62:
163:
154:, thus making them binding on non-signatories to the Conventions whenever they engage in armed conflicts. This broader application underscores the importance of the Fourth Geneva Convention in ongoing conflicts where allegations of violations frequently surface, emphasising its role in international efforts to ensure the protection of civilians, as illustrated by the ongoing debates and legal interpretations in modern conflicts.
650:
intellectual capacities. The legislation in force in the occupied country concerning working conditions, and safeguards as regards, in particular, such matters as wages, hours of work, equipment, preliminary training and compensation for occupational accidents and diseases, shall be applicable to the protected persons assigned to the work referred to in this
Article.
450:, mutilation and medical or scientific experiments not necessitated by the medical treatment. While popular debate remains on what constitutes a legal definition of torture, the ban on corporal punishment simplifies the matter; even the most mundane physical abuse is thereby forbidden by Article 32, as a precaution against alternate definitions of torture.
327:"within the State in whose hands they are." Dr. Ola Engdahl wrote "he purpose of excluding nationals from the category of protected persons was that they could rely on diplomatic protection of the state of nationality. Persons are either protected persons under the convention or can benefit from the diplomatic protection of their state of nationality."
646:
the population of the occupied country. Protected persons may not be compelled to undertake any work which would involve them in the obligation of taking part in military operations. The
Occupying Power may not compel protected persons to employ forcible means to ensure the security of the installations where they are performing compulsory labour.
522:. In World War II, both German and Japanese forces carried out a form of collective punishment to suppress resistance. Entire villages or towns or districts were held responsible for any resistance activity that occurred at those places. The conventions, to counter this, reiterated the principle of individual responsibility. The
526:(ICRC) Commentary to the conventions states that parties to a conflict often would resort to "intimidatory measures to terrorize the population" in hopes of preventing hostile acts, but such practices "strike at guilty and innocent alike. They are opposed to all principles based on humanity and justice".
745:
The ICRC states that Annex II is a "draft which, according to
Article 109 (paragraph 1) of the Convention, will be applied in the absence of special agreements between the Parties, deals with the conditions for the receipt and distribution of collective relief shipments. It is based on the traditions
741:
The ICRC states that "the Draft
Agreement has only been put forward to States as a model, but the fact that it as carefully drafted at the Diplomatic Conference, which finally adopted it, gives it a very real value. It could usefully be taken as a working basis, therefore, whenever a hospital zone is
649:
The work shall be carried out only in the occupied territory where the persons whose services have been requisitioned are. Every such person shall, so far as possible, be kept in his usual place of employment. Workers shall be paid a fair wage and the work shall be proportionate to their physical and
562:
The
Occupying Power undertaking such transfers or evacuations shall ensure, to the greatest practicable extent, that proper accommodation is provided to receive the protected persons, that the removals are effected in satisfactory conditions of hygiene, health, safety and nutrition, and that members
645:
The
Occupying Power may not compel protected persons to work unless they are over eighteen years of age, and then only on work which is necessary either for the needs of the army of occupation, or for the public utility services, or for the feeding, sheltering, clothing, transportation or health of
632:
The
Occupying Power shall not hinder the application of any preferential measures in regard to food, medical care and protection against the effects of war which may have been adopted prior to the occupation in favour of children under fifteen years, expectant mothers, and mothers of children under
624:
Should the local institutions be inadequate for the purpose, the
Occupying Power shall make arrangements for the maintenance and education, if possible by persons of their own nationality, language and religion, of children who are orphaned or separated from their parents as a result of the war and
558:
Nevertheless, the
Occupying Power may undertake total or partial evacuation of a given area if the security of the population or imperative military reasons so demand. Such evacuations may not involve the displacement of protected persons outside the bounds of the occupied territory except when for
662:
Article 53. Any destruction by the
Occupying Power of real or personal property belonging individually or collectively to private persons, or to the State, or to other public authorities, or to social or cooperative organizations, is prohibited, except where such destruction is rendered absolutely
370:
