2585:
2581:
2576:Wayback Machine
2566:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2545:Wayback Machine
2535:
2531:
2526:Live Birth Data
2523:
2519:
2514:Wayback Machine
2504:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2482:Wayback Machine
2472:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2344:
2335:
2331:
2312:10.2307/2135956
2292:
2288:
2279:
2275:
2270:Wayback Machine
2260:
2256:
2252:, 2001 page 223
2247:
2243:
2238:Wayback Machine
2231:Topic: Eugenics
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2210:Wayback Machine
2200:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2169:Wayback Machine
2159:
2155:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2129:
2124:Wayback Machine
2114:
2110:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2074:
2070:
2059:
2055:
2050:Wayback Machine
2043:Topic: Timeline
2040:
2033:
2022:
2018:
2007:
2003:
1992:
1988:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1957:
1946:
1942:
1933:
1926:
1917:
1913:
1902:
1898:
1894:, 2005, page 45
1887:
1883:
1872:
1868:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1824:
1820:
1809:
1805:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1742:
1735:
1729:Wayback Machine
1719:
1715:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1603:
1597:
1589:
1572:
1566:
1533:
1479:
1471:
1454:
1445:
1439:
1427:age of majority
1384:
1363:
1357:
1342:
1336:
1328:
1322:
1274:
1268:
1231:
1225:
1223:Forced adoption
1219:
1217:Forced adoption
1169:
1160:
1143:
1133:to suffer from
1122:
1089:body mass index
1064:
1046:
1033:
1012:
995:body mass index
941:
936:
921:
917:
915:
911:
909:
901:
899:
895:
887:
881:
850:failed adoption
832:
826:
789:Embryo adoption
722:or be adopted.
691:Josephine Baker
684:
674:safe haven laws
670:closed adoption
655:
650:
578:154 (2012/13)
567:560,010 (2006)
496:254,000 (2004)
426:family planning
422:federal funding
322:
303:This system of
250:Napoleonic Code
191:
89:
84:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10475:
10465:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10437:
10436:
10434:
10433:
10428:
10427:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10403:
10398:
10392:
10390:
10386:
10385:
10383:
10382:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10361:
10359:
10355:
10354:
10352:
10351:
10350:
10349:
10344:
10342:teen pregnancy
10334:
10333:
10332:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10288:
10286:
10282:
10281:
10279:
10278:
10273:
10272:
10271:
10261:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10240:
10238:
10234:
10233:
10231:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10194:
10192:
10186:
10185:
10183:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10156:
10154:
10150:
10149:
10147:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10090:
10088:
10082:
10081:
10079:
10078:
10077:
10076:
10068:
10067:
10066:
10056:
10050:
10048:
10042:
10041:
10039:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10027:
10026:
10021:
10013:
10008:
10002:
10000:
9992:
9991:
9989:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9957:
9955:
9949:
9948:
9946:
9945:
9940:
9939:
9938:
9933:
9923:
9918:
9908:
9906:
9900:
9899:
9897:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9880:
9878:
9874:
9873:
9871:
9870:
9869:
9868:
9863:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9832:
9830:
9824:
9823:
9816:
9815:
9808:
9801:
9793:
9784:
9783:
9781:
9780:
9775:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9753:Mothers' Union
9750:
9745:
9739:
9737:
9733:
9732:
9730:
9729:
9727:Benjamin Spock
9724:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9707:Penelope Leach
9704:
9702:Annette Lareau
9699:
9694:
9692:Alan E. Kazdin
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9652:Mary Ainsworth
9648:
9646:
9642:
9641:
9639:
9638:
9633:
9628:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9567:
9565:
9564:social aspects
9559:
9558:
9556:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9489:
9487:
9483:
9482:
9480:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9443:
9441:
9435:
9434:
9432:
9431:
9426:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9329:Dishabituation
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9300:
9298:
9294:
9293:
9291:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9258:Slow parenting
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9199:
9197:
9191:
9190:
9188:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9096:
9094:
9089:Theories
9086:
9085:
9083:
9082:
9075:
9070:
9068:Blended family
9065:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9048:Nuclear family
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
8999:
8997:
8991:
8990:
8983:
8982:
8975:
8968:
8960:
8951:
8950:
8948:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8901:
8899:
8895:
8894:
8892:
8891:
8886:
8885:
8884:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8863:
8862:
8852:
8851:
8850:
8843:Children's Day
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8814:
8813:
8802:
8800:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8761:
8759:
8755:
8754:
8751:
8750:
8748:
8747:
8746:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8725:
8720:
8718:Pedigree chart
8714:
8712:
8703:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8685:Patrilineality
8682:
8680:Matrilineality
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8636:
8634:
8623:
8622:
8620:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8602:Eskimo kinship
8599:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8523:
8521:
8515:
8514:
8512:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8500:
8499:
8494:
8483:
8481:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8471:
8470:
8469:
8464:
8454:
8452:Sibling-in-law
8449:
8444:
8443:
8442:
8437:
8426:
8424:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8414:
8409:
8400:
8395:
8389:
8387:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8379:
8374:
8365:
8360:
8354:
8352:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8343:
8342:
8337:
8327:
8326:
8325:
8320:
8310:
8309:
8308:
8303:
8292:
8290:
8284:
8283:
8281:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8258:Nuclear family
8255:
8250:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8233:
8232:
8225:
8218:
8210:
8201:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8194:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8172:
8170:
8166:
8165:
8163:
8162:
8157:
8154:Postremo mense
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8098:Baby Scoop Era
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8071:
8065:
8063:
8057:
8056:
8054:
8053:
8048:
8042:
8036:
8032:
8031:
8029:
8028:
8022:
8016:
8011:
8005:
7999:
7994:
7988:
7982:
7976:
7970:
7964:
7957:
7955:
7951:
7950:
7948:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7931:
7930:
7925:
7923:United Kingdom
7920:
7915:
7910:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7819:
7817:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7809:
7804:
7802:United Kingdom
7799:
7794:
7788:
7786:
7782:
7781:
7779:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7742:
7740:
7736:
7735:
7724:
7723:
7716:
7709:
7701:
7692:
7691:
7689:
7688:
7676:
7664:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7634:
7633:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7611:
7608:Women's health
7605:
7604:
7602:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7569:
7568:
7563:
7557:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7519:
7517:
7515:United Nations
7508:
7507:& advocacy
7502:
7501:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7457:
7454:Sociocultural
7451:
7450:
7448:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7425:
7424:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7411:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7393:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7369:
7368:
7367:
7357:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7345:
7344:
7342:Ovarian cancer
7339:
7338:
7337:
7336:
7335:
7325:
7318:Uterine cancer
7315:
7310:
7304:
7302:
7293:
7285:
7284:
7282:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7262:Sexual assault
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7243:
7242:
7232:
7226:
7224:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7163:
7162:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7140:Child marriage
7137:
7135:Breast ironing
7132:
7127:
7125:Breast binding
7122:
7121:
7120:
7115:
7113:Clitoridectomy
7104:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7097:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7080:
7075:
7069:
7067:
7056:
7050:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6991:Menstrual aids
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6967:
6965:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6914:
6912:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6890:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6857:
6855:
6847:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6833:
6832:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6775:Husband stitch
6767:
6766:
6765:
6760:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6714:
6712:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6693:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6653:
6648:
6646:Antenatal care
6643:
6638:
6633:
6627:
6625:
6616:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6592:Fallopian tube
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6544:
6542:
6538:Reproductive
6531:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6517:Women's health
6508:
6507:
6500:
6493:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6466:
6459:
6452:
6445:
6435:
6428:
6420:Fessler, Ann.
6418:
6411:
6401:
6394:
6387:
6380:
6370:
6365:Argent, Hedi.
6361:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6346:
6345:
6318:(4): 143â150.
6302:
6290:
6277:
6265:
6256:
6247:
6228:
6215:10.2307/353920
6209:(3): 653â660.
6190:
6181:
6172:
6160:
6141:
6128:
6109:
6072:
6061:(5): 609â625.
6045:
6026:
6007:
5995:
5983:
5964:
5942:
5916:
5889:
5862:
5839:
5826:
5800:
5781:
5772:
5760:
5748:
5729:
5713:
5696:Bastard Nation
5683:
5650:
5637:
5613:
5587:
5561:
5532:
5513:
5502:
5491:
5473:
5450:
5436:
5416:
5394:
5372:
5361:on 12 May 2012
5346:
5320:
5301:
5275:
5245:
5236:
5224:
5211:
5192:
5173:
5146:
5137:
5119:
5101:
5090:
5081:
5072:
5058:10.2307/353920
5052:(3): 653â660.
5036:
5017:(4): 363â370.
5001:
4975:
4953:
4926:(3): 431â442.
4906:
4857:
4850:
4824:
4777:
4743:
4706:(5): 721â732.
4686:
4629:
4592:
4573:(4): 414â429.
4553:
4534:
4525:
4515:
4496:(4): 407â418.
4471:
4458:
4445:
4432:
4422:
4413:
4404:
4369:
4350:
4341:
4319:
4300:
4285:
4256:(4): 639â646.
4236:
4227:
4184:
4173:(4): 425â433.
4157:
4145:
4132:10.2307/353277
4110:
4097:10.2307/585172
4091:(4): 427â434.
4075:
4062:10.2307/584877
4056:(3): 311â316.
4039:
4029:
3977:
3948:(3): 922â936.
3925:
3909:
3893:
3867:
3848:(6): 442â447.
3829:
3813:
3770:
3751:(2): 572â585.
3734:
3689:
3648:
3638:
3628:
3618:
3609:
3599:
3560:
3541:(7): 549â559.
3525:
3506:
3494:
3467:
3458:
3449:
3443:978-0226428482
3442:
3418:
3399:(3): 184â189.
3381:
3344:
3335:
3291:
3268:
3257:
3238:
3214:
3184:
3161:
3138:
3108:
3092:
3060:
3028:
2977:
2958:(2): 157â183.
2942:
2933:
2915:
2897:
2878:
2862:
2838:
2827:on 13 May 2008
2812:
2793:
2767:
2744:
2724:
2704:
2692:
2679:
2657:
2631:
2611:
2598:
2579:
2560:
2548:
2529:
2517:
2498:
2486:
2466:
2454:
2436:
2424:
2415:
2403:
2394:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2353:, page 105-107
2342:
2329:
2286:
2273:
2261:H.H. Goddard,
2254:
2241:
2222:
2213:
2194:
2181:
2172:
2153:
2140:
2127:
2108:
2095:
2083:
2068:
2053:
2031:
2016:
2001:
1993:John Boswell,
1986:
1978:John Boswell,
1971:
1965:John Boswell,
1955:
1947:John Boswell,
1940:
1924:
1911:
1896:
1881:
1873:John Boswell,
1866:
1864:, 1998, page 3
1858:John Boswell,
1851:
1844:
1818:
1810:John Boswell,
1803:
1795:John Boswell,
1788:
1781:
1760:
1751:
1733:
1713:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1623:Adult adoption
1620:
1618:Adoption fraud
1615:
1610:
1604:
1599:Main article:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1587:Homecoming Day
1585:
1568:Main article:
1565:
1562:
1532:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1453:
1450:
1441:Main article:
1438:
1435:
1431:Bastard Nation
1383:
1380:
1359:Main article:
1356:
1353:
1338:Main article:
1335:
1332:
1326:Adoption fraud
1321:
1318:
1267:
1264:
1252:baby scoop era
1221:Main article:
1218:
1215:
1175:Actors at the
1168:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1142:
1139:
1121:
1118:
1063:
1060:
1045:
1042:
1032:
1029:
1011:
1008:
940:
937:
935:
932:
916:
910:
900:
894:
883:Main article:
880:
877:
828:Main article:
825:
822:
821:
820:
797:
786:
781:developed the
772:
750:
749:
731:overpopulation
683:
680:
679:
678:
677:and dangerous.
