Confucius - Knowledge

1469: 1460: 3232: 3354:, had dominated the Lu government from 505 to 502 and even attempted a coup, which narrowly failed. As a likely consequence, it was after this that the first disciples of Confucius were appointed to government positions. A few of Confucius's disciples went on to attain official positions of some importance, some of which were arranged by Confucius. By the time Confucius was 50 years old, the Ji family had consolidated their power in the Lu state over the ruling ducal house. Even though the Ji family had practices with which Confucius disagreed and disapproved, they nonetheless gave Confucius's disciples many opportunities for employment. Confucius continued to remind his disciples to stay true to their principles and renounced those who did not, all the while being openly critical of the Ji family. 2968:, Confucianism was revitalized in a movement known as Neo-Confucianism. Neo-Confucianism was a revival of Confucianism that expanded on classical theories by incorporating metaphysics and new approaches to self-cultivation and enlightenment, influenced by Buddhism and Daoism. The most renowned scholar of this period was Zhu Xi (1130-1200CE). There are clear Buddhist and Daoist influences in the Neo-Confucian advocacy of "quiet sitting" (meditation) as a technique of self-cultivation that leads to transformative experiences of insight." In his life, Zhu Xi was largely ignored, but not long after his death, his ideas became the new orthodox view of what Confucian texts actually meant. Modern historians view Zhu Xi as having created something rather different and call his way of thinking 1724: 3339:, most probably one of the most impoverished of them all. Sima Niu, in contrast to Yan Hui, was from a hereditary noble family hailing from the Song state. Under Confucius's teachings, the disciples became well learned in the principles and methods of government. He often engaged in discussion and debate with his students and gave high importance to their studies in history, poetry, and ritual. Confucius advocated loyalty to principle rather than to individual acumen, in which reform was to be achieved by persuasion rather than violence. Even though Confucius denounced them for their practices, the aristocracy was likely attracted to the idea of having trustworthy officials who were studied in morals as the circumstances of the time made it desirable. In fact, the disciple 1508:

principles into practice but he gave up on the idea in the end. Confucius disapproved the use of a violent revolution by principle, even though the Ji family dominated the Lu state by force for generations and had exiled the previous duke. Creel states that, unlike the rebel Yang Hu before him, Gongshan may have sought to destroy the three hereditary families and restore the power of the duke. However, Dubs is of the view that Gongshan was encouraged by Viscount Ji Huan to invade the Lu capital in an attempt to avoid dismantling the Bi fortified walls. Whatever the situation may have been, Gongshan was considered an upright man who continued to defend the state of Lu, even after he was forced to flee.

3558: 3573: 2590:, "all under Heaven") and bestow peace and prosperity on the people. Because his vision of personal and social perfections was framed as a revival of the ordered society of earlier times, Confucius is often considered a great proponent of conservatism, but a closer look at what he proposes often shows that he used (and perhaps twisted) past institutions and rites to push a new political agenda of his own: a revival of a unified royal state, whose rulers would succeed to power on the basis of their moral merits instead of lineage. These would be rulers devoted to their people, striving for personal and social 3423: 2609:, truth must always be represented. Confucius believed that if a ruler is to lead correctly, by action, that orders would be unnecessary in that others will follow the proper actions of their ruler. In discussing the relationship between a king and his subject (or a father and his son), he underlined the need to give due respect to superiors. This demanded that the subordinates must advise their superiors if the superiors are considered to be taking a course of action that is wrong. Confucius believed in ruling by example, if you lead correctly, orders by force or punishment are not necessary. 16707: 1516:

his court to retreat to a stronghold on his palace grounds. Thereafter, the heads of the three families and the duke retreated to the Ji's palace complex and ascended the Wuzi Terrace. Confucius ordered two officers to lead an assault against the rebels. At least one of the two officers was a retainer of the Ji family, but they were unable to refuse the orders while in the presence of the duke, viscounts, and court. The rebels were pursued and defeated at Gu. Immediately after the revolt was defeated, the Ji family razed the Bi city walls to the ground.

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attend to official duties for three days. Confucius was disappointed and resolved to leave Lu and seek better opportunities, yet to leave at once would expose the misbehavior of the duke and therefore bring public humiliation to the ruler Confucius was serving. Confucius therefore waited for the duke to make a lesser mistake. Soon after, the duke neglected to send to Confucius a portion of the sacrificial meat that was his due according to custom, and Confucius seized upon this pretext to leave both his post and the Lu state.