Article 5 provides for the suspension of persons' rights under the convention for the duration of time that this is "prejudicial to the security of such State", although "such persons shall nevertheless be treated with humanity and, in case of trial, shall not be deprived of the rights of fair and
215:
They are coming to be regarded less and less as contracts concluded on a basis of reciprocity in the national interests of the parties and more and more as a solemn affirmation of principles respected for their own sake, a series of unconditional engagements on the part of each of the Contracting
679:
To dissipate any misconception in regard to the scope of Article 53, it must be pointed out that the property referred to is not accorded general protection; the Convention merely provides here for its protection in occupied territory. The scope of the Article is therefore limited to destruction
702:
If new hospitals are set up in occupied territory and if the competent organs of the occupied State are not operating there, the occupying authorities shall, if necessary, grant them the recognition provided for in Article 18. In similar circumstances, the occupying authorities shall also grant
684:
forbids the unnecessary destruction of enemy property; since that rule is placed in the section entitled "hostilities", it covers all property in the territory involved in a war; its scope is therefore much wider than that of the provision under discussion, which is only concerned with property
541:
Articles 47–78 impose substantial obligations on occupying powers. As well as numerous provisions for the general welfare of the inhabitants of an occupied territory, an occupier may not forcibly deport protected persons, or deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into occupied
698:
To the fullest extent of the means available to it, the Occupying Power has the duty of ensuring and maintaining, with the cooperation of national and local authorities, the medical and hospital establishments and services, public health and hygiene in the occupied territory, with particular
194:
In addition to the provisions which shall be implemented in peacetime, the present Convention shall apply to all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise between two or more of the High Contracting Parties, even if the state of war is not recognized by one of
728:
This part contains "the formal or diplomatic provisions which it is customary to place at the end of an international Convention to settle the procedure for bringing it into effect are grouped together under this heading" (1). They are similar in all four Geneva Conventions.
737:
The ICRC commentary on the Fourth Geneva convention states that when the establishment of hospital and safety zones in occupied territories were discussed reference was made to a draft agreement and it was agreed to append it as an annex I to the Fourth Geneva Convention.
374:
The common interpretation of article 5 is that its scope is very limited. Derogation is limited to individuals "definitely suspected of" or "engaged in activities hostile to the security of the State." In paragraph two of the article, "spy or saboteur" is mentioned.
628:
A special section of the Bureau set up in accordance with Article 136 shall be responsible for taking all necessary steps to identify children whose identity is in doubt. Particulars of their parents or other near relatives should always be recorded if available.
620:
The Occupying Power shall take all necessary steps to facilitate the identification of children and the registration of their parentage. It may not, in any case, change their personal status, nor enlist them in formations or organizations subordinate to it.
47:. It was adopted in August 1949, and came into force in October 1950. While the first three conventions dealt with combatants, the Fourth Geneva Convention was the first to deal with humanitarian protections for civilians in a war zone. There are currently
127:" as "incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians, damage to civilian objects, or a combination thereof, which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated." This rule is referred to by scholars as the
720:. It allows the occupying power for "imperative reasons of security" to "subject them to assigned residence or to internment". The article does not allow the occupying power to take collective measures: each case must be decided separately.
441:
A protected person may not have anything done "of such a character as to cause physical suffering or extermination ... the physical suffering or extermination of protected persons in their hands. This prohibition applies to murder,
699:
reference to the adoption and application of the prophylactic and preventive measures necessary to combat the spread of contagious diseases and epidemics. Medical personnel of all categories shall be allowed to carry out their duties.
306:
Persons protected by the Convention are those who, at a given moment and in any manner whatsoever, find themselves, in case of a conflict or occupation, in the hands of a Party to the conflict or Occupying Power of which they are not
532:
of 1977 is about the protection of victims of non-international armed conflicts explicitly forbidding collective punishment. But as fewer states have ratified this protocol than GCIV, GCIV Article 33 is the one more commonly quoted.