666:
654:
651:
649:
646:
643:
642:
638:
635:
632:
629:
623:
622:
619:
616:
615:91,466 (2002)
613:
610:
606:
605:
602:
599:
598:58,545 (2006)
596:
593:
589:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
572:
571:
568:
565:
562:
556:
555:
552:
549:
548:61,517 (2003)
546:
543:
539:
538:
535:
532:
529:
525:
524:
521:
518:
517:669,601(2006)
515:
512:
508:
507:
504:known relative
500:
497:
494:
491:
485:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
393:baby scoop era
327:
326:
321:
318:
305:apprenticeship
196:
195:
190:
187:
162:funerary rites
94:
93:
88:
85:
83:
80:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10474:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10449:
10447:
10432:
10429:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10419:child benefit
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10406:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10393:
10391:
10387:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10362:
10360:
10356:
10348:
10347:birth control
10345:
10343:
10340:
10339:
10338:
10337:United States
10335:
10331:
10328:
10327:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10289:
10287:
10283:
10277:
10274:
10270:
10267:
10266:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10241:
10239:
10235:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10195:
10193:
10191:
10187:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10157:
10155:
10151:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10134:Prenatal care
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10091:
10089:
10087:
10083:
10075:
10072:
10071:
10069:
10065:
10062:
10061:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10051:
10049:
10047:
10043:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10016:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10003:
10001:
9999:
9993:
9987:
9986:Sterilization
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9958:
9956:
9954:
9953:Contraception
9950:
9944:
9941:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9928:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9921:Birth spacing
9919:
9917:
9916:childlessness
9913:
9912:Childfreeness
9910:
9909:
9907:
9905:
9901:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9884:Sex education
9882:
9881:
9879:
9875:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9858:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9833:
9831:
9829:
9825:
9821:
9814:
9809:
9807:
9802:
9800:
9795:
9794:
9791:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9740:
9738:
9736:Organizations
9734:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9722:B. F. Skinner
9720:
9718:
9717:William Sears
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9687:Thomas Gordon
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9649:
9647:
9643:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9576:Child support
9574:
9572:
9571:Child custody
9569:
9568:
9566:
9560:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9513:Child neglect
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9490:
9488:
9484:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9444:
9442:
9440:
9436:
9430:
9427:
9424:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9389:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9344:Homeschooling
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9295:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9200:
9198:
9196:
9192:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9180:Socialization
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9165:Paternal bond
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9150:Maternal bond
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9087:
9081:
9080:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9063:Single parent
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9023:Alloparenting
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
9000:
8998:
8996:
8992:
8988:
8981:
8976:
8974:
8969:
8967:
8962:
8961:
8958:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8905:Single parent
8903:
8902:
8900:
8896:
8890:
8887:
8883:
8880:
8879:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8861:
8858:
8857:
8856:
8853:
8849:
8846:
8845:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8812:
8809:
8808:
8807:
8804:
8803:
8801:
8797:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8762:
8760:
8758:Relationships
8756:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8730:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8711:
8707:
8701:
8700:Royal descent
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8637:
8635:
8633:
8628:
8624:
8618:
8617:Omaha kinship
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8547:Consanguinity
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8520:
8516:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8489:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8482:
8480:
8476:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8459:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8447:Parent-in-law
8445:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8432:
8431:
8428:
8427:
8425:
8423:
8422:Family-in-law
8419:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8384:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8353:
8349:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8332:
8331:
8328:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8314:
8311:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8298:
8297:
8294:
8293:
8291:
8289:
8285:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8242:
8238:
8231:
8226:
8224:
8219:
8217:
8212:
8211:
8208:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8167:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8155:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8108:Home Children
8106:
8104:
8103:Sixties Scoop
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8058:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8040:
8037:
8033:
8026:
8023:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8009:
8006:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7992:
7989:
7986:
7983:
7980:
7977:
7974:
7971:
7968:
7965:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7952:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7935:Open adoption
7933:
7929:
7928:United States
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7905:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7820:
7818:
7814:
7808:
7807:United States
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7783:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7771:United States
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7722:
7717:
7715:
7710:
7708:
7703:
7702:
7699:
7687:
7686:
7677:
7675:
7674:
7665:
7663:
7662:
7653:
7652:
7649:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7606:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7554:
7553:United States
7550:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7516:
7512:
7509:
7503:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7467:Disadvantaged
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7452:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7428:Urinary tract
7426:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7404:Mental health
7402:
7401:
7392:
7389:
7383:
7380:
7379:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7370:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7343:
7340:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7320:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7313:Breast cancer
7311:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7286:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7223:
7222:against women
7217:
7214:
7208:
7198:
7197:Sex education
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7130:Breast health
7128:
7126:
7123:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7110:
7109:
7106:
7105:
7102:
7096:
7093:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7066:
7060:
7057:
7051:
7039:
7036:
7035:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
7001:Menstrual cup
6999:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6960:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6906:
6905:Contraception
6902:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6881:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6866:Childlessness
6864:
6863:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6851:Reproductive
6848:
6838:
6835:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6826:
6825:Sterilization
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6794:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6776:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6723:Preterm birth
6721:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6609:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6559:
6558:Clitoral hood
6556:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6541:
6535:
6532:
6529:
6526:Reproductive
6522:
6518:
6514:
6506:
6501:
6499:
6494:
6492:
6487:
6486:
6483:
6477:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6464:
6460:
6457:
6453:
6450:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6433:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6416:
6412:
6410:
6406:
6403:Conn, Peter.