1447:. The situation may have been in favor for Confucius as this likely made it possible for Confucius and his disciples to convince the aristocratic families to dismantle the fortifications of their cities. Eventually, after a year and a half, Confucius and his disciples succeeded in convincing the Shu family to raze the walls of Hou, the Ji family in razing the walls of Bi, and the Meng family in razing the walls of Cheng. First, the Shu family led an army towards their city Hou and tore down its walls in 498 2786: 3740:, there were two Duke Yanshengs, one in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. An invitation to come back to Qufu was extended to the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu by the Yuan-dynasty Emperor Kublai Khan. The title was taken away from the southern branch after Kong Zhu rejected the invitation, so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng. The southern branch remained in Quzhou where they live to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000. The 2978: 12462: 1568: 2624: 3203:, aimed at making education accessible to all social classes, and believed in its power to cultivate character rather than merely vocational skills. Confucius not only made teaching his profession but also contributed to the development of a distinct class of professionals in ancient China—the gentlemen who were neither farmers, artisans, merchants, nor officials but instead dedicated themselves to teaching and potential government service. 4027:

descent were truly unbroken, father-to-son, since Confucius's lifetime, the males in the family would all have the same Y chromosome as their direct male ancestor, with slight mutations due to the passage of time. The aim of the genetic test was to help members of collateral branches in China who lost their genealogical records to prove their descent. However, in 2009, many of the collateral branches decided not to agree to DNA testing.

1638: 2733: 2310: 68: 15911: 8883: 4035:, understands this decision: "The Confucius family tree has an enormous cultural significance ... It's not just a scientific question." The DNA testing was originally proposed to add new members, many of whose family record books were lost during 20th century upheavals, to the Confucian family tree. The main branch of the family which fled to Taiwan was never involved in the proposed DNA test at all. 3944:, the 79th lineal descendant, was born in 1975; his great-grandson, Kung Yu-jen, the 80th lineal descendant, was born in Taipei on 1 January 2006. Te-cheng's sister, Kong Demao, lives in mainland China and has written a book about her experiences growing up at the family estate in Qufu. Another sister, Kong Deqi, died as a young woman. Many descendants of Confucius still live in Qufu today. 16731: 16719: 3984:(CGCC), he has two million known and registered descendants, and there are an estimated three million in all. Of these, several tens of thousands live outside of China. In the 14th century, a Kong descendant went to Korea, where an estimated 34,000 descendants of Confucius live today. One of the main lineages fled from the Kong ancestral home in 1409:, whose heads bore the title of viscount and held hereditary positions in the Lu bureaucracy. The Ji family held the position "Minister over the Masses", who was also the "Prime Minister"; the Meng family held the position "Minister of Works"; and the Shu family held the position "Minister of War". In the winter of 505 1417:, the three hereditary families had succeeded in expelling Yang Hu from Lu. By then, Confucius had built up a considerable reputation through his teachings, while the families came to see the value of proper conduct and righteousness, so they could achieve loyalty to a legitimate government. Thus, that year (501 2648:

argued that Confucianism is based on the idea of rites. Rites serve as the starting point for each individual and that these sacred social functions allow each person's human nature to be harmonious with reality. Given this, Confucius believed that "music is the harmonization of heaven and earth; the

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had managed to keep the duke and the three viscounts together at the court. Zhong You was one of the disciples of Confucius and Confucius had arranged for him to be given the position of governor by the Ji family. When Confucius heard of the raid, he requested that Viscount Ji Huan allow the duke and

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The attackers retreated after realizing that they would have to become rebels against the state and their lord. Through Confucius' actions, the Bi officials had inadvertently revolted against their own lord, thus forcing Viscount Ji Huan's hand in having to dismantle the walls of Bi—as it could have

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by using incentives and coercion. He explained that this is one of the most important analects: "If the people be led by laws, and uniformity sought to be given them by punishments, they will try to avoid the punishment, but have no sense of shame. If they be led by virtue, and uniformity sought to

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One of the deepest teachings of Confucius may have been the superiority of personal exemplification over explicit rules of behavior. His moral teachings emphasized self-cultivation, emulation of moral exemplars, and the attainment of skilled judgment rather than knowledge of rules. Confucian ethics

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was worried that Lu was becoming too powerful while Confucius was involved in the government of the Lu state. According to this account, Qi decided to sabotage Lu's reforms by sending 100 good horses and 80 beautiful dancing girls to the duke of Lu. The duke indulged himself in pleasure and did not

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Confucius desired to return the authority of the state to the duke by dismantling the fortifications of the city—strongholds belonging to the three families. This way, he could establish a centralized government. However, Confucius relied solely on diplomacy as he had no military authority himself.

