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5937:
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5646:
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71:
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708:
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833:
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957:
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6787:
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423:
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760:, the absence of soldiers in the north led to unrest. Continuing his expansion, Hammurabi turned his attention northward, quelling the unrest. Soon after, he destroyed Eshnunna. Next the Babylonian armies conquered the remaining northern states, including Babylon's former ally Mari, although it is possible that the conquest of Mari was a surrender without any actual conflict.
10232:
969:
death, Hammurabi is commemorated mainly for three achievements: bringing victory in war, bringing peace, and bringing justice. Hammurabi's conquests came to be regarded as part of a sacred mission to spread civilization to all nations. A stele from Ur glorifies him in his own voice as a mighty ruler who forces evil into submission and compels all peoples to worship
1004:, Hammurabi's fourth successor, declares: "The king who first heard this song as a song of your heroism is Hammurabi. This song for you was composed in his reign. May he be given life forever!" For centuries after his death, Hammurabi's laws continued to be copied by scribes as part of their writing exercises and they were even partially translated into Sumerian.
973:. The stele declares: "The people of Elam, Gutium, Subartu, and Tukrish, whose mountains are distant and whose languages are obscure, I placed into hand. I myself continued to put straight their confused minds." A later hymn also written in Hammurabi's own voice extols him as a powerful, supernatural force for Marduk:
847:
The Code of
Hammurabi was a collection of 282 laws dealing with a wide range of issues. It is not the earliest surviving law code but was proved more influential in world politics and international relations as instead of focusing on compensating the victim of crime, as in earlier Sumerian law codes,
968:
Hammurabi was honored above all other kings of the second millennium BC and he received the unique honor of being declared to be a god within his own lifetime. The personal name "Hammurabi-ili" meaning "Hammurabi is my god" became common during and after his reign. In writings from shortly after his
741:
In order to consolidate its position, Elam tried to start a war between
Hammurabi's Babylonian kingdom and the kingdom of Larsa. Hammurabi and the king of Larsa made an alliance when they discovered this duplicity and were able to crush the Elamites, although Larsa did not contribute greatly to the
1109:
raided
Babylon in 1158 BC and carried off many stone monuments, he had most of the inscriptions on these monuments erased and new inscriptions carved into them. On the stele containing Hammurabi's laws, however, only four or five columns were wiped out and no new inscription was ever added. Over a
404:
of the
Babylonians. Later, his military accomplishments became de-emphasized and his role as the ideal lawgiver became the primary aspect of his legacy. For later Mesopotamians, Hammurabi's reign became the frame of reference for all events occurring in the distant past. Even after the empire he
1302:
Barton, a former professor of
Semitic languages at the University of Pennsylvania, stated that while there are similarities between the two texts, a study of the entirety of both laws "convinces the student that the laws of the Old Testament are in no essential way dependent upon the Babylonian
733:
The first few years of
Hammurabi's reign were quite peaceful. Hammurabi used his power to undertake a series of public works, including heightening the city walls for defensive purposes, and expanding the temples. The powerful kingdom of Elam, which straddled important trade routes across the
1145:
and his wife, in which he argued that the Mosaic Laws of the Old
Testament were directly copied off the Code of Hammurabi. Delitzsch's lecture was so controversial that, by September 1903, he had managed to collect 1,350 short articles from newspapers and journals, over 300 longer ones, and
995:
After extolling
Hammurabi's military accomplishments, the hymn finally declares: "I am Hammurabi, the king of justice." In later commemorations, Hammurabi's role as a great lawgiver came to be emphasized above all his other accomplishments and his military achievements became de-emphasized.
3129:
377:, which had focused on compensating the victim of the crime, the Law of Hammurabi was one of the first law codes to place greater emphasis on the physical punishment of the perpetrator. It prescribed specific penalties for each crime and is among the first codes to establish the
2000:
1215:
were directly inspired by the Code of
Hammurabi. Some scholars have disputed this; David P. Wright argues that the Jewish Covenant Code is "directly, primarily, and throughout" based upon the Laws of Hammurabi. In 2010, a team of archaeologists from
405:
built collapsed, he was still revered as a model ruler, and many kings across the Near East claimed him as an ancestor. Hammurabi was rediscovered by archaeologists in the late nineteenth century and has since been seen as an important figure in the
485:
under
Hammurabi. The kings who came before Hammurabi had founded a relatively minor city-state in 1894 BC, which controlled little territory outside of the city itself. Babylon was overshadowed by older, larger, and more powerful kingdoms, such as
803:, dated to the reigns of Hammurabi and his successors, have been discovered, as well as 55 of his own letters. These letters give a glimpse into the daily trials of ruling an empire, from dealing with floods and mandating changes to a flawed
1153:. These articles were overwhelmingly critical of Delitzsch, though a few were sympathetic. The Kaiser distanced himself from Delitzsch and his radical views and, in fall of 1904, Delitzsch was forced to give his third lecture in
1303:
laws." He states that "such resemblances" arose from "a similarity of antecedents and of general intellectual outlook" between the two cultures, but that "the striking differences show that there was no direct borrowing."
738:, invaded the Mesopotamian plain. With allies among the plain states, Elam attacked and destroyed the kingdom of Eshnunna, destroying a number of cities and imposing its rule on portions of the plain for the first time.
1996:
775:
In just a few years, Hammurabi succeeded in uniting all of Mesopotamia under his rule. The Assyrian kingdom survived but was forced to pay tribute during his reign, and of the major city-states in the region, only
7764:
767:
of Assyria for control of Mesopotamia, with both kings making alliances with minor states in order to gain the upper hand. Eventually Hammurabi prevailed, ousting Ishme-Dagan I just before his own death.
1833:), the sixth king of the First Babylonian Empire, initiated language reforms to make Akkadian the pre-eminent lingua franca of antiquity; inscriptions have been found on stone, silver and clay artefacts.
1211:
and similarities between the two legal codes suggest a common ancestor in the Semitic background of the two. Nonetheless, fragments of previous law codes have been found and it is unlikely that the
1465:
An early study claims that 'peace and prosperity prevailed during his reign', though more recent research confines this preponderantly peaceful period to the first two decades Hammurabi ruled.
1121:
royal inscription, which was intended for display on a stele, commemorates a royal grant of tax exemptions to nine Babylonian cities and presents the royal protagonist as a second Hammurabi.
396:
Hammurabi was seen by many as a god within his own lifetime. After his death, Hammurabi was revered as a great conqueror who spread civilization and forced all peoples to pay obeisance to
1169:) that the Hebrew Bible was irredeemably contaminated by Babylonian influence and that only by eliminating the human Old Testament entirely could Christians finally believe in the true,
848:
the Code of Hammurabi instead focused on physically punishing the perpetrator. It was also one of the first law codes to place restrictions on what a wronged person was allowed to do in
905:, and Hammurabi began language reforms that would make Akkadian the most common language at this time. A carving at the top of the stele portrays Hammurabi receiving the laws from
877:
and placed in a public place so that all could see it, although it is thought that few were literate. The stele was later plundered by the Elamites and removed to their capital,
742:
military effort. Angered by Larsa's failure to come to his aid, Hammurabi turned on that southern power, thus gaining control of the entirety of the lower Mesopotamian plain by
473:. Babylon was one of the many largely Amorite-ruled city-states that dotted the central and southern Mesopotamian plains and waged war on each other for control of fertile
3085:
2993:
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rather than in Berlin. The putative relationship between the Mosaic Law and the Code of Hammurabi later became a major part of Delitzsch's argument in his 1920–21 book
1055:, in more or less the region of ancient Sumer. Hammurabi's ineffectual successors met with further defeats and loss of territory at the hands of Assyrian kings such as
510:
had begun to consolidate rule of a small area of south central Mesopotamia under Babylonian rule and, by the time of his reign, had conquered the minor city-states of
4850:
1904:
912:
Because of Hammurabi's reputation as a lawgiver, his depiction can be found in law buildings throughout the world. Hammurabi is one of the 23 lawgivers depicted in
860:. The structure of the code is very specific, with each offense receiving a specified punishment. Many offenses resulted in death, disfigurement, or the use of the
2230:
6297:
2879:
1133:("Babylon and Bible") controversy in Germany over the relationship between the Bible and ancient Babylonian texts. In January 1902, the German Assyriologist
1105:, including Hammurabi's code of laws. Even after the fall of the Amorite Dynasty, however, Hammurabi was still remembered and revered. When the Elamite king
1082:, thereby ending all Amorite political presence in Mesopotamia. However, the Indo-European-speaking Hittites did not remain, turning over Babylon to their
6426:
6302:
2424:
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in the Book of Genesis 14:1. This view has now been largely rejected, and Amraphel's existence is not attested in any writings from outside the Bible.
1934:
3110:
6719:
9058:
6341:
6157:
2327:
9987:
7097:
6818:
6729:
6418:
6133:
6075:
6071:
4843:
2093:
6375:
6371:
6079:
2900:
2031:
9784:
6822:
6629:
6200:
6163:
6129:
5704:
5700:
5033:
1825:... Akkadian (Babylonian) replaced Sumerian ... The Code of Hammurabi was written in the daily language of Babylon, Akkadian. Hammurabi (
9428:
5987:
5831:
5696:
5692:
4973:
4453:
3215:
2723:
2398:
1956:
10336:
6715:
6711:
6625:
6422:
5179:
6826:
6083:
4836:
1745:
1032:, the short-lived Babylonian Empire began to collapse. In northern Mesopotamia, both the Amorites and Babylonians were driven from
1051:. Around the same time, native Akkadian speakers threw off Amorite Babylonian rule in the far south of Mesopotamia, creating the
901:, the daily language of Babylon, and could therefore be read by any literate person in the city. At this time, Akkadian replaced
2292:""The just judgements that Ḫammu-rāpi, a former king, rendered": A New Royal Inscription in the Istanbul Archaeological Museums"
6229:
5983:
5963:
2216:
924:
909:, the Babylonian god of justice, and the preface states that Hammurabi was chosen by Shamash to bring the laws to the people.
5936:
5645:
3069:
2973:
1024:
During the reign of Hammurabi, Babylon usurped the position of "most holy city" in southern Mesopotamia from its predecessor,
9938:
9891:
9861:
3079:
3050:
3025:
2987:
2925:
2852:
2816:
2785:
2754:
2683:
2611:
2523:
2491:
2461:
2224:
1898:
1856:
1818:
1762:
1601:
1458:
1448:
61:
2760:
1862:
940:
1888:
1846:
807:, to taking care of Babylon's massive herds of livestock. Hammurabi died and passed the reins of the empire on to his son
10248:
8185:
5680:
5532:
5389:
537:, which regularly invaded and forced tribute upon the small states of southern Mesopotamia. In northern Mesopotamia, the
214:
2210:
8855:
6534:
1963:
1071:
from the northeast. Thus was Babylon quickly reduced to the small and minor state it had once been upon its founding.
10341:
9980:
7201:
2941:
2871:
267:
10331:
10326:
8849:
477:
land. Though many cultures co-existed in Mesopotamia, Babylonian culture gained a degree of prominence among the
8922:
8469:
8393:
4474:
3208:
2979:
1078:
for the Hammurabi's Amorite Dynasty occurred in 1595 BC, when Babylon was sacked and conquered by the powerful
210:
9774:
9754:
9036:
8943:
8928:
8766:
8636:
8437:
8136:
7821:
5205:
10351:
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9575:
9384:
9360:
8760:
7740:
2420:
1782:
920:
996:
Hammurabi's reign became the point of reference for all events in the distant past. A hymn to the goddess
8997:
8036:
7835:
7382:
7376:
5623:
4979:
3957:
3107:
1146:
twenty-eight pamphlets, all written in response to this lecture, as well as the preceding one about the
10210:
9624:
9480:
9243:
8934:
8744:
8090:
7752:
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7714:
5921:
4025:
21:
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9369:
9255:
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9087:
8749:
8613:
8314:
8129:
7026:
4819:
4762:
4609:
4386:
3708:
3201:
984:
I am the fear-inspiring, who, when lifting his fierce eyes, gives the disobedient the death sentence,
1851:. Vol. 1 (Thirteenth ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 29.
1129:
In the late nineteenth century, the Code of Hammurabi became a major center of debate in the heated
9747:
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3234:
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1930:
853:
451:
378:
89:
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70:
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1884:
1639:
1138:
157:
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1584:
Beck, Roger B.; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S.; Naylor, Phillip C.; Shabaka, Dahia Ibo (1999).
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8305:
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4984:
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3695:
2022:
1997:"Lawgivers: From Two Friezes, Great Figures of Legal History Gaze Upon the Supreme Court Bench"
1361:
9881:
6187:
5216:
2603:
2598:
Inventing God's Law: How the Covenant Code of the Bible Used and Revised the Laws of Hammurabi
2481:
1967:
1114:, a land along the Euphrates river, just northwest of Babylon, claimed him as their ancestor.
9930:
Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History
9851:
9814:
9736:
9613:
9273:
9249:
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9184:
9139:
9133:
9109:
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8994:
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4011:
4006:
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1635:
1118:
939:
depicting the "great lawgivers of history", including Hammurabi, is on the south wall of the
928:
305:
93:
28:
9928:
9780:
5593:
2595:
2483:
Abraham and Melchizedek: Scribal Activity of Second Temple Times in Genesis 14 and Psalm 110
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2705:
2388:
2060:
1201:
1147:
752:
As Hammurabi was assisted during the war in the south by his allies from the north such as
8642:
832:
443:
Hammurabi ascended to the throne as the king of a minor kingdom in the midst of a complex
8:
10300:
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9541:
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9024:
9009:
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8673:
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8150:
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7587:
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5897:
5108:
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3939:
3880:
3713:
3621:
2701:
2064:
1629:
1134:
849:
382:
326:, who abdicated due to failing health. During his reign, he conquered the city-states of
2453:
2447:
10321:
9912:
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9603:
9164:
9103:
9097:
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8589:
8502:
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7908:
7584:
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7572:
7331:
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4425:
4406:
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4236:
4207:
3827:
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3733:
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3611:
2960:
2648:
2319:
2056:
1625:
8382:
3845:
3138:
1691:
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9934:
9887:
9857:
9150:
9124:
9100:
9082:
8882:
8803:
8711:
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8552:
8367:
8335:
8326:
8268:
8265:
8262:
8250:
8238:
8153:
8074:
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7887:
7881:
7452:
7325:
7189:
7011:
6737:
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3566:
3177:
3124:
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2848:
2822:
2812:
2791:
2781:
2750:
2715:
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2640:
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2596:
2519:
2511:
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2311:
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1852:
1814:
1607:
1597:
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1454:
1217:
1158:
1041:
902:
898:
862:
836:
827:
362:
180:
114:
7314:
1926:
1220:
discovered a cuneiform tablet dating to the eighteenth or seventeenth century BC at
10236:
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10010:
9810:
9722:
9668:
9599:
9586:
9565:
9530:
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8735:
8732:
8726:
8681:
8574:
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8241:
8079:
7964:
7551:
6641:
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2675:
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controlled the river delta. To the east of Mesopotamia lay the powerful kingdom of
374:
228:
204:
4828:
2446:
North, Robert (1993). "Abraham". In Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.).
