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asked to imagine that they were the focal person in a reward allocation scenario at work." They were then told that they worked hard on the project together with a colleague, and made the same sort of effort and contribution to the project. Their supervisor then agreed to give them a $ 1000 reward. They were then given the following options on how to divide the money: (A) Your colleague will make a proposal as to how the money should be divided. (B) If you accept the proposal, then you will get what the colleague proposed to you. However, if you reject it, then the money will return to the company for future reward considerations. The results were positively and negatively skewed: If the two persons were close friends or colleagues the acceptance rate was 62% if the offer was 20% of the 1000 dollars, and 100% if the offer was 80% of the money. If the colleagues were distant then the rates were 20% for 20% of the money and 77% for 80% of the money.
120:"A negative norm of reciprocity represents the means by which individuals act against unfavourable treatments, and functions to keep balance in social systems". In contrast to the positive reciprocity norm, the negative reciprocity norm emphasizes the return of unfavourable treatment as an appropriate response to a misdeed. The principle of this norm serves as a powerful deterrent for violent or symbolic mistreatment. Harming others invites anger and revenge; people receiving negative treatment are likely to retaliate angrily. People with a propensity towards anger may more strongly endorse the negative reciprocity norm as a justification for consummating their hostility by punishing the instigator of mistreatment. In one study, most college students believed that criminal punishment should be determined by the seriousness of the crime rather than by punishment's effectiveness in preventing similar crimes.
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equilibrium. When one party chooses to withhold reciprocity in response to perceived slights or transgressions, it sets off a chain reaction of negativity, eroding the very foundations (Vital-Base) of the relationship. This withholding not only perpetuates a cycle of resentment (Victim) and retaliation (Viciousness) but also obstructs
Vitality being channeled into the co-constructive communication necessary for resolving conflicts and fostering growth. By highlighting the destructive nature of this behavior, the R-Model underscores the importance of Communication, Compassion, and constructive responses as alternatives to the detrimental path of negative reciprocity. It encourages individuals to recognise that withholding reciprocity often exacts a heavy toll on the well-being of a relationship, ultimately hindering its potential for mutual growth and connection.
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person can expect positive feedback whether in the form of a gift, a compliment, a loan, a job reference, etc. In social psychology, positive reciprocity refers to responding to a positive action with another positive action (rewarding kind actions). This norm is so powerful, it may allow the initial giver to ask for something in return for what was given rather than having to wait for a voluntary reciprocal act. In some cases a person does not have to ask, because an expectation to return the favor is already implied. Reciprocity also works at the level of liking; We like people who help us, and dislike those who ask for help but never return it. Such disapproval is often enough to make people comply with the norm of reciprocity.
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cohort showed such an effect by reporting greater affection towards others who reciprocated the same amount of intimacy than those whose intimacy level deviated from the initiatorās. According to
Youniss's theory of social development, children's friendship during the early part of middle childhood (5ā8 years) is based upon reciprocity of behaviour that suggests a "tit-for-tat" rule of exchange and interaction. During the later part of middle childhood (9ā11 years) and beyond, children's friendship is based on the reciprocity of behaviour that suggests a mutually cooperative principle of exchange as well as an appreciation of reciprocity.
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child various items to distribute to the dolls after a series of situations were explained to the child. These situations represented private and public reciprocity and gave the child the choice of which dolls to share the items with. An example of a situation involves one of the dolls sharing with the rest of them. Olson and Spelke found that children will give to family and friends more than strangers, repay those who shared with them, and reward those who share with others, even if they do not receive the item.
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norm of reciprocity offers another source of motivation and moral sanction for conforming with specific status obligations. If other people have been fulfilling their status responsibilities to you, you then have a second-order obligation to fulfill your status responsibilities to them as well. The feeling of gratitude reinforces that of rectitude and contributes to conformity, thus social stability.
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return of injuries". So the norm may be characterized primarily in either a positive or negative way. However "both positive and negative norms or reciprocity serve as starting mechanisms as well as stabilizing functions in that they help initiate and maintain equitable interpersonal exchanges in human evolution".