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personally went with an army to lay siege to Cheng in an attempt to raze its walls to the ground, but he did not succeed. Thus, Confucius could not achieve the idealistic reforms that he wanted including restoration of the legitimate rule of the duke. He had made powerful enemies within the state,

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serves as one of the current Confucian classics and is a book on poetry that contains a diversified variety of poems as well as folk songs. Confucius is traditionally ascribed with compiling these classics within his school. In the Analects, Confucius described the importance of the poetry in the

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Although some Chinese people follow Confucianism in a religious manner, many argue that its values are secular and that it is less a religion than a secular morality. Proponents of religious Confucianism argue that despite the secular nature of Confucianism's teachings, it is based on a worldview

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Because of the huge interest in the Confucius family tree, there was a project in China to test the DNA of known family members of the collateral branches in mainland China. Among other things, this would allow scientists to identify a common Y chromosome in male descendants of Confucius. If the

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recalls that the governor advised against razing the walls to the ground as he said that it made Cheng vulnerable to Qi, and cause the destruction of the Meng family. Even though Viscount Meng Yi gave his word not to interfere with an attempt, he went back on his earlier promise to dismantle the

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Often overlooked in Confucian ethics are the virtues to the self: sincerity and the cultivation of knowledge. Virtuous action towards others begins with virtuous and sincere thought, which begins with knowledge. A virtuous disposition without knowledge is susceptible to corruption, and virtuous

1389:), between the aristocracy and the common people. He is said to have worked in various government jobs during his early 20s, and as a bookkeeper and a caretaker of sheep and horses, using the proceeds to give his mother a proper burial. When his mother died, Confucius (aged 23) is said to have 1507:

Soon thereafter, Gongshan Furao, a retainer of the Ji family, revolted and took control of the forces at Bi. He immediately launched an attack and entered the capital Lu. Earlier, Gongshan had approached Confucius to join him, which Confucius considered as he wanted the opportunity to put his

8864: 3626:) as recorded by Confucius, on the date of Confucius's birth. In the 20th century, this tradition was interrupted for several decades in mainland China, where the official stance of the Communist Party and the State was that Confucius and Confucianism represented reactionary 2565:

2.3, tr. Legge). This "sense of shame" is an internalization of duty. Confucianism prioritizes creating a harmonious society over the ruler's interests, opposes material incentives and harsh punishments, and downplays the role of institutions in guiding behavior as in

4557:孔子為魯攝相，朝七日而誅少正卯。門人進問曰：「夫少正卯魯之聞人也，夫子為政而始誅之，得無失乎，」孔子曰：「居，吾語女其故。人有惡者五，而盜竊不與焉。一曰心達而險；二曰行辟而堅；三曰言偽而辯；四曰記醜而博；五曰順非而澤。此五者，有一於人，則不得免於君子之誅，而少正卯兼有之。故居處足以聚徒成群，言談足飾邪營眾，強足以反是獨立，此小人之桀雄也，不可不誅也。是以湯誅尹諧，文王誅潘止，周公誅管叔，太公誅華仕，管仲誅付里乙，子產誅鄧析、史付，此七子者，皆異世同心，不可不誅也。詩曰：『憂心悄悄，慍於群小。』小人成群，斯足憂也。」 3634:

is a part of the natural order. All such ceremonies and rites were therefore banned. Only after the 1990s did the ceremony resume. As it is now considered a veneration of Chinese history and tradition, even Communist Party members may be found in attendance.

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Confucius was regarded as the first teacher who advocated for public welfare and the spread of education in China. Confucius devoted his entire life, from a relatively young age, to teaching. He pioneered private education adopting a curriculum known as the

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harbored such rebels—or confess to instigating the event by going against proper conduct and righteousness as an official. Dubs suggests that the incident brought to light Confucius' foresight, practical political ability, and insight into human character.

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Confucius began teaching after he turned 30, and taught more than 3,000 students in his life, about 70 of whom were considered outstanding. His disciples and the early Confucian community they formed became the most influential intellectual force in the

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Eno concludes of Confucius's ancestry that the descent from Song nobility has been constructed to serve an ideological purpose. However he rejects the stronger statement that Confucius's immediate parentage is also fabricated, as proposed by Creel and

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after his support for the failed attempt of dismantling the fortified city walls of the powerful Ji, Meng, and Shu families. He left the state of Lu without resigning, remaining in self-exile and unable to return as long as Viscount Ji Huan was alive.

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Confucius looked nostalgically upon earlier days, and urged the Chinese, particularly those with political power, to model themselves on earlier examples. In times of division, chaos, and endless wars between feudal states, he wanted to restore the

2426:) is based on three important conceptual aspects of life: (a) ceremonies associated with sacrifice to ancestors and deities of various types, (b) social and political institutions, and (c) the etiquette of daily behavior. Some believed that 1723: 2886:, which held that humanity and righteousness were not sufficient in government, and that rulers should instead rely on statecrafts, punishments, and law. A disagreement between these two political philosophies came to a head in 223 2411:

action without sincerity is not true righteousness. Cultivating knowledge and sincerity is also important for one's own sake; the superior person loves learning for the sake of learning and righteousness for the sake of righteousness.