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57:
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8812:
8714:
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978:
I am the king, the brace that grasps wrongdoers, that makes people of one mind,
936:
867:
727:
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886:
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406:
339:
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1177:. In the early twentieth century, many scholars believed that Hammurabi was
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8533:
8413:
8338:
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8229:
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8220:
8159:
8111:
8099:
8013:
7990:
7983:
7899:
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7569:
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7356:
7350:
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6554:
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3346:
3154:
3009:
2895:
1360:
1290:
1265:
1212:
515:
507:
463:
401:
386:
381:. They were intended to limit what a wronged person was permitted to do in
323:
125:
10283:
10178:
1095:
856:, suggesting that the accused and accuser have the opportunity to provide
10224:
10191:
10163:
10153:
10059:
10054:
10034:
10029:
9689:
9680:
9535:
9489:
9474:
9465:
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9027:
8979:
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8809:
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8047:
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7977:
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7810:
7807:
7669:
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7635:
7542:
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7473:
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7219:
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7115:
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7092:
6862:
6791:
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6633:
6618:
6612:
6596:
6593:
6496:
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6385:
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6271:
6112:
5902:
5827:
5822:
5815:
5785:
5771:
5734:
5584:
5493:
5408:
5378:
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5133:
5119:
5064:
4999:
4929:
4899:
4776:
4713:
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4583:
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4223:
4147:
4142:
4043:
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3616:
3591:
3571:
3543:
3505:
3394:
3371:
3366:
3356:
3185:
2307:
1778:
1029:
1001:
808:
800:
757:
726:
showing King Hammurabi raising his right arm in worship, now held in the
683:
660:
638:
554:
482:
474:
444:
351:
335:
185:
135:
6855:
2652:
980:
I am the great dragon among kings, who throws their counsel in disarray,
10168:
10158:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10064:
10044:
10024:
10019:
9698:
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1699:
1369:
916:
840:
793:
769:
546:
455:
347:
9965:
7849:
1548:
10173:
9707:
9650:
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9398:
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8053:
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7527:
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7302:
7299:
7163:
7159:
7135:
7083:
7070:
7040:
6935:
6931:
6809:
6669:
6406:
6401:
6397:
6366:
6283:
6260:
6224:
6109:
6032:
5955:
5947:
5914:
5811:
5795:
5767:
5730:
5599:
5557:
5374:
5253:
5139:
4692:
4664:
4495:
4319:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4157:
4080:
3993:
3440:
3422:
3417:
3361:
3326:
2808:
1221:
1099:
1037:
712:
626:
355:
280:
2628:
2192:
2190:
2160:
2158:
10148:
10133:
10113:
10049:
9657:
9483:
9444:
9438:
9315:
8896:
8893:
8838:
8835:
8777:
8708:
8658:
8621:
8474:
8016:
7875:
7857:
7840:
7778:
7705:
7679:
7626:
7608:
7518:
7393:
7284:
7275:
7263:
7231:
7195:
7171:
7121:
7089:
7065:
7037:
7007:
6995:
6988:
6974:
6968:
6903:
6813:
6795:
6707:
6685:
6681:
6566:
6492:
6321:
6275:
6252:
6247:
6178:
6173:
6142:
5959:
5883:
5879:
5872:
5750:
5671:
5516:
5348:
5338:
5333:
5324:
5260:
5243:
5014:
4961:
4748:
4254:
4242:
4017:
3553:
3464:
3450:
3412:
3341:
3193:
2955:
2936:
1178:
1083:
1068:
1060:
857:
818:, under whose rule the Babylonian empire quickly began to unravel.
804:
772:, the new king of Assyria, was forced to pay tribute to Hammurabi.
526:
511:
499:
478:
426:
Map showing the Babylonian territory upon Hammurabi's ascension in
331:
301:
9886:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables).
8875:
3074:, Ithaca, New York and London, England: Cornell University Press,
1124:
557:, although his untimely death would somewhat fragment his empire.
10138:
10069:
9710:
9538:
9519:
9504:
9498:
9492:
8826:
8771:
8664:
8661:
8609:
8460:
8202:
8141:
8062:
8056:
7797:
7791:
7563:
7533:
7388:
7278:
7243:
7034:
6977:
6878:
6847:
6551:
6100:
6043:
5972:
5867:
5859:
5724:
5659:
5466:
5463:
5448:
5444:
5256:
5250:
5234:
5112:
4230:
3520:
3487:
2711:
2187:
2155:
1154:
1102:
1098:
ruled Babylon for over 400 years and adopted many aspects of the
1033:
1020:. The stele was only partially erased and was never re-inscribed.
906:
538:
491:
459:
448:
366:
343:
76:
6963:
4179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2145:
2143:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2113:
2111:
10143:
10128:
10123:
10118:
9501:
9495:
9453:
9364:
8832:
8783:
8358:
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")
8156:
8059:
8044:
8028:
7773:
7758:
7623:
7530:
7521:
7455:
7412:
7281:
7272:
7269:
7266:
7167:
7139:
7080:
6971:
6866:
6693:
6572:
6484:
6472:
6103:
6060:
6025:
6006:
5978:
5875:
5807:
5745:
5688:
5640:
5549:
5520:
5476:
5473:
5423:
5353:
5271:
5224:
5174:
5149:
5144:
5123:
4940:
4914:
4889:
3492:
3336:
2627:
Horowitz, Wayne; Oshima, Takayoshi; Vukosavović, Filip (2012).
2421:"Bible Gateway passage: Genesis 14 - New International Version"
1536:
1526:
1524:
1511:
1509:
1482:
1225:
1197:
1182:
1142:
1025:
997:
970:
932:
913:
894:
785:
777:
753:
630:
550:
545:, who had already inherited centuries-old Assyrian colonies in
519:
397:
80:
6958:
6510:
6182:
5780:
5775:
5603:
5588:
2629:"Hazor 18: Fragments of a Cuneiform Law Collection from Hazor"
2362:
2360:
2069:. London : Printed by the order of the Trustees. p.
1316:
10242:
10099:
9701:
9683:
8198:
7804:
7785:
6851:
6762:
6733:
6660:
6392:
6056:
5943:
5862:
5790:
5667:
5663:
5545:
5483:
5479:
5440:
5227:
5169:
5164:
5154:
5127:
4909:
4569:
2296:
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie
2271:
2170:
2140:
2123:
2108:
1406:
1404:
1205:
1193:
1170:
1111:
1056:
1000:, whose language suggests it was written during the reign of
890:
874:
792:(stone monument) of Hammurabi has been found as far north as
789:
781:
655:
634:
601:
530:
503:
390:
370:
327:
252:
45:
7075:
6037:
1893:. Clark, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 13.
1521:
1506:
1494:
1428:
1416:
1389:
1228:
containing laws clearly derived from the Code of Hammurabi.
506:
for a century or so after its founding. However, his father
10005:
8655:
8419:
8346:
8190:
7946:
7057:
6912:
6834:
6675:
6603:
6432:
6318:
6149:
6124:
6012:
5993:
5762:
5720:
5675:
5615:
5553:
5500:
5469:
5398:
5298:
5240:
5237:
5184:
5028:
5020:
4990:
4950:
4934:
4924:
4894:
3071:
Gilgamesh among Us: Modern Encounters with the Ancient Epic
2840:
The Babylonian Laws: Edited with Translation and Commentary
2565:. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing Co., 1954, pp. 156–157
2357:
2347:
2345:
1658:
1064:
882:
878:
649:
597:
534:
495:
487:
258:
234:
2872:"A New Old Babylonian Date List with Hammurapi Year Names"
1735:
1733:
1718:
1401:
1377:
964:, 4th line from the top), King of Babylon. British Museum.
243:
6652:
2626:
1788:
237:
9821:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.
2539:
2537:
2535:
2342:
2261:
2259:
1706:
1698:. Records of the Past, Volume II, Part III. – via
6289:
4945:
2244:
1848:
Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective
1730:
1646:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1188:
Parallels between this narrative and the giving of the
75:
Hammurabi (standing) receiving his royal insignia from
9800:
Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.
2290:
Frazer, Mary; Adalı, Selim Ferruh (25 November 2021).
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1583:
897:
on 12 tablets. Unlike earlier laws, it was written in
893:. The code of Hammurabi contains 282 laws, written by
10208:
7321:
Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu
2602:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp.
2532:
2256:
1110:
thousand years after Hammurabi's death, the kings of
990:
I am the battle net that catches him who offends me.
231:
6389:
Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter
2778:
Ancient Time or a History of the Early World, Part 1
1670:
1560:
1470:
796:, where he claims the title "King of the Amorites".
255:
249:
4858:
2518:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. p. 1323.
2486:. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. p. 120.
2030:. British Museum. 1905. pp. Plates 44 and 45.
1340:
246:
240:
27:"Hamurabi" redirects here. For the video game, see
6192:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
2899:
2066:A guide to the Babylonian and Assyrian antiquities
1585:
1328:
1063:, as well as to the Sealand Dynasty to the south,
988:I am the young lion, who breaks nets and scepters,
1363:The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East
10313:
2212:An Introduction to Ancient Mesopotamian Religion
852:and one of the earliest examples of the idea of
369:, the Babylonian god of justice. Unlike earlier
2975:Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor
2475:
2473:
2378:
1125:Relationship to Biblical figures and Mosaic law
3034:
2581:. Wheaton: Scripture Press, 1950, 1969, p. 121
2277:
2196:
2181:
2164:
2149:
2134:
2117:
1688:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1515:
1500:
1488:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1395:
1383:
982:I am the net that is stretched over the enemy,
361:Hammurabi is best known for having issued the
9981:
4844:
3209:
2509:
763:Hammurabi entered into a protracted war with
715:votive monument from Sippar, Iraq, dating to
9835:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.
9809:
7313:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk
5906:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
4181:Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224)
2876:Journal of Studies in History and Archeology
2470:
788:maintained their independence. However, one
9845:
9062:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
2833:
2452:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.
2289:
1712:
986:I am the great net that covers evil intent,
951:
462:, and inherited the power from his father,
417:
9988:
9974:
4851:
4837:
3216:
3202:
3067:
2505:
2503:
2366:
2351:
2057:Budge, E. A. Wallis (Ernest Alfred Wallis)
1810:Multilingualism: A Very Short Introduction
1028:. Under the rule of Hammurabi's successor
69:
9762:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
6358:"King of the four quarters of the world"
2954:
2843:. Vol. 1: Legal Commentary. Oxford:
2208:
2202:
2055:
1256:("the kinsman is a healer"), itself from
873:The Code of Hammurabi was inscribed on a
529:controlled the upper Tigris River, while
365:, which he claimed to have received from
9933:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5.
2869:
2775:
2554:
2552:
2479:
1991:
1813:. Oxford University Press. p. 108.
1739:
1693:The Laws of Hammurabi, King of Babylonia
1664:
1652:
1346:
1011:
955:
831:
706:
421:
9995:
9778:
2894:
2802:
2742:Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia
2738:
2573:
2571:
2500:
2265:
2024:Cuneiform Tablets in the British Museum
1999:. WP Company LLC. The Washington Post.
1844:
1758:
1334:
881:; it was rediscovered there in 1901 in
350:to pay tribute, bringing almost all of
215:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
16:Sixth king of Babylon (r. 1792–1750 BC)
10314:
9907:
9905:
9903:
9643:
8873:
8671:
6451:
6442:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
6346:
5270:
3262:
3108:A Closer Look at the Code of Hammurabi
3038:King Hammurabi of Babylon: A Biography
2934:
2870:Khwshnaw, Ardalan (10 February 2023).
2700:
2669:
2590:
2543:
2516:Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary
2217:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
1794:
1775:Victimology: Theories and Applications
1676:
1588:World History: Patterns of Interaction
1571:
1476:
560:
549:, had expanded his territory into the
9969:
9923:
9768:
9735:
9730:
9721:
9673:
9612:
9607:
9598:
9593:
9584:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9550:
9416:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9368:
9359:
9349:
9344:
9333:
9324:
9218:
8953:
8860:
8758:
8748:
8634:
8482:
8391:
8213:
8206:
8164:
8088:
8066:
8034:
8020:
7989:
7973:
7847:
7819:
7795:
7750:
7711:
7656:
7592:
7425:
7410:
7387:
7374:
7337:
7187:
7144:
7018:
6994:
6986:
6949:
6887:
6876:
6846:
6830:
6799:
6766:
6746:
6724:
6691:
6600:
6532:
6520:
6479:
6391:
6383:
6311:
6092:
5846:
5839:
5801:
5728:
5710:
5679:
5632:
5598:
5583:
5575:
5562:
5543:
5531:
5514:
5498:
5461:
5414:
5388:
5310:
5275:
5203:
5027:
4996:
4989:
4978:
4959:
4832:
4178:
3197:
2726:from the original on 29 December 2022
2549:
2445:
2427:from the original on 20 November 2021
2401:from the original on 22 November 2021
2233:from the original on 12 November 2021
1937:from the original on 22 November 2021
1883:
1806:
1446:
1016:Copy of Hammurabi's stele usurped by
62:King of the Four Corners of the World
10249:
9876:
3223:
3008:
2971:
2805:An Introduction to the Ancient World
2568:
2250:
2096:from the original on 4 November 2021
2037:from the original on 29 January 2021
1890:The Origin and History of Hebrew Law
1781:, Albert R. Roberts, Cheryl Regehr,
1724:
1624:
1453:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 3.
