Code of Hammurabi - Knowledge

2347: 723: 517: 1712: 1948:("list science"), often denigrated it. However, more recent writers, such as Marc Van De Mieroop, Jean Bottéro, and Ann Guinan, have either avoided value judgments or expressed admiration. Lists were central to Mesopotamian science and logic, and their distinctive structural principles let entries be generated infinitely. Linking the Code to the scribal tradition within which "list science" emerged also explains why trainee scribes copied and studied it for over a millennium. The Code appears in a late Babylonian (7th–6th century BC) list of literary and scholarly texts. No other law collection became so entrenched in the curriculum. Rather than a code of laws, then, it may be a scholarly treatise. 835: 31: 2295: 347: 533: 2111: 433:. They also purport to have been written by rulers. There were almost certainly more such collections, as statements of other rulers suggest the custom was widespread. The similarities between these law collections make it tempting to assume a consistent underlying legal system. As with the Code of Hammurabi, however, it is difficult to interpret the purpose and underlying legal systems of these earlier collections, prompting numerous scholars to question whether this should be attempted. Extant collections include: 1721: 1825: 863:, gazing attentively at the god. Martha Roth lists other interpretations: "that the king is offering the laws to the god; that the king is accepting or offering the emblems of sovereignty of the rod and ring; or—most probably—that these emblems are the measuring tools of the rod-measure and rope-measure used in temple-building". Hammurabi may even be imitating Shamash. It is certain, though, that the draughtsman showed Hammurabi's close links to the divine realm, using composition and iconography. 1883:

a complex "serial logic". Marc Van De Mieroop explains that, in common with other works of Mesopotamian scholarship such as omen lists, king lists, and god lists, the entries of the Code of Hammurabi are arranged according to two principles. These are "opposition"—whereby a variable in one entry is altered to make another entry—and "pointillism"—whereby new conditions are added to an entry, or paradigmatic series pursued, to generate a sequence. Van De Mieroop provides the following examples:

2582: 12993: 11476: 13005: 2094:. One crime was given only one punishment. The laws also recognized the importance of the intentions of a defendant. Lastly, the Code's establishment on public stelae was supposedly intended to increase access to justice. Whether or not this was true, suggesting that a wronged man have the stele read aloud to him (lines 3240'–3254') is a concrete measure in this direction, given the inaccessibility of scribal education in the Old Babylonian period. 12671: 167: 13029: 13017: 1019:) may have the laws of the stele read aloud to him and know his rights (3240'–3256'). This would bring Hammurabi praise (3257'–3275') and divine favour (3276'–3295'). Hammurabi wishes for good fortune for any ruler who heeds his pronouncements and respects his stele (3296'–3359'). However, he invokes the wrath of the gods on any man who disobeys or erases his pronouncements (3360'–3641', the end of the text). 985: 2319:. Nonetheless, there are differences: for example, Stephen Bertman has suggested that where earlier collections are concerned with compensating victims, the Code is concerned with physically punishing offenders. Additionally, the above conclusions of similarity and influence apply only to the law collections themselves. The actual legal practices from the context of each code are mysterious. 1752:, and widely adopted afterwards. C. H. W. Johns, one of the most prolific early commentators on the document, proclaimed that "the Code well deserves its name". Recent Assyriologists have used the term without comment, as well as scholars outside Assyriology. However, only if the text was intended as enforced legislation can it truly be called a code of law and its provisions laws. 774:, and to Wells too the Code was "the earliest known code of law". However, three earlier collections were rediscovered afterwards: the Code of Lipit-Ishtar in 1947, the Laws of Eshnunna in 1948, and the Code of Ur-Nammu in 1952. Early commentators dated Hammurabi and the stele to the 23rd century BC. However, this is an earlier estimate than even the " 1792:... then"); unlike in the Mosaic Law, there are no apodictic laws (general commands). These would more obviously suggest prescriptive legislation. The strongest argument against the legislation theory, however, is that most judges appear to have paid the Code no attention. This line of criticism originated with 2168:, sometimes called the "present" in Assyriology, may express intention in the laws. For ease of English reading, some translations give preterite and perfect verbs in the protasis a present sense. In the apodosis, the verbs are in the durative, though the sense varies between permissive—"it is permitted that 2315:, when Hammurabi produced his own Code. This suggests that earlier collections may have not only resembled the Code but influenced it. Raymond Westbrook maintained that there was a fairly consistent tradition of "ancient Near Eastern law" which included the Code of Hammurabi, and that this was largely 1882:

This interpretation bypasses the problem of low congruence between the Code and actual legal judgments. Secondly, the Code does bear striking similarities to other works of Mesopotamian scholarship. Key points of similarity are the list format and the order of the items, which Ann Guinan describes as

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kings, but is perhaps justified by Hammurabi's interest in his subjects' affairs. His affinities with many different gods are stressed throughout. He is portrayed as dutiful in restoring and maintaining temples and peerless on the battlefield. The list of his accomplishments has helped establish that

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Much has been written on what the Code suggests about Old Babylonian society and its legal system. For example, whether it demonstrates that there were no professional advocates, or that there were professional judges. Scholars who approach the Code as a self-contained document renounce such claims.

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Scheil enthused about the stele's importance and perceived fairness, calling it "a moral and political masterpiece". C. H. W. Johns called it "one of the most important monuments in the history of the human race". He remarked that "there are many humanitarian clauses and much protection is given the

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Hammurabi had an aggressive foreign policy, but his letters suggest he was concerned with the welfare of his many subjects and was interested in law and justice. He commissioned extensive construction works, and in his letters, he frequently presents himself as his people's shepherd. Justice is also

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believed he had found a record of a case that inspired one. However, such finds are inconclusive and very rare, despite the scale of the Mesopotamian legal corpus. Furthermore, legal judgments were frequently recorded in Mesopotamia, and they recount the facts of the case without generalising them.

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If a man has a debt lodged against him, and the storm-god Adad devastates his field or a flood sweeps away the crops, or there is no grain grown in the field due to insufficient water—in that year he will not repay grain to his creditor; he shall suspend performance of his contract and he will not

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The Code of Hammurabi bears strong similarities to earlier Mesopotamian law collections. Many purport to have been written by rulers, and this tradition was probably widespread. Earlier law collections express their god-given legitimacy similarly. Like the Code of Hammurabi, they feature prologues

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The prologue asserts that Hammurabi was chosen by the gods. Raymond Westbrook observed that in ancient Near Eastern law, "the king was the primary source of legislation". However, they could delegate their god-given legal authority to judges. However, as Owen B. Jenkins observed, the prescriptions

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Here, following the principle of pointillism, circumstances are added to the first entry to create more entries. Pointillism also lets list entries be generated by following paradigmatic series common to multiple branches of scholarship. It can thus explain the implausible entries. For example, in

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The Code of Hammurabi is the longest and best-organised legal text from the ancient Near East, as well as the best-preserved. The classification below (columns 1–3) is Driver & Miles', with several amendments, and Roth's translation is used. Laws represented by letters are those reconstructed

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and that he had commissioned the erasure of several columns of laws to write his legend there. It has been proposed that the relief portion of the stele, especially the beards of Hammurabi and Shamash, was reworked at the same time. Roth suggests the stele was taken as plunder from Sippar, where

1028:) is reused from the prologue. However, the king's main concern appears to be ensuring that his achievements are not forgotten and his name not sullied. The list of curses heaped upon any future defacer is 281 lines long and extremely forceful. Some of the curses are very vivid: "may the god 579:

text: One fifth contain a prologue and epilogue, while the remaining four fifths contain what are generally called the laws. Near the bottom, seven columns of the laws, each with more than eighty lines, were polished and erased in antiquity. The stele was found in three large fragments and

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a prologue and an epilogue, and the Laws of Eshnunna an epilogue. Also, like the Code of Hammurabi, they uphold the "one crime, one punishment" principle. The cases covered and language used are, overall, strikingly similar. Scribes were still copying earlier law collections, such as the

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text: one fifth contains a prologue and epilogue in poetic style, while the remaining four fifths contain what are generally called the laws. In the prologue, Hammurabi claims to have been granted his rule by the gods "to prevent the strong from oppressing the weak". The laws are

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could be transferred to the sons of the wrongdoer. For example, law 229 states that the death of a homeowner in a house collapse necessitates the death of the house's builder. The following law 230 states that if the homeowner's son died, the builder's son must die also.

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observes that the Code "deals with cattle and agricultural fields, but it almost entirely ignores the work of shepherds, vital to Babylonia's economy". Then, against the legislation theory more generally, highly implausible circumstances are covered, such as

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noted the Code's "justice to the widow, the orphan, and the poor", but remarked that it "also allows many of the old and naïve ideas of justice to stand". Commentators praised the advanced society they believed the Code evinced. Several singled out perceived

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A third theory, which has gained traction within Assyriology, is that the Code is not a true code but an abstract treatise on how judgments should be formulated. This led Fritz Rudolf Kraus, in an early formulation of the theory, to call it jurisprudence

702:, Ur, Larsa, and more. Copies were created during Hammurabi's reign, and also after it, since the text became a part of the scribal curriculum. Copies have been found dating from one thousand years after the stele's creation, and a catalogue from 2451:

Knowing the Code's influence on modern law requires knowing its influence on Mosaic and Graeco-Roman law. Since this is contentious, commentators have restricted themselves to observing similarities and differences between the Code and, e.g.,

2412:("eye for an eye"), and in the content of the provisions. Some similarities are striking, such as in the provisions concerning a man-goring ox (Code of Hammurabi laws 250–252, Exodus 21:28–32). Certain writers have posited direct influence: 1913:

If there is either a soldier or who is taken captive while serving in a royal fortress if he should return and get back to his city, they shall return to him his field and orchard and he himself shall perform his service obligation.

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There are additionally thousands of documents from the practice of law, from before and during the Old Babylonian period. These documents include contracts, judicial rulings, letters on legal cases, and reform documents such as that of

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If there is either a soldier or who is taken captive in a royal fortress, and his son is able to perform the service obligation, the field and orchard shall be given to him, and he shall perform his father's service obligation.

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A second theory is that the Code is a sort of law report, and as such contains records of past cases and judgments, albeit phrased abstractly. This would provide one explanation for the casuistic format of the "laws"; indeed,

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However, the arguments against this view are strong. Firstly, it would make a very unusual code—Reuven Yaron called the designation "Code" a "persistent misnomer". Vital areas of society and commerce are omitted. For example,

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intermediaries. The consensus, however, is that the similarities are a result of inheriting common traditions. In 1916, George A. Barton cited "a similarity of antecedents and of general intellectual outlook". More recently,

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The laws are written in the Old Babylonian dialect of Akkadian. Their style is regular and repetitive, and today they are a standard set text for introductory Akkadian classes. However, as A. Leo Oppenheim summarises, the

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Fragments of a second and possibly third stele recording the Code were found along with the Louvre stele at Susa. Over fifty manuscripts containing the laws are known. They were found not only in Susa but also in Babylon,

1310:šumma awīlum ḫubullum elišu ibašši-ma eqelšu adad irtaḫiṣ u lū bibbulum itbal u lū ina lā mê še'um ina eqlim lā ittabši ina šattim šuāti še'am ana bēl ḫubullišu ul utār ṭuppašu uraṭṭab u ṣibtam ša šattim šuāti ul inaddin 10561: 749:). After a brief introduction with details of the excavation, Scheil gave a transliteration and a free translation into French, as well as a selection of images. Editions in other languages soon followed: in German by 2334:..."). It is easier to posit direct influence for these later collections, given the Code's survival through the scribal curriculum. Lastly, although influence is more difficult to trace, there is evidence that the 234:

in present-day Iran, where it had been taken as plunder six hundred years after its creation. The text itself was copied and studied by Mesopotamian scribes for over a millennium. The stele now resides in the

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These judgments were concerned almost exclusively with points of fact, prompting Martha Roth to comment: "I know of only one case out of thousands extant that might be said to revolve around a point of law".

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The relief appears to show Hammurabi standing before a seated Shamash. Shamash wears the horned crown of divinity and has a solar attribute, flames, spouting from his shoulders. Contrastingly, Scheil, in his

2607:, along with portraits of 22 others "noted for their work in establishing the principles that underlie American law". There are replicas of the Louvre stele in institutions around the world, including the 5357: 1887:

If a physician performs major surgery with a bronze lancet upon an and thus heals the , or opens an 's temple with a bronze lancet and thus heals the 's eye, he shall take ten shekels of silver (as his

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the Code was "founded upon the dictates of reason". The question of the Code's influence on the Mosaic Law received much early attention. Scholars also identified Hammurabi with the Biblical figure

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If a physician performs major surgery with a bronze lancet upon an and thus causes the 's death, or opens an 's temple with a bronze lancet and thus blinds the 's eye, they shall cut off his hand.

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If a merchant should give silver to a trading agent for an investment venture, and he incurs a loss on his journeys, he shall return silver to the merchant in the amount of the capital sum. (102)

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has stated: "There is no ground for assuming any direct borrowing by the Hebrew from the Babylonian. Even where the two sets of laws differ little in the letter, they differ much in the spirit".

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The Code is often referred to in legal scholarship, where its provisions are assumed to be laws, and the document is assumed to be a true code of laws. This is also true outside academia.

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Although Hammurabi's Code was the first Mesopotamian law collection to be discovered, it was not the first written; several earlier collections survive. These collections were written in

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If a builder constructs a house for a man but does not make it conform to specifications so that a wall then buckles, that builder shall make that wall sound using his own silver. (233)

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remarked that the Code of Hammurabi and similar Mesopotamian law collections "represent an interesting formulation of social criticism and should not be taken as normative directions".

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in 1950. No Mesopotamian legal document explicitly references the Code or any other law collection, despite the great scale of the corpus. Two references to prescriptions on "a stele" (

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If a slave should declare to his master, "You are not my master", he shall bring charge and proof against him that he is indeed his slave, and his master shall cut off his ear. (281)

13129: 9867: 7266: 859:, identified the seated figure as Hammurabi and the standing figure as Shamash. Scheil also held that the scene showed Shamash dictating to Hammurabi while Hammurabi held a scribe's 594: in) high, with a circumference is 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) at the summit and 190 cm (6 ft 3 in) at the base. Hammurabi's image is 65 cm (2 ft 313:

Despite the uncertainty surrounding these issues, Hammurabi is regarded outside Assyriology as an important figure in the history of law and the document as a true legal code. The

10941: 2257:, such as "seignior", "elite man", and "member of the aristocracy"; others have left it untranslated. Certain legal terms have also proved difficult to translate. For example, 9955: 6721: 5716: 2346: 1921:

If his son is young and is unable to perform his father's service obligation, one third of the field and orchard shall be given to his mother, and his mother shall raise him.

9893: 7769: 5886: 10139: 9095: 2416:, for example, asserts that the Covenant Code is "directly, primarily, and throughout dependent upon the Laws of Hammurabi", "a creative rewriting of Mesopotamian sources 8440: 7012: 8643: 8098: 871:

The prologue and epilogue together occupy one-fifth of the text. Out of around 4,130 lines, the prologue occupies 300 lines and the epilogue occupies 500. They are in

10536: 1968:, or "eye for an eye". Laws 196 and 200 respectively prescribe an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth when one man destroys another's. Punishments determined by 875:

around the laws, though there is no visual break distinguishing them from the laws. Both are written in poetic style, and, as William W. Davies wrote, "contain much

395:. Hammurabi waited until Rim-Sin grew old, then conquered his territory in one swift campaign, leaving his organisation intact. Later, Hammurabi betrayed allies in 10329: 928:

Hammurabi then lists his achievements and virtues (50–291). These are expressed in noun form, in the Akkadian first person singular nominal sentence construction "

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has since centred around several aspects of the Code: its purpose, its underlying principles, its language, and its relation to earlier and later law collections.

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that if merchandise is thrown overboard for the purpose of lightening a ship, the loss is made good by the assessment of all which is made for the benefit of all.

714:(685–631 BC) lists a copy of the "judgments of Hammurabi". The additional copies fill in most of the stele's original text, including much of the erased section. 5183: 483:, king of Lagash in the mid-3rd millennium BC, whose reforms combatted corruption. Mesopotamia has the most comprehensive surviving legal corpus from before the 11113: 10145: 10114: 9293: 8962: 8863: 8292: 6298: 5916: 2436:

The influence of the Code of Hammurabi on later law collections is difficult to establish. Marc Van De Mieroop suggests that it may have influenced the Greek

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Unlike the prologue, the 500-line epilogue is explicitly related to the laws. The epilogue begins (3144'–3151'): "these are the just decisions which Hammurabi

11186: 10240: 7029: 7420: 11452: 9719: 8728: 8263: 2060:'s life may have been cheaper, but so were some of his fines. There was also inequality within these classes: laws 200 and 202, for example, show that one 516: 7787:"Review: Martha T. Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, with a contribution by Harry A. Hoffner Jr., hg. von Piotr Michalowski, 2. Aufl" 7725: 11400: 11286: 10054: 8957: 8953: 1909:

Laws 215 and 218 illustrate the principle of opposition: one variable of the first law, the outcome of the operations, is altered to create the second.

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the text was written late in Hammurabi's reign. After the list, Hammurabi explains that he fulfilled Marduk's request to establish "truth and justice" (

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has a relief portrait of Hammurabi alongside those of other historic lawgivers. There are replicas of the stele in numerous institutions, including the

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that ancient Near Eastern legal "codes" had legal import. Furthermore, many Old Babylonian judgments run entirely counter to the Code's prescriptions.

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The Code was thought to be the earliest Mesopotamian law collection when it was rediscovered in 1902—for example, C. H. W. Johns' 1903 book was titled

11415: 7887: 7814: 6127: 12291: 8943: 8319: 778:" would support. The Code was compiled near the end of Hammurabi's reign. This was deduced partly from the list of his achievements in the prologue. 8521: 8211: 8033: 9545: 9145: 2203:

have proved difficult to translate. They probably denote respectively a male member of a higher and lower social class. Wolfram von Soden, in his

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Ornan, Tallay, "Unfinished Business: the Relief on the Hammurabi Louvre Stele Revisited", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 71, pp. 85–109, 2019

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often appears at the end of the protasis after one or more preterites to convey sequence of action, or possibly a hypothetical conditional. The

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The purpose and legal authority of the Code have been disputed since the mid-20th century. Theories fall into three main categories: that it is

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Divination in the Ancient Near East: a workshop on divination conducted during the 54th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Würzburg, 2008

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Laws of Descent and Inheritance, Ancient and Modern: A Comparison of the Code of Hammurabi (Babylon 2250 B.C.) with the Present Law of Illinois

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called the Code's rediscovery "the most important event which has taken place in the development of Assyriological science since the days of

8130: 7254: 6822: 11551: 10947: 9788: 7650: 6037:(2005). "In search of the é . d u b . b a . a : The ancient Mesopotamian school in literature and reality". In Sefati, Yitzhak (ed.). 8415: 6934: 13124: 12516: 12301: 10170: 10082: 9843: 9806: 6390: 8383: 6465: 6434: 411:

a theme of the prologue to the Code, and "the word translated 'justice' ... is one whose root runs through both prologue and epilogue".