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The merely "rough equivalence" of repayment suggests an important system-stabilising function. It introduces an element of ambiguity as to whether the indebtedness has been repaid fully, thus creating uncertainty about who the indebted parties are. The comparative indeterminancy then serves as a type
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A positive norm of reciprocity is "the embedded obligations created by exchanges of benefits or favours among individuals. The recipient feels indebted to the favour or benefit giver until he/she repays". The positive reciprocity norm is a common social expectation in which a person who helps another
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have used the norm of reciprocity to explain altruism by emphasizing our expectations that āhelping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future.ā The human desire to reciprocate kindness and to cooperate for survival value has enabled our continued existence in a hostile
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The norm of reciprocity also contributes to social stability even when there is a well-developed system of specific status duties. Status duties shape behavior as the status occupant believes them to be binding; they are expected to faithfully fulfill their responsibilities. Nonetheless, the general
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Exchanges are identical in form, either with regard to the things exchanged or to the situations under which they are exchanged. Historically, the most significant expression of homeomorphic reciprocity is in the negative reciprocity norms; in retaliation, the focus is not on the return of benefits,
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The norm of reciprocity is usually internalised. In addition, all major ethical and religious traditions include reciprocity as a rule of moral behaviourāfrom Jesus (āAs you would that men should do to you, do ye also to them likewise.ā to
Confucius (āWhat you do not want done to yourself, do not do
242:
Whilst balance is required for health and sustainability, the R-Model theory proposes the need for "connected autonomy" and a focus on health, an example of how the R-Model could be used is to understand the nature of "tit for tat" games, and use the R_Model to break the cycle of "tit for tat" which
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The R-Model was developed by Andrew
Millward-Boyton as a theory sustainable healthy relationships with reciprocal elements at its core. The theory explains the need for reciprocity is necessary for the relationship to be sustainable and health. without reciprocity the relationship is considered less
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was not well received by mainstream psychologists, and so reciprocal altruism was reinvented under the term "norm of reciprocity" in psychology. Study of the norm of reciprocity is arguably less scientifically advanced than that of reciprocal altruism, judging from the degree of research underneath
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It is a time period in which the relevant party should not do harm to people who have given them benefits; such people are morally constrained to demonstrate gratitude towards or maintain peace with their benefactors. As such, outstanding obligations can thus contribute to the stabilising of social
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Another way to understand how the norm of reciprocity works is to understand that the initial favour and the following repayment unfold in a public way. The social rewards of sticking to the norm and the costs of breaching it are profound. People deny continued group membership to others who breach
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students in the United States completed a series of self perception questions, which included the measure of the relational-self orientation, and then, six weeks later, completed a work relationship exercise during a class session. "In the exercise, participants read a vignette in which they were
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Psychologists Ken J. Rotenberg and Luanne Mann also explored the development of the reciprocity norm of self-disclosure and its functions in childrenās attraction to peers. The findings indicated that the norm of reciprocity is involved in attraction to peers only by sixth grade; children in that
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PPCV is a construct that regards employeesā feelings of disappointment (ranging from minor frustration to betrayal) arising from their belief that their organization has broken its work-related promises. It is the organizationās contribution to a negative reciprocity dynamic, as employees tend to
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One way that psychologists have been able to study the norm of reciprocity in children is by observing and experimenting on their toy sharing behaviour. Kristina R. Olson and
Elizabeth S. Spelke conducted an experiment in which they used dolls to represent family members and friends and gave the
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When used as a diagnostic tool, the R-Model offers a profound awareness of how withholding reciprocity as a form of punishment within a relationship can be inherently destructive. In the intricate web of human relationships, reciprocity plays a fundamental role in nurturing trust and maintaining
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There are contrasting ways to differentiate negative and positive norms of reciprocity. "In contrast to a positive norm of reciprocity
Gouldner (1960) also suggested a negative norm of reciprocity or sentiments of retaliation where the emphasis is placed not on the return of benefits but on the
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was not well-received by mainstream psychologists. This led to reciprocal altruism being studied instead under a new social-psychological concept: the norm of reciprocity. Reciprocal altruism has been applied to various species, including humans, while mainstream psychologists use the norm of
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POS is the degree to which employeesā believe that their organization values their contributions and cares about their well-being. It is the organizationās contribution to a positive reciprocity dynamic with employees, as employees tend to perform better as a way to pay back POS.