1067:
Though the Tribunal recognizes that binding conventional law could also provide basis for its jurisdiction, it has in practice always determined that the treaty provisions in question are also declaratory of
706:
In adopting measures of health and hygiene and in their implementation, the Occupying Power shall take into consideration the moral and ethical susceptibilities of the population of the occupied territory.
555:, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their motive.
2599:
2584:
1624:
617:
Article 50. The Occupying Power shall, with the cooperation of the national and local authorities, facilitate the proper working of all institutions devoted to the care and education of children.
569:
The Occupying Power shall not detain protected persons in an area particularly exposed to the dangers of war unless the security of the population or imperative military reasons so demand.
2574:
559:
material reasons it is impossible to avoid such displacement. Persons thus evacuated shall be transferred back to their homes as soon as hostilities in the area in question have ceased.
2464:
1434:
2609:
642:
The Occupying Power may not compel protected persons to serve in its armed or auxiliary forces. No pressure or propaganda which aims at securing voluntary enlistment is permitted.
2529:
1504:
608:
has expressed the opinion, "that international humanitarian law prohibits the establishment of settlements, as these are a form of population transfer into occupied territory".
2274:
2514:
2549:
2359:
1574:
203:
Although one of the Powers in conflict may not be a party to the present Convention, the Powers who are parties thereto shall remain bound by it in their mutual relations.
2049:
955:"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), June 8, 1977"
1554:
58:
Among its numerous provisions, the Fourth Geneva Convention explicitly prohibits the transfer of the population of an occupying power into the territory it occupies.
2594:
1133:
1089:
2589:
2494:
2299:
865:
2034:
1824:
1449:
2564:
2499:
2019:
1609:
2459:
2159:
225:
Article 3 states that even where there is not a conflict of international character, the parties must as a minimum adhere to minimal protections described as:
1173:
2554:
2179:
123:
to the Geneva Conventions (AP-1) finally prohibits all intentional attacks on "the civilian population and civilian objects." It also prohibits and defines "
2144:
2604:
2504:
2484:
668:
1279:
2579:
2519:
1544:
892:
2194:
1594:
389:
The provisions of Part II cover the whole of the populations of the countries in conflict, without any adverse distinction based, in particular, on
2614:
2524:
2569:
2544:
2479:
2469:
2444:
2149:
1744:
1429:
2489:
2434:
2249:
1629:
470:
No protected person may be punished for any offense he or she has not personally committed. Collective penalties and likewise all measures of
2364:
2104:
1979:
746:
of the International Committee of the Red Cross which submitted it, and on the experience the Committee gained during the Second World War."
2539:
2409:
1519:
1424:
1306:
2474:
2269:
2114:
1689:
1534:
2209:
2169:
1834:
1779:
653:
In no case shall requisition of labour lead to a mobilization of workers in an organization of a military or semi-military character.
358:
in this article is arguably the most important article in this section because many of the articles in the rest of GCIV only apply to
2619:
1999:
1944:
1729:
1704:
1383:
769:
48:
1106:
Protection of Personnel in Peace Operations: The Role of the "safety Convention" Against the Background of General International Law
1079:
Allen, Lori. 2020. A History of False Hope: Investigative Commissions in Palestine. Stanford: Stanford University Press. P. 176-177.
422:
Rule 113 Treatment of the dead. The obligation to take all possible measures to prevent the dead from being despoiled (or pillaged)
2559:
2329:
2244:
2239:
1919:
1849:
1454:
523:
336:
151:
2534:
2439:
2369:
1664:
147:
2374:
1759:
1714:
453:
The prohibition on scientific experiments was added, in part, in response to experiments by German and Japanese doctors during
2624:
2509:
2259:
2124:
1634:
954:
938:
774:
431:
116:
280:
and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the
2264:
2139:
2069:
1964:
1118:
2454:
1669:
1419:
1134:
Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949. COMMENTARY OF 1958
2449:
2429:
2399:
1949:
1799:
572:
The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies.