6402:
6399:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6385:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6363:
6354:
6350:
6349:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6294:
6287:
6281:
6274:
6269:
6260:
6251:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6232:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6197:
6195:
6185:
6176:
6169:
6164:
6157:
6153:
6150:
6145:
6138:
6132:
6125:
6121:
6118:
6113:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6084:
6076:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6038:
6035:
6030:
6023:
6019:
6016:
6011:
6004:
5999:
5992:
5991:Birth Parents
5987:
5980:
5976:
5973:
5968:
5952:
5946:
5931:
5927:
5920:
5905:
5901:
5900:
5893:
5878:
5874:
5873:
5866:
5851:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5830:
5815:
5811:
5804:
5798:
5794:
5791:
5785:
5776:
5770:
5764:
5758:
5752:
5744:
5740:
5733:
5725:
5724:
5717:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5687:
5668:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5641:
5633:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5617:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5575:
5571:
5565:
5549:
5545:
5539:
5537:
5528:
5524:
5517:
5511:
5506:
5500:
5495:
5489:
5485:
5482:
5477:
5461:
5454:
5439:
5437:9780786710355
5433:
5429:
5428:
5420:
5404:
5398:
5382:
5376:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5329:
5324:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5305:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5282:
5280:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5249:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5215:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5177:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5141:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5123:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5105:
5099:
5094:
5085:
5076:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5005:
4986:
4979:
4963:
4957:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4910:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4853:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4781:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4756:NIHR Evidence
4753:
4747:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4608:NIHR Evidence
4605:
4599:
4597:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4538:
4529:
4519:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4462:
4455:
4449:
4442:
4436:
4426:
4417:
4408:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4345:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4324:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4296:
4289:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4240:
4231:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4152:
4150:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4114:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4043:
4033:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3982:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3930:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3872:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3834:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3642:
3632:
3626:Chicago Press
3622:
3613:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3510:
3503:
3498:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3462:
3453:
3445:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3339:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3266:
3261:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3242:
3235:
3231:
3230:90-411-1091-7
3227:
3223:
3218:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3064:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2937:
2931:
2930:archive.today
2927:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2855:
2848:
2842:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2689:
2683:
2667:
2661:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2615:
2608:
2605:Tom Kington,
2602:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2507:Adoption Data
2502:
2496:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2444:Bruno Perreau
2440:
2434:
2428:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2398:
2383:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2352:
2346:
2339:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2191:
2185:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2136:Orphan Trains
2131:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1922:, August 1997
1921:
1915:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1782:9780029025000
1778:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1755:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1738:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1653:Child-selling
1651:
1649:
1648:Child welfare
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1592:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1489:Advocates of
1487:
1485:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1449:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1399:Open records:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:First Nations
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1260:Verdingkinder
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1245:Nancy Verrier
1242:
1241:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1120:Mental health
1117:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1069:International
1059:
1055:
1052:
1051:international
1041:
1037:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
991:
988:
983:
981:
980:false economy
977:
971:
969:
963:
960:
954:
950:
947:
931:
927:
907:
891:
886:
876:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
855:
851:
847:
846:
841:
837:
831:
818:
814:
810:
809:co-habitation
806:
805:legal process
802:
798:
794:
790:
787:
784:
780:
776:
773:
770:
767:
766:
763:
759:
754:
747:
743:
742:
741:
738:
736:
732:
727:
723:
721:
715:
708:
703:
696:
692:
688:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:Open adoption
660:
659:
658:
639:
636:
633:
630:
628:
627:United States
625:
624:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
607:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
590:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
573:
569:
566:
564:3,158 (2006)
563:
561:
558:
557:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
540:
536:
534:4,560 (2007)
533:
530:
527:
526:
522:
519:
516:
514:4,764 (2006)
513:
510:
509:
505:
501:
498:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
469:
466:
461:
457:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
409:
407:
406:Massachusetts
401:
398:
394:
388:
383:
381:
376:
371:
368:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
324:
323:
320:Modern period
317:
315:
311:
306:
301:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
258:
256:
251:
247:
243:
242:heir apparent
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
212:
208:
207:Am Klostertor
204:
200:
193:
192:
186:
184:
183:
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
147:
141:
136:
134:
128:
126:
122:
118:
110:
106:
102:
98:
91:
90:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
34:
30:
26:
22:
10431:Abortion law
10414:bachelor tax
10064:vulvovaginal
9998:reproduction
9930:
9672:David Elkind
9523:Codependency
9508:Child labour
9364:Latchkey kid
9354:Introjection
9140:Introjection
9090:
9077:
9043:Noncustodial
9017:
8838:Parents' Day
8828:Siblings Day
8818:Father's Day
8806:Mother's Day
8790:Polyfidelity
8785:Filial piety
8710:Family trees
8612:Crow kinship
8562:Estrangement
8536:
8457:Child-in-law
8377:Niece/Nephew
8152:
8143:Mortara case
7727:
7683:
7671:
7659:
7382:Hip fracture
7377:Osteoporosis
7118:Infibulation
7018:Dysmenorrhea
7011:Sanitary pad
6963:Menstruation
6887:
6691:Preeclampsia
6686:Hypertension
6570:Labia majora
6565:Labia minora
6462:
6455:
6448:
6438:
6431:
6421:
6414:
6404:
6397:
6390:
6383:
6373:
6366:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6293:
6280:
6268:
6259:
6250:
6231:
6206:
6202:
6184:
6175:
6163:
6144:
6136:
6131:
6112:
6090:(4): 22â26.