11677: 10699: 7630: 6500: 6340: 5521: 959:, "pious" (lines 61, 149, 241, and 272). The metaphor of Hammurabi as his people's shepherd also recurs. It was a common metaphor for 12859: 11338: 10592: 1982:; not just age and profession but also class and gender dictated the punishment or remedy they received. Three main kinds of person, 6697: 2221:, "to bow down/supplicate". As a word for a man of low social standing, it has endured, possibly from a Sumerian root, into Arabic ( 1053:). Hammurabi implores a variety of gods individually to turn their particular attributes against the defacer. For example: "may the 13114: 11383: 11301: 10922: 10793: 10757: 10422: 10120: 9757: 9503: 9454: 5947: 5691: 7979: 7745: 5268: 11125: 9849: 8548: 6171: 5871: 5126: 2406:. There are also similarities between the Code of Hamurabi and the Covenant Code: in the casuistic format, in principles such as 1205:

If a man accuses another man and charges him with homicide, but cannot bring proof against him, his accuser shall be killed. (1)

9725: 12311: 10731: 9614: 8793: 8194: 2636: 8432: 6988: 5233: 2678:'s translation. The line numbers may seem low, since the CDLI edition does not include sections not found on the Louvre stele. 970:) for the people (292–302), although the prologue never directly references the laws. The prologue ends "at that time:" (303: 12296: 11332: 10297: 10183: 9563: 9050: 8467: 8246: 8090: 1550:šumma itinnum bītam ana awīlim īpuš-ma šipiršu lā ušteṣbi-ma igārum iqtūp itinnum šū ina kasap ramānišu igāram šuāti udannan 1013:). He exalts his laws and his magnanimity (3152'–3239'). He then expresses a hope that "any wronged man who has a lawsuit" ( 11566: 10712: 10555: 9936: 9418: 7373: 6216: 9533: 6023: 2131:... within boxes placed in bands side by side from right to left", an arrangement already antiquated by Hammurabi's time. 11512: 11275: 9923: 8898: 7975: 7963: 7301: 2391: 7321: 5693:

Ancient Times: A History of the Early World. An Introduction to the Study of Ancient History and the Career of Early Man

2420:... to be viewed as an academic abstraction rather than a digest of laws". Others posit indirect influence, such as via 1022:

The epilogue contains much legal imagery, and the phrase "to prevent the strong from oppressing the weak" (3202'–3203':

637:(Persia at the time of excavation). The stele was excavated by the French Archaeological Mission under the direction of 11707: 11326: 11307: 10725: 10642: 10605: 9551: 7907: 7504: 7124: 7118: 4217: 2608: 1746:

The term "code" presupposes that the document was intended to be enforced as legislation. It was used by Scheil in his

1353:šumma tamkārum ana šamallim kaspam ana tadmiqtim ittadin-ma ašar illiku bitiqtam ītamar qaqqad kaspim ana tamkārim utār 913:, chose Hammurabi to be Babylon's king. Hammurabi was to rule "to prevent the strong from oppressing the weak" (37–39: 318: 8070: 5158: 13079: 11636: 11351: 11131: 11101: 11082: 10763: 10465: 10459: 10410: 10360: 10303: 9707: 7852: 7763: 7594: 7562: 7490: 7458: 7414: 7339: 7243: 7006: 6928: 6763: 6428: 6253: 6165: 6121: 6093: 5826: 5794: 5757: 5179: 5059: 2251:'s special treatment, translated it as "leper" and even "noble". Some translators have supplied stilted readings for 938:" ("I am "). The first nominal sentence (50–53) is short: "I am Hammurabi, the shepherd, selected by the god Enlil" ( 474:

Another collection, which Martha Roth calls the "Laws of X", but which may simply be the end of the Code of Ur-Nammu.

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The Code is relatively well-understood, but some items of its vocabulary are controversial. As mentioned, the terms

1769:, which in the Code of Hammurabi sometimes denote individual "laws", were enforced. One copy of the Code calls it a 13049: 12653: 11702: 11011: 10158: 9861: 9770: 8733: 6971: 6878: 6575: 6276: 5898: 5482: 190:

legal text composed during 1755–1750 BC. It is the longest, best-organized, and best-preserved legal text from the

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If a man takes in adoption a young child at birth and then rears him, that rearling will not be reclaimed. (185)

13084: 12509: 12281: 11672: 11662: 11150: 11043: 11030: 10660: 10573: 10441: 10164: 10108: 9818: 9800: 9657: 9491: 7388: 3922: 2156:, "if", except when it adds to circumstances already specified in a previous law (e.g. laws 36, 38, and 40). The 1594:

If an ox gores to death a man while it is passing through the streets, that case has no basis for a claim. (250)

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law. Some have remarked that the punishments found in the Code are no more severe, and, in some cases, less so.

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can denote the law in general as well as individual laws, verdicts, divine pronouncements and other phenomena.

1861:). Kraus proposed that it was a work of Mesopotamian scholarship in the same category as omen collections like 9460: 7688: 6853: 6058: 5594: 12810: 12715: 11162: 11156: 10909: 10549: 10095: 10031: 9949: 9268: 8975: 8893: 6259: 2322:

The Code of Hammurabi also bears strong similarities to later Mesopotamian law collections: to the casuistic

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The Relations between the Laws of Babylonia and the Laws of the Hebrew Peoples (The Schweich Lectures, 1912)

3188: 2205: 902:. Marduk chose the centre of his earthly power to be Babylon, which in the real world worshipped him as its 13094: 12916: 12444: 11692: 11593: 11069: 11017: 10636: 10246: 10228: 9436: 9180: 9150: 8703: 8158: 8146: 7875: 7786: 6104: 5990: 5566: 2600: 11180: 8336: 8045: 8000:"Unveiling of a stele bearing the Law Code of Hammurabi at the seat of the International Court of Justice" 1711: 294:, and at the complexity of Old Babylonian society. There was also much discussion of its influence on the 12261: 11958: 11904: 11743: 11578: 11199: 10960: 10666: 10579: 10278: 10013: 9917: 9899: 9812: 9576: 9539: 9100: 9065: 8541: 8219: 6755: 6707: 6474: 6450: 6406: 6356: 6314: 6113: 5749: 5657: 5175: 3354: 3352: 2517: 2284: 2176:

must/will happen". In both protasis and apodosis, sequence of action is conveyed by suffixing verbs with

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If a man rents a boat of 60- capacity, he shall give one sixth of silver per day as its hire. (277)

1248:

If a man breaks into a house, they shall kill him and hang him(?) in front of that very breach. (21)

906:. Marduk established the office of kingship within Babylon. Finally, Anum, along with the Babylonian 787: 8359: 6594: 1788:

with goats, animals far too unruly for the task (law 270). The laws are also strictly casuistic ("if

290:

Modern scholars responded to the Code with admiration at its perceived fairness and respect for the

170: 13069: 12899: 12837: 12361: 12113: 12018: 11983: 11963: 11631: 11583: 11237: 10864: 10825: 10630: 10510: 10284: 9751: 8718: 8594: 7883: 7871: 7844: 2081: 2077: 1079:... deprive him of all understanding and wisdom, and may he lead him into confusion" (3440'–3451': 368: 203: 7999: 7181: 7136: 6040:"An Experienced Scribe who Neglects Nothing". Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Jacob Klein 1936:

used for threshing. The established series of domesticated beasts dictated that a goat come next.

834: 12482: 12164: 11953: 11821: 11768: 11626: 11616: 11505: 11243: 11107: 10654: 10523: 9639: 9515: 9424: 9318: 9287: 9140: 8713: 8688: 8118: 7755: 7297: 6786: 6675: 5548: 5130: 2394:. However, he was met with strong resistance. There was cultural contact between Mesopotamia and 1833: 703: 10348: 9830: 8495: 5845: 5780: 5313: 2090:, for unsubstantiated accusations. Written evidence was valued highly, especially in matters of 1932:

the case of the goat used for threshing (law 270), the previous laws concern other animals that

13064: 13059: 12958: 12887: 12847: 12256: 11889: 11717: 11313: 10998: 10447: 10435: 9911: 9663: 9651: 9582: 9361: 9336: 9281: 8788: 8534: 8403: 7331: 6910: 5225: 2562: 2323: 770: 10890: 10624: 8653: 7747:

Inventing God's Law: How the Covenant Code of the Bible Used and Revised the Laws of Hammurabi

6455: 6360: 1063:... deprive him of the benefits of rain from heaven and flood from the springs" (3509'–3515': 545:

The first copy of the text found, and still the most complete, is on a 2.25 m (7 ft

379:

plain through military prowess, diplomacy, and treachery. When Hammurabi inherited his father

13119: 12941: 12271: 12157: 12086: 11941: 11826: 11788: 11211: 10992: 10935: 10769: 10497: 10491: 9688: 9645: 9527: 9472: 9442: 8918: 8908: 8813: 8743: 8683: 8678: 8371: 6410: 6147: 6143: 5804: 2472: 2327: 2139: 1813: 809: 795: 739:

of the Code was published by Father Jean-Vincent Scheil in 1902, in the fourth volume of the

268: 8511: 7608: 6478: 6318: 1737: 13054: 12820: 12640: 12380: 12323: 11946: 11926: 11753: 11641: 11561: 10812: 10453: 10397: 10391: 10385: 9981: 9855: 9738: 9626: 9324: 9175: 9120: 8768: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8332: 6365: 6151: 5952: 5687: 5580: 5499: 5309: 5263: 2494: 2468: 2307: 1979: 799: 449: 8604: 1162:

Legal areas covered in the Code of Hammurabi, along with specific provisions and examples

30: 8: 12968: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12414: 12276: 12236: 11998: 11968: 11836: 11697: 11621: 11611: 10799: 10372: 9485: 9448: 9393: 9196: 9060: 9045: 9025: 8980: 8871: 8843: 8828: 8803: 8297: 8215: 7830: 7662: 7554: 7468: 7436: 7384: 7327: 7317: 7225: 6869: 6324: 6074:

Guinan, Ann (2014). "Laws and Omens: Obverse and Inverse". In Fincke, Jeanette C. (ed.).

5649: 2590: 2430: 2377: 2160:

is used for simple past verbs in the protasis, or possibly for a simple conditional. The

1780: 1073: 791: 783: 726: 707: 642: 484: 11894: 10215: 10025: 9349: 8516: 7229: 6665: 5300: 5110: 3416: 2030:, though contentious, it seems likely that the difference was one of social class, with 665:), between December 1901 and January 1902. The few, large fragments made assembly easy. 13134: 13099: 13009: 12730: 12525: 12475: 12387: 12266: 12191: 12008: 11973: 11884: 11841: 11811: 11783: 11778: 11748: 11722: 11546: 11498: 10903: 10618: 10342: 10202: 10196: 10037: 9994: 9249: 9201: 9030: 9015: 9005: 9000: 8928: 8758: 8347: 7967: 7806: 7550: 7496: 7365: 7201: 7156: 7081: 6963: 6897: 6814: 6626: 6561: 6537: 6382: 6237: 6208: 6015: 6007: 5969: 5932: 5474: 5305: 5258: 4130: 2522: 2489: 1664:šumma wardum ana bēlišu ul bēlī atta iqtabi kīma warassu ukānšu-ma bēlšu uzunšu inakkis 656: 630: 6155: 2338:

may have been part of the same tradition of legal writing outside Mesopotamia proper.

12963: 12909: 12757: 12720: 12206: 12098: 12062: 12052: 12013: 12003: 11931: 11921: 11851: 10973: 10672: 9694: 9682: 9676: 9521: 9330: 9080: 8923: 8877: 8808: 8748: 8589: 8506: 8271: 7943: 7931: 7848: 7810: 7759: 7698: 7670: 7654: 7646: 7622: 7590: 7572: 7558: 7542: 7520: 7486: 7454: 7410: 7335: 7239: 7205: 7160: 7114: 7002: 6924: 6818: 6806: 6759: 6711: 6679: 6661: 6642: 6579: 6541: 6492: 6424: 6386: 6332: 6249: 6161: 6117: 6089: 6075: 6048: 6019: 5973: 5908: 5858: 5832: 5822: 5790: 5753: 5735: 5708: 5661: 5623: 5584: 5552: 5513: 2703: 2453: 2399: 2294: 2161: 1939: 1809: 1793: 1756: 1694:, containing records of past cases and judgments; and that it is an abstract work of 960: 944:). Then Hammurabi continues for over 200 lines in a single nominal sentence with the 775: 638: 430: 426: 372: 195: 191: 48: 8490: 8264:"How the Ancient Code of Hammurabi Reveals a Society Both Similar and Alien to Ours" 8182: 6787:"Hammurabi's Code: A primary datum in the conjoined professions of medicine and law" 6595:"Ein zentrales Problem des altmesopotamischen Rechtes: Was ist der Codex Hammurabi?" 5872:"Der "König der Gerechtigkeit": Zur Ikonologie und Teleologie des 'Codex' Ḫammurapi" 1755:

The document, on first inspection, resembles a highly organised code similar to the

13104: 12946: 12931: 12876: 12827: 12789: 12779: 12449: 12404: 12349: 12341: 12331: 12108: 12032: 11872: 11846: 11831: 11738: 11556: 11538: 11357: 11205: 10787: 10775: 10478: 10000: 9824: 9782: 9588: 9557: 9135: 9085: 8995: 8990: 8883: 8833: 8693: 8579: 7798: 7694: 7666: 7582: 7402: 7193: 7148: 7073: 6920: 6887: 6798: 6737: 6693: 6657: 6529: 6374: 6328: 6293: 6288: 6227: 6034: 5999: 5961: 5704: 5466: 5215: 5122: 2531: 2502: 2312: 1876: 1740:

of France (R) both created legal codes to which the Louvre stele has been compared.

1733: 895: 872: 669: 460: 438: 8457: 1470:šumma awīlum ṣeḫram ina mêšu ana mārūtim ilqe-ma urtabbīšu tarbītum šī ul ibbaqqar 12926: 12854: 12784: 12762: 12735: 12561: 12533: 12461: 12424: 12400: 12201: 12196: 12176: 12135: 12130: 12077: 12072: 11936: 11916: 11793: 11758: 11479: 11262: 10043: 9880: 9105: 9075: 9020: 8985: 8938: 8848: 8818: 8798: 8708: 8614: 8328: 8236: 7834: 7802: 7751: 7741: 7576: 7450: 7446: 7398: 7394: 7106: 6916: 6671: 6488: 6484: 6241: 6081: 5851: 5818: 5814: 5808: 5576: 5544: 5538: 5229: 4807: 4253: 3384: 3044: 2838: 2767: 2555: 2547: 2539: 2527: 2413: 1760: 1029: 532: 326: 9380: 7350: 6191: 5635: 5614:

Le leggi di Hammurabi re di Babilonia (a. 2285-2242 a. C.) con prefazione e note

4639: 1842: 12953: 12936: 12921: 12567: 12367: 12216: 11899: 11763: 11657: 11603: 11137: 10133: 9170: 9110: 9055: 9040: 8903: 8888: 8599: 8411: 8399: 8379: 8367: 7618: 7197: 7152: 7110: 7093: 7077: 7058: 6840:"Judicial Authority in backlit Perspective:Judges in the Old Babylonian Period" 6622: 6378: 6187: 5982: 5965: 5855: 5786: 5645: 5470: 5220: 2380:

argued the case for strong influence in a 1902 lecture, in one episode of the "

2373: 1864: 1829: 1047:); may he experience "the spilling of his life force like water" (3435'–3436': 988: 491: 307: 284: 8609: 7791:

Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Romanistische Abteilung

7283: 5862: 2069:

Martha Roth has shown that ideas of shame and honour motivated certain laws.

1599:šumma alpum sūqam ina alākišu awīlam ikkip-ma uštamīt dīnum šū rugummâm ul išu 668:

Scheil hypothesised that the stele had been taken to Susa by the Elamite king

567:, in Room 227 of the Richelieu wing. At the top is an image of Hammurabi with 13109: 13043: 12611: 12170: 12091: 12039: 11978: 11816: 11682: 9160: 9090: 9035: 9010: 8778: 8723: 8114: 7684: 7626: 7478: 7235: 6802: 6634: 6496: 6460: 6336: 5836: 5712: 5627: 4787: 2612: 2513: 2506: 2441: 2387: 2369: 2316: 2110: 2042:

something like "commoner". The penalties were not necessarily stricter for a

1695: 1070: 996: 992: 750: 420: 322: 306:—the "eye for an eye" principle—underlying the two collections. Debate among 236: 153: 8062: 7500: 7472: 7097: 6469:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 116 seq. 5912: 5517: 346: 12842: 12832: 12769: 12676: 12419: 12231: 12226: 12186: 12147: 11370: 10019: 9125: 8933: 8853: 8823: 8783: 8738: 8086: 7614: 7293: 6810: 6741: 6416: 6044: 5619: 5425: 5166: 4383: 3314: 2616: 2604: 2586: 2335: 2299: 2147: 1963: 1210:šumma awīlum awīlam ubbir-ma nērtam elišu iddi-ma lā uktīnšu mubbiršu iddâk 995:

whom Hammurabi implores to confuse any defacer of his stele, depicted on a

903: 782:

weak and the helpless", and even lauded a "wonderful modernity of spirit".

711: 495: 380: 314: 301: 280: 272: 7406: 6518:"A Collection of Model Court Cases from Old Babylonian Nippur (CBS 11324)" 5572:

Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary

4075: 4047: 2275:

can likewise denote the law in general as well as a kind of royal decree.

