Law of war - Knowledge

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attack on a legitimate military objective. However, as Robbie Sabel, Professor of international law at the Hebrew University, who has written on this topic, notes: “Anyone with experience in armed conflict knows that you want to hit the enemy’s forces harder than they hit you… if you are attacked with a rifle, there is no rule that stipulates that you can only shoot back with a rifle, but using a machine gun would not be fair, or that if you are attacked with only one tank you cannot shoot back with two.”

42: 3664: 3678: 3014: 3173:" has determined that they are not eligible for POW status (e.g., Third Geneva Convention, Article 5.) At that point, an unlawful combatant may be interrogated, tried, imprisoned, and even executed for their violation of the laws of war pursuant to the domestic law of their captor, but they are still entitled to certain additional protections, including that they be "treated with humanity and, in case of trial, shall not be deprived of the 2723:

bello, the law of war, the way of making war, which involves behaving as soldiers invested with a mission for which all violence is not allowed. In any case, the very idea of a right to war is based on an idea of war that can be defined as an armed conflict, limited in space, limited in time, and by its objectives. War begins with a declaration (of war), ends with a treaty (of peace) or surrender agreement, an act of sharing, etc.

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The idea that there is a right to war concerns, on the one hand, the jus ad bellum, the right to make war or to enter war, assuming a motive such as to defend oneself from a threat or danger, presupposes a declaration of war that warns the adversary: war is a loyal act, and on the other hand, jus in

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additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, prohibits attacking people parachuting from an aircraft in distress regardless of what territory they are over. Once they land in territory controlled by the enemy, they must be given an opportunity to surrender before being attacked unless it is apparent

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Historian Geoffrey Best called the period from 1856 to 1909 the law of war's "epoch of highest repute." The defining aspect of this period was the establishment, by states, of a positive legal or legislative foundation (i.e., written) superseding a regime based primarily on religion, chivalry, and

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Combatants also must be commanded by a responsible officer. That is, a commander can be held liable in a court of law for the improper actions of their subordinates. There is an exception to this if the war came on so suddenly that there was no time to organize a resistance, e.g. as a result of a

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is a principle under international humanitarian law governing the legal use of force in an armed conflict, whereby belligerents must make sure that the harm caused to protected civilians or civilian property is not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage expected by an

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Stop, O people, that I may give you ten rules for your guidance in the battlefield. Do not commit treachery or deviate from the right path. You must not mutilate dead bodies. Neither kill a child, nor a woman, nor an aged man. Bring no harm to the trees, nor burn them with fire, especially those

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provides a widely accepted definition of military objective: "In so far as objects are concerned, military objectives are limited to those objects which by their nature, location, purpose or use make an effective contribution to military action and whose total or partial destruction, capture or

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is a principle that demands a certain amount of fairness and mutual respect between adversaries. Parties to a conflict must accept that their right to adopt means of injuring each other is not unlimited, they must refrain from taking advantage of the adversary's adherence to the law by falsely

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20:19–20 limits the amount of environmental damage, allowing only the cutting down of non-fruitful trees for use in the siege operation, while fruitful trees should be preserved for use as a food source. Similarly, Deuteronomy 21:10–14 requires that female captives who were forced to marry the

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restrictions against using arms, projectiles, or materials calculated to cause suffering or injury manifestly disproportionate to the military advantage realized by the use of the weapon for legitimate military purposes. In some countries, weapons are reviewed prior to their use in combat to

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projectiles, there is a developing scientific debate and concern expressed regarding the effect of the use of such projectiles and it is possible that, in future, there may be a consensus view in international legal circles that use of such projectiles violates general principles of the law

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One should not attack chariots with cavalry; chariot warriors should attack chariots. One should not assail someone in distress, neither to scare him nor to defeat him ... War should be waged for the sake of conquest; one should not be enraged toward an enemy who is not trying to kill

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of the same year and to submit to the Institute its opinion and supplementary proposals on the subject. The work of the Institute led to the adoption of the Manual in 1880 and it went on to form part of the basis for the codification of the laws of war at the 1899 Hague Peace

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In either case, people protected by the Red Cross/Crescent/Star or white flag are expected to maintain neutrality, and may not engage in warlike acts. In fact, engaging in war activities under a protected symbol is itself a violation of the laws of war known as

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1938 Amsterdam Draft Convention for the Protection of Civilian Populations Against New Engines of War. (Officially the Draft Convention for the Protection of Civilian Populations Against New Engines of War. Amsterdam, 1938). This convention was never

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However, their employment is forbidden during a combat, that is, the opening of fire whilst in the guise of the enemy. But there is no unanimity as to whether the uniform of the enemy may be worn and his flag displayed for the purpose of approach or

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determine if they comply with the law of war and are not designed to cause unnecessary suffering when used in their intended manner. This principle also prohibits using an otherwise lawful weapon in a manner that causes unnecessary suffering.

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in warfare has been an especially tricky situation for the laws of war. Some scholars claim that private security contractors appear so similar to state forces that it is unclear if acts of war are taking place by private or public agents.

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However, because the laws of war are based on consensus (as the nature of international law often relies on self-policing by individual states), the content and interpretation of such laws are extensive, contested, and ever-changing.