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Our Oriental Heritage: Being a History of Civilization in Egypt and the Near East to the Death of Alexander, and in India, China and Japan from the Beginning to Our Own Day; With an Introduction, on the Nature and Foundations of

2816:, continued his philosophical school after his death. These efforts spread Confucian ideals to students who then became officials in many of the royal courts in China, thereby giving Confucianism the first wide-scale test of its 2871:) underscored the realistic and materialistic aspects of Confucian thought, stressing that morality was inculcated in society through tradition and in individuals through training. In time, their writings, together with the 1443:, Hou Fan—the governor of Hou—revolted against his lord of the Shu family. Although the Meng and Shu families unsuccessfully besieged Hou, a loyalist official rose up with the people of Hou and forced Hou Fan to flee to the 3610:

dedicated to Confucius and distinguished Confucian scholars. These temples have been used for ceremonies paying tribute to Confucius as a revered Master, honoring his guiding principles that have shaped Chinese society.

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Confucius's family, the Kongs, have the longest recorded extant pedigree in the world today. The father-to-son family tree, now in its 83rd generation, has been recorded since the death of Confucius. According to the

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which had preceded the Zhou. Traditional accounts of Confucius's life relate that Kong He's grandfather had migrated the family from Song to Lu. Not all modern scholars accept Confucius's descent from Song nobility.

5908:"Niels Bohr and the Integrity of Science: Integrity in science involves not merely the avoidance of dishonorable behavior but also some principles of action that are exemplified in the life and work of Niels Bohr" 2483:. While pursuing one's own self-interest is not necessarily bad, one would be a better, more righteous person if one's life was based upon following a path designed to enhance the greater good. Thus an outcome of 6414: 3605:

records that it had already become a place of pilgrimage for ministers. It is still a major destination for cultural tourism, and many people visit his grave and the surrounding temples. There are also numerous

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in the 1940s and eventually settled in Taiwan. There are also branches of the Kong family who have converted to Islam after marrying Muslim women, in Dachuan in Gansu province in the 1800s, and in 1715 in

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was doing the proper thing at the proper time; balancing between maintaining existing norms to perpetuate an ethical social fabric, and violating them in order to accomplish ethical good. Training in the

1435:. Shaozheng Mao was accused of 'five crimes', each worth execution, including 'concealed evilness, stubborn abnormality, eloquent duplicity, erudition in bizarre facts and generosity to evildoers'. 1160:. However, modern scholars exercise caution in attributing specific assertions to Confucius himself, for at least some of the texts and philosophy associated with him were of a more ancient origin. 3090:. This was partially a continuation of the condemnations of Confucianism by intellectuals and activists in the early 20th century as a cause of the ethnocentric close-mindedness and refusal of the 3271:

to the biographies of Confucius's disciples, accounting for the influence they exerted in their time and afterward. Sima Qian recorded the names of 77 disciples in his collective biography, while

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theory, he wanted his disciples to master and internalize older classics, so that they can capture the ancient wisdoms that promotes "harmony and order", to aid their self-cultivation to become a

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Zi Gong asked: "Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life?" The Master replied: "How about 'reciprocity'! Never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself."

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The fifth and most recent edition of the Confucius genealogy was printed by the CGCC. It was unveiled in a ceremony at Qufu on 24 September 2009. Women are now included for the first time.

6228:"Traditional Chinese Concepts and 17th–18th Century Enlightenment Ideals: Reflections on the IHS Conference on Freedom, Equality, Democracy, and the Rise of Market Economy, October 2015" 1523:

When it was time to dismantle the city walls of the Meng family, the governor was reluctant to have his city walls torn down and convinced the head of the Meng family not to do so. The

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was awarded to the southern branch at Quzhou by a Ming Emperor while the northern branch at Qufu held the title Duke Yansheng. The leader of the southern branch was 孔祥楷 Kong Xiangkai.

6584:, who looks as though he were trying to attend to everything within the four seas. I don't know who it can be.' Lao Lai-tzu said, 'That's Kung Ch'iu. Tell him to come over here!'" 3685:

Confucius's descendants were repeatedly identified and honored by successive imperial governments with titles of nobility and official posts. They were honored with the rank of a

1106:, the respect of elders by their children and of husbands by their wives. Confucius recommended a robust family unit as the cornerstone for an ideal government. He championed the 11063: 3506:

in Shandong. In other temples, Confucius is represented by a memorial tablet. In 2006, the China Confucius Foundation commissioned a standard portrait of Confucius based on the

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who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages, as well as the first teacher in China to advocate for mass education. Much of the shared cultural heritage of the

1695:(孔林) covers an area of 183 hectares with more than 100,000 graves of the Kong descendants, it is included in the World Heritage List for its cultural and architectural value. 7118: 6716: 2597:

While Confucius supported the idea of government ruling by a virtuous king, his ideas contained a number of elements to limit the power of rulers. He argued for representing

8289: 8001: 3445:. Since that time there have been many portraits of Confucius as the ideal philosopher. An early verbal portrayal of Confucius is found in the chapter "External Things" ( 12255: 2438:

seem to redefine the term to refer to all actions committed by a person to build the ideal society, rather than those conforming with canonical standards of ceremony.