1358:
1322:
9900:
3088:from the original on 9 October 2021
2996:from the original on 5 October 2022
2003:from the original on 18 August 2020
1007:
322:BC. He was preceded by his father,
13:
9856:. Getty Publications. p. 14.
9775:Chronology of the Neolithic period
9427:
9057:
8874:
8856:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt
8641:
8532:
7848:
7820:
7763:
7593:
7200:
6854:
5215:
4545:
3478:
2882:from the original on 10 March 2023
2763:from the original on 14 April 2021
2330:from the original on 20 March 2023
1964:Supreme Court of the United States
1907:from the original on 15 April 2021
14:
10368:
9432:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
7768:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos
5579:("made the land of Elam submit")
4206:
3953:
3101:
2914:The Oxford Companion to the Bible
2563:Archaeology and the Old Testament
2449:The Oxford Companion to the Bible
1865:from the original on 17 June 2014
217: instead of cuneiform script.
10337:18th-century BC kings of Babylon
10292:
10275:
10258:
10230:
10218:
9853:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins
9779:
9769:
7074:
6962:
6957:
6785:
6514:
6509:
6340:
6186:
6181:
6036:
5935:
5866:
5779:
5774:
5644:
5607:
5602:
5592:
5587:
5382:
5032:
5019:
5007:
4972:
4815:
4814:
4123:
2942:The American Journal of Theology
2579:Archaeology and Biblical History
2480:Granerød, Gard (26 March 2010).
385:. The Code of Hammurabi and the
227:
195:
9917:
9870:
9839:
9825:
9803:
9794:
8850:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
2620:
2584:
2439:
2413:
2372:
2283:
2077:
2049:
2015:
1985:
1949:
1919:
1877:
1838:
1800:
1768:
1682:
1618:
1577:
1440:
1296:
1275:
961:
821:
393:contain numerous similarities.
272:
47:
9785:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia
8923:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
8470:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
8394:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
6956:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"
2980:Society of Biblical Literature
2776:Breasted, James Henry (2003).
1352:
1243:
1:
9755:Muslim conquest of the Levant
9001:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
8944:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
8929:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt
8767:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
8637:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
8438:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt
8137:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
3166:
3068:Ziolkowski, Theodore (2012),
3035:Van De Mieroop, Marc (2005).
2061:King, L. W. (Leonard William)
1783:Jones & Bartlett Learning
1231:
1045:
925:U.S. House of Representatives
812:
743:
716:
664:
642:
584:
580:
467:
434:
427:
316:
309:
286:
167:
149:
103:
8304:Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("
5038:(Uruk influence or control)
2712:American Sunday-School Union
2209:Schneider, Tammi J. (2011),
1447:Adolf, Antony (8 May 2013).
1310:
1086:allies, a people speaking a
868:Eye for eye, tooth for tooth
447:situation. Hammurabi was an
281:
7:
8998:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
8037:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
7836:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
7383:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
7377:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
6637:(Vassals of the Akkadians)
5624:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
5025:(Anonymous "King-priests")
4980:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
3130:Works by or about Hammurabi
2935:Prince, J. Dyneley (1904).
1272:is a more correct spelling.
1264:("healer"). The classicist
941:U.S. Supreme Court building
10:
10373:
9790:
9625:Sasanian conquest of Egypt
9052:
8935:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
8819:
8793:
8745:Assyrian conquest of Egypt
8091:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
7856:Third Babylonian dynasty (
7753:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
7715:Second Intermediate Period
6525:(vassal of the Akkadians)
5913:
5058:Early or legendary kings:
2662:
2633:Israel Exploration Journal
2215:, Grand Rapids, Michigan:
1631:The Empire of the Amorites
1368:. Vol. 1 – via
825:
271:
46:
22:Hammurabi (disambiguation)
18:
10098:
10004:
9759:
9752:
9745:
9716:
9666:
9663:
9622:
9581:
9547:
9528:
9370:Parthamaspates of Parthia
9356:
9321:
9180:
9148:
8941:
8920:
8847:
8844:
8750:Assyrian conquest of Elam
8743:
8631:
8597:
8531:
8492:
8356:
8345:
8302:
8130:Third Intermediate Period
7945:
7816:
7660:Second Babylonian dynasty
7605:("Old Babylonian Period")
7371:
7323:
7087:
7055:
7027:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
6999:
6983:
6930:
6927:
6910:
6832:
6817:
6776:
6743:
6689:
6673:
6647:
6639:
6610:
6535:First Intermediate Period
6529:
6505:
6461:
6446:
6430:
6405:
6396:
6370:
6365:
6177:
6156:
6137:
6128:
6089:
6064:
6047:
6023:
6010:
6005:
5991:
5976:
5967:
5919:
5895:
5820:
5760:
5743:
5708:
5687:
5681:Early Dynastic Period III
5629:
5613:
5541:
5539:
5528:
5455:
5406:
5396:
5307:
5284:
5200:
5131:
5062:
5045:
5042:
4983:
4956:
4883:
4867:
4812:
4530:
4396:
4387:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
4355:
4340:
4191:
4187:
4174:
4108:
3938:
3836:
3818:
3790:
3762:
3694:
3679:
3463:
3385:
3317:
3302:
3253:
3249:
3229:
3182:
3159:
3151:
3146:
2837:; Miles, John C. (1952).
2739:Bertman, Stephen (2003).
2672:Who Were the Babylonians?
1845:Kleiner, Fred S. (2010).
1713:Driver & Miles (1952)
1359:Hone, Charles F. (1917).
1260:("paternal kinsman") and
946:
799:Vast numbers of contract
692:
673:
620:
572:
567:
179:
163:
145:
141:
131:
121:
99:
88:
68:
55:
42:
10342:First dynasty of Babylon
9748:Muslim conquest of Egypt
9212:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
9043:Cleopatra VII Philopator
8540:Eight Babylonian Dynasty
7602:First Babylonian dynasty
7340:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
6844:(vassal of the Gutians)
6541:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
5533:Early Dynastic Period II
3681:Middle Babylonian period
3235:List of kings of Babylon
2972:Roth, Martha T. (1995).
2780:. Kessinger Publishing.
2707:Archæology and the Bible
2670:Arnold, Bill T. (2005).
2083:For full transcription:
1931:Architect of the Capitol
1690:
1557:, pp. 54–55, 64–65.
1236:
1067:to the east, and to the
952:Posthumous commemoration
854:presumption of innocence
525:The powerful kingdom of
418:Background and ascension
379:presumption of innocence
9833:"Rulers of Mesopotamia"
9576:Province of Mesopotamia
9385:Province of Mesopotamia
9361:Province of Mesopotamia
9336:Roman conquest of Egypt
9177:Antigonus II Mattathias
8971:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
8544:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
7021:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
6547:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
5855:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
5390:Early Dynastic Period I
5313:Second Dynasty of Egypt
3851:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
3139:Year Names of Hammurabi
2937:"The Code of Hammurabi"
2918:Oxford University Press
2803:DeBlois, Lukas (1997).
2747:Oxford University Press
2394:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1807:Maher, John C. (2017).
1689:H. Otto Sommer (1908).
1139:Sing-Akademie zu Berlin
481:classes throughout the
412:
373:law codes, such as the
268:Old Babylonian Akkadian
10332:18th-century BC deaths
10327:19th-century BC births
9433:
9215:Philip II Philoromaeus
9209:Antiochus XII Dionysus
9203:Demetrius III Eucaerus
9200:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
9191:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
9063:
9031:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
8986:Arsinoe III Philopator
8879:
8647:
8537:
8374:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
8306:Second Dynasty of Isin
7853:
7826:
7769:
7598:
7481:(Non-dynastic usurpers
7205:
6890:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt
6859:
6749:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt
6314:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
6095:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
5922:Second kingdom of Mari
5635:Third Dynasty of Egypt
5569:Dumuzid, the Fisherman
5221:
5212:First Dynasty of Egypt
4468:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
4461:Seleucus IV Philopator
4433:Seleucus II Callinicus
3805:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
1727:, pp. 13, 23, 57.
1450:Peace: A World History
1281:It is predated by the
1137:gave a lecture at the
1021:
993:
965:
844:
730:
674:Commanders and leaders
440:
433:and upon his death in
203:This article contains
9819:The Ancient Near East
9737:Byzantine Mesopotamia
9651:Province of Asoristan
9614:Byzantine Mesopotamia
9431:
9424:Province of Asoristan
9206:Philip I Philadelphus
9194:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
9188:Antiochus VIII Grypus
9185:Seleucus V Philometor
9140:Antiochus VII Sidetes
9134:Antiochus VI Dionysus
9061:
9034:Berenice IV Epiphanea
8995:Ptolemy VI Philometor
8983:Ptolemy IV Philopator
8980:Berenice II Euergetis
8977:Ptolemy III Euergetes
8878:
8796:Neo-Babylonian Empire
8706:Marduk-apla-iddina II
8703:Marduk-zakir-shumi II
8694:Marduk-apla-iddina II
8645:
8600:Humban-Tahrid dynasty
8536:
8257:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur
7947:Middle Elamite period
7852:
7824:
7767:
7597:
7204:
6858:
6613:Third kingdom of Mari
6334:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
5409:First kingdom of Mari
5219:
5206:Early Dynastic Period
5048:Proto-Dynastic period
4577:Antiochus VII Sidetes
4440:Seleucus III Ceraunus
4373:Philip III Arrhidaeus
4110:Neo-Babylonian Empire
4012:Marduk-apla-iddina II
4007:Marduk-zakir-shumi II
3988:Marduk-apla-iddina II
3304:Old Babylonian Empire
1636:Yale University Press
1015:
975:
960:Tablet of Hammurabi (
959:
929:United States Capitol
835:
710:
693:Casualties and losses
568:Hammurabi's conquests
425:
346:, and forced his son
306:Old Babylonian Empire
94:Old Babylonian Empire
9182:Alexander II Zabinas
9046:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
9022:Ptolemy XI Alexander
9004:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
8559:Marduk-zakir-shumi I
8547:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
8371:Eulmash-shakin-shumi
8312:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
7936:Marduk-apla-iddina I
7830:New Kingdom of Egypt
7653:Early Kassite rulers
6947:(Vassals of Ur III)
6928:(Vassals of UR III)
6328:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
6298:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II
5849:Old Kingdom of Egypt
4517:Demetrius II Nicator
3876:Marduk-zakir-shumi I
3856:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
3800:Eulmash-shakin-shumi
3704:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
3657:Marduk-apla-iddina I
3117:at the Louvre museum
3113:22 July 2017 at the
3043:Blackwell Publishing
2308:10.1515/za-2021-2004
2086:"CDLI-Archival View"
1291:Code of Lipit-Ishtar
173:BC (aged 59–60)
20:For other uses, see
10352:Ancient legislators
9687:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
9197:Antiochus X Eusebes
9025:Ptolemy XII Auletes
9016:Ptolemy X Alexander
9010:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
8989:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
8674:Neo-Assyrian Empire
8562:Marduk-balassu-iqbi
8495:Neo-Assyrian Empire
8318:Ninurta-nadin-shumi
8209:Syro-Hittite states
7915:Shagarakti-Shuriash
7588:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
6582:Neferkare Pepiseneb
6481:Akkadian Governors:
4985:Pre-Dynastic period
4482:Antiochus V Eupator
4447:Antiochus III Megas
3975:Tiglath-Pileser III
3940:Neo-Assyrian period
3881:Marduk-balassu-iqbi
3714:Ninurta-nadin-shumi
3622:Shagarakti-Shuriash
2379:Rogers, Robert W.;
2278:Van De Mieroop 2005
2253:, pp. 243–246.
2199:, pp. 129–130.
2197:Van De Mieroop 2005
2182:Van De Mieroop 2005
2167:, pp. 126–127.
2165:Van De Mieroop 2005
2150:Van De Mieroop 2005
2135:Van De Mieroop 2005
2118:Van De Mieroop 2005
1957:"Courtroom Friezes"
1797:, pp. 606–607.
1779:Ann Wolbert Burgess
1667:, pp. 129–130.
1626:Clay, Albert Tobias
1555:Van De Mieroop 2005
1543:Van De Mieroop 2005
1531:Van De Mieroop 2005
1516:Van De Mieroop 2005
1501:Van De Mieroop 2005
1489:Van De Mieroop 2005
1435:Van De Mieroop 2005
1423:Van De Mieroop 2005
1411:Van De Mieroop 2005
1396:Van De Mieroop 2005
1384:Van De Mieroop 2005
1167:The Great Deception
1163:Die große Täuschung
1148:Flood story in the
1135:Friedrich Delitzsch
784:to the west in the
561:Reign and conquests
9913:Sumerian King List
9727:Palaestina Secunda
9604:Palaestina Secunda
9434:
9165:Alexander Jannaeus
9064:
9054:Hellenistic Period
8880:
8648:
8626:Humban-haltash III
8590:Nabu-shuma-ukin II
8538:
8503:Tukulti-Ninurta II
8484:Kingdom of Samaria
8380:Mar-biti-apla-usur
8377:Shirikti-shuqamuna
8347:Neo-Elamite period
8330:Marduk-shapik-zeri
8315:Itti-Marduk-balatu
8296:Tiglath-Pileser II
8293:Ashur-resh-ishi II
8248:Enlil-kudurri-usur
7939:Zababa-shuma-iddin
7924:Kadashman-Harbe II
7909:Kadashman-Enlil II
7854:
7827:
7770:
7599:
7585:Ashur-rim-nisheshu
7582:Ashur-bel-nisheshu
7573:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I
7332:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
7206:
6860:
6235:Lugal-kinishe-dudu
5616:Old Elamite period
5508:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
5361:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
5278:Jemdet Nasr period
5222:
4426:Antiochus II Theos
4407:Seleucus I Nicator
4342:Hellenistic period
4237:Nebuchadnezzar III
3828:Mar-biti-apla-usur
3810:Shirikti-shuqamuna
3734:Marduk-shapik-zeri
3709:Itti-Marduk-balatu
3662:Zababa-shuma-iddin
3637:Kadashman-Harbe II
3612:Kadashman-Enlil II
3121:Works by Hammurabi
2910:Coogan, Michael D.