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world. Thus, the norm of reciprocity ultimately has survival value. As this norm derives from our evolutionary history, adherence to it constitutes ānaturalā behavior whose neglect might cause a degree of dissonance. The norm of reciprocity is found in evolutionary psychology as
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A norm of reciprocity motivates, creates, sustains, and regulates the cooperative behavior required for self-sustaining social organizations. It limits the damage done by unscrupulous people, and contributes to social system stability. For more details, see the discussions in
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have studied the norm of reciprocity and the development of this norm in children. Psychologists have found that children begin to show reciprocal behavior around the age of two, when they observe the behavior of others and begin to have their own relationships with peers.
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Because reciprocation is essential for maintaining sustainable, healthy relationships. Reciprocation means that both parties in the relationship are giving freely. The reciprocal elements that are given freely, are offered without the expectation of reciprocation.
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noted in 1953 that "it is impossible to visualize the conduct of hostilities in which one side would be bound by rules of warfare without benefiting from them and the other side would benefit from rules of warfare without being bound by them."
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requires that people repay in kind what others have done for them. It can be understood as the expectation that people will respond to each other by returning benefits for benefits, and with either indifference or hostility to harms. The
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requires conscious effort, self-awareness, and a commitment to improving the quality of your relationships. It often involves choosing compassion, consideration, and co-constructive communication over reactive and retaliatory behavior.
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in which a small gift of some kind is proffered with the expectation of producing in the recipient an eagerness to reciprocate (by purchasing a product, making a donation, or becoming more receptive to a line of argument).
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to others.ā). The moral character of the norm may encourage the sense that following it is an imperative rather than a choice, and failing to reciprocate should create feelings of self-reproach and guilt.
1095:
Hekman, D.R.; Steensma, H.K.; Bigley, G.A.; Hereford, J.F. (2009). "Combined
Effects of Organizational and Professional Identification on the Reciprocity Dynamic for Professional Employees".
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Chen, Ya-Ru; Chen, Xiao-Ping; Portnoy, Rebecca (2009). "To whom do positive norm of reciprocity apply? Effects of inequitable offer, relationship and relational-self orientation".
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Eisenberger, Robert; Lynch, Patrick; Aselage, Justin; Rohdieck, Stephanie (2004). "Who takes the most revenge? Individual differences in negative reciprocity norm endorsement".
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factors. It was first developed to understand the nature of relationship in the environment and discipline of group therapy. The initial model was influenced by works from
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Whatley, M, A.; Rhodes, A.; Smith, R. H.; Webster, J. M. (1999). "The Effect of a Favor on Public and
Private Compliance: How Internalized is the Norm of Reciprocity?".
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Favours given are not immediately repaid; returning of favours may take a long time. The intervening time period is governed by the norm of reciprocity in two manners.
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The norm of reciprocity stipulates that the amount of the return to a favour is āroughly the sameā as what had been received. Such idea of equivalence takes two forms;
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sustainable and less healthy. R-Model proposes the need for balance and alignment in a relationship, and with balance there can be even growth in the relationship.
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and colleagues found that professional employees, such as doctors and lawyers, are most likely to repay POS with better performance when they have high levels of
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Rotenberg, Ken J.; Mann, Luanne (1986). "The
Development of the Norm of the Reciprocity of Self-Disclosure and Its Function in Children's Attraction to Peers".
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of reciprocity may take different forms in different areas of social life, or in different societies. This is distinct from related ideas such as
72:. The power and ubiquity of the norm of reciprocity can be used against the unwary, however, and is the basis for the success of many malicious
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Carlsmith, Kevin M.; Darley, John M.; Robinson, Paul H. (2002). "Why do we punish? Deterrence and the just deserts as motives for punishment".
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Robinson, S. L.; Kraatz, M.; Rousseau, D. M. (1994). "Changing obligations and the psychological contract: A longitudinal study".
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Argonauts of the
Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagos of Melanesian New Guinea
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Things exchanged can be totally different, but they are equal in value, as defined by the stakeholders in the situation.
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Kelman, Herbert C. (1958). "Compliance, identification and internalisation: Three processes of attitude change".
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The stakeholder is assembling, mobilizing, or liquidating resources or assets so as to make a suitable repayment.