6087:
6081:
6075:
6058:
6054:
6048:
6029:
6010:
5998:
5986:
5967:
5955:. Retrieved
5945:
5933:. Retrieved
5929:
5919:
5910:25 September
5908:, retrieved
5904:the original
5898:
5892:
5883:25 September
5881:, retrieved
5877:the original
5871:
5865:
5856:25 September
5854:, retrieved
5848:
5842:
5829:
5817:. Retrieved
5814:Mother Jones
5813:
5803:
5784:
5775:
5763:
5751:
5742:
5732:
5722:
5716:
5704:. Retrieved
5700:the original
5695:
5686:
5674:. Retrieved
5667:the original
5653:
5640:
5632:the original
5625:
5616:
5604:. Retrieved
5599:
5590:
5578:. Retrieved
5573:
5564:
5552:. Retrieved
5547:
5527:The Guardian
5526:
5516:
5505:
5494:
5476:
5464:. Retrieved
5462:. Adoptimist
5453:
5441:. Retrieved
5426:
5419:
5407:. Retrieved
5397:
5385:. Retrieved
5375:
5363:. Retrieved
5359:the original
5349:
5335:
5328:Gitta Sereny
5323:
5313:
5304:
5291:
5266:. Retrieved
5262:the original
5257:
5248:
5239:
5227:
5214:
5206:ResearchGate
5204:– via
5195:
5176:
5163:. Retrieved
5159:the original
5149:
5140:
5122:
5104:
5093:
5084:
5075:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5014:
5010:
5004:
4992:. Retrieved
4978:
4966:. Retrieved
4956:
4923:
4919:
4909:
4874:
4870:
4860:
4833:
4827:
4794:
4790:
4780:
4755:
4746:
4703:
4699:
4689:
4649:(2): 67â81.
4646:
4642:
4632:
4607:
4570:
4566:
4556:
4537:
4528:
4518:
4493:
4487:
4474:
4466:
4461:
4448:
4435:
4425:
4416:
4407:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4344:
4335:
4331:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4293:
4288:
4253:
4249:
4239:
4230:
4200:(1): 25â32.
4197:
4193:
4187:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4126:(1): 80â90.
4123:
4119:
4113:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4053:
4049:
4046:as cited in
4042:
4032:
3997:
3993:
3945:
3941:
3845:
3841:
3823:
3816:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3705:(1): 64â73.
3702:
3698:
3692:
3665:
3661:
3651:
3641:
3631:
3621:
3612:
3602:
3580:(1): 68â69.
3577:
3573:
3563:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3509:
3497:
3484:. Retrieved
3480:the original
3470:
3461:
3452:
3428:
3421:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3372:. Retrieved
3365:the original
3360:
3347:
3338:
3311:
3307:
3294:
3260:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3221:
3217:
3205:. Retrieved
3196:
3187:
3179:the original
3174:
3164:
3151:
3141:
3129:. Retrieved
3125:the original
3120:
3111:
3079:
3075:
3063:
3047:
3043:
3031:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2936:
2918:
2900:
2881:
2872:
2865:
2841:
2829:. Retrieved
2825:the original
2815:
2796:
2784:. Retrieved
2779:
2770:
2727:
2707:
2695:
2682:
2670:. Retrieved
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2644:the original
2634:
2618:Demo Istat,
2614:
2601:
2582:
2563:
2551:
2532:
2520:
2501:
2489:
2469:
2457:
2447:
2439:
2427:
2418:
2406:
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2376:
2367:
2358:
2345:
2332:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2276:
2257:
2244:
2225:
2216:
2197:
2184:
2175:
2156:
2143:
2130:
2111:
2098:
2086:
2076:
2071:
2061:
2056:
2024:
2019:
2009:
2004:
1994:
1989:
1979:
1974:
1948:
1943:
1914:
1904:
1899:
1889:
1884:
1874:
1869:
1859:
1854:
1827:
1821:
1811:
1806:
1796:
1791:
1772:
1754:
1744:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1590:
1573:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1488:
1484:Edna Andrews
1480:
1472:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1420:
1408:illegitimacy
1404:
1398:
1397:
1385:
1364:
1349:Illegitimacy
1345:Baby farming
1343:
1340:Baby farming
1334:Baby farming
1329:
1275:
1249:
1238:
1232:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1161:
1144:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1110:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1004:
1000:
992:
984:
972:
964:
955:
951:
942:
928:
924:
873:
849:
844:
839:
833:
813:jurisdiction
757:
739:
724:
716:
712:
656:
612:1044 (2002)
575:New Zealand
503:
477:Live births
464:
458:
453:West Germany
438:
430:illegitimacy
410:
402:
397:sexual mores
390:
385:
372:
359:
347:Orphan Train
342:
328:
302:
291:
259:
230:Roman Empire
215:
206:
202:
180:
170:
151:
144:
137:
129:
114:
59:guardianship
56:
39:
38:
33:Sister Irene
25:
10317:Philippines