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Confucius's teachings were later turned into an elaborate set of rules and practices by his numerous disciples and followers, who organized his teachings into the

5868: 3277:, another early source, records 76, not completely overlapping. The two sources together yield the names of 96 disciples. Twenty-two of them are mentioned in the 1680:

During his return, Confucius sometimes acted as an advisor to several government officials in Lu, including Ji Kangzi, on matters including governance and crime.

2170: 1960: 2544:. Confucius asserts that virtue is a mean between extremes. For example, the properly generous person gives the right amount – not too much and not too little. 8080: 8076: 13625: 6870: 1683:

Burdened by the loss of both his son and his favorite disciples, he died at the age of 71 or 72 from natural causes. Confucius was buried on the bank of the

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In 2013, a DNA test performed on multiple different families who claimed descent from Confucius found that they shared the same Y chromosome as reported by

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Despite repeated dynastic change in China, the title of Duke Yansheng was bestowed upon successive generations of descendants until it was abolished by the

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Confucius did not charge any tuition, and only requested a symbolic gift of a bundle of dried meat from any prospective student. According to his disciple

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is the virtue of perfectly fulfilling one's responsibilities toward others, most often translated as "benevolence", "humaneness", or "empathy"; translator

2184: 1316: 6987: 6255:"The works of Alexander Pope ... With notes by Dr. Warburton, and illustrations on steel by eminent artists. From designs by Weigall, Heath, & others" 5468: 4108: 5579: 4823: 3648:) is supported by the government and has continued without interruption. While not a national holiday, it does appear on all printed calendars, much as 3328:. Confucius considered his students' personal background irrelevant, and accepted noblemen, commoners, and even former criminals such as Yan Zhuoju and 15940: 15925: 6254: 6016: 2084: 5550: 1137:, Confucius's ideas received official sanction, with affiliated works becoming mandatory readings for career paths leading to officialdom. During the 15965: 15900: 15717: 7472: 6690: 1831: 8094: 6526: 6288: 2291:

remained indeterminate, and he is largely unconcerned with spiritual matters often considered essential to religious thought, such as the nature of

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lost support by the time of the Han, the main philosophical contenders were Legalism, which Confucian thought somewhat absorbed, the teachings of

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City in Shandong Province. Starting as a humble tomb, the cemetery of Confucius had been expanded by emperors since the Han Dynasty. To date, the

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rites is the order of heaven and earth". Thus the application of music in rites creates the order that makes it possible for society to prosper.

6580:: "A disciple of Lao Lai-tzu was out gathering firewood when he happened to meet Confucius. He returned and reported, 'There's a man over there 6227: 16103: 15930: 13871: 7671: 3956: 8471: 7647: 7214: 7002: 6594: 2249:, Confucius presents himself as a "transmitter who invented nothing". He puts the greatest emphasis on the importance of study, and it is the 5279: 3915: 1421:), Confucius came to be appointed to the minor position of governor of a town. Eventually, he rose to the position of Minister of Crime. The 1342: 8023:

Globalization and the Making of Religious Modernity in China: Transnational Religions, Local Agents, and the Study of Religion, 1800–Present

7293: 6779: 16796: 16771: 12231: 8939: 8366: 8346: 7442: 7263: 6746: 2532:), and other translations that have been put forth include "authoritativeness" and "selflessness". Confucius's moral system was based upon 7308: 6204: 2823:

Two of Confucius's most famous later followers emphasized radically different aspects of his teachings. In the centuries after his death,

12498: 8849: 8562: 3471:), finished in about 3rd BCE, long after Confucius's death. The oldest known portrait of Confucius has been unearthed in the tomb of the 1459: 8413: 7884: 7794: 7244: 6892: 4467: 3231: 16936: 15880: 14661: 14302: 11153: 7926: 7108: 7078: 6631: 2552:

Confucius's political thought is based upon his ethical thought. He argued that the best government is one that rules through "rites" (

6801: 6554: 5957: 1361:). Qiguan and Confucius later had two daughters together, one of whom is thought to have died as a child and one was named Kong Jiao ( 16811: 16781: 11253: 5156: 3981: 1659:, Confucius returned home to his native Lu when he was 68, after he was invited to do so by Ji Kangzi, the chief minister of Lu. The 3940:. Kung Te-cheng died in October 2008, and his son, Kung Wei-yi, the 78th lineal descendant, died in 1989. Kung Te-cheng's grandson, 915: 570: 14846: 11015: 6724: 1413:, Yang Hu—a retainer of the Ji family—rose up in rebellion and seized power from the Ji family. However, by the summer of 501 1126: 8265: 7977: 16836: 16801: 16776: 16272: 15860: 15454: 14756: 12263: 7164: 6956: 6922: 1808: 7414: 6839: 16821: 14875: 13136: 4066: 2224: 6377: 3736:

in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. From that time up until the

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When the stables were burnt down, on returning from court Confucius said, "Was anyone hurt?" He did not ask about the horses.