1824: 13033: 13021: 12742: 12696: 12648: 12595: 12590: 12454: 12409: 12082: 11867: 10877: 10781: 10562:

Madonna and Child with St John the Baptist and St Catherine of Alexandria

8970: 8753: 8584: 8190: 8178: 8126: 8094: 7604: 7578:

The Ancient Orient: An Introduction to the Study of the Ancient Near East

6994: 6751: 6703: 6245: 6109: 6085: 5904: 5745: 5653: 2559: 2551: 2498: 2464: 2437: 2354: 1729: 1683: 1679: 1505:

If an should blind the eye of another , they shall blind his eye. (196)

1424: 1270: 765: 404: 376: 291: 145: 79: 7369: 6967: 6951: 6533: 6212: 5478: 5454: 925:, literally the "black-headed people") and illuminate the land (40–44). 526:

acropolis in 1897–1898, four years before the Code was found at the site

12997: 12904: 12892: 12692: 12549: 12543: 12353: 12345: 12221: 12142: 12103: 12047: 9070: 7840: 7474:

Philosophy before the Greeks: The Pursuit of Truth in Ancient Babylonia

7085: 6901: 6011: 5083: 3694: 3208: 2484: 2395: 2365: 2084:; the first two laws of the stele prescribe punishments, determined by 2073: 1698:. The jurisprudence theory has gained much support within Assyriology. 1691: 839: 814: 804: 295: 276: 243: 174: 149: 4951: 4452: 1630:šumma awīlum elep šūšim īgur ina ūmim ištēn šuduš kaspam idīša inaddin 1035:... decree for him a life that is no better than death" (3486'–3508': 625:

The Louvre stele was found at the site of the ancient Elamite city of

12882: 12494: 12395: 12211: 12181: 12152: 11521: 11225:

Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta Appraised by Dante and Virgil

11169:

Ixion, King of the Lapiths, Deceived by Juno, Who He Wished to Seduce

10354: 9969:

Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta Appraised by Dante and Virgil

8044:, Department of Near Eastern Antiquities: Mesopotamia. Archived from 6454: 5401: 5211: 5154: 5106: 2620: 2570: 2566: 2543: 2510: 2476: 2448:

is not similar to the Code, or likely to have been influenced by it.

2445: 2425: 2403: 2358: 2157: 2135: 2124: 2115: 1785: 1720: 1336: 1253:šumma awīlum bītam ipluš ina pāni pilšim šuāti idukkūšu-ma iḫallalūšu 1138: 1054: 576: 480: 361: 354: 260: 255: 199: 109: 12992: 10686:

Portrait of Doña Isabel de Requesens y Enríquez de Cardona-Anglesola

6517: 6003: 4899: 12752: 12710: 12705: 12572: 12119: 7962: 7586: 7059:"Reading Mesopotamian Law Cases PBS 5 100: A Question of Filiation" 6892: 6873: 6839: 6038: 5570: 5395: 4492: 3496: 2480: 2457: 2421: 2376:

20:22–23:19, has been a subject of discussion since its discovery.

2165: 2091: 907: 883: 818: 691: 464: 396: 7659:

A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law (2 Volumes): Volumes 1 and 2

6231: 5047: 5035: 4851: 4332: 4011: 2558:(c. 1100 – c. 750) that led to the proliferation of the 2245:). However, some earlier translators, also seeking to explain the 2072:

The above principles are distant in spirit from modern systems of

12057: 11993: 8763: 7935: 5509: 5259:"The Civil Law, Volume I, The Opinions of Julius Paulus, Book II" 5171: 4361: 4359: 4281: 4108: 4106: 3978: 1687: 891: 683: 572: 568: 468: 388: 384: 365: 350: 251: 247: 187: 113: 8526: 4001: 3999: 3997: 2783: 2755: 1775:, "royal decree", which denotes a kind of enforced legislation. 655:). According to Scheil, the stele's fragments were found on the 12815: 12774: 12725: 12617: 12584: 11712: 10942:

Crucifixion with the Virgin Mary, St John and St Mary Magdalene

8557: 8041: 8029: 6567:

History Begins at Sumer: Thirty-Nine Firsts in Recorded History

5700: 3962: 3597: 3595: 2535: 2390:") debate on the influence of ancient Mesopotamian cultures on 2143: 1126: 1120: 1114: 1096: 899: 860: 843: 699: 695: 564: 330: 207: 123: 75: 71: 63: 9956:

Project for the Transformation of the Grande Galerie du Louvre

7994: 7526:

Leistung und Grenze sumerischer und babylonischer Wissenschaft

6192:"Hazor 18: Fragments of a Cuneiform Law Collection from Hazor" 5431: 5375: 4987: 4839: 4399: 4356: 4308: 4103: 4091: 3946: 2743: 2599:

There is a relief portrait of Hammurabi over the doors to the

254:

and god of justice. Below the relief are about 4,130 lines of

12687: 12623: 12372: 9894:

Camillus Handing the Falerian Schoolmaster over to his Pupils

6522:

Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie

4667: 4520: 4063: 3994: 3754: 3113: 3060: 2350: 1132: 910: 846: 807:: Owen Jenkins, for example, but even Charles Souvay for the 687: 575:

and god of justice. Below the image are about 4,130 lines of

560: 392: 210: 126: 67: 11490: 10140:

Venus and the Three Graces Presenting Gifts to a Young Woman

4963: 3766: 3592: 3580: 3556: 3000: 2882: 12794: 12747: 12578: 12555: 12067: 7903: 7836:

Gilgamesh Among Us: Modern Encounters with the Ancient Epic

5810:

The Babylonian Laws: Edited with Translation and Commentary

5413: 5302:

The Documentary History of Insurance, 1000 B.C. – 1875 A.D.

4751: 4162: 4150: 3672: 3670: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2150:

given in the apodosis ("then" clause). The protasis begins

2080:, but some may be more familiar. One such principle is the 1802:) come closest. In contrast, numerous judgments cite royal 1274: 1057: 984: 919:). He was to rise like Shamash over the Mesopotamians (the 634: 626: 538:

The Royal City (left) and Acropolis (right) of Susa in 2007

523: 453: 400: 231: 91: 87: 83: 6849:

Erste europäische Internetzeitschrift für Rechtsgeschichte

4863: 4679: 4174: 4023: 3520: 3224: 1875:. Others have provided their own versions of this theory. 1418:

devolution of marriage-gifts after wives' deaths (162–164)

798:

commended the "wise law-giver" and his "celebrated code".

757:

in 1903, and in Italian by Pietro Bonfante, also in 1903.

13130:

Near Eastern and Middle Eastern antiquities in the Louvre

12629: 7690:

Die Gesetze Hammurabis, Königs von Babylon um 2250 v. Chr

7651:"Introduction: The Character of Ancient Near Eastern Law" 7030:"Mesopotamian Legal Traditions and the Laws of Hammurabi" 6186: 5267:. Translated by Scott, S.P. Central Trust Company. 1932. 4957: 4939: 4827: 4703: 4596: 4241: 3436: 3339: 3337: 2911: 2909: 2565:. The law of general average constitutes the fundamental 887: 645:

published the initial report in the fourth volume of the

7870: 7066:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

5741:

Writing, Law, and Kingship in Old Babylonian Mesopotamia

5455:"Bureaucracy: Weber's or Hammurabi's? Ideal or Ancient?" 5407: 4875: 4584: 4560: 4298: 4296: 4207: 4205: 4118: 3667: 3655: 3643: 3619: 3472: 3265: 3263: 3101: 2819: 2807: 2795: 2306:

and epilogues: the Code of Ur-Nammu has a prologue, the

1038:

sîn... balāṭam ša itti mūtim šitannu ana šīmtim lišīmšum

563:. The stele is now displayed on the ground floor of the 6106:

The Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon: About 2250 B.C.

5896: 5170:. Translated by Harper, Robert Francis (2nd ed.). 5065: 4763: 4572: 4480: 4468: 3912: 3910: 3897: 3895: 3882: 3880: 3867: 3865: 3778: 3732: 3730: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3448: 3302: 3202: 3176: 3089: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 1082:

ea... uznam u nēmeqam līṭeršu-ma ina mīšītim littarrūšu

442: 11114:

Pendant portraits of Marten Soolmans and Oopjen Coppit

10146:

A Young Man Being Introduced to the Seven Liberal Arts

10115:

Madonna and Child with Saint Peter and Saint Sebastian

8491:

CDLI's transliteration, normalisation, and translation

8433:"Code of Hammurabi – Pergamon Museum, Berlin, Germany" 5295: 5293: 5011: 4999: 4887: 4775: 4739: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4536: 4508: 4440: 4411: 4371: 4269: 3607: 3568: 3544: 3460: 3334: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3017: 3015: 2988: 2967: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2906: 2858: 2444:. However, even Van De Mieroop acknowledges that most 2402:

tablets of casuistic cuneiform law have been found at

1960:

One principle widely accepted to underlie the Code is

1158:

primarily from documents other than the Louvre stele.

12981: 11187:

The Virgin and Child Surrounded by the Holy Innocents

10330:

The Doge on the Bucintoro near the Riva di Sant'Elena

5023: 4915: 4691: 4655: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4344: 4293: 4202: 3275: 3260: 3142: 3140: 3079: 3077: 3075: 1044:ūmī warḫī šanāt palēšu ina tānēḫim u dimmatim lišaqti 12666: 11453:

Christopher Columbus Before the Council of Salamanca

9720:

Equestrian Portrait of Joachim Murat, King of Naples

8729:

Land grant to Marduk-apla-iddina I by Meli-Shipak II

7442:

A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000 – 323 BC

7351:"Concerning the Horned Cap of the Mesopotamian Gods" 6699:

Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization

5281:

TITLE VII. ON THE LEX RHODIA. It is provided by the

4975: 4927: 4727: 4627: 4548: 4320: 4190: 4035: 3907: 3892: 3877: 3862: 3850: 3838: 3826: 3727: 3710: 3682: 3631: 3532: 3292: 3290: 3164: 3152: 3125: 2938: 2278: 6633:. Vol. 1: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures. 6412:

Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters

6277:"The Code of Hammurabi, Compared with American Law" 5983:"Ammiṣaduqa's Edict and the Babylonian "Law Codes"" 5290: 4608: 3814: 3802: 3790: 3742: 3508: 3484: 3248: 3236: 3027: 3012: 2921: 2870: 2538:in approximately 1000 to 800 BC as a member of the 2481:

only required to pay one-half the value of the ship

2341: 10417:Holy Family with the Family of St John the Baptist 9431:The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons 9313:The Attributes of Music, the Arts and the Sciences 8145: 7908:"RIME 4.03.06.add21 (Laws of Hammurapi) composite" 5147: 5099: 4715: 4423: 3404: 3137: 3072: 2894: 2330:Laws, whose format is largely relative ("a man who 1942:, who decades earlier called this way of thinking 230:The stele was rediscovered in 1901 at the site of 8091:"Miss Hammurabi (Original Television Soundtrack)" 7930: 7182:"The Code of Hammurabi and the Laws of Moses. II" 3287: 2731: 2364:The relationship of the Code of Hammurabi to the 1510:šumma awīlum īn mār awīlim uḫtappid īnšu uḫappadū 1085:). Gods and goddesses are invoked in this order: 206:. The primary copy of the text is inscribed on a 194:. It is written in the Old Babylonian dialect of 13041: 10498:Saints Bernardino of Siena and Louis of Toulouse 9146:Statue of the Tiber river with Romulus and Remus 7137:"The Code of Hammurabi and the Laws of Moses. I" 6912:Hammurabi's Laws: Text, Translation and Glossary 6190:; Oshima, Takayoshi; Vukosavović, Filip (2012). 5869: 5575:. Illustrated by Tessa Rickards (2nd ed.). 5142:238. If a skipper wrecks ... money to its owner. 3502: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2576: 2102:... of all theological or even ceremonial law". 271:. Their scope is broad, including, for example, 11429:Street Scene near the El Ghouri Mosque in Cairo 11416:Francis I, Charles V and the Duchess of Étampes 10568:Madonna and Child with St Rose and St Catherine 6990:Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor 6736: 6160:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 5847:The Hammurabi Code and the Sinaitic Legislation 5199:§238. If a boatman sink ... one-half its value. 4017: 2006:(female), are mentioned throughout the Code. A 1066:adad... zunnī ina šamê mīlam ina nagbim līṭeršu 9714:Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa 8398: 8366: 7467: 7435: 7383: 5419: 5387: 5363: 5246:238. If a sailor wreck ... its value in money. 5077: 5053: 5041: 4993: 4857: 4845: 4757: 4649: 4405: 4365: 4338: 4314: 4287: 4263: 4235: 4112: 4097: 4081: 4069: 4005: 3940: 3760: 3586: 3066: 3054: 2789: 2777: 2761: 2749: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2216: 2210: 2198: 2192: 2183: 2177: 2151: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1870: 1862: 1803: 1797: 1770: 1764: 1662: 1628: 1597: 1548: 1508: 1491: 1468: 1445: 1392: 1371: 1351: 1308: 1251: 1208: 1080: 1064: 1048: 1042: 1036: 1023: 1014: 1008: 971: 965: 954: 945: 939: 933: 920: 914: 821:, but this proposal has since been abandoned. 673:Hammurabi lived towards the end of his reign. 387:held little local sway; the local hegemon was 12510: 11506: 9621:Coresus Sacrificing Himself to Save Callirhoe 9602:Study (Young Male Nude Seated Beside the Sea) 9307:The Attributes of Civilian and Military Music 8542: 8318:Stark, Julie; McNeill, Heather, eds. (2016). 8113: 8085: 5641:Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods 5612: 2725:Art and Architecture of the World's Religions 2654: 2234: 2228: 2142:with the case detailed in the protasis ("if" 1227:stealing and receiving stolen property (6–13) 11096:The Archangel Raphael Leaving Tobias' Family 9789:Joan of Arc at the Coronation of Charles VII 9777:Don Pedro of Toledo Kissing Henry IV's Sword 9294:Vulcan Presenting Venus with Arms for Aeneas 8317: 7524: 6847: 5870:Elsen-Novák, Gabriele; Novák, Mirko (2006). 5452: 5335:"Duhaime's Timetable of World Legal History" 3984: 2381: 2240: 2222: 1943: 1856: 744: 660: 650: 580:reconstructed. It is 225 cm (7 ft 375:). He secured Babylonian dominance over the 10171:Portrait of Alof de Wignacourt and his Page 9807:Portrait of Madame Marcotte de Sainte-Marie 8497: 8177: 7234:. Vol. 4: Textes élamites-sémitiques. 6456:"Babylonian Law § Code of Khammurabi" 6226: 5980: 5803: 5093: 5073: 4833: 4817: 4685: 4673: 4053: 3772: 3700: 3601: 3562: 3526: 3230: 3214: 3050: 3006: 2888: 2832: 2813: 2801: 2773: 2407: 2085: 1969: 1961: 1747: 1422: 1305:give interest payments for that year. (48) 1184:Offences against the administration of law 854: 734: 299: 12517: 12503: 11513: 11499: 8549: 8535: 8430: 7829: 6908: 5937:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5565: 5396:Hammurabi Human Rights Organization (n.d.) 5204: 4945: 4590: 3442: 3426: 1576:theft of agricultural implements (259–260) 768:included Hammurabi in the first volume of 414: 353:territory before (red) and after (orange) 242:The top of the stele features an image in 29: 10593:Portrait of Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta 8261: 7645: 7571: 7541: 7519: 7348: 6952:"Work and Wages in the Code of Hammurabi" 6891: 6692: 6292: 5383: 5210: 5153: 5105: 4958:Horowitz, Oshima & Vukosavović (2012) 4881: 4869: 4709: 4602: 4566: 4393: 4389: 4377: 4247: 4227: 4136: 4124: 3932: 3422: 2127:signs themselves are "vertically arranged 1459:adoption and nursing of infants (185–194) 1385:remarriage in husbands' absence (133–136) 879:... which sounds very like braggadocio". 608: in) high and 60 cm (1 ft 11384:Displaying the Body of Saint Bonaventure 11302:Christ on the Cross Adored by Two Donors 10923:Portrait of the Artist Holding a Thistle 10260:Allegory of Isabella d'Este's Coronation 9758:Normandy Thatched Cottage, Old Trouville 9504:Entry of the Crusaders in Constantinople 9455:Portrait of Madame Marie-Louise Trudaine 8290: 8262:Scharping, Nathaniel (1 December 2020). 8210:Rattini, Kristin Baird (22 April 2019). 8159:University of Chicago Oriental Institute 8034:"Law Code of Hammurabi, king of Babylon" 7683: 6949: 5686: 5609: 5367: 5327: 3972: 3454: 3308: 3158: 3131: 2585:The relief portrait of Hammurabi in the 2580: 2345: 2293: 2114:The text. The arrangement of the Code's 2109: 1955: 1823: 1573:hire of agricultural labourers (257–258) 1339:and pledge of persons for debt (113–119) 983: 833: 721: 345: 10492:Saints Bonaventure and Anthony of Padua 9850:The Card Sharp with the Ace of Diamonds 9256:Gabrielle d'Estrées et une de ses sœurs 8209: 8060: 7718:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Studies 7255:"The Law of Hammurabi and its Audience" 7252: 7179: 7134: 6837: 6274: 5843: 5734: 5634: 5540:Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia 5536: 5379: 5224:. Translated by King, Leonard William. 5127:Records of the Past Exploration Society 5069: 4893: 4821: 4801: 4769: 4578: 4486: 4446: 4417: 4259: 4231: 4168: 4156: 4140: 4057: 4029: 3968: 3936: 3704: 3478: 3430: 3378: 3362: 3358: 3343: 2848: 2098:themselves bear "an astonishing absence 2036:meaning something like "gentleman" and 1406:liability of spouses for debt (151–152) 1010:dīnāt mīšarim ša ḫammurabi... ukinnu-ma 886:of Hammurabi's royal authority (1–49). 13042: 12524: 11339:Still Life of a Lamb's Head and Flanks 8794:Quintus Marcius trilingual inscription 8234: 8165:from the original on 28 September 2021 8073:from the original on 15 September 2018 8028: 7740: 7728:from the original on 19 September 2021 7390:King Hammurabi of Babylon: A Biography 7316: 7281: 7259:Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities 7224: 7099:Everyday Life in Babylonia and Assyria 6868: 6560: 6355: 6313: 6102: 6073: 6033: 5945: 5778: 5497: 5391: 5089: 5029: 5017: 5005: 4981: 4969: 4554: 4542: 4275: 3952: 3538: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3374: 3366: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3281: 3269: 3242: 3198: 3194: 3182: 3146: 3119: 3107: 3095: 3083: 2961: 2900: 2737: 2700:Civilizations of the Ancient Near East 2637:History of institutions in Mesopotamia 2066:could be of higher rank than another. 1673: 1647:warranties on sale of slaves (278–279) 1499:assaults causing miscarriage (209–214) 364:(or Hammurapi), the sixth king of the 12883:Commodity theory of money (Metallism) 12498: 11494: 11333:Portrait of the Marquise de la Solana 9868:Saint Sebastian Tended by Saint Irene 9564:A Young Tiger Playing with Its Mother 9222: 8631: 8568: 8530: 8235:Renger, Johannes M. (27 March 2020). 7982:from the original on 27 February 2021 7950:from the original on 11 February 2021 7936:"Prewitt-Allen Archaeological Museum" 7890:from the original on 16 February 2021 7784: 7603: 7130:from the original on 30 January 2005. 7105:. Illustrated by Helen N. Fairfield. 7092: 7027: 6986: 6784: 6772:from the original on 6 September 2017 6724:from the original on 26 February 2021 6655: 6592: 6515: 6473: 6449: 6405: 6240:Semitic Studies (45) (3rd ed.). 6174:from the original on 27 February 2021 6142: 5892:from the original on 1 November 2018. 5524:from the original on 29 December 2022 5445: 5432:International Court of Justice (2014) 5376:International Court of Justice (2014) 4933: 4921: 4909: 4905: 4813: 4797: 4793: 4781: 4733: 4697: 4661: 4645: 4633: 4621: 4530: 4526: 4514: 4502: 4498: 4474: 4462: 4458: 4434: 4350: 4326: 4302: 4223: 4211: 4184: 4144: 4085: 4041: 3988: 3956: 3928: 3916: 3901: 3886: 3871: 3856: 3844: 3832: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3784: 3748: 3736: 3721: 3688: 3676: 3661: 3649: 3637: 3625: 3613: 3574: 3550: 3514: 3490: 3466: 3410: 3370: 3296: 3254: 3218: 3170: 3038: 3021: 2994: 2973: 2932: 2915: 2876: 2864: 2852: 2844: 2675: 2526:("Rhodian law") that articulates the 2289: 898:, granted rulership over humanity to 882:The 300-line prologue begins with an 10556:The Battle Between Love and Chastity 10398:Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata 10367:The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne 10317:Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata 10134:Three Scenes from the Life of Esther 9726:Napoléon on the Battlefield of Eylau 9419:The Intervention of the Sabine Women 8455: 8443:from the original on 8 February 2021 8404:"Gift of Iraq to the United Nations" 8278:from the original on 25 January 2021 7902: 7711: 7387:(2005). Van De Mieroop, Marc (ed.). 7304:from the original on 25 January 2021 7212:from the original on 27 October 2021 7167:from the original on 27 October 2021 7056: 6974:from the original on 30 October 2021 6937:from the original on 28 October 2021 6856:from the original on 28 October 2021 6825:from the original on 27 October 2021 6656:North, Robert (1993). "Abraham". In 6625:(1958). "The Code of Hammurabi". In 6621: 6548:from the original on 28 October 2021 6503:from the original on 7 December 2020 6437:from the original on 28 October 2021 6393:from the original on 27 October 2021 6320:The Oldest Code of Laws in the World 6262:from the original on 28 October 2021 5948:"The Laws of Moses and of Hammurabi" 5597:from the original on 28 October 2021 5485:from the original on 30 October 2021 5371: 5216:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 5159:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 5111:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 4745: 4721: 4196: 4180: 2671: 1570:theft of fodder by tenants (253–256) 1298:offences connected with houses (b–k) 762:The Oldest Code of Laws in the World 717: 9924:Landscape with Orpheus and Eurydice 8899:Cosmetic Spoon: Young Girl Swimming 8372:"Replica of The Codes of Hammurabi" 7976:Hammurabi Human Rights Organization 7964:Hammurabi Human Rights Organization 7918:from the original on 8 January 2021 7379:from the original on 7 August 2021. 7015:from the original on 5 October 2022 6222:from the original on 7 August 2021. 6029:from the original on 25 March 2022. 2118:was antiquated when it was written. 1650:purchase of slaves abroad (280–281) 1585:hire of beasts and wagons (268–272) 1400:maintenance of sick wives (148–149) 1379:definition of "married woman" (128) 1376:-priestesses or married women (127) 953:Hammurabi repeatedly calls himself 741:Reports of the Delegation to Persia 647:Reports of the Delegation to Persia 13: 13125:Archaeological discoveries in Iran 11552:Accidental death and dismemberment 11327:Portrait of Ferdinand Guillemardet 11308:Portrait of Antonio de Covarrubias 10643:Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione 10537:Mystic Marriage of Saint Catherine 10392:The Healing of Justinian the Canon 10241:Mystic Marriage of Saint Catherine 8386:from the original on 19 April 2022 8291:Schwartz, Amy E. (15 April 1993). 8016:from the original on 7 August 2021 7714:"Towards a definition of muškênum" 7581:. Translated by Schley, Donald G. 7323:Documents from Old Testament Times 7231:Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse 6301:from the original on 15 March 2021 5722:from the original on 7 August 2021 2702:. Hendrickson. pp. 901, 908. 2697: 2609:Headquarters of the United Nations 2520:in 235 AD was included about the 1539:shipbuilders and boatmen (234–240) 1403:gifts from husbands to wives (150) 1233:harbouring fugitive slaves (15–20) 1147:Enlil, a second time (3636'–3641') 746:Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse 652:Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse 319:headquarters of the United Nations 14: 13146: 12860:Akkadian standards of measurement 11083:The Vegetable Market in Amsterdam 10948:Madonna and Child with Two Donors 9534:The Murder of the Bishop of Liège 8556: 8517:Harper's translation (Wikisource) 8484: 8305:from the original on 7 March 2023 8249:from the original on 27 June 2015 8197:from the original on 6 March 2021 8101:from the original on 7 March 2023 7772:from the original on 7 March 2023 7269:from the original on 7 March 2023 7044:from the original on 24 June 2021 6909:Richardson, Mervyn E. R. (2004). 6667:The Oxford Companion to the Bible 6130:from the original on 7 April 2022 5919:from the original on 7 March 2023 5813:. Vol. 1: Legal Commentary. 5766:from the original on 2 March 2021 5674:from the original on 3 March 2021 5453:Alkadry, Mohamad G. (2002–2003). 5271:from the original on 24 June 2021 5189:from the original on 13 June 2021 5121:(3). Translated by Sommer, Otto. 2279:Relation to other law collections 1432:succession amongst sons (166–167) 1342:safe custody or deposit (120–126) 941:ḫammurabi rē'ûm nibīt enlil anāku 729:, first modern editor of the Code 13027: 13015: 13003: 12991: 12669: 11678:Directors and officers liability 11475: 11474: 11012:Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam 10791:(also attributed to Giorgione); 9875:Philippe de Champaigne 9862:Magdalene with the Smoking Flame 8734:Land grant to Munnabittu kudurru 8456:Mark, Joshua J. (24 June 2021). 8418:from the original on 10 May 2021 7633:from the original on 21 May 2022 7507:from the original on 11 May 2021 7423:from the original on 12 May 2023 6879:The American Journal of Theology 6576:University of Pennsylvania Press 6343:from the original on 8 June 2021 5897:Equitable Trust Company (1910). 5782:The Codes of Hammurabi and Moses 5251: 5236:from the original on 10 May 2021 2722: 2493:(533), the second volume of the 2342:Mosaic, Graeco-Roman, and modern 2018:was a male/female slave. As for 1849: 1812:held that this strengthened the 1719: 1710: 1588:hire of seasonal labourers (273) 1450:-class women to slaves (175–176) 1435:disinheritance of sons (168–169) 531: 515: 165: 13115:1901 archaeological discoveries 12546:(W. Mesoamerica & N. Andes) 11151:Helena Fourment with a Carriage 11031:Card Players in a Rich Interior 10700:The Incredulity of Saint Thomas 10661:Saint Michael Vanquishing Satan 10587:Piero della Francesca 9937:Pietà of Villeneuve-lès-Avignon 9658:The Woman with a Gambling Mania 8632: 8470:from the original on 4 May 2023 8133:from the original on 6 May 2021 7817:from the original on 5 May 2021 6874:"Review: The Code of Hammurabi" 6609:from the original on 2 May 2021 6061:from the original on 2 May 2021 6047:: CDL Press. pp. 127–137. 5459:Public Administration Quarterly 5408:Architect of the Capitol (n.d.) 2979: 2550:and emergence of the purported 2188:can also have the sense "but". 1361:Marriage, family, and property 950:delayed to the very end (291). 676: 506: 11057:The Money Changer and His Wife 10077:Antonello da Messina 9844:The Adoration of the Shepherds 9708:Bonaparte at the Pont d'Arcole 9096:Hercules and the lion of Nemea 8335:Medical Center. Archived from 8007:International Court of Justice 7996:International Court of Justice 7349:Van Buren, E. Douglas (1943). 6999:Society of Biblical Literature 5744:. Translated by Todd, Jane M. 5066:Equitable Trust Company (1910) 3503:Elsen-Novák & Novák (2006) 3203:Equitable Trust Company (1910) 2727:. Greenwood Press. p. 35. 2716: 2691: 2625:International Court of Justice 1763:. There is also evidence that 1701: 1199:falsification of judgement (5) 1016:awīlum ḫablum ša awātam iraššû 490:, even compared to those from 371:, ruled from 1792 to 1750 BC ( 298:. Scholars quickly identified 1: 12863: 12811:List of historical currencies 12716:Central bank digital currency 11520: 11157:Helena Fourment with Children 10910:Triptych of the Sedano family 9950:Principal Monuments of France 9795:Mademoiselle Caroline Rivière 9223: 8976:Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus 8894:Bronze Sphinx of Thutmose III 8293:"The Louvre and the Lawgiver" 6950:Rositani, Annunziata (2017). 6696:(1977). Reiner, Erica (ed.). 5622:: Società Editrice Libraria. 4018:Oppenheim & Reiner (1959) 2642: 2577:Reception outside Assyriology 2534:established on the island of 1819: 1582:duties of shepherds (262–267) 1530:veterinary surgeons (224–225) 813:, who opined that unlike the 336: 44: 12917:Standard of deferred payment 12445:Savings and loan association 11070:Diptych of an elderly couple 11018:Portrait of Nicolaus Kratzer 10637:Madonna with the Blue Diadem 10247:Venus and Cupid with a Satyr 9437:The Loves of Paris and Helen 9181:Winged Victory of Samothrace 9151:The Exaltation of the Flower 8704:Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II 8569: 7876:"Hammurabi, Relief Portrait" 7803:10.7767/zrgra.1999.116.1.580 7253:Slanski, Kathryn E. (2012). 7186:Baptist Review and Expositor 7141:Baptist Review and Expositor 6451:Johns, Claude Hermann Walter 5991:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 5510:American Sunday-School Union 2685: 2495:codification of laws ordered 2357:, depicted in the Byzantine 1832:display of tablets from the 1295:care of date orchards (60–a) 341: 7: 11878:Insurance-linked securities 11200:Dune Landscape near Haarlem 11126:Saint Matthew and the Angel 10961:Madonna of Chancellor Rolin 10667:Self-Portrait with a Friend 10279:An Old Man and his Grandson 10014:The Embarkation for Cythera 9918:The Inspiration of the Poet 9813:Portrait of Monsieur Bertin 9577:Bonaparte Crossing the Alps 9546:Portrait of Frédéric Chopin 9540:Orphan Girl at the Cemetery 9461:Portrait of Madame Récamier 9101:Judgement of Paris (mosaic) 9066:Dinos of the Gorgon Painter 7393:. Blackwell Ancient Lives. 