10249:Infertility
10208:Gynaecology
10175:Transgender
9943:Sperm theft
9936:foster care
9682:Haim Ginott
9657:John Bowlby
9503:Child abuse
9423:educational
9339:Habituation
9324:Co-sleeping
9110:Behaviorism
9038:Foster care
9028:Coparenting
8665:Inheritance
8650:Family name
8509:Stepsibling
8403:Great-uncle
8358:Grandparent
8186:Mary Norris
7853:Child abuse
7776:South Korea
7766:Philippines
7732:foster care
7685:WikiProject
7372:Bone health
7308:Lung cancer
7145:Dyspareunia
7088:HPV vaccine
7028:Amenorrhoea
7023:Menorrhagia
6861:Infertility
6810:Stillbirths
6671:Miscarriage
5833:USA Today,
5443:12 December
4994:21 February
4968:21 February
3878:AJ Stunkard
3249:alternative
2869:See, e.g.,
2078:A Good Home
2063:A Good Home
2026:A Good Home
2011:A Good Home
1903:W. Menski,
1688:Social work
1628:Affiliation
1499:stereotypes
1256:anglosphere
1207:foster care
968:family tree
726:Infertility
720:foster care
595:657 (2006)
545:263 (2003)
445:Netherlands
362:Progressive
66:rights and
64:inheritance
10457:Family law
10446:Categories
10409:baby bonus
10405:Financial
10285:By country
10109:childbirth
10099:Obstetrics
10031:Sperm bank
9697:Truby King
9591:Disownment
9404:Television
9394:Role model
9319:Child care
9297:Techniques
9263:Soccer mom
9233:Enmeshment
9170:Pediatrics
8910:Only child
8855:Family Day
8728:Ahnentafel
8690:Progenitor
8552:Disownment
8497:stepmother
8492:stepfather
8487:Stepparent
8479:Stepfamily
8467:son-in-law
8407:Great-aunt
8363:Grandchild
7878:Disruption
7610:by country
7414:Depression
7065:infections
6770:Episiotomy
6710:Childbirth
6641:Obstetrics
5676:30 January
5606:5 December
5580:5 December
5334:, rpt. in
5258:OriginsUSA
4250:Pediatrics
3780:Pediatrics
3207:5 February
3152:Russia Now
2786:16 January
2340:, page 106
2284:, page 181
2192:, page 108
2151:, page 160
2081:, page 45.
2066:, page 44.
2029:, page 37.
2014:, page 29.
1695:References
1516:individual
1324:See also:
1270:See also:
1227:See also:
1179:Museum on
1104:(ODD) and
1062:Influences
836:disruption
817:common law
506:adoptions
474:Adoptions
351:indentured
246:common law
238:bloodlines
175:including
133:Adrogation
10322:Singapore
10237:Disorders
10198:Andrology
10086:Pregnancy
10070:Research
9926:Parenting
9877:Education
9631:Paternity
9562:Legal and
9462:Grounding
9359:Kommune 1
9334:Education
9309:Allowance
9218:Baby talk
9073:Surrogacy
8987:Parenting
8920:Godparent
8627:Genealogy
8504:Stepchild
8253:Household
8128:Devshirme
8051:Fosterage
7969:(Ontario)
7963:(Ontario)
7908:Australia
7848:Aging out
7792:Australia
7756:Guatemala
7746:Australia
7240:Pregnancy
7220:Violence
7160:Vaginitis
7033:Menopause
6893:Fostering
6883:Parenting
6853:life plan
6718:Midwifery
6696:Eclampsia
6623:Pregnancy
6612:Maternal
6332:1744-6171
6168:Holt 1997
6158:OURS 1992
6104:147064719
5627:Reason TV
4940:1939-1293
4901:143679873
4893:1092-6755
4819:226304165
4772:242996830
4720:1435-165X
4663:1063-4266
4624:241503976
4587:245473080
4523:Stratton.
4430:11/7/2012
4399:145615691
4385:(1): 63.
4338:(4): 301.
3862:145627094
3707:CiteSeerX
2972:144559063
2688:Adoptions
2138:, Page 95
1393:genealogy
939:Parenting
869:abandoned
845:dissolved
840:disrupted
695:Amsterdam
502:Includes
489:Australia
355:Minnesota
287:orphanage
271:monastery
236:society,
87:Antiquity
72:filiation
52:filiation
44:parenting
10452:Adoption
10312:Pakistan
10190:Medicine
10170:Intersex
10153:Identity
10114:Abortion
9996:Assisted
9971:Safe sex
9931:adoption
9904:Planning
9677:Jo Frost
9611:Marriage
9477:Time-out
9053:Orphaned
9018:Adoptive
8799:Holidays
8723:Genogram
8660:Heredity
8655:Heirloom
8577:Marriage
8542:Affinity
8537:Adoption
8323:daughter
7987:(Russia)
7728:Adoption
7661:Category
7621:Ethiopia
7543:UN Women
7360:Dementia
7291:diseases
7274:Femicide
7252:Misogyny
7172:Polygamy
7073:Safe sex
6981:Menarche
6888:Adoption
6815:Abortion
6733:Oxytocin
6553:Clitoris
6472:Archived
6340:12562132
6239:Archived
6152:Archived
6149:PAL 1992
6120:Archived
6037:Archived
6018:Archived
5975:Archived
5957:29 April
5935:29 April
5819:29 April
5793:Archived
5706:12 March
5600:BBC News
5574:BBC News
5548:BBC News
5484:Archived
5296:Archived
5184:Archived
5165:12 March
5130:Archived
5112:Archived
4948:23750525
4811:33172646
4738:32468437
4681:29263641
4546:Archived
4316:(1): 88.