2521:. "Certain fundamental principles provide basic guidance. For instance, the principles of distinction, proportionality, and necessity, all of which are part of customary international law, always apply to the use of armed force." 3504: 2600:, having been widely accepted by "all civilised nations" for about half a century, were by then part of the customary laws of war and binding on all parties whether the party was a signatory to the specific treaty or not. 3513: 4054: 2589:

customs. It is during this "modern" era that the international conference became the forum for debate and agreement between states and the "multilateral treaty" served as the positive mechanism for codification.

2358:). In the Indian subcontinent, the Mahabharata describes a discussion between ruling brothers concerning what constitutes acceptable behavior on a battlefield, an early example of the rule of proportionality: 2844:

To fulfill the purposes noted above, the laws of war place substantive limits on the lawful exercise of a belligerent's power. Generally speaking, the laws require that belligerents refrain from employing

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Attempts to define and regulate the conduct of individuals, nations, and other agents in war and to mitigate the worst effects of war have a long history. The earliest known instances are found in the

3236:, officially the Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight, renounced the usage of explosive projectiles with a mass of less than 400 grams. 3509:

1971 Zagreb Resolution of the Institute of International Law on Conditions of Application of Humanitarian Rules of Armed Conflict to Hostilities in which the United Nations Forces May be Engaged

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applicable to use of weapons in armed conflict. This is because in the future it may be the consensus view that depleted uranium projectiles breach one or more of the following treaties:

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claiming the law's protections, and they must recognize that they are members of a common profession that fights not out of personal hostility but on behalf of their respective States.

4966: 3627: 4590: 4117:"The Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Committee Established to Review the NATO Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: Use of Depleted Uranium Projectiles" 3154:. Also, nations that signed the Geneva Conventions are required to search for, try and punish, anyone who had committed or ordered certain "grave breaches" of the laws of war. ( 2793:, and the harm caused to protected civilians or civilian property must be proportional and not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated. 2395:

which are fruitful. Slay not any of the enemy's flock, save for your food. You are likely to pass by people who have devoted their lives to monastic services; leave them alone.

2577:, signed and ratified by the United States and Mexico in 1848, articulates rules for any future wars, including protection of civilians and treatment of prisoners of war. The 4342:(PDF) Page 57/58 "if international law is not enforced, persistent violations can conceivably be adopted as customary practice, permitting conduct that was once prohibited" 2660:

It has often been commented that creating laws for something as inherently lawless as war seems like a lesson in absurdity. But based on the adherence to what amounted to

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Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects

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E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/38 Human rights and weapons of mass destruction, or with indiscriminate effect, or of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering

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After a conflict ends, persons who have committed or ordered any breach of the laws of war, especially atrocities, may be held individually accountable for

4994: 3243:). Signed in Brussels 27 August. This agreement never entered into force, but formed part of the basis for the codification of the laws of war at the 1899 4144: 3349: 2942:

Impersonating enemy combatants by wearing the enemy's uniform is possibly allowed, however the issue is unsettled. Fighting in that uniform is unlawful

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Wars should be limited to achieving the political goals that started the war (e.g., territorial control) and should not include unnecessary destruction.

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by warring parties through the ages, it was believed by many, especially after the eighteenth century, that codifying laws of war would be beneficial.

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explains that "Civilians shall enjoy the protection afforded by this section, unless and for such time as they take a direct part in hostilities".

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Ottawa Treaty - Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction

3005:. Thus, such personnel descending by parachutes are legitimate targets and, therefore, may be attacked, even if their aircraft is in distress. 2372:

victors of a war, then not desired anymore, be let go wherever they want, and requires them not to be treated as slaves nor be sold for money.

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is governed by several constraints: an attack or action must be intended to help in the defeat of the enemy; it must be an attack on a

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Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts

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also contain rules of respect for the adversary. It is always a matter of establishing rules that protect civilians and the defeated.

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In the history of the early Christian church, many Christian writers considered that Christians could not be soldiers or fight wars.

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that is not reasonably necessary for military purposes and that belligerents conduct hostilities with regard for the principles of

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Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts

2893:(1945) Article 2, and other articles in the Charter, seek to curtail the right of member states to declare war; as does the older 5274: 1621: 2921:, provide that it is unlawful for belligerents to engage in combat without meeting certain requirements. Article 4(a)(2) of the 2535:(international agreements) that directly affect the laws of war by binding consenting nations and achieving widespread consent. 4641: 4241: 4239: 229: 4543:. Alabama: Bibliographer, Muir S. Fairchild Research Information Center Maxwell (United States) Air Force Base. Archived from 3590:

1994 ICRC/UNGA Guidelines for Military Manuals and Instructions on the Protection of the Environment in Time of Armed Conflict

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People and property that do not contribute to the war effort should be protected against unnecessary destruction and hardship.

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largely reiterated existing law, although it showed greater regard to the rights of neutral entities. Never went into effect.

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Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare

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The Nuremberg War Trial judgment on "The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity" held, under the guidelines

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of a particular belligerent to a conflict—which may provide additional legal limits to the conduct or justification of war.

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for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare.

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Geneva Convention II for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea

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The law of war is binding not only upon states as such but also upon individuals and, in particular, the members of their

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Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem

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The following are particular examples of some of the substance of the laws of war, as those laws are interpreted today.

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Interpretations of international humanitarian law change over time and this also affects the laws of war. For example,

2265:). Laws of war define sovereignty and nationhood, states and territories, occupation, and other critical terms of law. 2172: 1950: 565: 132: 4927:(Free Press; 2012) 498 pages; on the evolution and legacy of a code commissioned by President Lincoln in the Civil War 4536: 4481:

Phelps, Martha Lizabeth (December 2014). "Doppelgangers of the State: Private Security and Transferable Legitimacy".