6756:University of Chicago Press 6747:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary 6708:University of Chicago Press 6146:(1915). "Introduction". In 6114:University of Chicago Press 5981:Finkelstein, J. J. (1961). 5946:Everts, William W. (1920). 5844:Edwards, Chilperic (1921). 5779:Davies, William W. (1905). 5750:University of Chicago Press 5658:University of Chicago Press 5176:University of Chicago Press 2630: 2518:Crisis of the Third Century 2285:List of ancient legal codes 2105: 1415:inchoate marriage (159–161) 1286:irrigation offences (53–56) 1242:looting burning houses (25) 1025:dannum enšam ana lā ḫabālim 979: 916:dannum enšam ana lā ḫabālim 866: 407:to gain their territories. 10: 13151: 11567:Total permanent disability 10987:Catharina Both-van der Eem 10713:Portrait of a Clad Warrior 10619:Angel Holding a Phylactery 10298:Adoration of the Shepherds 9615:Adoration of the Shepherds 9510:Liberty Leading the People 9413:The Coronation of Napoleon 9407:Andromache Mourning Hector 9269:Artists in Isabey's Studio 9131:Sarcophagus of the Spouses 9116:Marcellus as Hermes Logios 8839:Victory Stele of Naram-Sin 8774:Nazimaruttaš kudurru stone 8463:World History Encyclopedia 7547:Akkadisches Handwörterbuch 7483:Princeton University Press 7289:The Catholic Encyclopaedia 7198:10.1177/003463730400100207 7153:10.1177/003463730400100109 7078:10.1163/156852001320123092 6639:Princeton University Press 6572:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 6379:10.1177/001452460301400604 6200:Israel Exploration Journal 6103:Harper, Robert F. (1904). 5966:10.1177/003463732001700104 5506:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 5498:Barton, George A. (1916). 5471:10.1177/073491490202600303 5440: 2463:Law 238 stipulates that a 2386:" ("Babel and Bible", or " 2282: 2206:Akkadisches Handwörterbuch 2134:The laws are expressed in 1653:denial of mastership (282) 1453:remarriage of widows (177) 1441:widows' property (171–174) 1236:breaking and entering (21) 1144:All the gods (3620'–3635') 727:Father Jean-Vincent Scheil 418: 12803: 12686: 12664: 12639: 12604: 12532: 12470: 12322: 12307:Health insurance coverage 12247: 12031: 11860: 11802: 11731: 11650: 11602: 11572:Business overhead expense 11537: 11528: 11470: 11438: 11399: 11285: 11276:Perseus Freeing Andromeda 11120:Philosopher in Meditation 10848: 10794:Saint Jerome in Penitence 10732:Birth of John the Baptist 10479:The Carrying of the Cross 10423:Saint Jerome in Penitence 10411:Christ Carrying the Cross 10184:The Sermon of St. Stephen 10053: 9498:The Death of Sardanapalus 9467:Portrait of Pope Pius VII 9233: 9229: 9218: 9189: 8952: 8914:Khonsuemheb and the Ghost 8862: 8642: 8638: 8627: 8575: 8564: 8063:"PERSIA the ANCIENT IRAN" 7968:"Organization Definition" 7180:Sampey, John R. (1904b). 7135:Sampey, John R. (1904a). 7028:Roth, Martha T. (1995b). 6987:Roth, Martha T. (1995a). 6275:Jenkins, Owen B. (1905). 5807:; Miles, John C. (1952). 5789:: Jennings & Graham. 5610:Bonfante, Pietro (1903). 5569:; Green, Anthony (1998). 5537:Bertman, Stephen (2003). 5094:Driver & Miles (1952) 5074:Driver & Miles (1952) 4834:Driver & Miles (1952) 4054:Driver & Miles (1952) 3773:Driver & Miles (1952) 3701:Driver & Miles (1952) 3602:Driver & Miles (1952) 3215:Driver & Miles (1952) 3051:Driver & Miles (1952) 3007:Driver & Miles (1952) 2889:Driver & Miles (1952) 2833:Driver & Miles (1952) 2814:Driver & Miles (1952) 2802:Driver & Miles (1952) 2774:Driver & Miles (1952) 2172:happen"—and instructive—" 1637: 1606: 1557: 1517: 1487:assaults on fathers (195) 1477: 1360: 1317: 1280:duties of farmers (42–48) 1260: 1217: 1183: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 829: 501: 164: 159: 140: 132: 119: 104: 55: 40: 28: 23: 13080:Ancient Near East steles 12900:Quantity theory of money 12721:Chattel/movable property 11708:Protection and indemnity 11251:van der Weyden 10826:The Battle of San Romano 10764:The Entombment of Christ 10758:The Crowning with Thorns 10631:Holy Family of Francis I 10580:Young Saint with a Sword 10070:Coronation of the Virgin 9752:The Flood of Saint-Cloud 8719:Investiture of Zimri-Lim 7884:Architect of the Capitol 7872:Architect of the Capitol 7845:Cornell University Press 7282:Souvay, Charles (1910). 6803:10.1177/0025817216646038 6593:Kraus, Fritz R. (1960). 5543:(illustrated ed.). 5501:Archæology and the Bible 5339:Duhaime's Law Dictionary 3443:Black & Green (1998) 3427:Black & Green (1998) 2647: 2516:at the beginning of the 2298:Prologue to the Code of 2082:presumption of innocence 1616:wages of craftsmen (274) 1409:murder of husbands (153) 1283:debts of farmers (49–52) 824: 629:. Susa is in modern-day 369:First Dynasty of Babylon 204:First Dynasty of Babylon 13050:First Babylonian Empire 12165:Explanation of benefits 11637:Variable universal life 11352:The Birth of the Virgin 11108:Landscape with a Castle 10121:Portrait of a Young Man 9771:The Apotheosis of Homer 9640:The 1821 Derby at Epsom 9516:Lion Devouring a Rabbit 9425:Leonidas at Thermopylae 9319:Boy with a Spinning-Top 9141:Sleeping Hermaphroditus 8714:Hurrian foundation pegs 8689:Bushel with ibex motifs 8242:Encyclopædia Britannica 8183:"Law Code of Hammurabi" 7756:Oxford University Press 7531:Die Welt Als Geschichte 7298:Robert Appleton Company 7034:Chicago-Kent Law Review 6956:Egitto e Vicino Oriente 6838:Pfeifer, Guido (2011). 6676:Oxford University Press 6466:Encyclopædia Britannica 6421:Charles Scribner's Sons 6361:"The Code of Hammurabi" 6294:2027/mdp.35112104105038 5549:Oxford University Press 2475:that saved a ship from 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2217: 2211: 2199: 2193: 2184: 2178: 2152: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1871: 1863: 1834:Library of Ashurbanipal 1804: 1798: 1771: 1765: 1690:; that it is a sort of 1663: 1629: 1619:hire of boats (275–277) 1598: 1549: 1509: 1492: 1469: 1446: 1393: 1372: 1352: 1333:fraud by couriers (112) 1327:loans and trade (l–107) 1309: 1292:cutting down trees (59) 1289:cattle trespass (57–58) 1252: 1209: 1152: 1081: 1065: 1050:tabāk napištišu kīma mê 1049: 1043: 1037: 1024: 1015: 1009: 972: 966: 955: 946: 940: 934: 921: 915: 753:in 1902, in English by 659:of the Susa acropolis ( 415:Earlier law collections 213:2.25 m (7 ft 13085:18th-century BC steles 12959:Complementary currency 12888:Credit theory of money 12848:Depository institution 12302:Health insurance costs 11703:Professional liability 11175:Marie de' Medici cycle 10606:Portrait of a Princess 10466:Triumph of the Virtues 10448:Madonna della Vittoria 10361:Saint John the Baptist 10304:Marriage of the Virgin 9912:The Funeral of Phocion 9819:Roger Freeing Angelica 9801:Oedipus and the Sphinx 9664:The Wounded Cuirassier 9652:The Raft of the Medusa 9583:The Children of Edward 9362:The Toilette of Esther 9282:The Brunette Odalisque 8789:Phoenician metal bowls 8498: 7863: 7785:Yaron, Reuven (2013). 7610:The Outline of History 7525: 7332:Thomas Nelson and Sons 6848: 5879:Baghdader Mitteilungen 5613: 2593: 2408: 2382: 2361: 2302: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2119: 2086: 1970: 1962: 1944: 1929: 1907: 1896: 1857: 1837: 1748: 1579:hire of herdsmen (261) 1456:sacral women (178–184) 1423: 1007:... has established" ( 1000: 976:) and the laws begin. 855: 849: 771:The Outline of History 745: 735: 730: 661: 651: 522:The excavation of the 358: 300: 13090:Akkadian inscriptions 13075:Ancient Near East law 12942:Digital gold currency 12158:Out-of-pocket expense 12019:Workers' compensation 11673:Collateral protection 11663:Business interruption 11257:Annunciation Triptych 11212:Storm Off a Sea Coast 11102:Bathsheba at Her Bath 10936:Charles I at the Hunt 10770:Madonna of the Rabbit 10726:Adoration of the Magi 9646:The Charging Chasseur 9528:The Massacre at Chios 9443:Minerva Fighting Mars 8919:Raherka and Meresankh 8909:Great Sphinx of Tanis 8814:Stele of the Vultures 8684:Baal with Thunderbolt 8679:Assyrian lion weights 8595:Pavillon de l'Horloge 8061:Majdfar, Ali (n.d.). 7712:Wohl, Howard (1968). 7619:The Macmillan Company 7407:10.1002/9780470696095 7057:Roth, Martha (2001). 6844:Forum Historiae Iuris 6631:The Ancient Near East 6516:Klein, Jacob (2007). 6233:A Grammar of Akkadian 6157:The Code of Hammurabi 5420:United Nations (n.d.) 5388:United Nations (n.d.) 5364:United Nations (1985) 5078:Van De Mieroop (2016) 5054:Van De Mieroop (2016) 5042:Van De Mieroop (2016) 4994:Van De Mieroop (2016) 4858:Van De Mieroop (2016) 4846:Van De Mieroop (2016) 4758:Van De Mieroop (2016) 4650:Van De Mieroop (2016) 4406:Van De Mieroop (2016) 4366:Van De Mieroop (2016) 4339:Van De Mieroop (2016) 4315:Van De Mieroop (2016) 4288:Van De Mieroop (2016) 4264:Van De Mieroop (2016) 4236:Van De Mieroop (2016) 4113:Van De Mieroop (2016) 4098:Van De Mieroop (2016) 4082:Van De Mieroop (2016) 4070:Van De Mieroop (2016) 4006:Van De Mieroop (2016) 3941:Van De Mieroop (2016) 3761:Van De Mieroop (2016) 3587:Van De Mieroop (2005) 3067:Van De Mieroop (2016) 3055:Van De Mieroop (2016) 2790:Van De Mieroop (2007) 2778:Van De Mieroop (2007) 2762:Van De Mieroop (2007) 2750:Van De Mieroop (2007) 2584: 2490:Digesta seu Pandectae 2353:receiving the law on 2349: 2297: 2140:conditional sentences 2113: 1956:Underlying principles 1911: 1897: 1885: 1827: 1814:argument from silence 1196:false testimony (3–4) 1105:Shamash (3459'–3485') 987: 837: 810:Catholic Encyclopedia 796:Charles Francis Horne 776:ultra-long chronology 764:. The English writer 725: 349: 269:conditional sentences 16:Babylonian legal text 12821:Coincidence of wants 12641:Representative money 12381:Corpus Juris Civilis 11163:Hercules and Omphale 11044:The Four Evangelists 10442:Judgement of Solomon 10386:Barbadori Altarpiece 10349:La belle ferronnière 10083:Christ at the Column 9982:A Mediterranean Port 9856:Joseph the Carpenter 9831:The Valpinçon Bather 9739:Jeune fille en buste 9176:Winged Lion of Vulci 9121:Nazareth Inscription 8769:Nazareth Inscription 8674:Amarna letter EA 367 8669:Amarna letter EA 365 8664:Amarna letter EA 364 8659:Amarna letter EA 362 8333:University of Kansas 8268:discovermagazine.com 8212:"Who was Hammurabi?" 8119:"Titans of Creation" 7906:(10 December 2019). 7831:Ziolkowski, Theodore 7469:Van De Mieroop, Marc 7437:Van De Mieroop, Marc 7385:Van De Mieroop, Marc 7226:Scheil, Jean-Vincent 6791:Medico-Legal Journal 6785:Pearn, John (2016). 6702:(revised ed.). 6641:. pp. 138–167. 6366:The Expository Times 6088:. pp. 105–121. 5953:Review and Expositor 5650:Van De Mieroop, Marc 5581:British Museum Press 4908:, pp. 295–296; 4461:, pp. 295–296; 4396:, pp. 146, 158. 4234:, pp. 166–167; 4143:, pp. 163–164; 3429:, pp. 102–103; 3397:, pp. 601–602; 2847:, pp. 295–296; 2546:during the proposed 2503:Eastern Roman Empire 2308:Code of Lipit-Ishtar 1980:equal before the law 1496:-class men (196–208) 1330:innkeeping (108–111) 1173:Specific provisions 961:ancient Near Eastern 800:James Henry Breasted 450:Code of Lipit-Ishtar 202:, sixth king of the 13095:Akkadian literature 12969:Time-based currency 12440:Rochdale Principles 12435:Mutual savings bank 12430:Mutual organization 12415:Cooperative banking 12332:Mesopotamian banker 11612:Longevity insurance 10891:Lamentation (Pietà) 10839:The Wedding at Cana 10800:Woman with a Mirror 10625:La belle jardinière 10373:Virgin of the Rocks 10159:Death of the Virgin 10032:Jupiter and Antiope 9492:The Bride of Abydos 9486:The Barque of Dante 9449:Oath of the Horatii 9394:The Bridge at Narni 9197:Harbaville Triptych 9061:Diana of Versailles 9046:Boscoreale Treasure 9026:Borghese Collection 8981:Antinous Mondragone 8872:Gebel el-Arak Knife 8844:Worshipper of Larsa 8829:Tiara of Saitaferne 8804:Statue of Iddi-Ilum 8744:Manishtushu Obelisk 8458:"Code of Hammurabi" 8431:Waymarking (n.d.). 8298:The Washington Post 8245:(online ed.). 8216:National Geographic 7663:Leiden, Netherlands 7537:: 411–505, 509–557. 7328:Edinburgh, Scotland 6627:Pritchard, James B. 6534:10.1515/ZA.2007.001 6475:Johns, Claude H. W. 6407:Johns, Claude H. W. 6357:Johns, Claude H. W. 6325:Edinburgh, Scotland 6315:Johns, Claude H. W. 6281:American Law Review 5115:Records of the Past 5056:, pp. 153–154. 5044:, pp. 152–153. 4860:, pp. 144–145. 4341:, pp. 166–167. 4262:, pp. 173ff.; 4171:, pp. 163–164. 4159:, pp. 171–172. 4032:, pp. 180–181. 4020:, pp. 150–153. 3985:Alkadry (2002–2003) 3679:, pp. 136–140. 3664:, pp. 135–136. 3652:, pp. 134–135. 3628:, pp. 133–134. 3505:, pp. 148–149. 2792:, pp. 111–113. 2780:, pp. 111–113. 2764:, pp. 100–104. 2674:'s line numbering, 2591:Thomas Hudson Jones 2569:that underlies all 2542:, plausibly by the 2431:David Winton Thomas 2378:Friedrich Delitzsch 2368:, specifically the 1781:Marc Van De Mieroop 1674:Theories of purpose 1193:false charges (1–2) 1179:Example (Akkadian) 1163: 1093:Enlil (3395'–3422') 784:John Dyneley Prince 643:Jean-Vincent Scheil 12838:Clearinghouse bank 12526:Medium of exchange 12192:Insurable interest 11693:Payment protection 11594:Payment protection 10904:Cervara Altarpiece 10550:Apollo and Daphnis 10235:Allegory of Virtue 10165:The Fortune Teller 9995:Allegory of Wealth 9689:The Father's Curse 9250:Diana the Huntress 9202:Lampsacus Treasure 9031:Borghese Gladiator 9016:Athena of Velletri 9006:Apollo Sauroctonos 9001:Apollo of Piombino 8944:Statue of Karomama 8929:Tomb of Akhethetep 8759:Namara inscription 8654:ʿAin Ghazal statue 8512:Johns' translation 8507:King's translation 8155:oi-db.uchicago.edu 8147:Oriental Institute 8048:on 5 December 2020 7697:: J. C. Hinrichs. 7655:Westbrook, Raymond 7647:Westbrook, Raymond 7573:von Soden, Wolfram 7551:Wiesbaden, Germany 7543:von Soden, Wolfram 7521:von Soden, Wolfram 7094:Saggs, Henry W. F. 6662:Coogan, Michael D. 6623:Meek, Theophile J. 5805:Driver, Godfrey R. 5736:Charpin, Dominique 5688:Breasted, James H. 5446:Books and journals 4818:Finkelstein (1961) 4686:Huehnergard (2011) 4674:Huehnergard (2011) 4501:, pp. 34ff.; 4290:, pp. 165ff.. 4226:, pp. 80ff.; 4056:, pp. 45ff.; 3787:, pp. 76–142. 3563:Huehnergard (2011) 3527:Huehnergard (2011) 3231:Finkelstein (1961) 3110:, pp. 13–162. 3053:, pp. 25–56; 2594: 2362: 2303: 2290:Other Mesopotamian 2120: 1945:Listenwissenschaft 1838: 1738:Napoléon Bonaparte 1536:builders (228–233) 1527:surgeons (215–223) 1438:legitimation (170) 1382:adultery (129–132) 1218:Property offences 1176:Example (English) 1161: 1111:Adad (3509'–3525') 1090:Anum (3387'–3394') 1001: 850: 731: 662:l'Acropole de Suse 631:Khuzestan Province 359: 263:, expressed as "if 246:of Hammurabi with 12979: 12978: 12964:Sectoral currency 12910:Market monetarism 12873:Code of Hammurabi 12662: 12661: 12654:Gold certificates 12492: 12491: 12337:Code of Hammurabi 12312:Vehicle insurance 12207:Replacement value 12099:Actual cash value 12063:Adverse selection 12053:Actuarial science 12027: 12026: 11959:Kidnap and ransom 11932:Extended warranty 11579:Income protection 11488: 11487: 11466: 11465: 11462: 11461: 10974:The Tree of Crows 10813:Pietà with Saints 10673:Small Holy Family 9900:Et in Arcadia ego 9695:The Village Bride 9683:The Broken Vessel 9677:The Bible Reading 9522:Mademoiselle Rose 9214: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9081:Furietti Centaurs 8924:Stela of Pasenhor 8878:The Seated Scribe 8809:Statue of Ebih-Il 8749:Masub inscription 8699:Code of Hammurabi 8623: 8622: 8605:Pyramide inversée 8590:Pavillon de Flore 8522:The Louvre's page 8402:(1 August 1985). 8342:on 7 August 2021. 8272:Discover Magazine 8222:on 12 August 2020 8005:(Press release). 7998:(29 April 2014). 7944:Corban University 7932:Corban University 7605:Wells, Herbert G. 7238:: Ernest Leroux. 6921:T. & T. Clark 6738:Oppenheim, A. Leo 6694:Oppenheim, A. Leo 6658:Metzger, Bruce M. 6562:Kramer, Samuel N. 6329:T. & T. Clark 6228:Huehnergard, John 6148:Horne, Charles F. 6144:Horne, Charles F. 6035:George, Andrew R. 5312:. 1915. pp. 4946:Ziolkowski (2012) 4748:, pp. 139ff. 4676:, pp. 49–50. 4591:Richardson (2004) 4477:, pp. 72–73. 4266:, pp. 165ff. 3775:, pp. 43–45. 3616:, pp. 80–81. 3604:, pp. 40–41. 3577:, pp. 77–80. 3565:, pp. 11–12. 3553:, pp. 76–77. 3481:, pp. 81–82. 3469:, pp. 22–23. 3393:, pp. v–vi; 3217:, p. 34ff.; 3185:, pp. 51–52. 3098:, pp. 11–12. 3009:, pp. 29–30. 2997:, pp. 21–22. 2976:, pp. 23–24. 2918:, pp. 15–16. 2891:, pp. 56–57. 2867:, pp. 36–39. 2752:, pp. 92–93. 2501:(527–565) of the 2454:United States law 2400:Middle Bronze Age 2215:was derived from 2138:format: they are 1978:Persons were not 1940:Wolfram von Soden 1810:Raymond Westbrook 1794:Benno Landsberger 1757:Code of Justinian 1671: 1670: 1533:barbers (226–227) 1518:Professional men 1388:divorce (137–143) 1108:Sin (3486'–3508') 890:, the Babylonian 718:Early scholarship 639:Jacques de Morgan 571:, the Babylonian 373:middle chronology 250:, the Babylonian 198:, purportedly by 192:ancient Near East 184:Code of Hammurabi 180: 179: 171:Code of Hammurabi 97:Replicas: various 49:middle chronology 24:Code of Hammurabi 13142: 13032: 13031: 13030: 13020: 13019: 13018: 13008: 13007: 13006: 12996: 12995: 12987: 12947:Virtual currency 12932:Digital currency 12868: 12865: 12828:Bureau de change 12679: 12674: 12673: 12672: 12605:Domestic animals 12602: 12601: 12519: 12512: 12505: 12496: 12495: 12450:Social insurance 12405:Friendly society 12297:Health insurance 12125:Short rate table 11873:Catastrophe bond 11774:Lenders mortgage 11535: 11534: 11515: 11508: 11501: 11492: 11491: 11478: 11477: 11449: 11425: 11412: 11380: 11367: 11358:The Young Beggar 11348: 11323: 11298: 11272: 11253: 11234: 11221: 11206:The Ray of Light 11196: 11181:The Village Fête 11147: 11092: 11079: 11066: 11053: 11040: 11027: 11008: 10983: 10970: 10957: 10932: 10919: 10900: 10887: 10874: 10861: 10835: 10822: 10809: 10788:Pastoral Concert 10776:Man with a Glove 10754: 10741: 10722: 10709: 10696: 10682: 10615: 10602: 10589: 10571:(with Ingegno); 10546: 10533: 10520: 10507: 10488: 10475: 10432: 10407: 10382: 10339: 10326: 10313: 10294: 10275: 10256: 10229:Allegory of Vice 10225: 10212: 10193: 10180: 10155: 10130: 10105: 10096:The Four Seasons 10092: 10079: 10066: 10010: 10001:Hesselin Madonna 9991: 9978: 9965: 9946: 9933: 9906:The Four Seasons 9890: 9877: 9840: 9825:The Turkish Bath 9783:Grande Odalisque 9767: 9748: 9735: 9704: 9673: 9636: 9611: 9598: 9589:The Young Martyr 9573: 9558:Women of Algiers 9482: 9403: 9390: 9377: 9350:Aline Chassériau 9346: 9303: 9278: 9265: 9246: 9231: 9230: 9220: 9219: 9136:Sleeping Ariadne 9086:Gladiator Mosaic 9051:Cupid and Psyche 8996:Apollo of Mantua 8991:Apollo Belvedere 8884:Banishment Stela 8834:Vase of Entemena 8694:Cippi of Melqart 8640: 8639: 8629: 8628: 8580:Louvre Colonnade 8566: 8565: 8551: 8544: 8537: 8528: 8527: 8501: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8408:unmultimedia.org 8395: 8393: 8391: 8363: 8357: 8353: 8351: 8343: 8341: 8326: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8258: 8256: 8254: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8218:. Archived from 8206: 8204: 8202: 8174: 8172: 8170: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8025: 8023: 8021: 8015: 8004: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7858: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7742:Wright, David P. 7737: 7735: 7733: 7708: 7695:Leipzig, Germany 7680: 7667:Brill Publishers 7642: 7640: 7638: 7600: 7583:Grand Rapids, MI 7568: 7538: 7528: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7464: 7445:(2nd ed.). 