553: 8541: 8508: 8037: 7959: 7012: 6929: 6573: 5609: 5418: 3332:. His disciples from richer families would pay a sum commensurate with their wealth which was considered a ritual donation. 10429: 5041: 7338: 6127: 16896: 15564: 15474: 12279: 8821: 8807: 7627: 5520: 5095: 3351: 2926: 1992: 15589: 7018: 5987: 4142: 1153:. From ancient dynasties to the modern era, Confucianism has integrated into the Chinese social fabric and way of life. 16941: 16906: 16791: 16766: 15764: 13864: 12722: 5018: 3522: 3063:. It is thought that such works had considerable importance on European thinkers of the period, particularly among the 2594:, and such a ruler would spread his own virtues to the people instead of imposing proper behavior with laws and rules. 7352: 6045: 3101:, such as Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Many of those countries still hold the traditional memorial ceremony every year. 2843:) both composed important teachings elaborating in different ways on the fundamental ideas associated with Confucius. 2623: 2040: 16881: 16806: 16786: 11379: 8782: 8649: 8630: 7596: 5878: 5633: 3937: 3300:, Confucius's home state, with 43 recorded, but he accepted students from all over China, with six from the state of 2772: 1965: 1390: 16931: 16916: 16901: 16861: 16427: 15996: 15534: 13984: 13695: 13615: 13595: 11291: 10462: 10401: 9233: 8932: 6178: 6104: 5927: 3952: 3642:) strongly promoted Confucian beliefs in ethics and behavior, the tradition of the memorial ceremony of Confucius ( 2479:, though it may mean what is ethically best to do in a certain context. The term contrasts with action done out of 2339:. His teachings require examination and context to be understood. A good example is found in this famous anecdote: 2141: 1431:, another Lu state official and scholar whose lectures attracted the three thousand disciples several times except 1156:

Traditionally, Confucius is credited with having authored or edited many of the ancient texts including all of the

6862: 4023:) is a prominent Islamic scholar and Arabist from Qinghai province and a 77th generation descendant of Confucius. 3296:, his master treated students like doctors treated patients and did not turn anybody away. Most of them came from 2851:) articulated the innate goodness in human beings as a source of the ethical intuitions that guide people towards 2696:"From them you learn the more immediate duty of serving one's father, and the remoter one of serving one's prince. 2327:. His teachings rarely rely on reasoned argument, and ethical ideals and methods are conveyed indirectly, through 16946: 16142: 15870: 14490: 14341: 12491: 11248: 10422: 10283: 9558: 9554: 9384: 9055: 6483: 6342: 3029: 2946: 2561:

be given them by the rules of propriety, they will have the sense of the shame, and moreover will become good." (

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A short history of Chinese philosophy: a systematic account of Chinese thought from its origins to present day

4815: 16951: 15731: 15604: 14826: 13857: 13585: 13096: 12064: 11481: 10974: 10753: 10715: 10665: 8999: 8388: 6802:"On Sacred Grounds: The Material Culture and Ritual Formation of the Confucian Temple in Late Imperial China" 6400: 3411: 2910:

before them which he saw as being against to the Legalist idea of centralizing the state around the ruler.

2883: 2567: 873: 722: 511: 383: 162: 6009: 3557: 16926: 16921: 16911: 16851: 16841: 16546: 16282: 16267: 16216: 15629: 15624: 15318: 14356: 13989: 13655: 13524: 12311: 12271: 12184: 11223: 11123: 9081: 8640:. Translated by E. Slingerland. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. (Original work published c. 551–479 8271: 7983: 5542: 4383:

Jensen, Lionel (1995). "Wise man of the wilds: fatherlessness, fertility, and the mythic exemplar Kongzi".

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were made the official imperial philosophy and required reading for civil service examinations in 140

2876: 1103: 7942:

Fung, Yiu-ming (2008). "Problematizing Contemporary Confucianism in East Asia". In Richey, Jeffrey (ed.).

3997:

in Yunnan province. Many of the Muslim Confucius descendants are descended from the marriage of Ma Jiaga (

1271: 1236: 1219: 923: 578: 561: 15644: 15639: 15424: 12957: 11943: 10964: 10914: 10352: 8925: 8098: 7397: 6506: 6281: 5513:"SHAKING THE TREE: Kundalini Yoga, Spiritual Alchemy, & the Mysteries of the Breath in Bhogar's 7000" 5275: 3733: 2536:

and understanding others, rather than divinely ordained rules. To develop one's spontaneous responses of

678: 339: 7534: 5630: 5499: 1121:, and was a formative period in China's intellectual history. His ideas gained in prominence during the 16831: 16826: 16697: 15794: 14309: 13969: 13838: 12484: 12239: 11103: 10843: 10723: 10454: 9069: 9009: 8833: 6165: 5362: 2750: 2283:

that is religious. Confucius was considered more of a humanist than a spiritualist, his discussions on

2217: 1629:). At the courts of these states, he expounded his political beliefs but did not see them implemented. 1118: 760: 421: 20: 14626: 13101: 7845: 7193: 16886: 16856: 16257: 15986: 14673: 14616: 14201: 13725: 13675: 12605: 12430: 11188: 10788: 10695: 10535: 9714: 9380: 8225:

Phan, Peter C. (2012). "Catholicism and Confucianism: An intercultural and interreligious dialogue".