4280:24019414
4024:26496906
3972:32366341
3885:Archived
3808:74279466
3800:11061791
3518:Archived
3486:12 March
3330:11707574
3283:Archived
3201:Archived
3156:Archived
3084:Archived
3052:Archived
3023:Archived
2926:Archived
2908:Archived
2890:Archived
2854:Archived
2804:Archived
2759:Archived
2736:Archived
2716:Archived
2623:Archived
2591:Archived
2572:Archived
2541:Archived
2510:Archived
2478:Archived
2324:Archived
2266:Archived
2234:Archived
2206:Archived
2165:Archived
2120:Archived
2046:Archived
1725:Archived
1595:See also
1389:identity
1044:Identity
865:disowned
857:petition
744:Private
697:in 1964.
542:Ireland
528:Iceland
471:Country
424:to make
414:the pill
267:oblation
234:medieval
218:Germanic
76:statutes
40:Adoption
10358:History
10307:Ireland
10059:Women's
9645:Experts
9421: (
9386: (
9314:Bedtime
9278:Theybie
8898:Related
8632:lineage
8557:Divorce
8527:Kinship
8440:husband
8335:brother
8330:Sibling
8248:History
8035:History
8004:(India)
7981:(India)
7673:Commons
7462:Poverty
7456:factors
7433:Urethra
7409:Anxiety
7391:Anaemia
7187:Puberty
7167:Leblouh
7053:Sexual
6928:Condoms
6441:(2002)
6424:(2007)
6407:(2013)
6376:(2005)
6355:page 10
5554:8 April
5409:16 June
5387:16 June
5365:16 June
5070:p. 654.
4729:8060221
4672:5734114
4366:(1): 2.
4271:3784288
4222:3371467
4214:2135594
4015:5097859
3963:8374623
3765:8477635
3729:8907085
3684:9768489
3594:8346329
3555:8832112
3401:Bibcode
3232:, web:
3131:18 July
3019:8822409
3011:2135956
2672:1 March
2650:1 March
2387:19 July
2320:2135956
1531:Reunion
1371:Nairobi
908:allowed
762:Ukraine
609:Sweden
592:Norway
375:eugenic
294:artisan
109:Hadrian
82:History
57:Unlike
10389:Policy
10269:clinic
10046:Health
9976:Condom
9828:Rights
9538:Incest
9457:Curfew
9195:Styles
9013:Father
9008:Mother
9003:Parent
8940:Incest
8860:Canada
8430:Spouse
8412:Cousin
8340:sister
8306:father
8301:mother
8296:Parent
8237:Family
7918:Europe
7913:Brazil
7816:Issues
7797:Canada
7751:France
7638:Russia
7300:Cancer
7212:health
7182:Orgasm
7055:health
7006:Tampon
6614:health
6587:Uterus
6582:Cervix
6577:Vagina
6528:health
6451:(2011)
6393:(2000)
6386:(2002)
6369:(2014)
6338:
6330:
6223:353920
6221:
6102:
5466:3 June
5434:
5066:353920
5064:
5031:585831
5029:
4946:
4938:
4899:
4891:
4848:
4817:
4809:
4770:
4736:
4726:
4718:
4679:
4669:
4661:
4622:
4585:
4510:585836
4508:
4397:
4278:
4268:
4220:
4212:
4140:353277
4138:
4105:585172
4103:
4070:584877
4068:
4037:Press.
4022:
4012:
3970:
3960:
3860:
3806:
3798:
3763:
3727:
3709:
3682:
3646:Press.
3592:
3553:
3440:
3374:3 June
3328:
3228:
3017:
3009:
2970:
2831:10 May
2742:, 2002
2733:Births
2701:Births
2629:, 2006
2318:
2106:, 1872
1909:, 2000
1842:
1779:
1312:under
1302:Canada
918:
912:
904:
902:
896:
801:courts
483:Notes
449:Sweden
275:alumni
263:Church
226:Slavic
224:, and
222:Celtic
177:Hawaii
146:alumni
101:Trajan
48:rights
10297:India
10292:China
10054:Men's
10024:Sperm
9486:Abuse
9093:Areas
8848:Japan
8368:Uncle
8313:Child
7761:Italy
7626:India
7616:China
6907:&
6597:Ovary
6540:tract
6219:JSTOR
6100:S2CID
5670:(PDF)
5663:(PDF)
5268:2 May
5062:JSTOR
5027:JSTOR
4988:(PDF)
4897:S2CID
4815:S2CID
4768:S2CID
4620:S2CID
4583:S2CID
4506:JSTOR
4484:(PDF)
4395:S2CID
4210:JSTOR
4136:JSTOR
4101:JSTOR
4066:JSTOR
3858:S2CID
3804:S2CID
3607:Press
3368:(PDF)
3357:(PDF)
3326:S2CID
3304:(PDF)
3087:(PDF)
3072:(PDF)
3055:(PDF)
3040:(PDF)
3007:JSTOR
2968:S2CID
2857:(PDF)
2850:(PDF)
2316:JSTOR
1581:Egypt
1577:hijab
1310:Spain
854:court
560:Italy
339:waifs
298:labor
255:Lucca
209:) by
182:hÄnai
158:China
154:India
105:Nerva
10330:teen
10302:Iran
10011:ICSI
9388:date
9384:Play
9145:Love
8811:U.S.