7432: 7430: 7428: 7380: 7378: 7355: 7345: 7318:Thomas, David W. 7313: 7311: 7309: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7249: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7131: 7129: 7104: 7089: 7063: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7024: 7022: 7020: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6905: 6895: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6851: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6689: 6678:. pp. 3–5. 6652: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6589: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6470: 6458: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6296: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6223: 6221: 6196: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6152:King, Leonard W. 6139: 6137: 6135: 6099: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6030: 6028: 5987: 5977: 5942: 5936: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5893: 5891: 5876: 5866: 5850:(3rd ed.). 5840: 5800: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5721: 5705:Ginn and Company 5698: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5644:. Translated by 5631: 5616: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5562: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5465:(3/4): 317–345. 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5384:Scharping (2020) 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5341:. Archived from 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5310:Prudential Press 5297: 5288: 5287: 5278: 5276: 5264:Constitution.org 5255: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5241: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5194: 5188: 5163: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5137: 5103: 5097: 5087: 5081: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4882:Westbrook (2003) 4879: 4873: 4872:, pp. 4ff.. 4870:Westbrook (2003) 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4811: 4805: 4791: 4785: 4784:, pp. 76ff. 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4710:von Soden (1972) 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4606: 4603:Oppenheim (1977) 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4567:Westbrook (2003) 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4524: 4518: 4517:, pp. 25ff. 4512: 4506: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4465:, pp. 13ff. 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4394:von Soden (1994) 4390:von Soden (1936) 4387: 4381: 4378:von Soden (1936) 4375: 4369: 4363: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4257: 4251: 4248:Oppenheim (1977) 4245: 4239: 4228:Oppenheim (1977) 4221: 4215: 4209: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4137:Oppenheim (1977) 4134: 4128: 4125:Westbrook (2003) 4122: 4116: 4110: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3992: 3982: 3976: 3966: 3960: 3950: 3944: 3933:Oppenheim (1977) 3926: 3920: 3914: 3905: 3899: 3890: 3884: 3875: 3869: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3725: 3719: 3708: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3423:Van Buren (1943) 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3388: 3382: 3356: 3347: 3341: 3332: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3212: 3206: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3025: 3019: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2936: 2930: 2919: 2913: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2695: 2679: 2669: 2532:marine insurance 2419: 2411: 2385: 2333: 2326:Laws and to the 2313:Code of Ur-Nammu 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2209:, proposed that 2202: 2196: 2187: 2181: 2155: 2130: 2101: 2089: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1973: 1967: 1947: 1927: 1905: 1894: 1877:A. Leo Oppenheim 1874: 1868: 1860: 1807: 1801: 1791: 1774: 1768: 1751: 1734:Byzantine Empire 1723: 1714: 1666: 1632: 1601: 1552: 1512: 1495: 1472: 1449: 1428: 1412:incest (154–158) 1397:-women (144–147) 1396: 1375: 1355: 1312: 1261:Land and houses 1255: 1239:burglary (22–24) 1212: 1164: 1160: 1102:Ea (3440'–3458') 1084: 1078: 1068: 1062: 1052: 1046: 1040: 1034: 1027: 1018: 1012: 1006: 975: 969: 967:kittam u mīšaram 958: 949: 943: 937: 931: 924: 918: 896:king of the gods 878: 873:ring composition 858: 748: 738: 670:Shutruk-Nakhunte 664: 654: 622: in) wide. 621: 620: 616: 613: 607: 606: 602: 599: 593: 592: 588: 585: 558: 557: 553: 550: 535: 519: 461:Laws of Eshnunna 439:Code of Ur-Nammu 305: 266: 227: in) tall. 226: 225: 221: 218: 169: 168: 46: 35:The Louvre stele 33: 21: 20: 13150: 13149: 13145: 13144: 13143: 13141: 13140: 13139: 13070:Comparative law 13040: 13039: 13038: 13028: 13026: 13016: 13014: 13004: 13002: 12990: 12982: 12980: 12975: 12927:Unit of account 12866: 12799: 12785:Promissory note 12763:Deposit account 12736:Cheque clearing 12690: 12682: 12675: 12670: 12668: 12658: 12635: 12600: 12568:Precious metals 12535: 12528: 12523: 12493: 12488: 12466: 12462:Insurance cycle 12425:Fraternal order 12318: 12249: 12243: 12202:Proximate cause 12197:Insurance fraud 12177:General average 12136:Claims adjuster 12078:Risk management 12073:Risk assessment 12037: 12034: 12023: 11989:Prize indemnity 11856: 11804: 11798: 11727: 11688:Over-redemption 11646: 11598: 11589:National health 11530: 11524: 11519: 11489: 11484: 11458: 11445: 11434: 11421: 11408: 11395: 11390:Saint Apollonia 11376: 11363: 11344: 11319: 11294: 11281: 11268: 11263:Braque Triptych 11249: 11230: 11217: 11192: 11143: 11088: 11075: 11062: 11049: 11036: 11023: 11004: 10999:The Lute Player 10979: 10966: 10953: 10928: 10915: 10896: 10883: 10870: 10857: 10844: 10831: 10818: 10805: 10750: 10737: 10718: 10705: 10692: 10678: 10611: 10598: 10585: 10542: 10529: 10516: 10503: 10484: 10471: 10460:Saint Sebastian 10428: 10403: 10378: 10335: 10322: 10309: 10290: 10271: 10252: 10221: 10208: 10189: 10176: 10151: 10126: 10109:Christ Blessing 10101: 10088: 10075: 10062: 10049: 10044:The Two Cousins 10006: 9987: 9974: 9961: 9942: 9929: 9886: 9881:Ex-Voto de 1662 9873: 9836: 9763: 9744: 9731: 9700: 9669: 9632: 9607: 9594: 9569: 9478: 9399: 9386: 9373: 9368:The Two Sisters 9342: 9299: 9274: 9261: 9242: 9225: 9206: 9185: 9106:Lady of Auxerre 9076:Eurytios Krater 9021:Barberini ivory 8986:Antioch mosaics 8961: 8948: 8939:Hunters Palette 8858: 8849:Yehawmilk Stele 8819:Stele of Zakkur 8799:Sidon Mithraeum 8709:Gudea cylinders 8647:and Middle East 8646: 8634: 8619: 8615:Medieval Louvre 8571: 8560: 8555: 8499:editio princeps 8487: 8482: 8473: 8471: 8446: 8444: 8421: 8419: 8389: 8387: 8355: 8354: 8345: 8344: 8339: 8329:Kansas City, KS 8324: 8308: 8306: 8281: 8279: 8252: 8250: 8225: 8223: 8200: 8198: 8168: 8166: 8136: 8134: 8123:music.apple.com 8104: 8102: 8076: 8074: 8067:pbase.com/k_amj 8051: 8049: 8019: 8017: 8013: 8002: 7985: 7983: 7953: 7951: 7921: 7919: 7893: 7891: 7866: 7861: 7855: 7820: 7818: 7775: 7773: 7766: 7752:Oxford, England 7731: 7729: 7705: 7677: 7636: 7634: 7613:. 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(1959). 6727: 6725: 6718: 6686: 6672:Oxford, England 6649: 6612: 6610: 6586: 6551: 6549: 6506: 6504: 6489:British Academy 6485:London, England 6440: 6438: 6431: 6396: 6394: 6346: 6344: 6304: 6302: 6265: 6263: 6256: 6242:Winona Lake, IN 6219: 6194: 6188:Horowitz, Wayne 6177: 6175: 6168: 6133: 6131: 6124: 6096: 6082:Winona Lake, IN 6064: 6062: 6055: 6026: 6004:10.2307/1359019 5985: 5930: 5929: 5922: 5920: 5889: 5874: 5856:Watts & Co. 5852:London, England 5829: 5819:Clarendon Press 5815:Oxford, England 5797: 5769: 5767: 5760: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5699:. Vol. 1. 5696: 5677: 5675: 5668: 5646:Bahrani, Zainab 5600: 5598: 5591: 5577:London, England 5559: 5545:Oxford, England 5527: 5525: 5488: 5486: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5368:Schwartz (1993) 5362: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5345:on 24 June 2021 5333: 5332: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5299: 5298: 5291: 5274: 5272: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5239: 5237: 5230:Yale Law School 5209: 5205: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5161: 5152: 5148: 5135: 5133: 5104: 5100: 5092:, p. 258; 5088: 5084: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4904: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4816:, p. 294; 4812: 4808: 4796:, p. 285; 4792: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4768: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4708: 4704: 4700:, pp. 8–9. 4696: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4672: 4668: 4664:, pp. 7–8. 4660: 4656: 4652:, chapters 6–7. 4644: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4525: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4497: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4457: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4433: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4388: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4364: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4301: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4238:, chapters 6–7. 4230:, p. 287; 4222: 4218: 4210: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4179: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4147:, pp. 5–6. 4139:, p. 211; 4135: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4111: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4084:, p. 167; 4080: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4052: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4004: 3995: 3983: 3979: 3973:Rositani (2017) 3967: 3963: 3951: 3947: 3943:, chapters 6–7. 3927: 3923: 3915: 3908: 3900: 3893: 3885: 3878: 3870: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3728: 3720: 3711: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3455:Breasted (1916) 3453: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3389: 3385: 3357: 3350: 3342: 3335: 3323:, p. 257; 3319: 3315: 3309:Breasted (1916) 3307: 3303: 3295: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3213: 3209: 3197:, p. 257; 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3159:Bonfante (1903) 3157: 3153: 3145: 3138: 3132:Winckler (1902) 3130: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3049: 3045: 3037: 3028: 3020: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2939: 2931: 2922: 2914: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2851:, p. 181; 2843: 2839: 2831: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2682: 2670: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2633: 2579: 2556:Greek Dark Ages 2548:Dorian invasion 2540:Doric Hexapolis 2528:general average 2509:written by the 2417: 2414:David P. Wright 2383:Babel und Bibel 2344: 2331: 2324:Middle Assyrian 2292: 2287: 2281: 2239:), and French ( 2128: 2108: 2099: 1958: 1928: 1925: 1906: 1903: 1895: 1892: 1852: 1822: 1789: 1761:Napoleonic Code 1749:editio princeps 1744: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1716: 1715: 1704: 1676: 1656: 1622: 1591: 1542: 1502: 1462: 1345: 1301: 1245: 1230:kidnapping (14) 1202: 1155: 1150: 1076: 1060: 1032: 1004: 999:c. 2300 BC 982: 929: 922:ṣalmāt qaqqadim 876: 869: 856:editio princeps 832: 827: 736:editio princeps 720: 679: 618: 614: 611: 609: 604: 600: 597: 595: 590: 586: 583: 581: 555: 551: 548: 546: 543: 542: 541: 540: 539: 536: 528: 527: 520: 509: 504: 423: 417: 344: 339: 327:Pergamon Museum 264: 223: 219: 216: 214: 166: 100: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13148: 13138: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13037: 13036: 13024: 13012: 13000: 12977: 12976: 12974: 12973: 12972: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12954:Local currency 12951: 12950: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12937:Cryptocurrency 12929: 12924: 12922:Store of value 12919: 12914: 12913: 12912: 12907: 12897: 12896: 12895: 12885: 12880: 12877:§100; §122–125 12870: 12867: 2150 BC 12857: 12852: 12851: 12850: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12824: 12823: 12813: 12807: 12805: 12801: 12800: 12798: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12766: 12765: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12739: 12738: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12702: 12700: 12684: 12683: 12681: 12680: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12659: 12657: 12656: 12651: 12645: 12643: 12637: 12636: 12634: 12633: 12632:(Tibet, China) 12627: 12621: 12615: 12608: 12606: 12599: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12582: 12576: 12575:(cotton cloth) 12570: 12565: 12559: 12553: 12547: 12540: 12538: 12530: 12529: 12522: 12521: 12514: 12507: 12499: 12490: 12489: 12487: 12486: 12483:List of topics 12479: 12471: 12468: 12467: 12465: 12464: 12459: 12458: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12398: 12393: 12392: 12391: 12377: 12376: 12375: 12370: 12368:Burial society 12358: 12357: 12356: 12350:§235–238; §240 12342:§100–105; §126 12334: 12328: 12326: 12320: 12319: 12317: 12316: 12315: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12292:Climate change 12284: 12282:United Kingdom 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12253: 12251: 12245: 12244: 12242: 12241: 12240: 12239: 12229: 12227:Underinsurance 12224: 12219: 12217:Self-insurance 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12167: 12162: 12161: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12140: 12139: 12138: 12128: 12127: 12126: 12123: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12095: 12094: 12089: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12050: 12044: 12042: 12029: 12028: 12025: 12024: 12022: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11984:Political risk 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11964:Legal expenses 11961: 11956: 11951: 11950: 11949: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11913: 11912: 11907: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11881: 11880: 11875: 11864: 11862: 11858: 11857: 11855: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11808: 11806: 11800: 11799: 11797: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11744:Builder's risk 11741: 11735: 11733: 11729: 11728: 11726: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11668:Business owner 11665: 11660: 11654: 11652: 11648: 11647: 11645: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11632:Universal life 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11608: 11606: 11600: 11599: 11597: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11584:Long-term care 11581: 11576: 11575: 11574: 11569: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11543: 11541: 11532: 11526: 11525: 11518: 11517: 11510: 11503: 11495: 11486: 11485: 11483: 11482: 11471: 11468: 11467: 11464: 11463: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11456: 11442: 11440: 11436: 11435: 11433: 11432: 11419: 11405: 11403: 11397: 11396: 11394: 11393: 11374: 11361: 11342: 11317: 11291: 11289: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11279: 11266: 11247: 11238:The Astronomer 11228: 11215: 11190: 11141: 11138:Slaughtered Ox 11086: 11073: 11060: 11047: 11034: 11021: 11002: 10993:The Gypsy Girl 10977: 10964: 10951: 10926: 10913: 10894: 10881: 10868: 10854: 10852: 10846: 10845: 10843: 10842: 10829: 10816: 10803: 10748: 10735: 10716: 10703: 10690: 10689:(with Raphael) 10676: 10640:(with Penni); 10609: 10596: 10583: 10540: 10527: 10514: 10501: 10482: 10469: 10426: 10401: 10376: 10333: 10320: 10307: 10288: 10269: 10266:Reign of Comus 10250: 10219: 10206: 10187: 10174: 10149: 10124: 10099: 10086: 10073: 10059: 10057: 10051: 10050: 10048: 10047: 10004: 9985: 9972: 9959: 9940: 9927: 9884: 9871: 9834: 9761: 9742: 9729: 9698: 9667: 9630: 9605: 9592: 9567: 9476: 9397: 9384: 9371: 9340: 9297: 9272: 9259: 9239: 9237: 9227: 9226: 9216: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9204: 9199: 9193: 9191: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9171:Venus of Arles 9168: 9166:Venus Genetrix 9163: 9158: 9156:Venus and Mars 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9111:Las Incantadas 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9056:Diana of Gabii 9053: 9048: 9043: 9041:Borghese Venus 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8967: 8965: 8950: 8949: 8947: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8904:Dendera zodiac 8901: 8896: 8891: 8889:Bentresh stela 8886: 8881: 8874: 8868: 8866: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8650: 8648: 8636: 8635: 8625: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8600:Louvre Pyramid 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8576: 8573: 8572: 8562: 8561: 8554: 8553: 8546: 8539: 8531: 8525: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8493: 8486: 8485:External links 8483: 8481: 8480: 8453: 8439:. Waymarking. 8437:waymarking.com 8428: 8412:United Nations 8400:United Nations 8396: 8380:United Nations 8368:United Nations 8364: 8356:|website= 8315: 8288: 8259: 8232: 8207: 8175: 8151:"Stele (Cast)" 8143: 8111: 8083: 8058: 8026: 7992: 7960: 7928: 7900: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7859: 7853: 7827: 7797:(1): 580–582. 7782: 7764: 7738: 7709: 7703: 7685:Winckler, Hugo 7681: 7675: 7643: 7601: 7595: 7569: 7563: 7545:, ed. (1972). 7539: 7517: 7491: 7465: 7459: 7433: 7415: 7381: 7346: 7340: 7314: 7279: 7250: 7244: 7222: 7192:(2): 233–243. 7177: 7132: 7120:978-0713416640 7119: 7111:B. T. Batsford 7090: 7072:(3): 243–292. 7054: 7025: 7007: 6984: 6947: 6929: 6906: 6893:10.1086/478479 6886:(3): 601–609. 6866: 6835: 6797:(3): 125–131. 6782: 6764: 6734: 6716: 6690: 6684: 6653: 6647: 6619: 6590: 6584: 6558: 6513: 6471: 6461:Chisholm, Hugh 6447: 6429: 6403: 6373:(6): 257–258. 6353: 6311: 6272: 6254: 6224: 6207:(2): 158–176. 6184: 6166: 6140: 6122: 6100: 6094: 6071: 6053: 6031: 5978: 5943: 5894: 5867: 5841: 5827: 5801: 5795: 5787:Cincinnati, OH 5776: 5758: 5732: 5684: 5666: 5632: 5607: 5589: 5563: 5557: 5534: 5495: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5424: 5412: 5400: 5380:Rattini (2019) 5356: 5326: 5289: 5250: 5221:Avalon Project 5203: 5146: 5123:Washington, DC 5098: 5082: 5080:, p. 154. 5076:, p. 57; 5070:Jenkins (1905) 5058: 5046: 5034: 5022: 5020:, p. 340. 5010: 5008:, p. vii. 4998: 4996:, p. 152. 4986: 4974: 4962: 4950: 4938: 4926: 4924:, p. 145. 