2344:
2219:
2199:
1984:
1844:
1814:
1769:
1764:
1559:
2404:
2294:
2254:
2174:
2074:
1904:
1899:
1709:
1644:
1619:
1484:
1299:
1269:
2414:
2384:
2309:
2304:
2214:
2189:
2039:
2004:
1969:
1959:
1914:
1884:
1754:
1694:
1639:
1589:
1494:
1479:
143:
1198:
1159:
2394:
2224:
2079:
2009:
1954:
1839:
1789:
1469:
1459:
1409:
1199:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries – Geneva Convention (IV) on Civilians, 1949–53: Commentary of 1958"
1090:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries – Geneva Convention (IV) on Civilians, 1949–53: Commentary of 1958"
789:
980:
2424:
2314:
2284:
2279:
2234:
2229:
2129:
1894:
1819:
1684:
1679:
1614:
1579:
1539:
1499:
1029:
2389:
2379:
2334:
2204:
2089:
2054:
2044:
2024:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1869:
1854:
1829:
1784:
1739:
1724:
1719:
1699:
1674:
1649:
1569:
1564:
1529:
1509:
1489:
1474:
1464:
1444:
1439:
128:
566:
The Protecting Power shall be informed of any transfers and evacuations as soon as they have taken place.
432:
Section I. Provisions common to the territories of the parties to the conflict and to occupied territories
2419:
2354:
2349:
2339:
2289:
2164:
2119:
2094:
2029:
2014:
1974:
1924:
1909:
1879:
1859:
1804:
1794:
1659:
1584:
1549:
1524:
1514:
1404:
1292:
391:
311:
It explicitly excludes "Nationals of a State which is not bound by the Convention" and the citizens of a
506:. By collective punishment, the drafters of the Geneva Conventions had in mind the reprisal killings of
2324:
2184:
2154:
2109:
2084:
2064:
2059:
1994:
1889:
1874:
1864:
1809:
1774:
1749:
1604:
1414:
1270:
Rev. Mons. Sebastiao Francisco Xavier dos Remedios Monteiro v. The State of Goa, Supreme Court of India
852:"Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949"
1030:"REAPING THE WHIRLWIND: THE NORM OF RECIPROCITY AND THE LAW OF AERIAL BOMBARDMENT DURING WORLD WAR II"
2319:
2134:
2099:
1989:
1734:
1654:
1599:
703:
recognition to hospital personnel and transport vehicles under the provisions of Articles 20 and 21.
464:
343:
711:
150:
and a Commission of Experts which concluded that the Geneva Conventions had passed into the body of
1334:
244:
1339:
1329:
926:
378:
930:
920:
694:
Article 56 describes the medical obligations the occupying power has in the occupied territory:
1228:
Commentary: Annex I : Draft agreement relating to hospital and safety zones and localities
680:
resulting from action by the Occupying Power. It will be remembered that Article 23 (g) of the
529:
1104:
851:
499:
124:
1174:"Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (2nd part)"
897:
324:
1253:
1240:
1227:
1212:
Commentary: Part IV : Execution of the convention #Section II : Final provisions
1211:
8:
597:
552:
515:
514:. In the First World War, the Germans executed Belgian villagers in mass retribution for
447:
187:
136:
112:
1315:
183:
52:
44:
273:(c) outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment;
1274:
1160:"What does the law say about the establishment of settlements in occupied territory?"