2835:Driver, Godfrey R.
2512:Tenney, Merrill C.
2219:, pp. 58–59,
1885:Smith, J. M. Powis
1325:, between 266–267.
1107:Shutruk-Nahhunte I
1022:
1018:Shutruk-Nahhunte I
966:
885:and is now in the
845:
731:
612:Babylonian victory
441:
10206:
10205:
9963:
9962:
9957:
9956:
9953:
9952:
9940:978-1-62564-606-4
9925:Unger, Merrill F.
9893:978-0-14-193825-7
9863:978-1-60606-649-2
9630:Province of Egypt
9561:Province of Egypt
9341:Province of Egypt
9083:Antigonid dynasty
8883:Achaemenid Empire
8804:Nebuchadnezzar II
8712:Ashur-nadin-shumi
8581:Nabu-shuma-ishkun
8553:Nabu-shuma-ukin I
8368:Kashshu-nadin-ahi
8336:Marduk-ahhe-eriba
8327:Marduk-nadin-ahhe
8269:Asharid-apal-Ekur
8266:Tiglath-Pileser I
8263:Ashur-resh-ishi I
8251:Ninurta-apal-Ekur
8239:Tukulti-Ninurta I
8186:Kingdom of Israel
8154:Osorkon the Elder
8075:Shutrukid dynasty
7960:Igehalkid dynasty
7927:Adad-shuma-iddina
7921:Enlil-nadin-shumi
7888:Kadashman-Enlil I
7882:Kadashman-harbe I
7326:Sukkalmah dynasty
7190:Isin-Larsa period
7012:Shimashki Dynasty
6738:Puzur-Inshushinak
6337:Netjerkare Siptah
6107:Neferirkare Kakai
5652:Egyptian pyramids
4861:Ancient Near East
4826:
4825:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4537:(141 BC – AD 224)
4526:
4525:
4503:Demetrius I Soter
4489:Demetrius I Soter
4414:Antiochus I Soter
4336:
4335:
4249:Nebuchadnezzar IV
4182:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4138:Nebuchadnezzar II
4104:
4103:
3934:
3933:
3926:Nabu-suma-ukin II
3911:Nabu-shuma-ishkun
3866:Nabu-shuma-ukin I
3782:Kashshu-nadin-ahi
3744:Marduk-ahhe-eriba
3729:Marduk-nadin-ahhe
3675:
3674:
3642:Adad-shuma-iddina
3632:Enlil-nadin-shumi
3577:Kadashman-Enlil I
3567:Kadashman-Harbe I
3459:
3458:
3298:
3297:
3192:
3191:
3183:Succeeded by
3125:Project Gutenberg
3081:978-0-8014-5035-8
3052:978-1-4051-2660-1
3027:978-0-14-012523-8
2989:978-0-7885-0104-3
2927:978-0-19-504645-8
2906:Metzger, Bruce M.
2854:978-1-55635-229-4
2818:978-0-415-12773-8
2787:978-0-7661-4946-5
2756:978-0-19-518364-1
2702:Barton, George A.
2685:978-90-04-13071-5
2613:978-0-19-530475-6
2525:978-0-310-22983-4
2493:978-3-11-022346-0
2463:978-0-19-504645-8
2369:, pp. 23–25.
2226:978-0-8028-2959-7
1995:(11 March 1998).
1900:978-1-58477-489-1
1858:978-0-495-57360-9
1820:978-0-19-872499-5
1603:978-0-395-87274-1
1545:, pp. 40–41.
1491:, pp. 15–16.
1460:978-0-7456-5459-1
1218:Hebrew University
1159:Frankfurt am Main
1150:Epic of Gilgamesh
1044:-speaking ruler,
837:Code of Hammurabi
828:Code of Hammurabi
705:
704:
669:Minor city-states
616:
615:
600:& modern-day
363:Code of Hammurabi
279:
211:rendering support
191:
190:
10364:
10305:
10297:
10296:
10295:
10288:
10280:
10279:
10278:
10271:
10263:
10262:
10261:
10251:
10235:
10234:
10233:
10223:
10222:
10214:
9990:
9983:
9976:
9967:
9966:
9945:
9944:
9921:
9915:
9909:
9898:
9897:
9874:
9868:
9867:
9846:Thomas, Ariane;
9843:
9837:
9836:
9829:
9823:
9822:
9807:
9801:
9798:
9783:
9773:
9723:Palaestina Prima
9669:Byzantine Empire
9600:Palaestina Prima
9587:Byzantine Empire
9566:Syria Palaestina
9531:Palmyrene Empire
9517:Bahram VI Chobin
9380:Syria Palaestina
9168:Salome Alexandra
9151:Kingdom of Judea
9137:Diodotus Tryphon
8992:Cleopatra I Syra
8968:Ptolemy Keraunos
8736:Ashur-uballit II
8733:Sin-shumu-lishir
8727:Ashur-etil-ilani
8682:Sargonid dynasty
8575:Marduk-apla-usur
8556:Nabu-apla-iddina
8550:Shamash-mudammiq
8506:Ashurnasirpal II
8489:Kingdom of Judah
8333:Adad-apla-iddina
8324:Enlil-nadin-apli
8321:Nebuchadnezzar I
8245:Ashur-nirari III
8242:Ashur-nadin-apli
8080:Shutruk-Nakhunte
7965:Untash-Napirisha
7954:Kidinuid dynasty
7552:Shamshi-Adad III
7260:Dynasty of Larsa
7078:
6966:
6961:
6789:
6642:Shar-Kali-Sharri
6576:Neferkare Tereru
6564:Neferkare Khendu
6518:
6513:
6344:
6303:Kiku-siwe-tempti
6190:
6185:
6040:
5969:Kish III dynasty
5939:
5870:
5783:
5778:
5683:(2600–2340 BCE)
5648:
5611:
5606:
5596:
5591:
5535:(2700–2600 BCE)
5392:(2900–2700 BCE)
5386:
5303:(3100–2700 BCE)
5282:(3100–2900 BCE)
5036:
5023:
5011:
4987:(4000–2900 BCE)
4976:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4830:
4829:
4818:
4817:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4189:
4188:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4026:Aššur-nādin-šumi
3951:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3901:Marduk-apla-usur
3871:Nabu-apla-iddina
3861:Shamash-mudammiq
3739:Adad-apla-iddina
3724:Enlil-nadin-apli
3719:Nebuchadnezzar I
3692:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3582:Burna-Buriash II
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3404:Unknown king (?)
3315:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3260:
3259:
3251:
3250:
3224:Kings of Babylon
3218:
3211:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3162:Kings of Babylon
3152:Preceded by
3144:
3143:
3134:Internet Archive
3096:
3095:
3093:
3064:
3031:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2968:
2958:
2931:
2903:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2866:
2830:
2799:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2710:. Philadelphia:
2697:
2676:Brill Publishers
2657:
2656:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2601:
2592:Wright, David P.
2588:
2582:
2575:
2566:
2556:
2547:
2541:
2530:
2529:
2510:Douglas, J. D.;
2507:
2498:
2497:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2381:Kohler, Kaufmann
2376:
2370:
2364:
2355:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2185:
2179:
2168:
2162:
2153:
2147:
2138:
2132:
2121:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2029:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1966:. Archived from
1961:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1772:
1766:
1756:
1743:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1594:McDougal Littell
1592:. Evanston, IL:
1591:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1519:
1513:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1287:Laws of Eshnunna
1283:Code of Ur-Nammu
1279:
1273:
1247:
1141:in front of the
1092:Zagros mountains
1088:language isolate
1050:
1047:
1008:Political legacy
963:
817:
814:
748:
745:
736:Zagros Mountains
725:
721:
718:
666:
644:
586:
582:
574:
573:
565:
564:
472:
469:
439:
436:
432:
429:
375:Code of Ur-Nammu
321:
318:
314:
311:
308:, reigning from
300:, was the sixth
296:), also spelled
295:
291:
288:
284:
278:romanized:
277:
275:
274:
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
205:cuneiform script
199:
198:
172:
169:
154:
151:
112:
108:
105:
73:
51:
50:
49:
40:
39:
35:
25:
10372:
10371:
10367:
10366:
10365:
10363:
10362:
10361:
10312:
10311:
10308:
10304:from Wikisource
10298:
10293:
10291:
10281:
10276:
10274:
10264:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10250:sister projects
10247:at Knowledge's
10241:
10231:
10229:
10217:
10209:
10207:
10202:
10103:1940-1674 BCE (
10102:
10094:
10009:1953-1730 BCE (
10008:
10000:
9994:
9964:
9959:
9958:
9949:
9948:
9941:
9922:
9918:
9910:
9901:
9894:
9875:
9871:
9864:
9844:
9840:
9831:
9830:
9826:
9808:
9804:
9799:
9795:
9732:Byzantine Syria
9718:Byzantine Egypt
9693:Farrukh Hormizd
9653:
9649:
9646:Sasanian Empire
9632:
9628:
9609:Byzantine Syria
9595:Byzantine Egypt
9534:
9426:
9422:
9419:Sasanian Empire
9339:
9244:Mithridates III
9224:
9221:Parthian Empire
9154:
9093:Seleucid Empire
9090:
9080:
9056:
8965:Ptolemy I Soter
8963:
8960:Ptolemaic Egypt
8932:
8926:
8886:
8868:
8864:
8862:Kings of Byblos
8853:
8825:
8799:
8770:
8764:
8738:
8718:Mushezib-Marduk
8688:Tiglath-Pileser
8686:
8677:
8654:
8640:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8603:
8595:
8593:Nabu-mukin-zeri
8587:Nabu-nadin-zeri
8572:Marduk-bel-zeri
8565:Baba-aha-iddina
8542:
8519:Adad-nirari III
8509:Shalmaneser III
8498:
8487:
8486:
8473:
8467:
8466:
8464:Menkheperre Ini
8441:
8434:
8433:
8397:
8383:Nabû-mukin-apli
8360:
8349:(1100–540 BCE)
8342:Nabu-shum-libur
8310:
8287:Ashur-nirari IV
8281:Ashurnasirpal I
8278:Shamshi-Adad IV
8224:Ashur-uballit I
8219:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8183:
8182:
8178:
8174:
8172:Kings of Byblos
8170:
8140:
8133:
8127:
8126:
8095:
8094:
8078:
8072:
8040:
8027:
8026:
8008:Neferneferuaten
7968:
7967:
7963:
7957:
7951:
7950:(1500–1100 BCE)
7942:Enlil-nadin-ahi
7930:Adad-shuma-usur
7918:Kashtiliashu IV
7906:Kadashman-Turgu
7891:Burnaburiash II
7870:Kashtiliash III
7862:
7839:
7833:
7803:
7802:(1600–1260 BCE)
7801:
7771:
7762:
7756:
7744:
7738:
7734:
7728:
7724:
7718:
7698:
7693:Peshgaldaramesh
7688:
7678:
7668:
7664:Sealand Dynasty
7661:
7658:
7657:
7651:
7650:
7613:
7606:
7604:
7579:Ashur-nirari II
7558:Puzur-Ashur III
7546:Shamshi-Adad II
7517:
7515:
7513:Adaside dynasty
7510:
7509:
7484:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7442:
7440:
7438:
7431:
7422:
7416:
7405:
7401:
7399:Kings of Byblos
7397:
7391:
7380:
7343:
7330:
7329:
7311:Uruk VI dynasty
7309:
7258:
7209:Dynasty of Isin
7199:
7193:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7125:
7119:
7112:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7079:
7073:
7069:
7063:
7060:
7030:
7024:
7006:
6967:
6955:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6917:
6907:
6893:
6877:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6850:
6843:
6839:
6825:
6821:
6812:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6794:
6790:
6784:
6780:
6771:(2150–2000 BCE)
6752:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6684:
6680:
6668:
6664:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6616:
6606:
6561:Djedkare Shemai
6550:
6544:
6538:
6524:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6470:Sargon of Akkad
6468:
6467:
6464:Akkadian Empire
6456:(2340–2150 BCE)
6454:Akkadian Period
6441:
6437:
6425:
6421:
6400:
6388:
6378:
6374:
6357:
6353:
6339:
6317:
6296:
6294:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6246:
6237:
6223:
6219:
6207:
6203:
6191:
6162:
6159:
6153:
6141:
6132:
6099:
6098:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6042:
6041:
6035:
6031:
6030:
6018:
6017:
6001:
5998:
5986:
5982:
5971:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5925:
5917:(2500-539 BCE)
5905:
5901:
5871:
5865:
5858:
5852:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5794:
5788:
5784:
5770:
5766:
5756:
5753:
5749:
5737:
5733:
5723:
5719:
5717:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5655:
5649:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5622:
5621:
5620:(2700–1500 BCE)
5619:
5567:
5556:
5519:("conqueror of
5505:
5489:
5482:
5472:
5458:
5439:
5435:
5430:
5421:
5412:
5404:
5401:
5381:
5317:
5316:
5302:
5296:
5290:
5281:
5223:
5209:
5196:
5137:
5068:
5057:
5051:
5037:
5031:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5004:(4000–3100 BCE)
5003:
4997:
4971:
4965:
4937:
4918:
4908:
4881:
4879:
4863:
4857:
4827:
4822:
4796:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4532:Parthian period
4522:
4510:Alexander Balas
4392:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4332:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4183:
4162:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4100:
4066:Šamaš-šuma-ukin
4038:Mushezib-Marduk
3969:Nabu-mukin-zeri
3962:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3930:
3921:Nabu-nadin-zeri
3896:Marduk-bel-zeri
3886:Baba-aha-iddina
3846:Nabû-mukin-apli
3832:
3814:
3786:
3758:
3754:Nabu-shum-libur
3685:
3684:
3683:
3671:
3667:Enlil-nadin-ahi
3647:Adad-shuma-usur
3607:Kadashman-Turgu
3549:Kashtiliash III
3469:
3468:
3467:
3455:
3431:Peshgaldaramesh
3381:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3281:
3273:
3265:
3256:
3245:
3244:
3225:
3222:
3188:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3115:Wayback Machine
3104:
3099:
3091:
3089:
3082:
3053:
3028:
2999:
2997:
2990:
2928:
2885:
2883:
2878:(84): 665–686.