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ended in 1945, the norm of reciprocity provided a justification for conduct in armed conflict. British jurist
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However, Mark A. Whatley and colleagues found that people will give more favors, like a higher donation, if
1269:. New York: John Wiley, 1964. Reprinted, with a new introduction, New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1986.
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Eisenberger, R.; Huntington, R.; Huntington, S.; Sowa, D. (1986). "Perceived organizational support".
628:"Reaping the Whirlwind: The Norm of Reciprocity and the Law of Aerial Bombardment during World War II"
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Rhoades, L.; Eisenberger, R. (2002). "Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature".
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of all-purpose moral cement; it keeps us mindful of our behaviours and induces cooperative action.
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Gouldner, Alvin W. (1960). "The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement".
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systems by encouraging mutually beneficial exchange and cooperative behaviours.
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a class of trans-disciplinary models which look at the interconnection between
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Lauterpacht, Hersch (1953). "The Limits of the Operation of the Law of War".
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the name "reciprocal altruism" as opposed to the name "norm of reciprocity".
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Robinson, S. L. (1996). "Trust and breach of the psychological contract".
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For some legal scholars, reciprocity underpins international law "and the
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as two end-points of a scale, with "matcher cultures" in between.
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The norms of reciprocity in interactions among employees underlie
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The norm of reciprocity has positive and negative aspects.
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Institutionalized Reciprocity in a Changing Punjab Village
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952:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 256.
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Asch, S. E. (1956). "Opinions and social pressure".
491: ā Human tendency to care about social outcomes
1276:Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press 1998.
1126:(6th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
162:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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872:(3rd ed.). Glenview, Ill.: Scott Foresman.
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1287:Pratkanis, A. & Aronson, E. (2001).
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1473:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
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1231:Parents and peers in social development
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334:Significance to social system stability
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833:Thibaut, J. J.; Kelley, H. H. (1959).
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382:perform more poorly to pay back PPCV.
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922:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
654:British Yearbook of International Law
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413:"giver cultures" and "taker cultures"
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937:(Ph.D. thesis). Columbia University.
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160:adding citations to reliable sources
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60:reciprocity only to explain humans.
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514:Basic and Applied Social Psychology
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1137:Olson, K.R.; Spelke, E.S. (2007).
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1267:Exchange and Power in Social Life
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601:Harvard International Law Journal
1038:Administrative Science Quarterly
597:"Reciprocity and the Law of War"
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147:needs additional citations for
70:reciprocity (social psychology)
1411:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
1274:Reciprocity in Ancient Greece.
1252:. New York: Basic Books, 2006.
797:Journal of Conflict Resolution
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626:Bennett, John (2019).
252:Biopsychosocial model,
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950:Street Corner Society
948:Whyte, W. F. (1945).
291:Private reciprocation
171:"Norm of reciprocity"
109:Positive and negative
1393:BodhipakkhiyÄ dhammÄ
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300:Public reciprocation
156:improve this article
49:evolutionary biology
1463:Theological virtues
1366:Positive psychology
1256:Becker, Lawrence C.
885:Scientific American
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53:evolutionary theory
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1895:Self-transcendence
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1431:Nine Noble Virtues
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837:. New York: Wiley.
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286:Private and public
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483:Inequity aversion
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74:confidence games
2445:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2394:
2337:
2255:
2082:
2009:
1959:
1482:
1468:Three Treasures
1385:Virtue families
1380:
1354:Moral character
1337:
1332:
1302:
1265:Blau, Peter M.
1244:
1242:Further reading
1239:
1238:
1227:
1223:
1200:10.2307/1130414
1184:
1180:
1135:
1131:
1120:
1116:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1050:10.2307/2393868
1031:
1027:
988:
984:
961:
957:
946:
942:
931:
927:
916:
912:
881:
877:
866:
857:
846:
842:
831:
824:
793:
789:
750:
746:
707:
703:
680:
665:
650:
646:
630:
624:
620:
593:
589:
574:10.2307/2092623
558:
547:
531:
530:
510:
503:
498:
479:
468:A study of 116
466:
446:
421:
386:David R. Hekman
361:
336:
327:
302:
293:
288:
228:
217:
211:
208:
165:
163:
153:
141:
130:
111:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2443:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2383:
2376:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2271:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2025:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1494:Accountability
1490:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1301:
1300:
1285:
1270:
1263:
1253:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1221:
1178:
1149:(1): 222ā231.