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Declaration II – On the Use of Projectiles the Object of Which is the Diffusion of Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases

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that they are engaging in a hostile act or attempting to escape. This prohibition does not apply to the dropping of

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is a principle under international humanitarian law governing the legal use of force in an armed conflict, whereby

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The Treaty of Armistice and Regularization of War signed on November 25 and 26, 1820 between the president of the

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for violating the laws of war may consist of a specific, deliberate and limited violation of the laws of war in

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Geneva Convention I for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field

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are guilty of violations of the laws of war and are responsible for damage to those that should be protected.

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Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques

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cites D. Schindler and J. Toman, The Laws of Armed Conflicts, Martinus Nihjoff Publisher, 1988, pp. 22–34.

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neutralization, in the circumstances ruling at the time, offers a definite military advantage." (Source:

2645: 2574: 2508: 2323:, king of Babylon, which in 1750 B.C., explains its laws imposing a code of conduct in the event of war: 2177: 1364: 1166: 1037: 575: 35: 3218:, a compilation of extant international norms on the treatment of civilians assembled by German scholar 5269: 5075: 5003: 4814: 4251: 4183: 3425: 3093:, but they are not guilty of a war crime if a bomb mistakenly or incidentally hits a residential area. 2790: 1641: 222: 202: 3571:

Amended Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices

2898: 2407:' doctrine, in which he explained the circumstances when war could or could not be morally justified. 5228: 3406:

Geneva Convention on the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field

3129: 1751: 1259: 608: 482: 336: 4537:"List of documents and web links relating to the law of armed conflict in air and space operations" 3496: 3486: 3439:

declaration for the "Protection of Civilian Populations Against Bombing From the Air in Case of War

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had thirteen sections, of which twelve were ratified and entered into force, and two declarations:

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The opposite of positive laws of war is customary laws of war, many of which were explored at the

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1978 Red Cross Fundamental Rules of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts

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Modern laws of war, such as the 1949 Geneva Conventions, also include prohibitions on attacking

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of 1928 for those nations who ratified it.See certified true copy of the text of the treaty in

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Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices

3174: 3046: 2434: 2291: 1611: 1544: 1497: 1151: 1114: 1077: 995: 947: 831: 641: 449: 358: 215: 4591:"Brussels Conference of 1874 – International Declaration Concerning Laws and Customs of War" 4558: 4405: 3340:

Declaration I – extending Declaration II from the 1899 Conference to other types of aircraft

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for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field.

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XI – Certain Restrictions with Regard to the Exercise of the Right of Capture in Naval War

8: 5264: 5144: 5091: 5054: 3634: 3412: 3383: 3162: 3002: 2467: 2415: 2368: 1853: 1838: 1714: 1601: 1579: 1554: 1514: 1424: 1234: 1139: 1089: 856: 846: 811: 603: 593: 363: 287: 4667:"Draft Convention for the Protection of Civilian Populations Against New Engines of War" 4120: 3290:

Declaration III – On the Use of Bullets Which Expand or Flatten Easily in the Human Body

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Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict

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1874 Project of an International Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War (

3122: 2765: 2753: 2690: 2320: 2285: 2248: 2223: 2132: 2079: 1982: 1972: 1967: 1937: 1920: 1915: 1888: 1833: 1534: 1524: 1519: 1509: 1429: 1419: 1414: 1389: 1359: 1249: 1219: 1214: 1204: 1199: 1189: 1104: 1057: 1027: 866: 659: 636: 570: 4653: 4633: 4577:"The project of an International Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War" 4576: 4439: 2422:', which banned killing women and children in war, and the destruction of churches. 2192: 5157: 5106: 4490: 4447: 4195: 3789: 3604: 3514:

Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict

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Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War

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1923 Hague Draft Rules of Aerial Warfare. Never adopted in a legally binding form.

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A 1904 article outlining the basic principles of the law of war, as published in

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pointed out in 2001 that although there is no specific treaty ban on the use of

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Protected civilian in this instance means civilians who are enemy nationals or

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III – Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of Principles of Geneva Convention of 1864

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List of declarations, conventions, treaties, and judgments on the laws of war:

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2 L. OPPENHEIM, INTERNATIONAL LAW §§ 67–69 (H. Lauterpacht ed., 7th ed. 1952).

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V – The Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land

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Protocol III on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons

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Texts and commentaries of 1949 Geneva Conventions & Additional Protocols

4684:. Unanimous resolution of the League of Nations Assembly. 30 September 1938. 3284:

Declaration I – On the Launching of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons

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and the texts of Manou's law urged mercy on unarmed or wounded enemies. The

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Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War: A Moral and Historical Inquiry

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Judgement : The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity

3692: 3419: 3219: 3204: 3082: 2775:(sometimes called chivalry) are the five most commonly cited principles of 2700: 2681:

To this end, laws of war are intended to mitigate the hardships of war by:

2525: 2450: 2308: 2216: 2142: 2122: 2117: 2012: 1957: 1591: 1586: 1409: 1324: 1072: 806: 707: 504: 408: 167: 162: 24: 4715:"San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflict at Sea" 4199: 3384:

General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy

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governing the sick and wounded members of armed forces was signed in 1864.