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Followers of Confucianism have a tradition of holding spectacular memorial ceremonies of Confucius (

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Confucius's works are studied by scholars in many other Asian countries, particularly those in the

2263: 2099: 2032: 1978: 1912: 1738: 1076: 8888: 7086: 4911:. Translated by Leys, Simon. New York, NY: W. W. Norton. pp. Note to Chapter 10, Line 10.17. 3572: 2941:, whose focus on more spiritual ideas kept it from direct conflict with Confucianism, and the new 1673:. Meanwhile, Confucius dedicated himself in transmitting the old wisdom by writing or editing the 16201: 16037: 15814: 15494: 15414: 14831: 14420: 14331: 13795: 13106: 10758: 10685: 10540: 10232: 10038: 9862: 9514: 9064: 8277: 7989: 7285: 6809: 6787: 5271: 3745: 3714: 3584:, now a suburb of Shanghai. The Jiading Temple of Confucius now operates a museum devoted to the 3387: 3241: 3098: 3087: 2798: 2743: 2618: 2108: 15228: 13459: 10374: 8338: 7259: 6753: 4961:"Confucianism and the Legalism: A model of the national strategy of governance in ancient China" 3422: 16876: 16761: 16756: 16221: 16165: 15757: 14821: 14801: 14651: 14321: 13949: 13081: 12993: 11923: 11524: 11476: 11004: 10848: 10783: 10445: 10367: 9993: 9739: 9575: 8666: 8655: 8134: 8114: 7687: 7316: 6200: 6128:"Visions of Enlightenment: Aspects of Buddhism in Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and Gary Snyder" 4960: 3929: 3193: 1815: 1666: 1590: 180: 14688: 8558: 7500: 7028: 6939: 3108:, Confucius is often worshipped as a holy king and master of magic, divination and astrology. 16846: 16492: 16437: 16353: 16323: 16277: 16226: 14975: 14930: 14741: 14336: 13800: 13790: 13685: 13211: 13166: 12669: 12303: 12295: 12223: 12179: 11541: 11536: 11431: 10979: 10959: 10894: 10778: 10560: 10193: 9724: 9352: 9213: 9024: 8397: 7866: 7774: 7381: 7228: 6900: 4497: 4451: 3725: 3540: 3534: 3254: 3125: 2993: 2985: 2707:

encroaching on China, especially with music, and he preached against musical influences from

2520:

consists of five basic virtues: seriousness, generosity, sincerity, diligence, and kindness.

2210: 2163: 1932: 1752: 1707: 1692: 1688: 1642: 1198: 1179: 1122: 1083:

originates in the philosophy and teachings of Confucius. His philosophical teachings, called

140: 14791: 8126: 7904: 6624: 3055:

in 1711, with more scholarly treatments of the other works and the first translation of the

1542:

especially with Viscount Ji Huan, due to his successes so far. According to accounts in the

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first bestowed the title of "Duke Wenxuan" on Kong Suizhi of the 35th generation. In 1055,

3068: 2336: 2267:

would allow them to relate the moral problems of the present to past political events; the

2064: 1955: 1898: 978: 218: 14955: 13404: 13191: 13126: 12084: 8894: 2974:. Neo-Confucianism held sway in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam until the 19th century. 2273:

reflects the "mood and concerns" of the commoners and their view on government; while the

1257:, and by which he would have been known to all but his older family members, was Zhongni ( 8: 16422: 16396: 16184: 16118: 15674: 15554: 15524: 15444: 14970: 14910: 14231: 14151: 13645: 13206: 13151: 13071: 13013: 12896: 12791: 12521: 12390: 12351: 12327: 12194: 12114: 12094: 12069: 12039: 11451: 11331: 11193: 11183: 11033: 10989: 10823: 10600: 10515: 10347: 9529: 9362: 9337: 9218: 9014: 7114: 7045: 6973:

On Sacred Grounds: Culture, Society, Politics, and the Formation of the Cult of Confucius

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so that these could guide action intuitively was even better than living by the rules of

2254: 2148: 1950: 1764: 1626: 1072: 16663: 14718: 4790:"Asian Topics on Asia for Educators || The Book of Songs and China's Literary Tradition" 4346:

Eno, Robert (2003). "The background of the Kong family of Lu and the origins of Ruism".

3437:

No contemporary painting or sculpture of Confucius survives, and it was only during the

3399: 2375:

This remark was considered a strong manifestation of Confucius' advocacy in humanism.