2855:
2845:Clarendon Press
2819:
2788:
2766:
2764:
2757:
2729:
2727:
2686:
2665:
2660:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2589:
2585:
2576:
2569:
2557:
2550:
2542:
2533:
2526:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2385:Jastrow, Marcus
2377:
2373:
2367:Ziolkowski 2012
2365:
2358:
2352:Ziolkowski 2012
2350:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2236:
2234:
2227:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2171:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2124:
2116:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1901:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1859:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1773:
1769:
1757:
1746:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1623:
1619:
1604:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1522:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1425:, pp. 3–4.
1421:
1417:
1409:
1402:
1398:, pp. 1–2.
1394:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1280:
1276:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1173:message of the
1131:Babel und Bibel
1127:
1096:Kassite Dynasty
1053:Sealand Dynasty
1048:
1010:
992:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
954:
949:
830:
824:
815:
746:
723:
719:
682:
668:
659:
653:
637:
633:
629:
604:
563:
470:
437:
430:
420:
415:
319:
312:
293:
289:
230:
226:
220:
219:
218:
209:Without proper
200:
196:
174:
170:
156:
152:
110:
106:
84:
60:
58:King of Babylon
44:
36:
26:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10370:
10360:
10359:
10357:Kings of Larsa
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10307:
10306:
10289:
10287:from Wikiquote
10272:
10243:
10240:
10239:
10227:
10204:
10203:
10201:
10200:
10195:
10188:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10116:
10110:
10108:
10096:
10095:
10093:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10022:
10016:
10014:
10002:
10001:
9993:
9992:
9985:
9978:
9970:
9961:
9960:
9955:
9954:
9951:
9950:
9947:
9946:
9939:
9916:
9899:
9892:
9869:
9862:
9848:Potts, Timothy
9838:
9824:
9802:
9792:
9791:
9788:
9787:
9777:
9766:
9765:
9758:
9751:
9744:
9740:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9720:
9714:
9713:
9672:
9665:
9661:
9660:
9642:
9621:
9617:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9597:
9591:
9590:
9583:
9579:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9557:
9556:
9549:
9545:
9544:
9527:
9523:
9522:
9415:
9411:
9410:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9373:
9372:
9367:
9358:
9354:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9331:
9330:
9323:
9322:30 BCE–116 CE
9319:
9318:
9256:Mithridates IV
9238:Mithridates II
9217:
9179:
9174:Aristobulus II
9147:
9143:
9142:
9067:Argead dynasty
9051:
8956:Argead dynasty
8952:
8948:
8947:
8939:
8938:
8918:
8917:
8909:Artaxerxes III
8872:
8870:Kings of Sidon
8859:
8846:
8842:
8841:
8818:
8813:Labashi-Marduk
8792:
8757:
8753:
8752:
8747:
8741:
8740:
8715:Nergal-ushezib
8670:
8651:Black Pharaohs
8633:
8629:
8628:
8596:
8569:Ninurta-apla-X
8530:
8528:Ashur-nirari V
8522:Shalmaneser IV
8512:Shamshi-Adad V
8500:Adad-nirari II
8491:
8481:
8390:
8386:
8385:
8355:
8351:
8350:
8344:
8301:
8284:Shalmaneser II
8272:Ashur-bel-kala
8260:Mutakkil-Nusku
8216:Middle Assyria
8212:
8205:
8180:Kings of Sidon
8163:
8087:
8086:1155–1025 BCE
8083:
8082:
8069:Elamite Empire
8065:
8032:
8031:
8023:Hittite Empire
8019:
7987:
7986:
7971:
7970:
7944:
7933:Meli-Shipak II
7903:Nazi-Maruttash
7867:Burnaburiash I
7846:
7818:
7817:1531–1155 BCE
7814:
7813:
7794:
7749:
7709:
7708:
7655:
7591:
7576:Enlil-Nasir II
7555:Ashur-nirari I
7549:Ishme-Dagan II
7540:Sharma-Adad II
7492:Ashur-apla-idi
7483:1735–1701 BCE)
7462:Ashur-apla-idi
7444:Shamshi-Adad I
7439:1808–1736 BCE)
7424:
7419:Yamhad dynasty
7409:
7407:Kings of Sidon
7386:
7373:
7372:1800–1595 BCE
7369:
7368:
7335:
7334:
7322:
7186:
7176:Puzur-Ashur II
7143:
7086:
7053:
7052:
7047:Mentuhotep III
7016:
7015:
6998:
6993:
6985:
6984:2025-1763 BCE
6981:
6980:
6952:Ur III dynasty
6948:
6929:
6926:
6922:
6921:
6909:
6898:Neferkare VIII
6886:
6882:
6881:
6874:
6873:
6845:
6831:
6829:
6816:
6802:Gutian dynasty
6798:
6774:
6773:
6765:
6760:Nebkaure Khety
6754:Meryibre Khety
6745:
6741:
6740:
6723:
6690:
6688:
6672:
6645:
6644:
6638:
6609:
6599:
6585:Neferkamin Anu
6558:Neferkare Neby
6531:
6527:
6526:
6522:Lugal-ushumgal
6519:
6504:
6500:
6499:
6478:
6459:
6458:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6443:
6429:
6416:
6414:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6395:
6390:
6382:
6369:
6364:
6360:
6359:
6355:Lugalannemundu
6345:
6310:
6306:
6305:
6300:
6286:
6269:
6250:
6241:
6232:
6227:
6211:
6198:
6194:
6193:
6176:
6171:
6167:
6166:
6155:
6146:
6145:
6136:
6127:
6122:Djedkare Isesi
6119:Menkauhor Kaiu
6091:
6087:
6086:
6063:
6046:
6022:
6020:Pabilgagaltuku
6009:
6004:
5990:
5979:Akshak dynasty
5975:
5966:
5918:
5912:
5908:
5907:
5894:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5819:
5804:Enun-dara-anna
5799:
5798:
5759:
5742:
5727:
5709:
5707:
5685:
5684:
5678:
5631:
5627:
5626:
5612:
5597:
5581:
5580:
5573:
5572:
5561:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5512:
5511:
5497:
5460:
5453:
5452:
5428:Kullassina-bel
5413:
5405:
5394:
5393:
5387:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5283:
5274:
5269:
5220:Narmer Palette
5202:
5201:3100–2900 BCE
5198:
5197:
5130:
5060:
5059:
5044:
5043:3200–3100 BCE
5040:
5039:
5026:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4982:
4977:
4958:
4957:4000–3200 BCE
4954:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4912:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4859:Rulers of the
4856:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4833:
4824:
4823:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4763:Parthamaspates
4759:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4632:
4625:
4620:
4613:
4610:Mithridates II
4606:
4599:
4592:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4551:
4549:
4540:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4417:
4410:
4402:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4361:
4359:
4350:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4323:
4317:
4310:
4307:Artaxerxes III
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4251:
4246:
4239:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4212:
4210:
4201:
4193:Persian period
4185:
4184:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4153:Labashi-Marduk
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4118:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4091:
4088:Sîn-šumu-līšir
4084:
4077:
4070:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4035:
4033:Nergal-ushezib
4030:
4021:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3891:Ninurta-apla-X
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3824:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3689:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3627:Kashtiliash IV
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3602:Nazi-Maruttash
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3539:Burnaburiash I
3536:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3511:Kashtiliash II
3508:
3503:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3473:
3470:(1729–1157 BC)
3465:Kassite period
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3312:
3309:(1894–1595 BC)
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3279:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3181:
3174: 1750 BC
3158:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3147:Regnal titles
3142:
3141:
3136:
3127:
3118:
3103:
3102:External links
3100:
3098:
3097:
3080:
3065:
3051:
3032:
3026:
3006:
2988:
2969:
2956:10.1086/478479
2949:(3): 601–609.
2932:
2926:
2892:
2867:
2853:
2831:
2817:
2800:
2786:
2773:
2755:
2736:
2698:
2684:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2639:(2): 158–176.
2619:
2612:
2583:
2567:
2548:
2546:, p. 406.
2531:
2524:
2499:
2492:
2469:
2462:
2438:
2412:
2371:
2356:
2341:
2302:(2): 231–262.
2282:
2280:, p. 130.
2270:
2255:
2243:
2225:
2201:
2186:
2184:, p. 129.
2169:
2154:
2152:, p. 126.
2139:
2137:, p. 127.
2122:
2120:, p. 128.
2107:
2076:
2048:
2014:
1993:Biskupic, Joan
1984:
1973:on 1 June 2010
1948:
1918:
1899:
1876:
1857:
1837:
1819:
1799:
1787:
1785:, 2009, p. 103
1767:
1744:
1742:, p. 141.
1729:
1717:
1705:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1655:, p. 129.
1645:
1617:
1602:
1576:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1520:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1459:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1274:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1209:Book of Exodus
1181:, the King of
1126:
1123:
1119:Neo-Babylonian
1080:Hittite Empire
1049: 1740 BC
1009:
1006:
976:
953:
950:
948:
945:
937:Adolph Weinman
826:Main article:
823:
820:
816: 1750 BC
747: 1763 BC
728:British Museum
724: 1750 BC
703:
702:
699:
695:
694:
690:
689:
686:
676:
675:
671:
670:
646:
623:
622:
618:
617:
614:
613:
610:
606:
605:
595:
593:
589:
588:
578:
570:
569:
562:
559:
543:Shamshi-Adad I
471: 1792 BC
438: 1750 BC
431: 1792 BC
419:
416:
414:
411:
407:history of law
342:, the king of
294: 1750 BC
213:, you may see
201:
194:
193:
192:
189:
188:
183:
177:
176:
165:
161:
160:
147:
143:
142:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
111: 1750 BC
101:
97:
96:
86:
85:
74:
66:
65:
53:
52:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10369:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10347:Amorite kings
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10319:
10317:
10310:
10303:
10302:
10290:
10286:
10285:
10273:
10269:
10268:
10256:
10255:
10252:
10246:
10238:
10228:
10226:
10221:
10216:
10215:
10212:
10199:
10196:
10193:
10189:
10186:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10111:
10109:
10106:
10101:
10097:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10061:
10058:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10007:
10003:
9999:
9991:
9986:
9984:
9979:
9977:
9972:
9971:
9968:
9942:
9936:
9932:
9931:
9926:
9920:
9914:
9908:
9906:
9904:
9895:
9889:
9885:
9884:
9879:
9878:Roux, Georges
9873:
9865:
9859:
9855:
9854:
9849:
9842:
9834:
9828:
9820:
9816:
9812:
9806:
9797:
9793:
9789:
9786:
9782:
9776:
9772:
9767:
9764:
9763:
9757:
9756:
9750:
9749:
9742:
9741:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9724:
9719:
9715:
9712:
9709:
9706:
9705:Yazdegerd III
9703:
9700:
9697:
9694:
9691:
9688:
9685:
9682:
9679:
9676:
9671:
9670:
9662:
9659:
9656:
9652:
9648:
9647:
9641:
9638:
9637:Sahralanyozan
9635:
9631:
9626:
9619:
9618:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9601:
9596:
9592:
9589:
9588:
9580:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9558:
9555:
9554:
9546:
9543:
9540:
9537:
9533:
9532:
9525:
9524:
9521:
9518:
9515:
9512:
9509:
9506:
9503:
9500:
9497:
9494:
9491:
9488:
9485:
9482:
9479:
9476:
9473:
9470:
9467:
9464:
9461:
9458:
9455:
9452:
9449:
9446:
9443:
9440:
9437:
9430:
9425:
9421:
9420:
9413:
9412:
9409:
9406:
9403:
9400:
9397:
9394:
9393:Mithridates V
9391:
9390:Sinatruces II
9386:
9381:
9375:
9374:
9371:
9366:
9362:
9355:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9329:
9328:
9320:
9317:
9314:
9313:Artabanus III
9311:
9308:
9305:
9302:
9299:
9296:
9293:
9290:
9287:
9284:
9283:Tiridates III
9281:
9278:
9275:
9272:
9269:
9266:
9263:
9260:
9257:
9254:
9251:
9248:
9245:
9242:
9239:
9236:
9233:
9230:
9227:
9226:Mithridates I
9223:
9222:
9216:
9213:
9210:
9207:
9204:
9201:
9198:
9195:
9192:
9189:
9186:
9183:
9178:
9175:
9172:
9169:
9166:
9163:
9162:Aristobulus I
9160:
9159:John Hyrcanus
9157:
9153:
9152:
9145:
9144:
9141:
9138:
9135:
9132:
9129:
9128:Alexander III
9126:
9123:
9120:
9117:
9114:
9113:Antiochus III
9111:
9108:
9105:
9102:
9099:
9095:
9094:
9089:
9085:
9084:
9079:
9076:
9073:
9072:Alexander III
9069:
9068:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9047:
9044:
9041:
9038:
9035:
9032:
9029:
9026:
9023:
9020:
9017:
9014:
9011:
9008:
9007:Cleopatra III
9005:
9002:
8999:
8996:
8993:
8990:
8987:
8984:
8981:
8978:
8975:
8972:
8969:
8966:
8962:
8961:
8957:
8950:
8949:
8946:
8945:
8940:
8937:
8936:
8931:
8930:
8925:
8924:
8919:
8916:
8913:
8912:Artaxerxes IV
8910:
8907:
8906:Artaxerxes II
8904:
8901:
8898:
8895:
8892:
8889:
8885:
8884:
8877:
8871:
8867:
8866:Kings of Tyre
8863:
8857:
8852:
8851:
8843:
8840:
8837:
8834:
8831:
8828:
8824:
8823:
8822:Median Empire
8817:
8814:
8811:
8808:
8805:
8802:
8798:
8797:
8791:
8788:
8785:
8782:
8779:
8776:
8773:
8769:
8768:
8763:
8762:
8755:
8754:
8751:
8746:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8731:
8730:Sinsharishkun
8728:
8725:
8722:
8719:
8716:
8713:
8710:
8707:
8704:
8701:
8698:
8695:
8692:
8689:
8685:
8683:
8676:
8675:
8669:
8666:
8663:
8660:
8657:
8652:
8644:
8639:
8638:
8630:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8602:
8601:
8594:
8591:
8588:
8585:
8582:
8579:
8576:
8573:
8570:
8567:(five kings)
8566:
8563:
8560:
8557:
8554:
8551:
8548:
8545:
8541:
8535:
8529:
8526:
8525:Ashur-Dan III
8523:
8520:
8516:
8513:
8510:
8507:
8504:
8501:
8497:
8496:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8479:
8476:
8472:
8471:
8465:
8462:
8459:
8456:
8453:
8450:
8447:
8444:
8440:
8439:
8432:
8429:
8428:
8424:
8421:
8418:
8415:
8412:
8409:
8406:
8403:
8400:
8396:
8395:
8388:
8387:
8384:
8381:
8378:
8375:
8372:
8369:
8366:
8365:Ea-mukin-zeri
8363:
8362:Simbar-shipak
8359:
8354:1025–934 BCE
8353:
8352:
8348:
8343:
8340:
8337:
8334:
8331:
8328:
8325:
8322:
8319:
8316:
8313:
8309:
8307:
8300:
8297:
8294:
8291:
8290:Ashur-rabi II
8288:
8285:
8282:
8279:
8276:
8275:Eriba-Adad II
8273:
8270:
8267:
8264:
8261:
8258:
8255:
8252:
8249:
8246:
8243:
8240:
8237:
8236:Shalmaneser I
8234:
8233:Adad-nirari I
8231:
8228:
8225:
8222:
8218:
8217:
8211:
8210:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8187:
8181:
8177:
8176:Kings of Tyre
8173:
8169:
8168:
8162:
8161:
8158:
8155:
8152:
8149:
8146:
8143:
8139:
8138:
8132:
8131:
8125:
8122:
8119:
8116:
8115:Ramesses VIII
8113:
8110:
8107:
8104:
8101:
8098:
8093:
8092:
8085:
8084:
8081:
8077:
8076:
8071:
8070:
8064:
8061:
8058:
8055:
8052:
8049:
8046:
8043:
8039:
8038:
8033:
8030:
8025:
8024:
8018:
8015:
8012:
8009:
8006:
8005:
8001:
7998:
7997:Amenhotep III
7995:
7992:
7988:
7985:
7982:
7979:
7976:
7972:
7969:
7966:
7962:
7961:
7956:
7955:
7948:
7943:
7940:
7937:
7934:
7931:
7928:
7925:
7922:
7919:
7916:
7913:
7910:
7907:
7904:
7901:
7898:
7895:
7892:
7889:
7886:
7883:
7880:
7877:
7874:
7871:
7868:
7865:
7861:
7859:
7851:
7845:
7842:
7838:
7837:
7832:
7831:
7823:
7815:
7812:
7809:
7806:
7800:
7799:
7793:
7790:
7787:
7784:
7781:
7780:
7776:
7775:
7766:
7760:
7755:
7754:
7748:
7747:
7743:
7742:
7737:
7733:
7732:
7727:
7723:
7722:
7717:
7716:
7710:
7707:
7704:
7703:Melamkurkurra
7701:
7697:
7696:Ayadaragalama
7694:
7691:
7687:
7684:
7681:
7677:
7674:
7673:Itti-ili-nibi
7671:
7667:
7665:
7654:
7649:
7646:
7643:
7640:
7637:
7634:
7631:
7628:
7625:
7622:
7619:
7616:
7612:
7610:
7603:
7596:
7590:
7589:
7586:
7583:
7580:
7577:
7574:
7571:
7568:
7567:Ashur-shaduni
7565:
7562:
7561:Enlil-nasir I
7559:
7556:
7553:
7550:
7547:
7544:
7541:
7538:
7535:
7532:
7529:
7526:
7525:Sharma-Adad I
7523:
7520:
7516:1700–722 BCE)
7514:
7508:
7505:
7502:
7499:
7496:
7493:
7490:
7487:
7478:
7475:
7472:
7469:
7466:
7463:
7460:
7457:
7454:
7451:
7448:
7447:Ishme-Dagan I
7445:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7420:
7415:
7414:
7408:
7404:
7403:Kings of Tyre
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7384:
7379:
7378:
7370:
7367:
7364:
7361:
7360:Amenemhat III
7358:
7355:
7352:
7349:
7346:
7342:
7341:
7336:
7333:
7328:
7327:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7292:
7289:
7286:
7283:
7280:
7277:
7274:
7271:
7268:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7254:
7251:
7248:
7245:
7242:
7239:
7236:
7233:
7230:
7227:
7224:
7221:
7218:
7215:
7211:
7210:
7203:
7197:
7192:
7191:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7152:Puzur-Ashur I
7149:
7148:
7141:
7137:
7134:
7131:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7117:
7111:
7103:
7099:
7094:
7091:
7085:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7059:
7058:Third Eblaite
7054:
7051:
7050:Mentuhotep IV
7048:
7045:
7044:Mentuhotep II
7042:
7039:
7036:
7033:
7029:
7028:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7003:
6997:
6992:
6990:
6982:
6979:
6976:
6973:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6924:
6923:
6920:
6916:
6914:
6908:
6905:
6902:
6901:Wahkare Khety
6899:
6896:
6892:
6891:
6884:
6883:
6880:
6875:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6842:
6838:
6836:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6815:
6811:
6804:
6803:
6797:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6769:Ur III period
6764:
6761:
6758:
6757:Neferkare VII
6755:
6751:
6750:
6742:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6704:Ur-Ningirsu I
6701:
6697:
6695:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6677:
6671:
6667:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6643:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6620:
6615:
6614:
6608:
6605:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6589:
6586:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6559:
6556:
6553:
6549:
6548:
6543:
6542:
6537:
6536:
6528:
6523:
6517:
6512:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6449:
6445:
6440:
6436:
6434:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6408:
6403:
6399:
6394:
6387:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6352:
6350:
6343:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6329:
6326:
6323:
6320:
6316:
6315:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6293:
6291:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6239:Lugal-kisalsi
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6189:
6184:
6180:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6165:
6161:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6144:
6140:
6135:
6131:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6097:
6096:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6068:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6045:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6027:
6021:
6016:
6014:
6008:
6003:
5997:
5995:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5980:
5974:
5970:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5938:
5933:
5929:
5924:
5923:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5900:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5861:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5850:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5824:
5818:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5800:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5764:
5758:
5752:
5748:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5726:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5653:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5636:
5628:
5625:
5618:
5617:
5610:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5538:
5534:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5459:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5433:
5432:Nangishlishma
5429:
5425:
5420:
5418:
5411:
5410:
5403:
5400:
5399:First Eblaite
5395:
5391:
5385:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5358:Seth-Peribsen
5356:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5319:Hotepsekhemwy
5315:
5314:
5306:
5300:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5288:
5287:Proto-Elamite
5280:
5279:
5273:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5207:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5189:Double Falcon
5187:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5135:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5055:
5050:
5049:
5041:
5035:
5030:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5002:
5001:
4995:
4992:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4963:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4866:
4862:
4854:
4849:
4847:
4842:
4840:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4821:
4811:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4756:Vologases III
4753:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4742:Artabanus III
4739:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4556:Mithridates I
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4533:
4529:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4366:Alexander III
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4343:
4339:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4314:Artaxerxes IV
4311:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4300:Artaxerxes II
4297:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4261:Shamash-eriba
4259:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4177:
4173:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4111:
4107:
4097:
4096:
4095:Sinsharishkun
4092:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3982:Shalmaneser V
3979:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3941:
3937:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:Ea-mukin-zeri
3775:
3773:
3772:Simbar-shipak
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3686:(1157–732 BC)
3682:
3678:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:Kadashman-Sah
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:Kashtiliash I
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:Melamkurkurra
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:Ayadaragalama
3434:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3400:Itti-ili-nibi
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3276:foreign ruler
3271:
3270:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3207:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3187:
3179:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3018:Penguin Group
3015:
3011:
3010:Roux, Georges
3007:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2896:Millard, Alan
2893:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2737:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2504:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2474:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2354:, p. 25.
2353:
2348:
2346:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2268:, p. 19.
2267:
2262:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2095:
2091:
2090:cdli.ucla.edu
2087:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2033:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1796:
1791:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1741:
1740:Breasted 2003
1736:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1709:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1685:
1679:, p. 42.
1678:
1673:
1666:
1665:Breasted 2003
1661:
1654:
1653:Breasted 2003
1649:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1580:
1574:, p. 45.
1573:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1533:, p. 31.
1532:
1527:
1525:
1518:, p. 18.
1517:
1512:
1510:
1503:, p. 17.
1502:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1479:, p. 43.
1478:
1473:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1443:
1437:, p. 16.
1436:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1355:
1348:
1347:Khwshnaw 2023
1343:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1299:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1271:
1268:insists that
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:Covenant Code
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:New Testament
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:region. This
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:coup de grace
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1014:
1005:
1003:
999:
991:
974:
972:
958:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
887:Louvre Museum
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
866:philosophy ("
865:
864:
859:
855:
851:
842:
841:Louvre Museum
838:
834:
829:
819:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
773:
771:
766:
765:Ishme-Dagan I
761:
759:
755:
750:
739:
737:
729:
714:
709:
700:
697:
696:
691:
687:
685:
681:
678:
677:
672:
662:
658:
657:
652:
651:
647:
640:
636:
632:
628:
625:
624:
619:
611:
608:
607:
603:
599:
594:
591:
590:
579:
576:
575:
571:
566:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
480:
476:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:First Dynasty
450:
446:
424:
410:
408:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:Ishme-Dagan I
337:
333:
329:
325:
307:
303:
299:
283:
269:
263:
224:
216:
212:
208:
206:
187:
184:
182:
178:
166:
162:
159:
148:
144:
140:
137:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
116:
102:
98:
95:
91:
87:
82:
79:(or possibly
78:
72:
67:
64:
63:
59:
54:
41:
38:
33:
31:
23:
10309:
10299:
10282:
10270:from Commons
10265:
10244:
10184:
10090:Damiq-ilishu
10040:Lipit-Ishtar
9929:
9919:
9883:Ancient Iraq
9882:
9872:
9852:
9841:
9827:
9818:
9805:
9796:
9760:
9753:
9746:
9675:Ardashir III
9667:
9644:
9585:
9553:Roman Empire
9551:
9529:
9487:Yazdegerd II
9417:
9408:Artabanus IV
9405:Vologases VI
9396:Vologases IV
9327:Roman Empire
9325:
9310:Vologases II
9286:Artabanus II
9280:Artabanus II
9265:Tiridates II
9253:Phraates III
9219:
9156:Simon Thassi
9149:
9131:Demetrius II
9119:Antiochus IV
9110:Seleucus III
9104:Antiochus II
9091:
9081:
9078:Alexander IV
9065:
9053:
9037:Ptolemy XIII
9019:Berenice III
9013:Cleopatra IV
8954:
8951:331–141 BCE
8942:
8933:
8927:
8921:
8900:Artaxerxes I
8881:
8848:
8845:539–331 BCE
8820:
8801:Nabopolassar
8794:
8765:
8759:
8756:626–539 BCE
8724:Ashurbanipal
8679:
8678:
8672:
8635:
8632:745–609 BCE
8598:
8578:Eriba-Marduk
8539:
8493:
8468:
8436:
8435:
8425:
8414:Shoshenq III
8392:
8389:911–745 BCE
8357:
8339:Marduk-zer-X
8303:
8299:Ashur-dan II
8230:Arik-den-ili
8227:Enlil-nirari
8221:Eriba-Adad I
8214:
8207:
8184:
8165:
8160:Psusennes II
8135:
8134:
8128:
8112:Ramesses VII
8100:Ramesses III
8089:
8073:
8067:
8035:
8021:
8002:
7991:Amenhotep II
7984:Thutmose III
7958:
7952:
7949:
7900:Kurigalzu II
7894:Kara-hardash
7864:Agum-Kakrime
7855:
7834:
7828:
7796:
7779:'Aper-'Anati
7777:
7772:
7751:
7745:
7739:
7735:
7729:
7725:
7719:
7713:
7712:
7676:Damqi-ilishu
7659:
7648:Samsu-Ditana
7632:
7630:Sin-muballit
7621:Sin-muballit
7600:
7570:Ashur-rabi I
7435:Shamshi-Adad
7432:
7426:
7411:
7381:
7375:
7363:Amenemhat IV
7357:Senusret III
7351:Amenemhat II
7338:
7324:
7310:
7259:
7256:Damiq-ilishu
7226:Lipit-Eshtar
7207:
7188:
7145:
7113:
7109:
7093:Shakkanakkus
7056:
7032:Mentuhotep I
7025:
7019:
7000:
6987:
6950:
6944:Puzur-Ishtar
6911:
6906:
6888:
6841:Lugalannatum
6833:
6800:
6767:
6747:
6726:Hishep-Ratep
6692:
6674:
6611:
6601:
6555:Neferkare II
6545:
6539:
6533:
6480:
6462:
6452:
6431:
6384:Invasion by
6347:
6312:
6288:
6280:Enannatum II
6244:E-iginimpa'e
6213:
6205:Igrish-Halam
6116:Nyuserre Ini
6093:
6067:Awan dynasty
6065:
6024:
6011:
5992:
5977:
5968:
5952:Ishtup-Ishar
5932:Iku-Shamagan
5928:Ikun-Shamash
5920:
5898:Ur I dynasty
5896:
5889:
5878:
5853:
5847:
5821:
5802:
5761:
5744:
5729:
5711:
5670:
5662:
5633:
5614:
5577:Enmebaragesi
5563:
5544:
5515:
5506:
5499:
5462:
5457:
5437:En-tarah-ana
5422:
5415:
5407:
5397:
5373:
5370:Neferkasokar
5368:
5363:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5311:
5291:
5285:
5276:
5264:
5259:
5210:
5204:
5191:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5132:
5118:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5071:Finger Snail
5069:
5063:
5046:
5015:Anu Ziggurat
4998:
4966:
4960:
4878:Territories/
4791:Artabanus IV
4789:
4784:Vologases VI
4782:
4775:
4770:Vologases IV
4768:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4700:Artabanus II
4698:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:Phraates III
4646:
4639:
4634:
4627:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4515:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4385:
4380:Alexander IV
4378:
4371:
4364:
4347:(331–141 BC)
4325:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4272:Artaxerxes I
4270:
4266:Bel-shimanni
4253:
4241:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4198:(539–331 BC)
4133:Nabopolassar
4115:(626–539 BC)
4093:
4086:
4079:
4074:Ashurbanipal
4072:
4064:
4063:
4058:Ashurbanipal
4056:
4049:
4042:
4024:
4023:
4016:
3999:
3992:
3980:
3973:
3945:(732–626 BC)
3906:Eriba-Marduk
3749:Marduk-zer-X
3597:Kurigalzu II
3587:Kara-hardash
3535:Unknown king
3526:Harba-Shipak
3516:Urzigurumash
3502:Unknown king
3408:Damqi-ilishu
3377:Samsu-Ditana
3351:
3347:Sin-Muballit
3282:
3275:
3272:Kings
3240:Royal titles
3160:
3155:Sin-muballit
3090:, retrieved
3070:
3037:
3014:Ancient Iraq
3013:
2998:. Retrieved
2974:
2946:
2940:
2913:
2884:. Retrieved
2875:
2839:
2804:
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2741:
2728:. Retrieved
2706:
2671:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2606:and passim.