1129:
1114:
1103:(3): 506ā526.
1087:
1084:
1083:
1073:(1): 137ā152.
1062:
1044:(4): 574ā599.
1032:
1025:
998:(4): 698ā714.
982:
971:(3): 500ā507.
955:
940:
925:
910:
875:
855:
840:
822:
787:
744:
717:(6): 787ā788.
701:
663:
644:
618:
607:(2): 365ā434.
587:
568:(2): 161ā178.
545:
520:(3): 251ā259.
500:
499:
497:
494:
493:
492:
486:
478:
475:
465:
462:
445:
442:
435:. The rise of
433:Robert Trivers
420:
417:
360:
357:
348:
347:
343:
335:
332:
324:
323:
319:
316:
313:
301:
298:
292:
289:
287:
284:
230:
229:
144:
142:
135:
129:
126:
110:
107:
55:and therefore
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2442:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:Sportsmanship
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:Righteousness
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1793:Nonattachment
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1453:Seven virtues
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1400:BrahmavihÄrÄs
1397:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1376:Virtue ethics
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:About virtues
1340:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1298:
1297:0-8050-7403-1
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1232:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1125:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
978:
974:
970:
966:
959:
951:
944:
936:
929:
921:
914:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
879:
871:
864:
862:
860:
851:
844:
836:
829:
827:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
760:(2): 84ā299.
759:
755:
748:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
659:
655:
648:
640:
636:
629:
622:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
591:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
556:
554:
552:
550:
541:
535:
527:
523:
519:
515:
508:
506:
501:
490:
487:
484:
481:
480:
474:
471:
461:
457:
453:
450:
441:
438:
434:
430:
425:
416:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
373:
369:
365:
356:
352:
344:
341:
340:
339:
331:
320:
317:
314:
311:
310:
309:
306:
297:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:environmental
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
244:
240:
236:
226:
223:
215:
204:
201:
197:
194:
190:
187:
183:
180:
176:
173: ā
172:
168:
167:Find sources:
161:
157:
151:
150:
145:This article
143:
139:
134:
133:
125:
121:
118:
114:
106:
103:
99:
95:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
39:
35:
31:
27:
22:
2378:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2330:
2314:
2307:
2273:
2266:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2149:
2142:
2137:Brahmacharya
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2075:
2068:
2043:
2036:
2020:
2002:
1986:
1979:
1935:Tranquillity
1885:Self-control
1855:Renunciation
1813:Philanthropy
1808:Perspicacity
1768:Magnificence
1721:Intelligence
1701:Impartiality
1621:Faithfulness
1509:Authenticity
1435:
1421:Five virtues
1398:
1391:
1371:Trait theory
1358:
1288:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1249:
1230:
1224:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1123:
1117:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1070:
1066:
1041:
1037:
1028:
995:
991:
985:
968:
964:
958:
949:
943:
934:
928:
919:
913:
891:(5): 31ā35.
888:
884:
878:
869:
849:
843:
834:
803:(1): 51ā60.
800:
796:
790:
757:
753:
747:
714:
710:
704:
687:
683:
657:
653:
647:
638:
634:
621:
604:
600:
590:
565:
561:
534:cite journal
517:
513:
467:
458:
454:
447:
437:sociobiology
422:
406:
384:
380:
376:
362:
353:
349:
337:
325:
307:
303:
294:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
218:
209:
199:
192:
185:
178:
166:
154:Please help
149:verification
146:
122:
119:
115:
112:
98:World War II
91:
62:
57:sociobiology
42:
20:
18:
2415:Advertising
1955:Workmanship
1845:Punctuality
1763:Magnanimity
1686:Hospitality
1636:Forgiveness
1581:Discernment
1539:Cleanliness
1260:Reciprocity
276:John Bowlby
78:advertising
66:tit for tat
51:. However,
34:Golden Rule
26:social norm
2409:Categories
2268:Auctoritas
2116:Aparigraha
2095:Adhiį¹į¹hÄna
2077:Sophrosyne
2045:Eutrapelia
1930:Temperance
1910:Solidarity
1900:Simplicity
1860:Resilience
1835:Politeness
1803:Patriotism
1783:Moderation
1656:Good faith
1646:Generosity
1606:Equanimity
1586:Discipline
1544:Compassion
660:: 206ā243.