1114:
1007:"Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949: Introductory Note"
934:
681:
298:
108:
61:
1110:
162:
465:
Article 33: Individual responsibility, collective penalties, pillage and reprisals
712:
Article 78: Security measures. Internment and assigned residence. Right of appeal
519:
405:
316:
312:
24:
436:
981:"PROPORTIONALITY IN PERSPECTIVE: HISTORICAL LIGHT ON THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT"
749:
Annex III contains an example internment card, letter and correspondence card:
277:
235:
179:
1254:
Commentary: Annex III Model internment cards, letters and correspondence cards
858:
809:
379:
Part II. General Protection of Populations Against Certain Consequences of War
1398:
1006:
779:
458:
226:
1054:
604:
in this case literally means to move or pass from one place to another. The
29:
Convention relative à la protection des personnes civiles en temps de guerre
1370:
784:
511:
471:
454:
178:
Article 2 states that signatories are bound by the convention both in war,
132:
1241:
Commentary: Annex II : Draft regulations concerning collective relief
1365:
672:
584:
of foreign nationals, whereas the expulsion of nationals would be called
577:
507:
413:
The list of basis on which distinction might be drawn is not exhaustive.
220:
208:
21:
Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War
1360:
717:
256:
230:
120:
893:"Russia's snub of Geneva Convention protocol sets dangerous precedent"
426:
1284:
503:
475:
284:
255:(a) violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds,
545:
491:
487:
416:
320:
281:
40:
759:
An example correspondence card with dimensions of 10 × 15 cm.
2600:
Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2585:
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
625:
who cannot be adequately cared for by a near relative or friend.
481:
443:
267:
260:
1275:
Committee of the Red Cross: Full text of GCIV with commentaries
637:
753:
An example internment card with dimensions of 10 × 15 cm.
383:
437:
Article 32: Prohibition of corporal punishment, torture, etc.
409:, and are intended to alleviate the sufferings caused by war.
291:
240:
229:, members of armed forces who have laid down their arms, and
1625:
Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1964–1971)
2575:
Treaties extended to the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
1162:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 5 October 2010.
605:
287:
which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples.
173:
2465:
Treaties extended to the Territory of Papua and New Guinea
1009:. United Nations. Audiovisual Library of International Law
315:
in the territory of a belligerent power or nationals of a
1055:"United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law"
689:
139:
provided a justification for conduct in armed conflict.
2530:
Treaties extended to the Gambia Colony and Protectorate
723:
1505:
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
1435:
Treaties of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania
221:
Article 3: Conflicts not of an international character
2610:
Treaties extended to the Kingdom of Tonga (1900–1970)
756:
An example letter with dimensions of 29 × 15 cm.
656:
371:
regular trial prescribed by the present Convention."
2515:
Treaties extended to the British Antarctic Territory
669:
The Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. Commentary
536:
115:
rather than the effects of hostilities, such as the
2550:
Treaties extended to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands
2360:
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
427:
Part III. Status and Treatment of Protected Persons
1222:
1220:
2275:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)
1246:
918:
2595:Treaties extended to the British Solomon Islands
1396:
1233:
546:Article 49: Deportations, transfers, evacuations
417:Article 16: Wounded and Sick: General Protection
2590:Treaties extended to the Colony of Sierra Leone
2495:Treaties extended to the West Indies Federation
2050:Treaties of the People's Republic of Mozambique
1575:Treaties of the Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)
1217:
170:This sets out the overall parameters for GCIV:
55:, including this and the other three treaties.
2565:Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Malta
2500:Treaties extended to the Colony of the Bahamas
2020:Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia
249:shall in all circumstances be treated humanely
2460:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
2160:Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania
1555:Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
1300:
157:
2555:Treaties extended to the Sheikhdom of Kuwait
2180:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
638:Article 51: Recruitment of Protected persons
65:Parties to Geneva Conventions and Protocols
16:One of the treaties of the Geneva Convention
2605:Treaties extended to Tanganyika (territory)
2505:Treaties extended to Bahrain (protectorate)
2485:Treaties extended to Surinam (Dutch colony)
2300:Treaties of the Syrian Republic (1930–1963)
2035:Treaties of the Mongolian People's Republic
1825:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
1450:Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola
1102:
866:"Geneva Convention (IV) on Civilians, 1949"
854:. International Committee of the Red Cross.