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The meetings of forum were from 29.08.1938 until 02.09.1938 in Amsterdam.

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X – Adaptation to Maritime War of the Principles of the Geneva Convention

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II – The Limitation of Employment of Force for Recovery of Contract Debts

3215: 2929:(a) That of being commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates; 2800: 2578: 2430: 2376: 2347: 2332: 2127: 1878: 1843: 1682: 1369: 1334: 1047: 990: 893: 677: 398: 393: 157: 4956:

The European Institute for International Law and International Relations

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United States; Department of Defense; Office of General Counsel (2016).

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of protected persons who fall into the hands of the enemy, particularly

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Combatants who break specific provisions of the laws of war are termed

3151: 3140: 3105: 3090: 3062: 2973: 2932:(b) That of having a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance; 2850: 2637: 2084: 2054: 1145: 152: 4559:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Geneva Convention, 1864" 3901: 3316:

VI – The Status of Enemy Merchant Ships at the Outbreak of Hostilities

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is established by the general practice of nations together with their

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gathered Kings and church leaders from around Ireland and Scotland to

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The first traces of a law of war come from the Babylonians. It is the

5133: 4777:"Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel" 4301:"Basic Principles of the Law Of War and Their Targeting Implications" 3799: 3794: 3034: 3030: 3013: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2804: 2708: 2686: 2340: 2074: 1898: 1848: 1798: 1788: 1783: 1648: 1439: 1434: 1399: 841: 527: 494: 383: 114: 4905:

Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations

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Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

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consisted of three main sections and three additional declarations:

5101: 4161:(Repr ed.). Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross. 4040:"THE UNITED STATES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAWS OF LAND WARFARE" 3595:

Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel

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Geneva Convention III Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War

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Ethics and the Laws of War: The moral justification of legal norms

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Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict

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I prescribe these laws so that the strong do not oppress the weak.

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3752: 3070: 3061:. It is also prohibited to fire at a person or vehicle bearing a 2947: 2943: 2297: 2099: 2059: 1823: 1657: 1653: 1000: 985: 861: 522: 517: 487: 426: 388: 4017:"Avalon Project - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; February 2, 1848" 3399:

Geneva Convention, Relative to the treatment of prisoners of war

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recognizes Lawful Combatants by the following characteristics:

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Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War

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The modern law of war is made up from three principal sources:

2379: 1606: 1007: 824: 560: 2573:, is the precursor of the International Humanitarian Law. The 2494: 3009:

Red Cross, Red Crescent, Magen David Adom, and the white flag

2771: 2715: 2355: 2336: 1082: 618: 613: 4248:, See section "Allegations concerning War Crimes" Pages 4,5. 3184: 2307:

is considered distinct from other bodies of law—such as the

4702:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 3 October 2013. 3337:

XIII – The Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War

2667:

Some of the central principles underlying laws of war are:

378: 373: 4969:, U.S. Department of Defense (2015, updated December 2016) 4695: 4601:

Project on Chemical and Biological Warfare. Archived from

3985:

Adomnan of Iona. Life of St. Columba, Penguin Books, 1995.

3076: 2886:

or by an ultimatum with a conditional declaration of war.

5168:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

4501: 3587:

on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea

3413:

Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament

2650:

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material

2609:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

2252: 251: 82:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

3730:

Journal of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict

2674:

Wars should be brought to an end as quickly as possible.

5203:

International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals

2908: 4950: 3824:

citizens whose presence is outside the territory of a

3802:, an act that amounts to a violation of the law of war 3322:

VIII – The Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines

4908:(2nd ed.), New York: Basic Books, archived from 3319:

VII – The Conversion of Merchant Ships into War-ships

4157:

Dunant, Henry; Dunant, Henry; Dunant, Henry (1986).

3659: 3334:

XII – The Creation of an International Prize Court *

3301:

I – The Pacific Settlement of International Disputes

2441:, reflected to some extent in movements such as the 4925:

Lincoln's Code: The Laws of War in American History

3350:

London Declaration concerning the Laws of Naval War

2268:Among other issues, modern laws of war address the 5158:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials) 4214: 4156: 2882:required hostilities to be preceded by a reasoned 2839: 2824:is a principle based on the 1907 Hague Convention 4947:—International Committee of the Red Cross website 4753:. 30 April 1996. pp. 230–237. Archived from 3059:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2913:Modern laws of war regarding conduct during war ( 5256: 5188:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 5163:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 4599:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 4579:. Brussels. 27 August 1874 – via ICRC.org. 3621:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 3609:Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons 3275:I – Pacific Settlement of International Disputes 2726: 2707:, the wounded and sick, children, and protected 2513:acceptance that such practice is required by law 77:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 3325:IX – Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of War 2962:People parachuting from an aircraft in distress 5002: 4070:GEOFFREY BEST, HUMANITY IN WARFARE 129 (1980). 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3780:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC) 3343:Declaration II – on the obligatory arbitration 3125:has yet to come to a consensus on this issue. 2769:(sometimes called unnecessary suffering), and 4988: 4875:Roberts, Adam; Guelff, Richard, eds. (2000), 4874: 4846: 4507: 4245: 4230: 2475:by some of the major European powers in 1864. 2251:that regulates the conditions for initiating 2224: 223: 4712: 4614: 4612: 4276:"International Law and the Conflict in Gaza" 3770:List of weapons of mass destruction treaties 3649:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 2565:and the Chief of the Military Forces of the 2314: 4879:(Third ed.), Oxford University press, 3965:Aboul-Enein, H. Yousuf and Zuhur, Sherifa, 3855: 3548:1980 Protocol I on Non-Detectable Fragments 2495:§ International treaties on the laws of war 5173:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 4995: 4981: 4696:"International Committee of the Red Cross" 4440:"International Committee of the Red Cross" 4353:"Charter of the United Nations, Chapter 1" 3251:1880 Manual of the Laws and Customs of War 3134: 2231: 2217: 230: 216: 87:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 5193:Special Panels of the Dili District Court 4867:Moseley, Alex (2009), "Just War Theory", 4804: 4713:Doswald-Beck, Louise (31 December 1995). 4609: 4257: 3201:Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law 3185:International treaties on the laws of war 2630:United Nations Convention Against Torture 2618:The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4833:, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 4534: 4437: 3709:Customary international humanitarian law 3446:(entered into force on October 24, 1945) 3310:IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land 3019:International Committee of the Red Cross 3012: 2972:Modern laws of war, specifically within 2826:IV - The Laws and Customs of War on Land 2730: 2662:customary international humanitarian law 2466: 1195:List of military strategies and concepts 40: 4869:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4866: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4295: 4293: 3903:Department of Defense law of war manual 3257:. At its session in Geneva in 1874 the 3077:Applicability to states and individuals 2655: 2453:and his attempts to write laws of war. 30:"Jus in Bello" redirects here. For the 5257: 4962:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project 4901: 4828: 4480: 3023:Comité international de la croix-rouge 2581:, promulgated by the Union during the 2300:that may cause unnecessary suffering. 19:"Laws of War" redirects here. For the 4976: 4751:International Review of the Red Cross 4720:International Review of the Red Cross 4273: 4188:European Journal of International Law 4181: 3630:(entered into force 12 February 2002) 3576:Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War 3565:Protocol IV on Blinding Laser Weapons 2935:(c) That of carrying arms openly; and 2867: 2437:also began promulgating teachings on 4951:International Law of War Association 4837: 4426: 4290: 4119:. Un.org. 2007-03-05. Archived from 4037: 3959: 3651:(entered into force 22 January 2021) 3278:II – Laws and Customs of War on Land 3100:use protected people or property as 2909:Lawful conduct of belligerent actors 2375:In the early 7th century, the first 16:International regulations of warfare 4274:Sabel, Robbie (December 18, 2023). 3449:1946 Judgment of the International 3261:appointed a committee to study the 3096:By the same token, combatants that 2550:on their conduct when dealing with 2403:contradicted this and wrote about ' 13: 4917: 4798: 4723:. pp. 583–594. Archived from 3644:(entered into force 1 August 2010) 3461:UN General Assembly Resolution 177 3191:List of international declarations 2642:Convention on Conventional Weapons 2261:) and the conduct of hostilities ( 14: 5286: 4931: 4669:. Amsterdam – via ICRC.org. 4638:this convention was never adopted 4280:Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 3785:Self-defence in international law 3378:Greco-German arbitration tribunal 3057:, or other emblem related to the 2699:Safeguarding certain fundamental 2456: 2296:; and the prohibition of certain 4807:"Illegal Targeting of Civilians" 4523:Treaties & Documents by date 4312: 3676: 3662: 3623:(entered into force 1 July 2002) 3307:III – The Opening of Hostilities 3175:rights of fair and regular trial 3158:, Article 129 and Article 130.) 2714:Facilitating the restoration of 269: 4769: 4739: 4706: 4688: 4674: 4659: 4647: 4627: 4583: 4569: 4551: 4528: 4513: 4474: 4398: 4370: 4345: 4324: 4267: 4175: 4150: 4134: 4109: 4082: 4073: 4064: 3882:from the original on 2013-12-30 3814: 3642:Convention on Cluster Munitions 2840:Example substantive laws of war 2607:, the chief prosecutor for the 5275:International humanitarian law 5234:International humanitarian law 5178:Special Court for Sierra Leone 4634:The Hague Rules of Air Warfare 4535:Phillips, Joan T. (May 2006). 