8695:Clan
8630:and
8435:wife
8372:Aunt
8027:(US)
8021:(US)
8010:(US)
7993:(US)
7975:(US)
7954:Laws
7730:and
7267:Rape
6336:PMID
6328:ISSN
5959:2022
5937:2022
5912:2020
5885:2020
5858:2020
5821:2022
5708:2006
5678:2008
5608:2023
5582:2023
5556:2024
5468:2013
5445:2011
5432:ISBN
5411:2012
5389:2012
5367:2012
5270:2008
5167:2006
4996:2023
4970:2023
4944:PMID
4936:ISSN
4889:ISSN
4846:ISBN
4807:PMID
4734:PMID
4716:ISSN
4677:PMID
4659:ISSN
4276:PMID
4218:PMID
4020:PMID
3968:PMID
3796:PMID
3761:PMID
3725:PMID
3680:PMID
3590:PMID
3551:PMID
3488:2006
3438:ISBN
3376:2007
3226:ISBN
3209:2024
3197:HCCH
3133:2006
3015:PMID
2833:2008
2788:2019
2674:2014
2652:2014
2389:2011
1840:ISBN
1777:ISBN
1296:and
1147:LGBT
705:The
285:and
156:and
10019:Egg
9419:Toy
8318:son
7078:HIV
6320:doi
6286:CNN
6211:doi
6092:doi
6063:doi
5312:".
5054:doi
5019:doi
4928:doi
4879:doi
4838:doi
4799:doi
4795:130
4760:doi
4724:PMC
4708:doi
4667:PMC
4651:doi
4612:doi
4575:doi
4498:doi
4387:doi
4266:PMC
4258:doi
4254:132
4202:doi
4175:doi
4128:doi
4093:doi
4058:doi
4010:PMC
4002:doi
3958:PMC
3950:doi
3850:doi
3825:BBC
3788:doi
3784:106
3753:doi
3717:doi
3670:doi
3582:doi
3578:114
3543:doi
3434:261
3409:doi
3316:doi
3312:110
2999:doi
2960:doi
2308:doi
1832:doi
1509:how
1300:of
1288:of
1243:by
867:or
10448::
8882:UK
6334:.
6326:.
6316:15
6314:.
6217:.
6207:57
6205:.
6193:^
6098:.
6088:17
6086:.
6059:26
6057:.
5928:.
5812:.
5741:,
5694:.
5648:".
5624:.
5598:.
5572:.
5546:.
5535:^
5525:.
5330:,
5294:.
5290:.
5278:^
5256:.
5060:.
5050:57
5048:.
5025:.
5015:49
5013:.
4942:.
4934:.
4924:27
4922:.
4918:.
4895:.
4887:.
4875:12
4873:.
4869:.
4844:.
4813:.
4805:.
4793:.
4789:.
4766:.
4754:.
4732:.
4722:.
4714:.
4704:30
4702:.
4698:.
4675:.
4665:.
4657:.
4647:25
4645:.
4641:.
4618:.
4606:.
4595:^
4581:.
4571:45
4569:.
4565:.
4504:.
4494:49
4492:.
4486:.
4393:.
4383:16
4381:.
4364:25
4362:.
4336:51
4334:.
4322:^
4314:21
4312:.
4274:.
4264:.
4252:.
4248:.
4216:.
4208:.
4198:20
4196:.
4171:49
4169:.
4148:^
4134:.
4124:54
4122:.
4099:.
4089:45
4087:.
4064:.
4054:39
4052:.
4018:.
4008:.
3998:44
3996:.
3992:.
3980:^
3966:.
3956:.
3946:33
3944:.
3940:.
3928:^
3912:^
3896:^
3870:^
3856:.
3844:.
3832:^
3802:.
3794:.
3782:.
3759:.
3749:64
3747:.
3723:.
3715:.
3703:64
3701:.
3678:.
3666:69
3664:.
3660:.
3588:.
3576:.
3572:.
3549:.
3539:20
3537:.
3436:.
3407:.
3397:30
3395:.
3359:.
3324:.
3310:.
3306:.
3271:^
3199:.
3195:.
3173:.
3150:.
3119:.
3095:^
3080:23
3078:.
3074:.
3048:23
3046:.
3042:.
3021:.
3013:.
3005:.
2995:28
2993:.
2989:.
2966:.
2956:13
2954:.
2778:.
2747:^
2446:,
2322:.
2314:.
2304:28
2302:.
2298:.
2034:^
1958:^
1927:^
1838:.
1763:^
1736:^
871:.
289:.
220:,
185:.
168:.
127:.
9914:/
9812:e
9805:t
9798:v
9425:)
9390:)
9091:¡
8979:e
8972:t
8965:v
8405:/
8370:/
8229:e
8222:t
8215:v
8076:/
7720:e
7713:t
7706:v
6504:e
6497:t
6490:v
6342:.
6322::
6300:,
6225:.
6213::
6106:.
6094::
6069:.
6065::
5961:.
5939:.
5823:.
5710:.
5680:.
5610:.
5584:.
5558:.
5529:.
5470:.
5447:.
5413:.
5391:.
5369:.
5340:(
5308:"
5272:.
5208:.
5169:.
5068:.
5056::
5033:.
5021::
4998:.
4972:.
4950:.
4930::
4903:.
4881::
4854:.
4840::
4821:.
4801::
4774:.
4762::
4740:.
4710::
4683:.
4653::
4626:.
4614::
4589:.
4577::
4512:.
4500::
4401:.
4389::
4282:.
4260::
4224:.
4204::
4181:.
4177::
4142:.
4130::
4107:.
4095::
4072:.
4060::
4026:.
4004::
3974:.
3952::
3864:.
3852::
3846:8
3810:.
3790::
3767:.
3755::
3731:.
3719::
3686:.
3672::
3596:.
3584::
3557:.
3545::
3490:.
3446:.
3415:.
3411::
3403::
3378:.
3332:.
3318::
3255:.
3236:.
3211:.
3135:.
3001::
2974:.
2962::
2875:.
2835:.
2790:.
2690:,
2676:.
2654:.
2391:.
2310::
1848:.
1834::
1785:.
1501:.
205:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