4914: 4898: 4894:Bertman (2003) 4886: 4874: 4862: 4850: 4848:, p. 161. 4838: 4826: 4822:Charpin (2010) 4806: 4802:Charpin (2010) 4800:, p. 20; 4786: 4774: 4772:, p. 166. 4770:Bottéro (1992) 4762: 4750: 4738: 4726: 4714: 4712:, p. 684. 4702: 4690: 4678: 4666: 4654: 4638: 4626: 4607: 4605:, p. 240. 4595: 4583: 4581:, p. 165. 4579:Bottéro (1992) 4571: 4559: 4547: 4545:, p. 607. 4535: 4519: 4507: 4505:, p. 121. 4491: 4489:, p. 339. 4487:Jenkins (1905) 4479: 4467: 4451: 4447:Charpin (2010) 4439: 4422: 4418:Charpin (2010) 4410: 4408:, p. 175. 4398: 4382: 4370: 4368:, p. 167. 4355: 4353:, p. 130. 4343: 4331: 4319: 4317:, p. 166. 4307: 4305:, p. 123. 4292: 4280: 4278:, p. 115. 4268: 4260:Bottéro (1992) 4252: 4250:, p. 158. 4240: 4232:Bottéro (1992) 4216: 4214:, p. 288. 4201: 4199:, p. 255. 4189: 4173: 4169:Bottéro (1992) 4161: 4157:Bottéro (1992) 4149: 4141:Bottéro (1992) 4129: 4117: 4115:, p. 173. 4102: 4100:, p. 172. 4090: 4088:, p. 130. 4074: 4072:, p. 165. 4062: 4060:, p. 161. 4058:Bottéro (1992) 4046: 4044:, p. 580. 4034: 4030:Bottéro (1992) 4022: 4010: 4008:, p. 170. 3993: 3977: 3969:Pfeifer (2011) 3961: 3959:, p. 283. 3945: 3939:, chapter 10; 3937:Bottéro (1992) 3921: 3919:, p. 292. 3906: 3904:, p. 132. 3891: 3889:, p. 128. 3876: 3874:, p. 125. 3861: 3859:, p. 121. 3849: 3847:, p. 119. 3837: 3835:, p. 100. 3825: 3813: 3801: 3789: 3777: 3765: 3763:, p. 144. 3753: 3741: 3739:, p. 137. 3726: 3724:, p. 138. 3709: 3707:, p. 167. 3705:Bottéro (1992) 3703:, p. 37; 3693: 3691:, p. 133. 3681: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3640:, p. 134. 3630: 3618: 3606: 3591: 3579: 3567: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3529:, p. 160. 3519: 3507: 3495: 3483: 3479:Charpin (2010) 3471: 3459: 3457:, p. 132. 3447: 3445:, p. 183. 3435: 3433:, p. 106. 3431:Slanski (2012) 3415: 3403: 3383: 3379:Edwards (1921) 3363:Sampey (1904b) 3359:Sampey (1904a) 3348: 3346:, p. 335. 3344:Jenkins (1905) 3333: 3313: 3311:, p. 131. 3301: 3286: 3284:, p. 601. 3274: 3272:, p. 258. 3259: 3247: 3235: 3233:, p. 101. 3223: 3207: 3187: 3175: 3173:, p. 245. 3163: 3151: 3136: 3124: 3122:, plates 3–15. 3112: 3100: 3088: 3071: 3069:, p. 147. 3059: 3057:, p. 145. 3043: 3026: 3011: 2999: 2987: 2978: 2966: 2937: 2920: 2905: 2893: 2881: 2869: 2857: 2849:Bottéro (1992) 2837: 2818: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2776:, p. 52; 2766: 2754: 2742: 2730: 2723:Ross, Leslie. 2715: 2708: 2698:Sasson, Jack. 2689: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2632: 2629: 2578: 2575: 2473:ship charterer 2440:and the Roman 2392:ancient Israel 2343: 2340: 2328:Neo-Babylonian 2291: 2288: 2280: 2277: 2107: 2104: 1957: 1954: 1923: 1901: 1890: 1851: 1848: 1830:British Museum 1821: 1818: 1728: 1727: 1718: 1717: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1607:Rates of hire 1604: 1603: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1567:oxen (241–252) 1564: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1421:gifts to sons 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1214: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1136: 1130: 1124: 1118: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1094: 1091: 1087: 981: 978: 868: 865: 831: 828: 826: 823: 755:C. H. W. Johns 719: 716: 678: 675: 537: 530: 529: 521: 514: 513: 512: 511: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 492:ancient Greece 476: 475: 472: 457: 446: 419:Main article: 416: 413: 343: 340: 338: 335: 308:Assyriologists 285:commercial law 178: 177: 162: 161: 157: 156: 142: 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 121: 117: 116: 106: 102: 101: 99: 98: 95: 59: 57: 53: 52: 47:1792–1750 BC ( 42: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13147: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13065:Legal history 13063: 13061: 13060:Jurisprudence 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13047: 13045: 13035: 13025: 13023: 13013: 13011: 13001: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12988: 12985: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12956: 12955: 12952: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12934: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12902: 12901: 12898: 12894: 12891: 12890: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879:; c. 1750 BC) 12878: 12874: 12871: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12849: 12846: 12845: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12822: 12819: 12818: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12808: 12806: 12802: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12764: 12761: 12760: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12737: 12734: 12733: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12694: 12689: 12685: 12678: 12667: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12646: 12644: 12642: 12638: 12631: 12628: 12625: 12622: 12619: 12616: 12613: 12612:Water buffalo 12610: 12609: 12607: 12603: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12586: 12583: 12581:(Roman world) 12580: 12577: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12563: 12560: 12557: 12554: 12552:(Mesoamerica) 12551: 12548: 12545: 12542: 12541: 12539: 12537: 12531: 12527: 12520: 12515: 12513: 12508: 12506: 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12137: 12134: 12133: 12132: 12129: 12124: 12122: 12121: 12117: 12116: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12093: 12092:Value of life 12090: 12088: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12055: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12045: 12043: 12041: 12036: 12030: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11954:Interest rate 11952: 11948: 11945: 11944: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11902: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11869: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11859: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11822:Inland marine 11820: 11818: 11817:GAP insurance 11815: 11813: 11810: 11809: 11807: 11805:Communication 11801: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11736: 11734: 11730: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11649: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11627:Unitised fund 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11617:Mortgage life 11615: 11613: 11610: 11609: 11607: 11605: 11601: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11564: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11544: 11542: 11540: 11536: 11533: 11527: 11523: 11516: 11511: 11509: 11504: 11502: 11497: 11496: 11493: 11481: 11473: 11472: 11469: 11455: 11454: 11448: 11444: 11443: 11441: 11437: 11431: 11430: 11424: 11420: 11418: 11417: 11411: 11407: 11406: 11404: 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10975: 10969: 10965: 10963: 10962: 10956: 10955:van Eyck 10952: 10950: 10949: 10944: 10943: 10938: 10937: 10931: 10930:van Dyck 10927: 10925: 10924: 10918: 10914: 10912: 10911: 10906: 10905: 10899: 10895: 10893: 10892: 10886: 10882: 10880: 10879: 10873: 10869: 10867: 10866: 10865:Ship of Fools 10860: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10851: 10847: 10841: 10840: 10834: 10830: 10828: 10827: 10821: 10817: 10815: 10814: 10808: 10804: 10802: 10801: 10796: 10795: 10790: 10789: 10784: 10783: 10778: 10777: 10772: 10771: 10766: 10765: 10760: 10759: 10753: 10749: 10747: 10746: 10745:Self Portrait 10740: 10736: 10734: 10733: 10728: 10727: 10721: 10717: 10715: 10714: 10708: 10704: 10702: 10701: 10695: 10691: 10688: 10687: 10681: 10677: 10675: 10674: 10669: 10668: 10663: 10662: 10657: 10656: 10655:Saint Michael 10651: 10650: 10645: 10644: 10639: 10638: 10633: 10632: 10627: 10626: 10621: 10620: 10614: 10610: 10608: 10607: 10601: 10597: 10595: 10594: 10588: 10584: 10582: 10581: 10576: 10575: 10570: 10569: 10564: 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10111: 10110: 10104: 10100: 10098: 10097: 10091: 10087: 10085: 10084: 10078: 10074: 10072: 10071: 10065: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10052: 10046: 10045: 10040: 10039: 10034: 10033: 10028: 10027: 10026:L'Indifférent 10022: 10021: 10016: 10015: 10009: 10005: 10003: 10002: 9997: 9996: 9990: 9986: 9984: 9983: 9977: 9973: 9971: 9970: 9964: 9960: 9958: 9957: 9952: 9951: 9945: 9941: 9939: 9938: 9932: 9928: 9926: 9925: 9920: 9919: 9914: 9913: 9908: 9907: 9902: 9901: 9896: 9895: 9889: 9885: 9883: 9882: 9876: 9872: 9870: 9869: 9864: 9863: 9858: 9857: 9852: 9851: 9846: 9845: 9839: 9835: 9833: 9832: 9827: 9826: 9821: 9820: 9815: 9814: 9809: 9808: 9803: 9802: 9797: 9796: 9791: 9790: 9785: 9784: 9779: 9778: 9773: 9772: 9766: 9762: 9760: 9759: 9754: 9753: 9747: 9743: 9741: 9740: 9734: 9730: 9728: 9727: 9722: 9721: 9716: 9715: 9710: 9709: 9703: 9699: 9697: 9696: 9691: 9690: 9685: 9684: 9679: 9678: 9672: 9668: 9666: 9665: 9660: 9659: 9654: 9653: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9641: 9635: 9631: 9629: 9628: 9623: 9622: 9617: 9616: 9610: 9606: 9604: 9603: 9597: 9593: 9591: 9590: 9585: 9584: 9579: 9578: 9572: 9568: 9566: 9565: 9560: 9559: 9554: 9553: 9548: 9547: 9542: 9541: 9536: 9535: 9530: 9529: 9524: 9523: 9518: 9517: 9512: 9511: 9506: 9505: 9500: 9499: 9494: 9493: 9488: 9487: 9481: 9477: 9475: 9474: 9473:Self-Portrait 9469: 9468: 9463: 9462: 9457: 9456: 9451: 9450: 9445: 9444: 9439: 9438: 9433: 9432: 9427: 9426: 9421: 9420: 9415: 9414: 9409: 9408: 9402: 9398: 9396: 9395: 9389: 9385: 9383: 9382: 9376: 9372: 9370: 9369: 9364: 9363: 9358: 9357: 9356:Self-Portrait 9352: 9351: 9345: 9341: 9339: 9338: 9333: 9332: 9327: 9326: 9321: 9320: 9315: 9314: 9309: 9308: 9302: 9298: 9296: 9295: 9290: 9289: 9288:Diana Bathing 9284: 9283: 9277: 9273: 9271: 9270: 9264: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9252: 9251: 9245: 9241: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9221: 9217: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9188: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9161:Venus de Milo 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9091:Hera Borghese 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9036:Borghese Vase 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9011:Ares Borghese 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8879: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8865: 8864:Ancient Egypt 8861: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8779:Neirab steles 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8724:Lament for Ur 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8630: 8626: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8574: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8558:Louvre Museum 8552: 8547: 8545: 8540: 8538: 8533: 8532: 8529: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8469: 8465: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8429: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8349: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8323: 8322: 8316: 8304: 8300: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8260: 8248: 8244: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8208: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8115:Nuclear Blast 8112: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8087:Music&NEW 8084: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8059: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8012: 8008: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7917: 7913: 7912:cdli.ucla.edu 7909: 7905: 7901: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7868: 7856: 7854:9780801450358 7850: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7837: 7832: 7828: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7783: 7771: 7767: 7765:9780195304756 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7748: 7743: 7739: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7710: 7706: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7691: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7611: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7596:9780802801425 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7564:9783447014717 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7518: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7492:9780691176352 7488: 7484: 7480: 7479:Princeton, NJ 7476: 7475: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7460:9781405149105 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7443: 7438: 7434: 7422: 7418: 7416:9781405126595 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7386: 7382: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7352: 7347: 7343: 7341:9780061300851 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7324: 7319: 7315: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7268: 7265:(1): 97–110. 7264: 7260: 7256: 7251: 7247: 7245:9780483463967 7241: 7237: 7236:Paris, France 7233: 7232: 7227: 7223: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7178: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7147:(1): 97–107. 7146: 7142: 7138: 7133: 7126: 7122: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7060: 7055: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7026: 7014: 7010: 7008:9780788501043 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6991: 6985: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6948: 6936: 6932: 6930:9780567081582 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6913: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6880: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6841: 6836: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6783: 6771: 6767: 6765:9780918986092 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6742:Reiner, Erica 6739: 6735: 6723: 6719: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6659: 6654: 6650: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6635:Princeton, NJ 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6559: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6514: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6448: 6436: 6432: 6430:9781112116025 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6404: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6312: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6273: 6261: 6257: 6255:9781575069418 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6225: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6173: 6169: 6167:9781517169084 6163: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6129: 6125: 6123:9781584770039 6119: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6101: 6097: 6095:9781575063010 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6072: 6060: 6056: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5998:(3): 91–104. 5997: 5993: 5992: 5984: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5940: 5934: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5901: 5895: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5873: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5848: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5828:9781556352294 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5796:9781594621437 5792: 5788: 5784: 5783: 5777: 5765: 5761: 5759:9780226101583 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5685: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5636:Bottéro, Jean 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5615: 5608: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5567:Black, Jeremy 5564: 5560: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5535: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5496: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5450: 5433: 5428: 5421: 5416: 5409: 5404: 5397: 5393: 5392:Louvre (n.d.) 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5296: 5294: 5286: 5284: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5247: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5226:New Haven, CT 5223: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5200: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5143: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5096:, p. 57. 5095: 5091: 5090:Johns (1903b) 5086: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5055: 5050: 5043: 5038: 5032:, p. 28. 5031: 5030:Thomas (1958) 5026: 5019: 5018:Barton (1916) 5014: 5007: 5006:Wright (2009) 5002: 4995: 4990: 4983: 4982:Wright (2009) 4978: 4971: 4970:Wright (2009) 4966: 4959: 4954: 4948:, p. 25. 4947: 4942: 4936:, p. 19. 4935: 4930: 4923: 4918: 4912:, p. 13. 4911: 4907: 4902: 4896:, p. 71. 4895: 4890: 4884:, p. 21. 4883: 4878: 4871: 4866: 4859: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4824:, p. 72. 4823: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4804:, p. 72. 4803: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4783: 4778: 4771: 4766: 4759: 4754: 4747: 4742: 4736:, p. 76. 4735: 4730: 4723: 4718: 4711: 4706: 4699: 4694: 4688:, p. 50. 4687: 4682: 4675: 4670: 4663: 4658: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4636:, p. 88. 4635: 4630: 4623: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4604: 4599: 4592: 4587: 4580: 4575: 4569:, p. 26. 4568: 4563: 4556: 4555:George (2005) 4551: 4544: 4543:Prince (1904) 4539: 4533:, p. 72. 4532: 4528: 4523: 4516: 4511: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4483: 4476: 4471: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4449:, p. 52. 4448: 4443: 4436: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4420:, p. 81. 4419: 4414: 4407: 4402: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4379: 4374: 4367: 4362: 4360: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4335: 4329:, p. 86. 4328: 4323: 4316: 4311: 4304: 4299: 4297: 4289: 4284: 4277: 4276:Guinan (2014) 4272: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4249: 4244: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4213: 4208: 4206: 4198: 4193: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4170: 4165: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4127:, p. 19. 4126: 4121: 4114: 4109: 4107: 4099: 4094: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4071: 4066: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4043: 4038: 4031: 4026: 4019: 4014: 4007: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3958: 3954: 3953:Souvay (1910) 3949: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3903: 3898: 3896: 3888: 3883: 3881: 3873: 3868: 3866: 3858: 3853: 3846: 3841: 3834: 3829: 3823:, p. 90. 3822: 3817: 3811:, p. 85. 3810: 3805: 3799:, p. 81. 3798: 3793: 3786: 3781: 3774: 3769: 3762: 3757: 3751:, p. 71. 3750: 3745: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3723: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3690: 3685: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3663: 3658: 3651: 3646: 3639: 3634: 3627: 3622: 3615: 3610: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3589:, p. 82. 3588: 3583: 3576: 3571: 3564: 3559: 3552: 3547: 3541:, p. 15. 