4452:10.1093/obo/9780199796953-0183 4438:Forsythe, David (2019-06-26), 4262:Illegal Targeting of Civilians 4030: 4009: 3988: 3979: 3947: 3918: 3893: 3724:Islamic military jurisprudence 3602:International Court of Justice 3451:Military Tribunal at Nuremberg 3259:Institute of International Law 3111: 2777:international humanitarian law 2529:international humanitarian law 198:International human rights law 92:International Court of Justice 57:International humanitarian law 1: 4853:OTP letter to senders re Iraq 4829:Johnson, James Turner (198), 3843: 2791:legitimate military objective 2727:Principles of the laws of war 2622:Charter of the United Nations 2542:. These laws define both the 5198:Special Tribunal for Lebanon 5183:International Criminal Court 4877:Documents on the Laws of War 4861:International Criminal Court 4387:. United Nations. 1950-09-21 3848: 2546:rights of states as well as 2463:Sources of international law 97:International Criminal Court 7: 5239:International speech crimes 5020:Customary international law 4619:Brussels Conference of 1874 4446:, Oxford University Press, 3695:(includes list of treaties) 3655: 2889:Some treaties, notably the 2696:from unnecessary suffering. 2646:Chemical Weapons Convention 2575:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 2509:customary international law 1688:Military–industrial complex 1167:Operational manoeuvre group 36:Jus in Bello (Supernatural) 10: 5291: 5060:Convention Against Torture 5004:International criminal law 3967:Islamic Rulings on Warfare 3956:; Book 21, Number 21.3.10. 3426:Second London Naval Treaty 3234:St. Petersburg Declaration 3188: 3127: 2965: 2871: 2460: 2418:, where he gave them the ' 203:International criminal law 29: 18: 5229:Joint criminal enterprise 5211: 5142: 5073: 5010: 4508:Roberts & Guelff 2000 4220:Article 52 of Additional 3130:Convention on Mercenaries 2803:must distinguish between 2596:, that treaties like the 2386:, whilst instructing his 2315:Early sources and history 1752:Loss-of-strength gradient 609:Combat information center 25:Arma 3 § Laws of War 5149:(in order of foundation) 4902:Walzer, Michael (1997), 4805:Greenberg, Joel (2011), 4182:Stahn, C. (2006-11-01). 3828:nation. Article 51.3 of 3807: 3179:Fourth Geneva Convention 2880:Hague Convention of 1907 2598:Hague Convention of 1907 2070:Military science fiction 1555:Technology and equipment 976:List of military tactics 148:Fourth Geneva Convention 5087:Crimes against humanity 4656:. Geneva, 17 June 1925. 4383:University of Minnesota 4330:Jefferson D. Reynolds. 4233:, page 5, footnote 11). 4038:Doty, Grant R. (1998). 3998:. Publicaciones Defensa 3996:"Publicaciones Defensa" 3765:List of Articles of War 3704:Crimes against humanity 3357:Washington Naval Treaty 3156:Third Geneva Convention 3135:Remedies for violations 2968:Attacks on parachutists 2919:1949 Geneva Conventions 2473:First Geneva Convention 2138:Wartime sexual violence 1894:Full-spectrum dominance 1705:Supply-chain management 143:Third Geneva Convention 47:First Geneva Convention 5244:Universal jurisdiction 5219:Command responsibility 5112:Incitement to genocide 5050:United Nations Charter 4636:, 1922–12 to 1923–02, 4563:ihl-databases.icrc.org 4410:ihl-databases.icrc.org 4308:Curtis E. LeMay Center 3699:Command responsibility 3444:United Nations Charter 3296:1907 Hague Conventions 3270:1899 Hague Conventions 3245:Hague Peace Conference 3212:United States military 3026: 2946:, as is the taking of 2891:United Nations Charter 2783:in an armed conflict. 2742: 2476: 2443:Peace and Truce of God 2397: 2365: 2331:In ancient India, the 2329: 2050:Awards and decorations 2023:Peace through strength 1998:Low-intensity conflict 1632:Conscientious objector 1505:Area of responsibility 50: 4765:– via ICRC.org. 4735:– via ICRC.org. 4483:Politics & Policy 4159:A Memory of Solferino 4053:: 224. Archived from 4019:. Avalon.law.yale.edu 3118:contracted combatants 3016: 2734: 2554:and non-signatories. 2470: 2435:Roman Catholic Church 2392: 2360: 2325: 2276:and the treatment of 642:Torpedo data computer 632:Ship gun fire-control 44: 5145:International courts 5045:Nuremberg principles 4385:Human Rights Library 4335:Air Force Law Review 3541:1980 United Nations 3518:1977 United Nations 3512:1974 United Nations 3457:Nuremberg Principles 3359:, also known as the 3263:Brussels Declaration 3241:Brussels Declaration 3169:, but only after a " 2905:, p. 57 (No. 2137). 2779:governing the legal 2656:Purposes of the laws 2594:Nuremberg Principles 2559:Republic of Colombia 2540:Nuremberg War Trials 2420:Law of the Innocents 2367:An example from the 2168:Military occupations 2003:Military engineering 1905:Unrestricted Warfare 1762:Force multiplication 660:Military manoeuvrers 177:Related areas of law 63:Courts and Tribunals 5092:Crime of aggression 5055:Genocide Convention 4938:War & law index 4923:Witt, John Fabian. 4850:(9 February 2006), 4848:Moreno-Ocampo, Luis 4811:www.crimesofwar.org 4757:on 16 November 2006 4200:10.1093/ejil/chl037 4047:Military Law Review 3930:cref.u-bordeaux4.fr 3635:Geneva Protocol III 3392:Kellogg-Briand Pact 3386:(also known as the 3163:unlawful combatants 3003:intelligence agents 2899:League of Nations, 2895:Kellogg–Briand Pact 2878:Section III of the 2626:Genocide Convention 2471:The signing of the 2369:Book of Deuteronomy 2270:declarations of war 1854:Penal military unit 1839:Rules of engagement 1515:Command and control 1140:Operations research 604:Director (military) 594:Fire-control system 364:Command and control 245:Part of a series on 5097:Crime of apartheid 5035:Geneva Conventions 4943:2014-08-15 at the 4495:10.1111/polp.12100 4246:Moreno-Ocampo 2006 4231:Moreno-Ocampo 2006 4226:Geneva Conventions 4123:on August 16, 2000 4094:2016-09-08 at the 3834:Geneva Conventions 3533:Geneva Protocol II 3477:Geneva Conventions 3463:, 21 November 1947 3171:competent tribunal 3027: 3017:The emblem of the 2956:foreign occupation 2884:declaration of war 2874:Declaration of war 2868:Declaration of war 2787:Military necessity 2747:Military necessity 2743: 2634:Geneva Conventions 2583:American Civil War 2519:General Principles 2477: 2401:Augustine of Hippo 2282:military necessity 2247:is a component of 1963:Counter-insurgency 1884:Command of the sea 1829:Jewish laws on war 1804:Geneva Conventions 1340:Divide and conquer 1135:Military operation 1100:Tactical objective 599:Fire-control radar 576:Electronic-warfare 138:Geneva Conventions 51: 5270:International law 5252: 5251: 5078:international law 5040:Nuremberg Charter 5030:Hague Conventions 4967:Law of War Manual 4886:978-0-19-876390-1 4838:Lamb, A. (2013), 4547:on July 30, 2012. 4461:978-0-19-979695-3 4444:International Law 4168:978-2-88145-006-8 4098:contained in the 4060:on July 18, 2006. 