384:Article 13: Field of application of part II
107:The Fourth Geneva Convention only concerns
1610:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
1307:
1293:
1280:Text of the Fourth Geneva Convention (PDF)
1149:, Oxford University Press, New York: 2011.
870:Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries
292:Article 4: Definition of protected persons
2580:Treaties extended to Qatar (protectorate)
2520:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
1545:Treaties of the Second Brazilian Republic
1021:
770:List of parties to the Geneva Conventions
365:
2145:Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
1595:Treaties of the Central African Republic
890:
576:The reference in the last paragraph to "
524:International Committee of the Red Cross
174:Article 2: Application of the Convention
161:
152:customary international humanitarian law
77: Parties to GC I–IV and P I and III
60:
2615:Treaties extended to the Trucial States
2525:Treaties extended to the Colony of Fiji
1027:
972:
947:
611:
2570:Treaties extended to British Mauritius
2545:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong
2480:Treaties extended to French Somaliland
2470:Treaties extended to the Belgian Congo
2445:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
2150:Treaties of the Estado Novo (Portugal)
1745:Treaties of the French Fourth Republic
1430:Treaties of the Kingdom of Afghanistan
1397:
1314:
1147:The Twentieth-Century World and Beyond
1139:
1037:Melbourne Journal of International Law
998:
978:
563:of the same family are not separated.
2490:Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau
2435:Treaties of the Sultanate of Zanzibar
2250:Treaties of the Union of South Africa
1630:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
1288:
775:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
690:Article 56: Hygiene and public health
117:strategic bombing during World War II
2365:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
2105:Treaties of the Dominion of Pakistan
1980:Treaties of the Federation of Malaya
922:Moral Principles and Nuclear Weapons
919:Douglas P. Lackey (1 January 1984).
724:Part IV. Execution of the Convention
490:against protected persons and their
71: Parties to GC I–IV and P I–III
31:), more commonly referred to as the
2540:Treaties extended to British Guiana
2410:Treaties of the Yemen Arab Republic
1520:Treaties of the Republic of Dahomey
1425:Treaties entered into force in 1950
988:San Diego International Law Journal
891:Tolliver, Sandy (20 October 2019).
592:. If ethnic groups are affected by
498:Under the 1949 Geneva Conventions,
251:, with the following prohibitions:
89: Parties to GC I–IV and P I–II
13:
2475:Treaties extended to Ruanda-Urundi
2270:Treaties of the Dominion of Ceylon
2115:Treaties of the State of Palestine
1690:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
1535:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1004:
808:On 23 October 2019 Vladimir Putin
657:Article 53: Prohibited destruction
83: Parties to GC I–IV and P III
14:
2636:
2210:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
2195:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe
2170:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis
1835:Treaties of the Dominion of India
1780:Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
1263:
812:Russia's agreement to Protocol I.
663:necessary by military operations.
580:", is commonly understood as the
537:Section III. Occupied territories
330:A number of articles specify how
323:nation) if that state has normal
216:Parties ' vis-à-vis ' the others.
207:In the commentary to the article
199:The scope of Article 2 is broad:
101: Parties to GC I–IV and no P
2620:Treaties extended to West Berlin
2000:Treaties of the Marshall Islands
1945:Treaties of the Kingdom of Libya
1730:Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire
1705:Treaties of the Kingdom of Egypt
596:, it may also be referred to as
190:of another country's territory.
166:Warsaw 1939 refugees and soldier
95: Parties to GC I–IV and P I
2560:Treaties extended to Basutoland
2330:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
2245:Treaties of the Somali Republic
2240:Treaties of the Solomon Islands
1920:Treaties of the Kingdom of Laos
1850:Treaties of the Kingdom of Iraq
1455:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
1205:
1191:
1166:
1152:
1127:
1096:
1082:
1073:
1047:
685:situated in occupied territory.