2597:
2586:
2578:
2577:Free, J.P.:
2562:
2515:
2482:
2448:
2441:
2429:. Retrieved
2415:
2403:. Retrieved
2392:
2374:
2332:. Retrieved
2299:
2295:
2285:
2273:
2266:DeBlois 1997
2246:
2235:, retrieved
2211:
2204:
2098:. Retrieved
2089:
2079:
2065:
2051:
2039:. Retrieved
2023:
2017:
2005:. Retrieved
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1968:the original
1951:
1939:. Retrieved
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1889:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1847:
1840:
1826:
1824:
1809:
1802:
1790:
1774:
1770:
1759:Bertman 2003
1720:
1715:, p. 9.
1708:
1692:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1630:
1620:
1587:
1579:
1550:
1538:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1464:
1449:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1413:, p. 3.
1391:
1386:, p. 1.
1379:
1362:
1354:
1342:
1335:Millard 2004
1330:
1318:
1298:
1277:
1269:
1266:Alan Millard
1261:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1187:
1166:
1162:
1149:
1130:
1128:
1116:
1075:
1073:
1023:
994:
977:
967:
911:
872:
863:Lex Talionis
861:
846:
822:Code of laws
798:
774:
762:
751:
740:
732:
679:
654:
648:
621:Belligerents
553:and central
524:
508:Sin-Muballit
475:agricultural
464:Sin-Muballit
454:king of the
445:geopolitical
442:
402:national god
395:
387:Law of Moses
360:
338:. He ousted
324:Sin-Muballit
304:king of the
297:
222:
221:
202:
126:Sin-Muballit
56:
37:
32:(video game)
29:
10192:Samsu-iluna
10164:Sin-Iqisham
10154:Sin-Iddinam
10060:Erra-imitti
10055:Lipit-Enlil
10035:Ishme-Dagan
10030:Iddin-Dagan
9815:Simpson, W.
9743:639–651 CE
9690:Azarmidokht
9681:Khosrow III
9664:628–641 CE
9620:618–628 CE
9582:395–618 CE
9548:273–395 CE
9536:Vaballathus
9526:270–273 CE
9490:Hormizd III
9475:Yazdegerd I
9466:Ardashir II
9460:Adur Narseh
9414:224–270 CE
9402:Vologases V
9376:117–224 CE
9357:116–117 CE
9304:Vardanes II
9301:Vologases I
9292:Gotarzes II
9262:Phraates IV
9232:Hyspaosines
9171:Hyrcanus II
9146:141–30 BCE
9125:Demetrius I
9122:Antiochus V
9116:Seleucus IV
9107:Seleucus II
9101:Antiochus I
9088:Antigonus I
9040:Ptolemy XIV
9028:Cleopatra V
8810:Neriglissar
8807:Amel-Marduk
8790:Psamtik III
8761:Late Period
8700:Sennacherib
8691:Shalmaneser
8618:Tammaritu I
8515:Shammuramat
8458:Takelot III
8455:Osorkon III
8452:Shoshenq VI
8427:Pedubast II
8417:Shoshenq IV
8405:Shoshenq II
8254:Ashur-dan I
8195:Ish-bosheth
8148:Psusennes I
8124:Ramesses XI
8118:Ramesses IX
8109:Ramesses VI
8103:Ramesses IV
8048:Ramesses II
8011:Tutankhamun
7994:Thutmose IV
7978:Thutmose II
7912:Kudur-Enlil
7897:Nazi-Bugash
7885:Kurigalzu I
7873:Ulamburiash
7844:Amenhotep I
7825:Tutankhamun
7811:Parshatatar
7808:Shuttarna I
7741:Seventeenth
7670:Ilum-ma-ili
7645:Ammi-saduqa
7642:Ammi-ditana
7636:Samsu-iluna
7543:Erishum III
7504:Adad-salulu
7501:Ipqi-Ishtar
7489:Ashur-dugul
7474:Adad-salulu
7471:Ipqi-Ishtar
7459:Ashur-dugul
7428:Old Assyria
7423:(Amorites)
7366:Sobekneferu
7354:Senusret II
7345:Amenemhat I
7317:Sîn-iribam
7294:Sin-Iqisham
7288:Sin-Iddinam
7238:Erra-imitti
7235:Lipit-Enlil
7223:Ishme-Dagan
7220:Iddin-Dagan
7156:Shalim-ahum
7147:Old Assyria
7133:Yasmah-Adad
7110:Lim Dynasty
7102:Hanun-Dagan
7098:Hitial-Erra
6863:Ur-Ningirsu
6819:Kuda (Uruk)
6792:Ishgum-Addu
6782:Ishtup-Ilum
6634:Ishma-Dagan
6619:Shakkanakku
6597:Neferirkare
6594:Neferkauhor
6497:Ili-ishmani
6476:Manishtushu
6439:Lugalzagesi
6435:III dynasty
6419:Puzur-Nirah
6134:Ishar-Malik
6113:Shepseskare
5903:Mesannepada
5828:Nin-kisalsi
5816:Lugal-kitun
5786:Meskalamdug
5772:Ur-Pabilsag
5585:Aga of Kish
5494:Barsal-nuna
5379:Khasekhemwy
5365:Neferkara I
5344:Weneg-Nebty
5322:Nebra/Raneb
5134:Lower Egypt
5120:Scorpion II
5065:Upper Egypt
5017:, 4000 BCE)
5000:Uruk period
4777:Vologases V
4728:Vologases I
4714:Gotarzes II
4672:Phraates IV
4603:Artabanus I
4596:Hyspaosines
4584:Phraates II
4563:Phraates II
4224:Cambyses II
4148:Neriglissar
4143:Amel-Marduk
4044:Sennacherib
4001:Sennacherib
3652:Meli-Shipak
3617:Kudur-Enlil
3592:Nazi-Bugash
3572:Kurigalzu I
3544:Ulamburiash
3531:Shipta'ulzi
3506:Abi-Rattash
3395:Ilum-ma-ili
3372:Ammi-Saduqa
3367:Ammi-Ditana
3357:Samsu-iluna
3283:vassal king
3186:Samsu-iluna
3170: 1792
3000:13 December
2978:. Atlanta:
2901:"Hammurapi"
2730:29 December
2559:Unger, M.F.
2544:Barton 1916
2431:24 November
2405:24 November
2007:28 November
1927:"Hammurabi"
1829:.1810–1750
1795:Prince 1904
1677:Arnold 2005
1572:Arnold 2005
1477:Arnold 2005
1213:Mosaic laws
1202:Mount Sinai
1090:, from the
1030:Samsu-iluna
917:bas-reliefs
850:retribution
809:Samsu-iluna
720: 1792
684:Yarim-Lim I
596:modern-day
555:Mesopotamia
483:Middle East
383:retribution
352:Mesopotamia
320: 1750
313: 1792
290: 1810
186:Samsu-iluna
171: 1750
153: 1810
136:Samsu-iluna
122:Predecessor
107: 1792
10316:Categories
10284:Quotations
10198:Rim-Sîn II
10169:Silli-Adad
10159:Sin-Eribam
10085:Suen-magir
10080:Ur-du-kuga
10075:Iter-pisha
10065:Enlil-bani
10045:Ur-Ninurta
10025:Shu-Ilishu
10020:Ishbi-Erra
9998:Isin-Larsa
9699:Khosrow IV
9696:Hormizd VI
9678:Shahrbaraz
9655:Khosrow II
9640:Shahrbaraz
9634:Shahrbaraz
9514:Khosrow II
9511:Hormizd IV
9469:Shapur III
9457:Hormizd II
9451:Bahram III
9436:Ardashir I
9307:Pacorus II
9298:Vonones II
9295:Meherdates
9289:Vardanes I
9274:Orodes III
9271:Phraates V
9250:Sinatruces
9098:Seleucus I
9075:Philip III
9049:Arsinoe IV
8974:Arsinoe II
8915:Darius III
8781:Psamtik II
8721:Esarhaddon
8614:Ummanigash
8584:Nabonassar
8478:Bakenranef
8449:Pedubast I
8446:Takelot II
8443:Harsiese A
8431:Osorkon IV
8423:Shoshenq V
8411:Osorkon II
8399:Shoshenq I
8145:Amenemnisu
8121:Ramesses X
8106:Ramesses V
8054:Amenmesses
8042:Ramesses I
8004:Smenkhkare
7981:Hatshepsut
7975:Thutmose I
7879:Karaindash
7618:Sumu-la-El
7450:Mut-Ashkur
7441:(Amorites)
7348:Senusret I
7307:Rim-Sin II
7297:Silli-Adad
7291:Sin-Eribam
7253:Suen-magir
7250:Ur-du-kuga
7247:Iter-pisha
7241:Enlil-bani
7229:Ur-Ninurta
7217:Shu-Ilishu
7214:Ishbi-Erra
7184:Erishum II
7130:Yahdun-Lim
7127:Yaggid-Lim
6940:Tura-Dagan
6919:Utu-hengal
6895:Meryhathor
6871:Nam-mahani
6837:II dynasty
6806:(21 kings)
6700:Puzer-Mama
6696:II dynasty
6678:IV dynasty
6591:Neferkaure
6588:Qakare Ibi
6579:Neferkahor
6570:Neferkamin
6489:Ilshu-rabi
6380:Ishqi-Mari
6376:Ikun-Ishar
6372:Enna-Dagan
6292:II dynasty
6266:Bara-irnun
6221:Puzur-Suen
6217:IV dynasty
6209:Irkab-Damu
6154:(3 kings)
6080:Ukkutahesh
6053:Meskiagnun
6049:A'annepada
5996:II dynasty
5891:Thamphthis
5887:Shepseskaf
5836:Lugal-dalu
5735:Udulkalama
5715:II dynasty
5657:Sekhemkhet
5565:Lugalbanda
5491:Melem-Kish
5487:En-me-nuna
5272:Canaanites
5266:Horus Bird
5231:Neithhotep
5104:Scorpion I
5054:Naqada III
4735:Pacorus II
4721:Vonones II
4707:Vardanes I
4686:Orodes III
4679:Phraates V
4654:Piriustana
4641:Sinatruces
4623:Asi'abatar
4617:Gotarzes I
4327:Darius III
4051:Esarhaddon
3916:Nabonassar
3562:Karaindash
3332:Sumu-la-El
3172: – c.
3092:1 November
3016:. London:
2916:. Oxford:
2767:1 November
2745:. Oxford:
2389:"Amraphel"
2237:1 November
2100:4 November
1911:1 November
1869:1 November
1761:, p.
1700:Wikisource
1638:. p.
1370:Wikisource
1289:, and the
1232:References
1100:Babylonian
1002:Ammisaduqa
962:𒄩𒄠𒈬𒊏𒁉
794:Diyarbekir
770:Mut-Ashkur
722: – c.
583:1770 BC –
547:Asia Minor
456:city-state
356:Babylonian
348:Mut-Ashkur
292: – c.
273:𒄩𒄠𒈬𒊏𒁉
109: – c.
48:𒄩𒄠𒈬𒊏𒁉
10322:Hammurabi
10245:Hammurabi
10237:Biography
10185:Hammurabi
10179:Rim-Sîn I
10174:Warad-Sin
9996:Kings of
9811:Hallo, W.
9708:Peroz III
9542:Antiochus
9508:Khosrow I
9478:Shapur IV
9472:Bahram IV
9463:Shapur II
9448:Bahram II
9442:Hormizd I
9399:Osroes II
9277:Vonones I
9259:Orodes II
9235:Artabanus
8903:Darius II
8830:Phraortes
8816:Nabonidus
8787:Ahmose II
8775:Psamtik I
8668:Tanutamun
8517:(regent)
8408:Takelot I
8402:Osorkon I
8167:Phoenicia
8151:Amenemope
8097:Setnakhte
8051:Merneptah
8000:Akhenaten
7783:Sakir-Har
7721:Sixteenth
7700:Akurduana
7686:Gulkishar
7683:Shushushi
7639:Abi-eshuh
7633:Hammurabi
7615:Sumu-abum
7537:Shu-Ninua
7528:Iptar-Sin
7498:Sin-namir
7495:Nasir-Sin
7486:Puzur-Sin
7468:Sin-namir
7465:Nasir-Sin
7319:Sîn-gāmil
7315:Sîn-kāšid
7303:Rim-Sin I
7300:Warad-Sin
7180:Naram-Sin
7164:Erishum I
7160:Ilu-shuma
7136:Zimri-Lim
7084:Indilimma
7071:Ibbit-Lim
7041:Intef III
7004:invasions
6991:invasions
6936:Ili-Ishar
6932:Iddi-ilum
6925:2100 BCE
6915:V dynasty
6885:2125 BCE
6823:Puzur-ili
6810:La-erabum
6744:2150 BCE
6670:Shu-turul
6663:(3 years)
6630:Shu-Dagan
6530:2200 BCE
6507:Naram-Sin
6503:2250 BCE
6447:2340 BCE
6413:2350 BCE
6407:Luh-ishan
6402:Urukagina
6398:Lugalanda
6367:Isar-Damu
6363:2370 BCE
6309:2380 BCE
6284:Enentarzi
6272:Enannatum
6261:Gishakidu
6225:Ur-Zababa
6201:Adub-Damu
6197:2400 BCE
6170:2425 BCE
6164:Napilhush
6152:invasions
6130:Enar-Damu
6110:Neferefre
6090:2450 BCE
6033:Ur-Nanshe
6028:I dynasty
6015:I dynasty
5956:Ikun-Mari
5915:Phoenicia
5911:2500 BCE
5844:2575 BCE
5812:Melamanna
5796:Akalamdug
5768:A-Imdugud
5731:Ur-Nungal
5718:(5 kings)
5705:Baba-Damu
5701:Ibbi-Damu
5630:2600 BCE
5600:Gilgamesh
5558:Iltasadum
5529:2700 BCE
5503:I dynasty
5456:2800 BCE
5419:I dynasty
5375:Hudjefa I
5308:2900 BCE
5254:Semerkhet
5246:(regent)
5233:(regent)
5140:Hedju Hor
4968:Naqada II
4693:Vonones I
4665:Orodes II
4659:Teleuniqe
4635:Ispubarza
4496:Timarchus
4475:Antiochus
4454:Antiochus
4320:Nidin-Bel
4293:Darius II
4286:Sogdianus
4279:Xerxes II
4158:Nabonidus
4081:Kandalanu
3994:Sargon II
3441:Akurduana
3423:Gulkishar
3418:Shushushi
3362:Abi-Eshuh
3352:Hammurabi
3327:Sumu-abum
3061:255676990
3012:(1992) .