3775:Right of conquest 3759:Lex pacificatoria 3743:Law of occupation 3719:International law 3526:Geneva Protocol I 3459:formulated under 3437:League of Nations 3361:Five-Power Treaty 3227:Geneva Convention 3139:During conflict, 3123:International law 2321:Code of Hammurabi 2249:international law 2241: 2240: 2133:Horses in warfare 2080:Anti-war movement 1983:Gunboat diplomacy 1973:Disaster response 1921:Philosophy of war 1916:Principles of war 1889:Deterrence theory 1834:Right of conquest 1757:Lanchester's laws 1525:Principles of war 1215:Counter-offensive 1200:Military campaign 1105:Target saturation 1028:Counterinsurgency 637:Gun data computer 571:Close air support 533:Aircraft carriers 240: 239: 133:Hague Conventions 5282: 5212:Related concepts 5150: 5107:Genocidal intent 4997: 4990: 4983: 4974: 4973: 4913: 4898: 4889: 4871: 4863: 4858: 4843: 4834: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4813:, archived from 4792: 4791: 4789: 4788: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4678: 4672: 4670: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4631: 4625: 4616: 4607: 4606: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4532: 4526: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4478: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4435: 4424: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4349: 4343: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4297: 4288: 4287: 4271: 4265: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4234: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4154: 4148: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4113: 4107: 4086: 4080: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4044: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4024: 4013: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4003: 3992: 3986: 3983: 3977: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3932:. 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US Air Force. 4303: 4299: 4298: 4291: 4272: 4268: 4256: 4252: 4244: 4237: 4219: 4215: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4155: 4151: 4139: 4135: 4126: 4124: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4104:Yale Law School 4096:Wayback Machine 4087: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4057: 4042: 4035: 4031: 4022: 4020: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4001: 3999: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3964: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3939: 3937: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3898: 3894: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3840: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3737:Jus post bellum 3684:Politics portal 3682: 3675: 3668: 3661: 3658: 3585:San Remo Manual 3371:Geneva protocol 3193: 3187: 3137: 3132: 3114: 3079: 3011: 2979:airborne troops 2970: 2964: 2917:), such as the 2911: 2876: 2870: 2842: 2815:Proportionality 2760:proportionality 2729: 2658: 2605:Carla Del Ponte 2567:Spanish Kingdom 2465: 2459: 2449:continued with 2431:medieval Europe 2412:Adomnan of Iona 2317: 2293:proportionality 2237: 2208: 2207: 2158: 2148: 2147: 2113: 2105: 2104: 2045: 2035: 2034: 2008:Multilateralism 1993:Law enforcement 1953: 1943: 1942: 1911:Just war theory 1869: 1859: 1858: 1809:Geneva Protocol 1779: 1769: 1768: 1742: 1732: 1731: 1673: 1663: 1662: 1570: 1560: 1559: 1500: 1490: 1489: 1455: 1445: 1444: 1375:Network-centric 1295: 1285: 1284: 1192: 1182: 1181: 1130: 1120: 1119: 1068:Rapid dominance 973: 963: 962: 918:Electromagnetic 827: 817: 816: 803: 756: 704: 680: 670: 669: 665:Combat training 646: 623: 589:Combat systems: 585: 547: 543:Auxiliary ships 509: 469: 465:Military police 431: 354: 344: 343: 283: 257: 256: 255: 250: 236: 207: 172: 119: 101: 39: 28: 23:expansion, see 17: 12: 11: 5: 5288: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5154: 5152: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5083: 5081: 5076:Crimes against 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 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terms 2170: 2165: 2159: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2046: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1954: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1931:Tripwire force 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1870: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1780: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1754: 1749: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1707: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1685: 1680: 1674: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1651: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1571: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1501: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1456: 1453:Administrative 1451: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1380:New generation 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1355:Fleet in being 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1296: 1293:Grand strategy 1291: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1280:Scorched earth 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1157:Deep operation 1154: 1149: 1142: 1137: 1131: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1004: 1003: 998: 993: 983: 974: 969: 968: 965: 964: 961: 960: 958:Unconventional 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 906: 904:Disinformation 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 875: 874: 869: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 828: 823: 822: 819: 818: 815: 814: 809: 802: 801: 800: 799: 798: 797: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 755: 754: 753: 752: 751: 750: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 703: 702: 701: 700: 695: 690: 681: 676: 675: 672: 671: 668: 667: 662: 657: 655:Basic training 652: 645: 644: 639: 634: 629: 622: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 584: 583: 581:Reconnaissance 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 546: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 508: 507: 502: 500:Special forces 497: 492: 491: 490: 480: 475: 468: 467: 462: 457: 455:Reconnaissance 452: 447: 442: 437: 430: 429: 420: 415: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 355: 350: 349: 346: 345: 342: 341: 340: 339: 334: 324: 323: 322: 317: 307: 306: 305: 298:Post-classical 295: 290: 284: 279: 278: 275: 274: 266: 265: 247: 246: 238: 237: 235: 234: 227: 220: 212: 209: 208: 206: 205: 200: 195: 182: 179: 178: 174: 173: 171: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 129: 126: 125: 121: 120: 118: 117: 111: 108: 107: 103: 102: 100: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 68: 65: 64: 60: 59: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5287: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5124:Slave trading 5122: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5072: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5009: 5005: 4998: 4993: 4991: 4986: 4984: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4912:on 2011-09-10 