409:Adam Grant
366:(POS) and
305:the norm.
272:Eric Berne
260:psychology
182:newspapers
94:law of war
86:propaganda
2316:Humanitas
2062:Phronesis
2053:Philotimo
1905:Sincerity
1870:Reverence
1738:Judgement
1726:Emotional
1716:Integrity
1706:Innocence
1661:Gratitude
1641:Frugality
1631:Foresight
1611:Etiquette
1601:Endurance
1576:Diligence
1499:Alertness
1448:Scout Law
1349:Endowment
1208:0009-3920
1143:Cognition
817:145642577
212:July 2024
82:marketing
30:gratitude
2309:Gravitas
2292:Dignitas
2038:Ataraxia
1920:Sympathy
1850:Religion
1840:Prudence
1798:Patience
1773:Meekness
1748:Kindness
1696:Humility
1691:Humanity
1626:Fidelity
1571:Courtesy
1534:Chivalry
1529:Chastity
1519:Charisma
1514:Calmness
1504:Altruism
1173:18226808
1020:10928728
1012:12184574
774:12150228
739:31142887
731:15155041
477:See also
2364:Sadaqah
2350:Ganbaru
2283:Decorum
2275:Caritas
2230:ÅraddhÄ
2216:Shaucha
2181:Kshanti
2109:Akrodha
1964:Chinese
1865:Respect
1788:Modesty
1758:Loyalty
1743:Justice
1711:Insight
1671:Honesty
1666:Heroism
1596:Empathy
1554:Courage
1524:Charity
1437:PÄramÄ«s
1335:Virtues
1258:(1986)
1216:1130414
1164:2481508
1058:2393868
905:4172915
782:9418444
641:: 1ā44.
613:1400088
582:2092623
464:Studies
256:biology
196:scholar
2332:Virtus
2324:Pietas
2243:Upekį¹£Ä
2236:SaddhÄ
2202:PrajƱÄ
2195:MuditÄ
2174:Kshama
2167:Karuį¹Ä
2130:Asteya
2123:Ärjava
2102:Ahimsa
2087:Indian
2070:Sophia
1945:Wisdom
1823:Filial
1731:Social
1676:Honour
1295:
1280:
1214:
1206:
1171:
1161:
1079:256773
1077:
1056:
1018:
1010:
903:
815:
780:
772:
737:
729:
611:
580:
262:, and
198:
191:
184:
177:
169:
32:, the
2388:VirtĆ¹
2342:Other
2301:Fides
2260:Latin
2250:VÄ«rya
2209:Satya
2188:MettÄ
2151:Dhį¹ti
2030:Arete
2022:Agape
2014:Greek
1940:Trust
1925:Taste
1818:Piety
1778:Mercy
1651:Glory
1616:Faith
1564:Moral
1559:Civil
1478:Yamas
1212:JSTOR
1075:JSTOR
1054:JSTOR
1016:S2CID
901:S2CID
813:S2CID
778:S2CID
735:S2CID
690:(1).
631:(PDF)
578:JSTOR
496:Notes
264:socio
203:JSTOR
189:books
2380:Sisu
2372:Seny
2357:Giri
2223:SevÄ
2144:DÄna
1981:Jing
1830:Pity
1753:Love
1681:Hope
1591:Duty
1293:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1204:ISSN
1169:PMID
1008:PMID
770:PMID
727:PMID
609:SSRN
540:link
278:and
175:news
80:and
68:and
19:The
2159:Hrī
1996:Ren
1950:Wit
1196:doi
1159:PMC
1151:doi
1147:108
1105:doi
1046:doi
1000:doi
973:doi
893:doi
889:193
805:doi
762:doi
719:doi
692:doi
570:doi
522:doi
470:MBA
158:by
47:in
2411::
2004:Yi
1988:Li
1973:De
1210:.
1202:.
1192:57
1190:.
1167:.
1157:.
1145:.
1141:.
1101:52
1099:.
1071:37
1069:.
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