2898:(2004) .
2863:493362814
2827:231710353
2809:Routledge
2694:225281611
2645:0021-2059
2324:244530410
2316:0084-5299
2251:Roux 1992
1725:Roth 1995
1323:Roux 1992
1311:Citations
1270:Hammurapi
1254:ʻAmmurāpi
1040:a native
1038:Puzur-Sin
713:limestone
680:Hammurabi
627:Babylonia
298:Hammurapi
282:Ḫâmmurapi
223:Hammurabi
132:Successor
43:Hammurabi
10149:Nur-Adad
10134:Gungunum
10114:Naplanum
10050:Bur-Suen
9927:(2014).
9880:(1992).
9850:(2020).
9817:(1971).
9658:Kavad II
9484:Bahram V
9445:Bahram I
9439:Shapur I
9316:Osroes I
9247:Orodes I
9241:Gotarzes
9229:Phraates
8894:Darius I
8891:Cambyses
8839:Astyages
8836:Cyaxares
8778:Necho II
8709:Bel-ibni
8659:Shebitku
8622:Indabibi
8475:Tefnakht
8017:Horemheb
7876:Agum III
7858:Kassites
7841:Ahmose I
7706:Ea-gamil
7690:DIŠ+U-EN
7680:Ishkibal
7627:Apil-Sin
7609:Amorites
7519:Bel-bani
7394:Biblical
7285:Nur-Adad
7276:Gungunum
7264:Naplanum
7232:Bur-Suen
7196:Amorites
7172:Sargon I
7122:Amorites
7066:Amorites
7038:Intef II
7008:Kindattu
6996:Ibbi-Sin
6975:Amar-Sin
6969:Ur-Nammu
6904:Merykare
6796:Apil-kin
6708:Pirig-me
6686:Ur-gigir
6682:Ur-nigin
6622:dynasty)
6567:Merenhor
6493:Epirmupi
6322:Userkare
6276:Entemena
6253:Ur-Lumma
6248:Meskigal
6179:Eannatum
6174:Kun-Damu
6158:Shushun-
6143:Enakalle
6002:kushanna
5988:Undalulu
5960:Iblul-Il
5884:Menkaure
5880:Bikheris
5873:Djedefre
5832:Me-durba
5757:shaengur
5751:En-hegal
5739:Labashum
5697:Agur-lim
5693:Abur-lim
5672:Qahedjet
5517:Enmerkar
5349:Wadjenes
5339:Horus Sa
5334:Nubnefer
5325:Nynetjer
5299:Susa III
5261:Sneferka
5244:Merneith
4962:Naqada I
4820:Category
4749:Osroes I
4629:Orodes I
4420:Seleucus
4255:Xerxes I
4243:Darius I
4217:Cyrus II
4018:Bel-ibni
3554:Agum III
3451:Ea-gamil
3427:DIŠ+U-EN
3413:Ishkibal
3342:Apil-Sin
3111:Archived
3086:archived
2994:Archived
2912:(eds.).
2886:10 March
2880:Archived
2796:69651827
2761:Archived
2724:Archived
2720:38608139
2704:(1916).
2653:43855622
2594:(2009).
2514:(2011).
2425:Archived
2399:Archived
2334:20 March
2328:Archived
2231:archived
2094:Archived
2063:(1908).
2041:14 March
2032:Archived
2001:Archived
1935:Archived
1905:Archived
1887:(2005).
1863:Archived
1628:(1919).
1612:39762695
1206:Biblical
1179:Amraphel
1069:Kassites
1061:Bel-ibni
1042:Akkadian
903:Sumerian
899:Akkadian
858:evidence
805:calendar
667:1760 BC)
645:1760 BC)
592:Location
539:Assyrian
527:Eshnunna
512:Borsippa
500:Eshnunna
479:literate
371:Sumerian
332:Eshnunna
30:Hamurabi
10211:Portals
10139:Abisare
10070:Zambiya
9711:Narsieh
9539:Zenobia
9520:Vistahm
9505:Kavad I
9499:Kavad I
9493:Peroz I
9481:Khosrow
8827:Deioces
8784:Wahibre
8772:Necho I
8665:Taharqa
8662:Shabaka
8646:Taharqa
8610:Teumman
8461:Rudamun
8203:Solomon
8142:Smendes
8063:Twosret
8057:Seti II
7798:Mitanni
7792:Khamudi
7746:Dynasty
7736:Dynasty
7726:Dynasty
7564:Nur-ili
7534:Lullaya
7437:dynasty
7389:Abraham
7279:Abisare
7244:Zambiya
7138:(Queen
7090:Amorite
7061:Kingdom
7035:Intef I
7002:Elamite
6989:Amorite
6978:Shu-Sin
6879:Tirigan
6848:Ur-Baba
6778:Nûr-Mêr
6716:Lu-gula
6712:Lu-Baba
6626:Ididish
6607:Kingdom
6604:Eblaite
6602:Second
6552:Menkare
6427:Shu-Sin
6423:Ishu-Il
6351:dynasty
6331:Pepi II
6264:(Queen
6150:Elamite
6101:Userkaf
6044:Akurgal
5973:Ku-Baba
5789:(Queen
5725:Mesilim
5660:Sanakht
5650:(First
5467:Zuqaqip
5464:Kalumum
5449:Kalibum
5445:Puannum
5402:Kingdom
5251:Anedjib
5235:Hor-Aha
5180:Nat-Hor
5113:Iry-Hor
5109:Shendjw
5081:Pen-Abu
5029:Susa II
4231:Bardiya
3521:Agum II
3488:Gandash
3289:female)
3264:Dynasty
3132:at the
2965:3153895
2663:Sources
1251:Amorite
1204:in the
1155:Cologne
1103:culture
1084:Kassite
1034:Assyria
927:in the
923:of the
921:chamber
919:in the
907:Shamash
895:scribes
843:, Paris
839:stele.
801:tablets
701:unknown
698:unknown
641:(until
587:1760 BC
492:Assyria
460:Babylon
449:Amorite
389:in the
367:Shamash
344:Assyria
302:Amorite
175:Babylon
158:Babylon
92:of the
77:Shamash
10144:Sumuel
10129:Zabaia
10124:Samium
10119:Emisum
9937:
9890:
9860:
9502:Jamasp
9496:Balash
9454:Narseh
9365:Trajan
9363:under
8897:Xerxes
8833:Madyes
8697:Sargon
8157:Siamun
8060:Siptah
8045:Seti I
8029:Ugarit
7774:Semqen
7759:Hyksos
7731:Abydos
7624:Sabium
7531:Bazaya
7522:Libaya
7456:Asinum
7453:Rimush
7413:Yamhad
7305:(...)
7282:Sumuel
7273:Zabaia
7270:Samium
7267:Emisum
7168:Ikunum
7140:Shibtu
7081:Immeya
6972:Shulgi
6867:Ur-gar
6827:Ur-Utu
6694:Lagash
6573:Nikare
6485:Eshpum
6473:Rimush
6325:Pepi I
6160:tarana
6104:Sahure
6084:Hishur
6061:Balulu
6026:Lagash
6007:Mug-si
6000:Ensha-
5948:Sa'umu
5876:Khafre
5860:Snefru
5808:Mes-he
5755:Lugal-
5746:Lagash
5689:Sagisu
5641:Djoser
5550:Tizqar
5521:Aratta
5477:Arwium
5474:Mashda
5424:Jushur
5354:Senedj
5293:period
5225:Narmer
5175:Wazner
5150:Hsekiu
5145:Ny-Hor
5124:Narmer
5094:Canide
5085:Animal
4991:Susa I
4941:Lagash
4915:Akshak
4890:Canaan
4590:Ubulna
3493:Agum I
3337:Sabium
3255:Period
3078:
3059:
3049:
3024:
2986:
2963:
2924:
2861:
2851:
2825:
2815:
2794:
2784:
2753:
2718:
2692:
2682:
2651:
2643:
2610:
2522:
2490:
2460:
2322:
2314:
2223:
1977:19 May
1941:19 May
1897:
1855:
1817:
1695:
1610:
1600:
1457:
1374:
1365:
1285:, the
1226:Israel
1198:Yahweh
1183:Shinar
1143:Kaiser
1026:Nippur
998:Ishtar
971:Marduk
947:Legacy
933:frieze
914:marble
786:Levant
778:Aleppo
754:Yamhad
688:unkown
663:(from
631:Yamhad
609:Result
551:Levant
520:Sippar
518:, and
502:, and
400:, the
398:Marduk
358:rule.
354:under
334:, and
81:Marduk
10301:Texts
10267:Media
10100:Larsa
9702:Boran
9684:Boran
9571:Syria
9351:Syria
9346:Judea
8888:Cyrus
8606:Urtak
8199:David
7805:Kirta
7789:Apepi
7786:Khyan
7507:Adasi
7477:Adasi
7105:(...)
6852:Gudea
6814:Si'um
6763:Setut
6734:Khita
6720:Ka-ku
6661:Ilulu
6657:Nanum
6649:Igigi
6393:Ukush
6295:Nanni
6057:Elulu
5944:Ansud
5863:Khufu
5791:Puabi
5668:Khaba
5664:Nebka
5546:Zamug
5484:Balih
5480:Etana
5441:Babum
5228:Menes
5170:Neheb
5165:Thesh
5155:Khayu
5128:Menes
5089:Stork
4920:Akkad
4910:Assur
4885:Egypt
4880:dates
4570:Rinnu
2961:JSTOR
2904:. In
2649:JSTOR
2320:S2CID
2035:(PDF)
2028:(PDF)
1971:(PDF)
1960:(PDF)
1258:ʻAmmu
1249:from
1237:Notes
1222:Hazor
1200:atop
1194:Moses
1171:Aryan
1057:Adasi
891:Paris
875:stele
790:stele
782:Qatna
656:Larsa
635:Larsa
602:Syria
541:king
531:Larsa
504:Larsa
466:, in
391:Torah
328:Larsa
181:Issue
100:Reign
10225:Asia
10006:Isin
9935:ISBN
9911:Per
9888:ISBN
9858:ISBN
9268:Musa
8958:and
8656:Piye
8420:Pami
8191:Saul
7116:Mari
6913:Uruk
6835:Umma
6730:Helu
6676:Uruk
6666:Dudu
6433:Uruk
6386:Mari
6349:Adab
6319:Teti
6230:Urur
6215:Kish
6125:Unas
6076:Tata
6072:Peli
6013:Umma
5994:Uruk
5984:Unzi
5964:Nizi
5823:Adab
5721:Uhub
5713:Kish
5676:Huni
5554:Ilku
5501:Uruk
5470:Atab
5417:Kish
5257:Qa'a
5241:Djet
5238:Djer
5193:Wash
5185:Mekh
5099:Bull
5076:Fish
4951:Elam
4935:Umma
4930:Adab
4925:Uruk
4905:Kish
4900:Mari
4895:Ebla
4398:XIII
3838:VIII
3094:2020
3076:ISBN
3057:OCLC
3047:ISBN
3022:ISBN
3002:2022
2984:ISBN
2922:ISBN
2888:2023
2859:OCLC
2849:ISBN
2823:OCLC
2813:ISBN
2792:OCLC
2782:ISBN
2769:2020
2751:ISBN
2732:2022
2716:OCLC
2690:OCLC
2680:ISBN
2641:ISSN
2608:ISBN
2520:ISBN
2488:ISBN
2458:ISBN
2433:2012
2407:2012
2336:2023
2312:ISSN
2239:2020
2221:ISBN
2102:2021
2043:2020
2009:2017
1979:2008
1943:2008
1913:2020
1895:ISBN
1871:2020
1853:ISBN
1815:ISBN
1608:OCLC
1598:ISBN
1455:ISBN
1262:Rāpi
1157:and
1112:Suhu
1074:The
1065:Elam
1059:and
931:. A
883:Iran
879:Susa
870:").
780:and
758:Mari
756:and
661:Mari
650:Elam
639:Mari
598:Iraq
577:Date
535:Elam
516:Kish
496:Isin
488:Elam
413:Life
336:Mari
164:Died
146:Born
90:King
7114:of
6653:Imi
6139:Ush
5248:Den
5160:Tiu
4547:XIV
4357:XII
4322:(?)
3820:VII
3480:III
3123:at
2951:doi
2304:doi
2300:111
2071:147
1224:in
1196:by
1192:to
1036:by
935:by
889:in
811:in
458:of
315:to
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10011:ST
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3792:VI
3696:IV
3387:II
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3167:c.
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1831:BC
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256:b
250:r
247:ˈ
244:ʊ
241:m
238:æ
235:x
232:ˌ
229:/
225:(
207:.
117:)
113:(
83:)
34:.
24:.
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