4911: 4907: 4906: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4888: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4870: 4865: 4862: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4817:on 2013-07-06 4816: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4683: 4677: 4668: 4662: 4655: 4650: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4623: 4620: 4615: 4613: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4578: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4521: 4516: 4509: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4463: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4422: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4386: 4384: 4379: 4373: 4358: 4354: 4348: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4327: 4320: 4319:public domain 4309: 4302: 4296: 4294: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4247: 4242: 4240: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4170: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4090: 4085: 4076: 4067: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4033: 4018: 4012: 3997: 3991: 3982: 3976: 3975:1-4289-1039-5 3972: 3968: 3962: 3955: 3950: 3936:on 2006-03-09 3935: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3896: 3878: 3871: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3854: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3817: 3813: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3679: 3674: 3671: 3665: 3660: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3388:Pact of Paris 3385: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3102:human shields 3099: 3098:intentionally 3094: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3074: 3072: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3041:displaying a 3040: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2901:Treaty Series 2896: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2740: 2739: 2733: 2724: 2717: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2644:of 1980, the 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2571:Pablo Morillo 2568: 2564: 2563:Simón Bolívar 2560: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2373: 2370: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2352:Old Testament 2349: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2328: 2324: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2289: 2288: 2284:, along with 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2258:jus ad bellum 2254: 2250: 2246: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2211: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2152: 2151: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2060:Warrior caste 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2044: 2039: 2038: 2031: 2030:Show of force 2028: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2018:Peacebuilding 2016: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1947: 1946: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1874:Air supremacy 1872: 1871: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1814:Islamic rules 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1794:Court-martial 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1773: 1772: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1736: 1735: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1693:Arms industry 1691: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1494: 1493: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1449: 1448: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1310:Broken-backed 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1289: 1288: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1152:Expeditionary 1150: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1023:Counterattack 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 988: 987: 984: 982: 979: 978: 977: 972: 967: 966: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 948:Psychological 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 884:Combined arms 882: 880: 877: 873: 870: 868: 865: 864: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 829: 826: 821: 820: 813: 810: 808: 805: 804: 796: 793: 792: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 762: 761: 758: 757: 749: 746: 745: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 723:Fortification 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 710: 709: 706: 705: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 685: 683: 682: 679: 674: 673: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 647: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 624: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 586: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 548: 544: 541: 539: 538:Landing craft 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 510: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 489: 486: 485: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 470: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 432: 428: 424: 423:Standing army 421: 419: 416: 414: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 356: 353: 348: 347: 338: 335: 333: 330: 329: 328: 325: 321: 318: 316: 315:pike and shot 313: 312: 311: 308: 304: 301: 300: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 285: 282: 277: 276: 272: 268: 267: 261: 253: 249: 248: 244: 243: 233: 228: 226: 221: 219: 214: 213: 211: 210: 204: 201: 199: 196: 193: 192: 191:jus ad bellum 187: 184: 183: 181: 180: 176: 175: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 130: 128: 127: 123: 122: 116: 113: 112: 110: 109: 105: 104: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 69: 67: 66: 62: 61: 58: 55: 54: 48: 43: 37: 34:episode, see 33: 26: 22: 5065:Rome Statute 4924: 4910:the original 4904: 4894: 4876: 4868: 4852: 4839: 4830: 4819:, retrieved 4815:the original 4810: 4785:. Retrieved 4783:. 1995-12-31 4780: 4771: 4759:. Retrieved 4755:the original 4750: 4741: 4729:. Retrieved 4725:the original 4718: 4708: 4699: 4690: 4676: 4661: 4649: 4637: 4629: 4603:the original 4594: 4585: 4571: 4562: 4553: 4545:the original 4540: 4530: 4515: 4503: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4465:, retrieved 4443: 4419: 4413:. Retrieved 4409: 4400: 4389:. Retrieved 4381: 4372: 4360:. Retrieved 4356: 4347: 4337: 4331: 4326: 4307: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4261: 4253: 4216: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4158: 4152: 4136: 4125:. Retrieved 4121:the original 4111: 4084: 4075: 4066: 4055:the original 4050: 4046: 4032: 4021:. Retrieved 4011: 4000:. Retrieved 3990: 3981: 3966: 3961: 3949: 3938:. Retrieved 3934:the original 3929: 3920: 3902: 3895: 3884:. 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