3540: 3539:Davies (1905) 3535: 3528: 3523: 3517:, p. 16. 3516: 3511: 3504: 3499: 3493:, p. 23. 3492: 3487: 3480: 3475: 3468: 3463: 3456: 3451: 3444: 3439: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3400: 3399:Souvay (1910) 3396: 3395:Prince (1904) 3392: 3391:Johns (1903a) 3387: 3380: 3376: 3375:Everts (1920) 3372: 3368: 3367:Davies (1905) 3364: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3345: 3340: 3338: 3331:, p. 45. 3330: 3329:Everts (1920) 3326: 3325:Souvay (1910) 3322: 3321:Johns (1903b) 3317: 3310: 3305: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3283: 3282:Prince (1904) 3278: 3271: 3270:Johns (1903b) 3266: 3264: 3257:, p. 68. 3256: 3251: 3244: 3243:Johns (1903a) 3239: 3232: 3227: 3221:, p. 71. 3220: 3216: 3211: 3204: 3201:, the title; 3200: 3199:Harper (1904) 3196: 3195:Johns (1903b) 3191: 3184: 3183:Kramer (1988) 3179: 3172: 3167: 3160: 3155: 3148: 3147:Johns (1903a) 3143: 3141: 3133: 3128: 3121: 3120:Scheil (1902) 3116: 3109: 3108:Scheil (1902) 3104: 3097: 3096:Scheil (1902) 3092: 3085: 3084:Souvay (1910) 3080: 3078: 3076: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3041:, p. 20. 3040: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3024:, p. 73. 3023: 3018: 3016: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2991: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2964:, p. 12. 2963: 2962:Scheil (1902) 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2935:, p. 74. 2934: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2917: 2912: 2910: 2902: 2901:Louvre (n.d.) 2897: 2890: 2885: 2879:, p. 36. 2878: 2873: 2866: 2861: 2855:, p. 13. 2854: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2816:, p. 37. 2815: 2810: 2804:, p. 36. 2803: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2763: 2758: 2751: 2746: 2739: 2738:Renger (2020) 2734: 2726: 2719: 2711: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2690: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2653: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2628: 2626: 2623:(seat of the 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613:New York City 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601:House Chamber 2597: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2530:principle of 2529: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2507:legal opinion 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2442:Twelve Tables 2439: 2434: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388:Panbabylonism 2384: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2370:Covenant Code 2367: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2339: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2318: 2317:customary law 2314: 2309: 2301: 2296: 2286: 2276: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2208: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2126: 2117: 2112: 2103: 2095: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1953: 1949: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1935: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1900: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1878: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1859: 1858:Rechtssprüche 1850:Jurisprudence 1847: 1844: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1800: 1795: 1787: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1772:ṣimdat šarrim 1767: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1750: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1722: 1713: 1699: 1697: 1696:jurisprudence 1693: 1689: 1686:or a body of 1685: 1681: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1165: 1159: 1146: 1143: 1141:(3600'–3619') 1140: 1137: 1135:(3590'–3599') 1134: 1131: 1129:(3574'–3589') 1128: 1125: 1123:(3537'–3573') 1122: 1119: 1117:(3526'–3536') 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1099:(3423'–3439') 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1075: 1072: 1067: 1059: 1056: 1051: 1045: 1039: 1031: 1026: 1020: 1017: 1011: 998: 997:cylinder seal 994: 993:god of wisdom 990: 986: 977: 974: 968: 962: 957: 951: 948: 942: 936: 926: 923: 917: 912: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 880: 874: 864: 862: 857: 848: 845: 841: 836: 822: 820: 816: 812: 811: 806: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 779: 777: 773: 772: 767: 763: 758: 756: 752: 751:Hugo Winckler 747: 742: 737: 728: 724: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 674: 671: 666: 663: 658: 653: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 623: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 534: 525: 518: 499: 497: 493: 489: 487: 482: 473: 470: 466: 462: 458: 455: 451: 447: 444: 440: 436: 435: 434: 432: 428: 422: 421:Cuneiform law 412: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 367: 363: 356: 352: 348: 334: 332: 328: 324: 323:New York City 320: 316: 311: 309: 304: 303: 297: 293: 288: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 262: 257: 253: 249: 245: 240: 238: 237:Louvre Museum 233: 228: 212: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 176: 172: 163: 158: 155: 154:jurisprudence 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 128: 125: 122: 118: 115: 111: 107: 103: 96: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 60: 58: 54: 50: 43: 39: 32: 27: 22: 19: 13120:1901 in Iran 12872: 12843:Savings bank 12833:Central bank 12770:Legal tender 12677:Money portal 12481: 12474: 12420:Credit union 12386: 12379: 12360: 12336: 12232:Underwriting 12187:Insurability 12169: 12148:Co-insurance 12118: 12114:Cancellation 11905:Catastrophic 11890:Climate risk 11718:Trade credit 11451: 11446: 11427: 11422: 11414: 11409: 11388: 11382: 11377: 11371:The Clubfoot 11369: 11364: 11356: 11350: 11345: 11337: 11331: 11325: 11320: 11312: 11306: 11300: 11295: 11274: 11269: 11261: 11255: 11250: 11242: 11236: 11231: 11223: 11218: 11210: 11204: 11198: 11193: 11185: 11179: 11173: 11167: 11161: 11155: 11149: 11144: 11136: 11130: 11124: 11118: 11112: 11106: 11100: 11094: 11089: 11081: 11076: 11068: 11063: 11055: 11050: 11042: 11037: 11029: 11024: 11016: 11010: 11005: 10997: 10991: 10985: 10980: 10972: 10967: 10959: 10954: 10946: 10940: 10934: 10929: 10921: 10916: 10908: 10902: 10897: 10889: 10884: 10876: 10871: 10863: 10858: 10837: 10832: 10824: 10819: 10811: 10806: 10798: 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9980: 9975: 9967: 9962: 9954: 9948: 9943: 9935: 9930: 9922: 9916: 9910: 9904: 9898: 9892: 9887: 9879: 9874: 9866: 9860: 9854: 9848: 9842: 9838:La Tour 9837: 9829: 9823: 9817: 9811: 9805: 9799: 9793: 9787: 9781: 9775: 9769: 9764: 9756: 9750: 9745: 9737: 9732: 9724: 9718: 9712: 9706: 9701: 9693: 9687: 9681: 9675: 9670: 9662: 9656: 9650: 9644: 9638: 9633: 9625: 9619: 9613: 9608: 9600: 9595: 9587: 9581: 9575: 9570: 9562: 9556: 9550: 9544: 9538: 9532: 9526: 9520: 9514: 9508: 9502: 9496: 9490: 9484: 9479: 9471: 9465: 9459: 9453: 9447: 9441: 9435: 9429: 9423: 9417: 9411: 9405: 9400: 9392: 9387: 9381:Village Fête 9379: 9374: 9366: 9360: 9354: 9348: 9343: 9337:Saying Grace 9335: 9329: 9323: 9317: 9311: 9305: 9300: 9292: 9286: 9280: 9275: 9267: 9262: 9254: 9248: 9243: 9126:Rampin Rider 8934:Bull Palette 8876: 8854:Ziwiye hoard 8824:Tayma stones 8784:Osorkon Bust 8739:Lion of Mari 8698: 8472:. Retrieved 8461: 8445:. Retrieved 8436: 8420:. Retrieved 8407: 8388:. Retrieved 8375: 8337:the original 8320: 8307:. Retrieved 8296: 8280:. Retrieved 8267: 8251:. Retrieved 8240: 8224:. Retrieved 8220:the original 8199:. Retrieved 8186: 8167:. Retrieved 8154: 8135:. Retrieved 8122: 8103:. Retrieved 8075:. Retrieved 8066: 8050:. Retrieved 8046:the original 8037: 8018:. Retrieved 7984:. Retrieved 7971: 7952:. Retrieved 7939: 7920:. Retrieved 7911: 7892:. Retrieved 7879: 7835: 7819:. Retrieved 7794: 7790: 7774:. Retrieved 7746: 7730:. Retrieved 7721: 7717: 7689: 7658: 7635:. Retrieved 7615:New York, NY 7609: 7577: 7555:Harrassowitz 7546: 7534: 7530: 7509:. Retrieved 7501:j.ctt1h4mhtb 7473: 7441: 7425:. Retrieved 7389: 7361: 7357: 7322: 7306:. Retrieved 7294:New York, NY 7287: 7271:. Retrieved 7262: 7258: 7230: 7214:. Retrieved 7189: 7185: 7169:. Retrieved 7144: 7140: 7098: 7069: 7065: 7046:. Retrieved 7040:(1): 13–39. 7037: 7033: 7017:. Retrieved 6989: 6976:. Retrieved 6959: 6955: 6939:. 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Retrieved 5118: 5114: 5101: 5085: 5061: 5049: 5037: 5025: 5013: 5001: 4989: 4984:, p. 3. 4977: 4972:, chapter 8. 4965: 4953: 4941: 4934:Roth (1995b) 4929: 4922:Roth (1995a) 4917: 4910:Roth (1995b) 4906:Kraus (1960) 4901: 4889: 4877: 4865: 4853: 4841: 4836:, p. 5. 4829: 4814:Kraus (1960) 4809: 4798:Roth (1995b) 4794:Kraus (1960) 4789: 4782:Roth (1995a) 4777: 4765: 4753: 4741: 4734:Johns (1914) 4729: 4724:, p. 6. 4717: 4705: 4698:Roth (1995a) 4693: 4681: 4669: 4662:Roth (1995a) 4657: 4646:Roth (1995a) 4641: 4634:Roth (1995a) 4629: 4624:, p. 8. 4622:Roth (1995a) 4598: 4593:, p. 7. 4586: 4574: 4562: 4557:, p. 7. 4550: 4538: 4531:Roth (1995a) 4527:Johns (1911) 4522: 4515:Roth (1995b) 4510: 4503:Roth (1995a) 4499:Roth (1995b) 4494: 4482: 4475:Roth (1995a) 4470: 4463:Roth (1995b) 4459:Kraus (1960) 4454: 4442: 4435:Johns (1911) 4413: 4401: 4385: 4373: 4351:Roth (1995a) 4346: 4334: 4327:Roth (1995a) 4322: 4310: 4303:Roth (1995a) 4283: 4271: 4255: 4243: 4224:Saggs (1965) 4219: 4212:Kraus (1960) 4192: 4185:Klein (2007) 4176: 4164: 4152: 4145:Roth (1995a) 4132: 4120: 4093: 4086:Roth (1995a) 4077: 4065: 4049: 4042:Yaron (2013) 4037: 4025: 4013: 3989:Pearn (2016) 3980: 3964: 3957:Kraus (1960) 3948: 3929:Kraus (1960) 3924: 3917:Kraus (1960) 3902:Roth (1995a) 3887:Roth (1995a) 3872:Roth (1995a) 3857:Roth (1995a) 3852: 3845:Roth (1995a) 3840: 3833:Roth (1995a) 3828: 3821:Roth (1995a) 3816: 3809:Roth (1995a) 3804: 3797:Roth (1995a) 3792: 3785:Roth (1995a) 3780: 3768: 3756: 3749:Roth (1995a) 3744: 3737:Roth (1995a) 3722:Roth (1995a) 3696: 3689:Roth (1995a) 3684: 3677:Roth (1995a) 3662:Roth (1995a) 3657: 3650:Roth (1995a) 3645: 3638:Roth (1995a) 3633: 3626:Roth (1995a) 3621: 3614:Roth (1995a) 3609: 3582: 3575:Roth (1995a) 3570: 3558: 3551:Roth (1995a) 3546: 3534: 3522: 3515:Roth (1995b) 3510: 3498: 3491:Roth (1995b) 3486: 3474: 3467:Roth (1995b) 3462: 3450: 3438: 3418: 3413:, p. 5. 3411:North (1993) 3406: 3386: 3371:Johns (1914) 3316: 3304: 3297:Horne (1915) 3277: 3255:Johns (1904) 3250: 3245:, p. v. 3238: 3226: 3219:Roth (1995a) 3210: 3205:, the title. 3190: 3178: 3171:Wells (1920) 3166: 3154: 3127: 3115: 3103: 3091: 3062: 3046: 3039:Roth (1995b) 3022:Roth (1995a) 3002: 2995:Roth (1995b) 2990: 2981: 2974:Roth (1995b) 2969: 2933:Roth (1995a) 2916:Roth (1995b) 2896: 2884: 2877:Roth (1995a) 2872: 2865:Roth (1995a) 2860: 2853:Roth (1995b) 2845:Kraus (1960) 2840: 2835:, p. 9. 2809: 2797: 2785: 2769: 2757: 2745: 2733: 2724: 2718: 2699: 2693: 2676:Roth (1995a) 2617:Peace Palace 2605:U.S. Capitol 2598: 2595: 2587:U.S. Capitol 2521: 2511:Roman jurist 2488: 2469:ship-manager 2462: 2450: 2435: 2409:lex talionis 2363: 2336:Hittite laws 2321: 2304: 2300:Lipit-Ishtar 2233:), Spanish ( 2227:), Italian ( 2204: 2190: 2173: 2169: 2133: 2121: 2096: 2087:lex talionis 2071: 2068: 1977: 1971:lex talionis 1964:lex talionis 1959: 1950: 1938: 1933: 1930: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1898: 1886: 1881: 1853: 1843:Jean Bottéro 1839: 1777: 1754: 1745: 1682:, whether a 1677: 1558:Agriculture 1490:assaults on 1444:marriage of 1391:marriage to 1156: 1069:); "may the 1021: 1002: 952: 927: 904:tutelary god 881: 870: 851: 808: 780: 769: 761: 759: 740: 732: 712:Ashurbanipal 708:Neo-Assyrian 680: 677:Other copies 667: 646: 624: 544: 507:Louvre stele 488:of Justinian 485: 477: 463:(written by 424: 409: 381:Sin-Muballit 377:Mesopotamian 360: 315:U.S. Capitol 312: 302:lex talionis 289: 281:property law 273:criminal law 241: 229: 183: 181: 136:Law, justice 86:), found at 82:(modern-day 74:(originally 18: 13055:Legal codes 13010:Middle East 12795:Safekeeping 12649:Bimetallism 12564:(W. Africa) 12455:Trade union 12410:Cooperative 12083:Uncertainty 11942:Index-based 11910:Multi-peril 11868:Reinsurance 11827:Public auto 11732:Residential 11314:Saint Louis 10878:The Beggars 10782:Pardo Venus 10511:Dead Christ 10436:Crucifixion 10273:Ghirlandaio 9552:The Picador 8971:Albani lion 8754:Mesha Stele 8633:Antiquities 8610:Cour Carrée 8585:Lescot Wing 8503:(in French) 8447:16 February 8422:16 February 8390:16 February 8309:16 February 8282:16 February 8237:"Hammurabi" 8226:16 February 8201:16 February 8191:Penn Museum 8187:penn.museum 8179:Penn Museum 8169:16 February 8127:Apple Music 8095:Apple Music 8077:16 February 8052:16 February 8020:16 February 7954:16 February 7894:17 February 7776:18 February 7732:18 February 7724:(1): 5–10. 7511:18 February 7427:18 February 7364:: 318–327. 7308:18 February 7284:"Hammurabi" 7216:18 February 7171:18 February 7048:18 February 7019:18 February 6995:Atlanta, GA 6978:18 February 6941:18 February 6860:18 February 6829:18 February 6776:22 February 6752:Chicago, IL 6728:18 February 6704:Chicago, IL 6613:18 February 6605:: 283–296. 6552:23 February 6507:18 February 6441:18 February 6397:18 February 6347:18 February 6305:18 February 6287:: 330–341. 6266:22 February 6246:Eisenbrauns 6178:18 February 6110:Chicago, IL 6086:Eisenbrauns 6065:22 February 5923:18 February 5905:Chicago, IL 5885:: 131–155. 5770:18 February 5746:Chicago, IL 5654:Chicago, IL 5601:22 February 5489:18 February 5372:Mark (2021) 4746:Meek (1958) 4722:Wohl (1968) 4197:Roth (2001) 4181:Roth (2001) 2672:CDLI (2019) 2560:Doric Greek 2554:during the 2552:Sea Peoples 2544:Phoenicians 2499:Justinian I 2465:sea captain 2438:Gortyn Code 2355:Mount Sinai 1730:Justinian I 1702:Legislation 1684:code of law 1680:legislation 1425:inter vivos 1370:slander of 1167:Legal area 766:H. G. Wells 704:the library 383:'s throne, 292:rule of law 146:legislation 80:Mesopotamia 13044:Categories 12905:Monetarism 12893:Chartalism 12790:Redemption 12780:Possession 12743:Clay token 12596:Trade bead 12550:Cocoa bean 12534:Commodity 12250:by country 12248:Insurance 12222:Total loss 12143:Deductible 12104:Cash value 12048:Act of God 12033:Insurance 11947:Parametric 11927:Expatriate 11803:Transport/ 11769:Landlords' 11754:Earthquake 11642:Whole life 11562:Disability 10739:Tintoretto 10720:Signorelli 10505:Palmezzano 10285:Visitation 10153:Caravaggio 10128:Botticelli 10090:Arcimboldo 9344:Chassériau 9325:The Buffet 9071:Dying Gaul 8321:Newsletter 7940:corban.edu 7841:Ithaca, NY 7704:0274823098 7676:9004129952 7358:Orientalia 6717:0226631877 6685:0195046455 6648:0691002002 6585:0812212762 6054:1883053838 5863:1057941378 5667:0226067262 5590:0714117056 5558:0195183649 5306:Newark, NJ 5283:Lex Rhodia 5178:. p. 2709:0684192799 2643:References 2523:Lex Rhodia 2485:ship-owner 2477:total loss 2426:Phoenician 2396:the Levant 2366:Mosaic Law 2283:See also: 2146:) and the 1926:Laws 27–29 1872:ana ittišu 1820:Law report 1808:-decrees. 1692:law report 815:Mosaic Law 805:secularism 559: in) 351:Babylonian 337:Background 296:Mosaic Law 277:family law 267:... then" 188:Babylonian 175:Wikisource 150:law report 120:Media type 13135:Hammurabi 13100:Babylonia 12614:(SE Asia) 12544:Axe-money 12396:Syndicate 12362:Collegium 12257:Australia 12212:Risk pool 12182:Indemnity 12153:Copayment 12087:Knightian 11999:Terrorism 11969:Liability 11837:Satellite 11698:Pollution 11622:Term life 11531:insurance 11529:Types of 11522:Insurance 11410:Bonington 11090:Rembrandt 10968:Friedrich 10600:Pisanello 10454:Parnassus 10355:Mona Lisa 10223:Correggio 10178:Carpaccio 9634:Géricault 9609:Fragonard 9571:Delaroche 9480:Delacroix 9244:Anonymous 9224:Paintings 9190:Byzantine 8644:Near East 8496:Scheil's 8358:ignored ( 8348:cite book 8038:louvre.fr 7811:163878444 7627:867104710 7523:(1936). " 7206:220709977 7161:201274574 6962:: 47–72. 6819:206425860 6542:162242851 6497:314669237 6387:170581793 6359:(1903b). 6337:958731791 6317:(1903a). 6020:159897894 5974:147308826 5933:cite book 5837:493362814 5713:819692479 5628:458622280 5212:Hammurabi 5155:Hammurabi 5107:Hammurabi 2686:Citations 2621:The Hague 2571:insurance 2567:principle 2487:. In the 2446:Roman law 2359:Leo Bible 2182:, "and". 2158:preterite 2136:casuistic 2125:cuneiform 2116:cuneiform 2078:civil law 1865:šumma ālu 1786:threshing 1337:distraint 1318:Commerce 1139:Ninkarrak 788:Rawlinson 641:. Father 577:cuneiform 481:Urukagina 362:Hammurabi 355:Hammurabi 342:Hammurabi 261:casuistic 256:cuneiform 200:Hammurabi 160:Full text 144:Debated: 110:Hammurabi 105:Author(s) 12753:Currency 12731:Clearing 12711:Banknote 12706:Bailment 12626:(Arabia) 12587:(barley) 12573:Quachtli 12476:Category 12354:§275–277 12272:Pakistan 12120:Pro rata 12009:War risk 11974:No-fault 11885:Casualty 11842:Shipping 11812:Aviation 11789:Renters' 11784:Property 11779:Mortgage 11749:Contents 11723:Umbrella 11683:Fidelity 11651:Business 11547:Accident 11480:Category 11439:American 11378:Zurbarán 11296:El Greco 11219:Scheffer 11194:Ruisdael 11038:Jordaens 10885:Christus 10850:Northern 10833:Veronese 10694:Salviati 10544:Perugino 10430:Mantegna 10337:Leonardo 10292:Giordano 10191:Carracci 9963:Scheffer 9627:The Bolt 9612:: 9596:Flandrin 8963:Etruscan 8570:Building 8468:Archived 8441:Archived 8416:Archived 8384:Archived 8370:(n.d.). 8303:Archived 8276:Archived 8247:Archived 8195:Archived 8181:(n.d.). 8163:Archived 8149:(n.d.). 8131:Archived 8117:(2020). 8105:20 March 8099:Archived 8089:(2018). 8071:Archived 8032:(n.d.). 8011:Archived 7986:20 March 7980:Archived 7972:hhro.org 7966:(n.d.). 7948:Archived 7934:(n.d.). 7922:15 March 7916:Archived 7888:Archived 7874:(n.d.). 7833:(2012). 7815:Archived 7770:Archived 7744:(2009). 7726:Archived 7687:(1902). 7649:(2003). 7631:Archived 7607:(1920). 7587:Eerdmans 7575:(1994). 7505:Archived 7471:(2016). 7439:(2007). 7421:Archived 7374:Archived 7370:43582782 7360:. NOVA. 7320:(1958). 7302:Archived 7267:Archived 7228:(1902). 7210:Archived 7165:Archived 7125:Archived 7096:(1965). 7042:Archived 7013:Archived 6972:Archived 6968:26490822 6935:Archived 6872:(1904). 6854:Archived 6823:Archived 6811:27151189 6770:Archived 6722:Archived 6664:(eds.). 6607:Archived 6564:(1988). 6546:Archived 6528:: 1–25. 6501:Archived 6477:(1914). 6453:(1911). 6435:Archived 6409:(1904). 6391:Archived 6341:Archived 6299:Archived 6260:Archived 6230:(2011). 6217:Archived 6213:43855622 6172:Archived 6154:(eds.). 6134:21 March 6128:Archived 6059:Archived 6024:Archived 5917:Archived 5913:12714901 5887:Archived 5764:Archived 5738:(2010). 5726:21 March 5717:Archived 5690:(1916). 5672:Archived 5638:(1992). 5595:Archived 5522:Archived 5518:38608139 5483:Archived 5479:41288176 5269:Archived 5234:Archived 5214:(1910). 5184:Archived 5157:(1904). 5109:(1903). 2631:See also 2615:and the 2458:medieval 2248:muškēnum 2236:mezquino 2230:meschino 2212:muškēnum 2200:muškēnum 2166:durative 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