551:Article 49. Individual or mass
144:United Nations Security Council
2535:Treaties extended to Gibraltar
2440:Treaties extended to Greenland
2370:Treaties of the United Kingdom
1665:Treaties of the Czech Republic
912:
884:
844:
824:
815:
802:
790:International humanitarian law
1:
2375:Treaties of the United States
1760:Treaties of Georgia (country)
1715:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
837:
2625:Treaties concluded in Geneva
2510:Treaties extended to Bermuda
2260:Treaties of the Soviet Union
2125:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
1635:Treaties of the Cook Islands
962:United Nations Treaty Series
129:principle of proportionality
7:
2265:Treaties of Francoist Spain
2140:Treaties of the Philippines
2070:Treaties of the Netherlands
1965:Treaties of North Macedonia
1256:. Retrieved 28 October 2008
1243:. Retrieved 28 October 2008
1230:. Retrieved 28 October 2008
1214:. Retrieved 28 October 2008
763:
10:
2641:
2455:Treaties extended to Aruba
1670:Treaties of Czechoslovakia
1420:Treaties concluded in 1949
1201:. International Red Cross.
1092:. International Red Cross.
732:
344:humanitarian organizations
239:(out of the fight) due to
158:Part I. General provisions
146:adopted a report from the
2450:Treaties extended to Niue
2430:Treaties of South Vietnam
2400:Treaties of North Vietnam
1950:Treaties of Liechtenstein
1800:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
1379:
1353:
1322:
296:Article 4 defines who is
184:war has not been declared
2345:Treaties of Turkmenistan
2220:Treaties of Sierra Leone
2200:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
1985:Treaties of the Maldives
1845:Treaties of Pahlavi Iran
1815:Treaties of the Holy See
1770:Treaties of East Germany
1765:Treaties of West Germany
1560:Treaties of Burkina Faso
1345:Fourth Geneva Convention
1335:Second Geneva Convention
927:Rowman & Littlefield
795:
33:Fourth Geneva Convention
2405:Treaties of South Yemen
2295:Treaties of Switzerland
2255:Treaties of South Sudan
2175:Treaties of Saint Lucia
2075:Treaties of New Zealand
1905:Treaties of South Korea
1900:Treaties of North Korea
1710:Treaties of El Salvador
1645:Treaties of Ivory Coast
1620:Treaties of the Comoros
1485:Treaties of the Bahamas
1340:Third Geneva Convention
1330:First Geneva Convention
979:Rabkin, Jeremy (2015).
586:extradition, banishment
461:was the most infamous.
2415:Treaties of Yugoslavia
2385:Treaties of Uzbekistan
2310:Treaties of Tanganyika
2305:Treaties of Tajikistan
2215:Treaties of Seychelles
2190:Treaties of San Marino
2040:Treaties of Montenegro
2005:Treaties of Mauritania
1970:Treaties of Madagascar
1960:Treaties of Luxembourg
1915:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
1885:Treaties of Kazakhstan
1755:Treaties of the Gambia
1695:Treaties of East Timor
1640:Treaties of Costa Rica
1590:Treaties of Cape Verde
1495:Treaties of Bangladesh
1480:Treaties of Azerbaijan
1028:BENNETT, JOHN (2019).
716:Article 78 deals with
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530:Additional Protocol II
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366:Article 5: Derogations
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259:, cruel treatment and
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125:indiscriminate attacks
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2395:Treaties of Venezuela
2225:Treaties of Singapore
2080:Treaties of Nicaragua
2010:Treaties of Mauritius
1955:Treaties of Lithuania
1840:Treaties of Indonesia
1790:Treaties of Guatemala
1470:Treaties of Australia
1460:Treaties of Argentina
1410:Collective punishment
1136:, p. 52 (derogations)
696:
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500:collective punishment
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247:, or any other cause
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39:, is one of the four
2425:Treaties of Zimbabwe
2315:Treaties of Thailand
2285:Treaties of Eswatini
2280:Treaties of Suriname
2235:Treaties of Slovenia
2230:Treaties of Slovakia
2130:Treaties of Paraguay
1895:Treaties of Kiribati
1820:Treaties of Honduras
1685:Treaties of Dominica
1680:Treaties of Djibouti
1615:Treaties of Colombia
1580:Treaties of Cameroon
1540:Treaties of Botswana
1500:Treaties of Barbados
1145:Keylor, William R.,
1103:Ola Engdahl (2007).
742:to be established."
612:Article 50: Children
542:territory (Art.49).
518:activity during the
448:corporal punishments
325:diplomatic relations
2390:Treaties of Vanuatu
2380:Treaties of Uruguay
2335:Treaties of Tunisia
2205:Treaties of Senegal
2090:Treaties of Nigeria
2055:Treaties of Namibia
2045:Treaties of Morocco
2025:Treaties of Moldova
1940:Treaties of Liberia
1935:Treaties of Lesotho
1930:Treaties of Lebanon
1870:Treaties of Jamaica
1855:Treaties of Ireland
1830:Treaties of Iceland
1785:Treaties of Grenada
1740:Treaties of Finland
1725:Treaties of Estonia
1720:Treaties of Eritrea
1700:Treaties of Ecuador
1675:Treaties of Denmark
1650:Treaties of Croatia
1570:Treaties of Burundi
1565:Treaties of Myanmar
1530:Treaties of Bolivia
1510:Treaties of Belgium
1490:Treaties of Bahrain
1475:Treaties of Austria
1465:Treaties of Armenia
1445:Treaties of Andorra
1440:Treaties of Algeria
598:population transfer
276:(d) the passing of
137:norm of reciprocity
135:ended in 1945, the
131:. Until well after
35:and abbreviated as
2420:Treaties of Zambia
2355:Treaties of Uganda
2350:Treaties of Tuvalu
2340:Treaties of Turkey
2290:Treaties of Sweden
2165:Treaties of Rwanda
2120:Treaties of Panama
2095:Treaties of Norway
2030:Treaties of Monaco
2015:Treaties of Mexico
1975:Treaties of Malawi
1925:Treaties of Latvia
1910:Treaties of Kuwait
1880:Treaties of Jordan
1860:Treaties of Israel
1805:Treaties of Guyana
1795:Treaties of Guinea
1660:Treaties of Cyprus
1585:Treaties of Canada
1550:Treaties of Brunei
1525:Treaties of Bhutan
1515:Treaties of Belize
1405:Geneva Conventions
1316:Geneva Conventions
553:forcible transfers
354:The definition of
168:
113:occupied territory
105:
53:Geneva Conventions
51:party to the 1949
45:Geneva Conventions
2325:Treaties of Tonga
2185:Treaties of Samoa
2155:Treaties of Qatar
2110:Treaties of Palau
2085:Treaties of Niger
2065:Treaties of Nepal
2060:Treaties of Nauru
1995:Treaties of Malta
1890:Treaties of Kenya
1875:Treaties of Japan
1865:Treaties of Italy
1810:Treaties of Haiti
1775:Treaties of Ghana
1750:Treaties of Gabon
1605:Treaties of Chile
1415:International law
1392:
1391:
940:978-0-8476-7116-8
682:Hague Regulations
478:are prohibited.
406:political opinion
360:protected persons
349:protected persons
332:protecting powers
148:Secretary-General
119:. The Additional
2632:
2320:Treaties of Togo
2135:Treaties of Peru
2100:Treaties of Oman
1990:Treaties of Mali
1735:Treaties of Fiji
1655:Treaties of Cuba
1600:Treaties of Chad
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872:. 23 March 2010
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520:Rape of Belgium
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1399:Categories
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1354:Protocols
582:expulsion
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488:Reprisals
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278:sentences
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876:28 March
764:See also
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