1341:) in poverty. His mother later died at less than 40 years of age. At age 19, he married 1331:

Kong He died when Confucius was three years old, and Confucius was raised by his mother

1091:, righteousness, kindness, sincerity, and a ruler's responsibilities to lead by virtue. 16816: 16751: 15960: 15875: 15789: 15686: 15681: 15664: 15659: 15128: 14636: 14573: 13765: 13424: 13389: 13299: 12826: 12659: 12610: 12385: 12380: 12215: 12154: 12024: 11612: 11519: 11504: 11456: 11404: 11043: 10939: 10934: 10858: 10833: 10635: 10620: 10585: 10220: 9430: 9405: 8948: 8429: 8325: 8205: 8122: 7900: 7837: 7723: 7156: 6507:"Voltaire and Confucius: French attitudes towards China in the early twentieth century" 6475: 6467: 6334: 6170: 6096: 6088: 5984:"Confucius and Benjamin Franklin: Chinese Ideas in the Foundation of the United States" 5919: 5711: 5253: 5134: 4874: 4408: 4400: 4371: 4363: 3961: 3920: 3403: 3363: 2516: 1847: 1300: 840: 832: 478: 470: 155: 15118: 13374: 8097:. Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. 18 June 2006. Archived from 6952: 6914: 5210:

Focusing the Familiar: A Translation and Philosophical Interpretation of the Zhongyong

2698:"From them we become largely acquainted with the names of birds, beasts, and plants." 859: 497: 16735: 16551: 16343: 16328: 16252: 15981: 15750: 15649: 15594: 15434: 15223: 14885: 14811: 14786: 14588: 14390: 13554: 13454: 13419: 13244: 13221: 13216: 13091: 12707: 12697: 12546: 12531: 12507: 12440: 12425: 12415: 12395: 12144: 11975: 11878: 11868: 11597: 11555: 11009: 10929: 10768: 10650: 10386: 10259: 10213: 10188: 10170: 9445: 9312: 9153: 9035: 8967: 8859: 8778: 8743: 8715: 8709: 8694: 8671: 8645: 8626: 8607: 8599: 8531: 8498: 8456: 8437: 8403: 8382: 8285: 8249: 8230: 8211: 8190: 8162: 8156: 8138: 8127: 8058: 8027: 7997: 7949: 7916: 7874: 7829: 7815: 7784: 7759: 7740: 7692: 7613: 7607: 7592: 7573: 7554: 7410: 7234: 6977: 6831: 6678: 6661: 6522: 6479: 6100: 5874: 5703: 5666: 5573: 5213: 4983: 4912: 4789: 4503: 4457: 4412: 4032: 4009:), 59th generation descendant of Confucius in the year 1480, and are found among the 3989: 3830: 3774: 3476: 3371: 3217: 3136: 3117: 3109: 2922: 2863: 2654: 2633: 2606: 2575: 2450:

of past sages, cultivates virtues in people that include ethical judgment about when

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depicts him spending his last years teaching 3000 pupils, with 72 or 77 accomplished

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with a long body and short legs, his back a little humped and his ears set way back

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who were interested by the integration of the system of morality of Confucius into

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Understanding Confucianism: Origins, Beliefs, Practices, Holy Texts, Sacred Places

3914:(real name Gong Min-ji (공민지)), as well as her great aunt, traditional folk dancer 3663:

is held twice a year on Confucius's birthday and the anniversary of his death, at

3004:, who returned to Italy in 1588 and carried on his translations while residing in 2949:

era. Both Confucian ideas and Confucian-trained officials were relied upon in the

1571:

Map showing the journey of Confucius to various states between 497 BCE and 484 BCE

1370:

Confucius was educated at schools for commoners, where he studied and learned the

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that he was portrayed visually. Carvings often depict his legendary meeting with

3033: 3021: 2712: 1538: 1498: 1088: 708: 369: 15819: 8798: 5117:

Cai, Zong-qi (July 1999). "In Quest of Harmony: Plato and Confucius on Poetry".

3752: 2785: 2664:, which was said to be the sixth Confucian classic until it was lost during the 16582: 16577: 16406: 16386: 16363: 16302: 15809: 15701: 15609: 15599: 15328: 15203: 15188: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15098: 15073: 15028: 15008: 14870: 14841: 14816: 14771: 14751: 14713: 14668: 14548: 14538: 14395: 14226: 14039: 13815: 13705: 13635: 13534: 13509: 13379: 13349: 13309: 13274: 13131: 13056: 13041: 13036: 12927: 12917: 12627: 12578: 12435: 12189: 12089: 12074: 12049: 12044: 11928: 11818: 11756: 11675: 11665: 11655: 11565: 11446: 11441: 11426: 11366: 11351: 11326: 10969: 10924: 10748: 10680: 10550: 10396: 10337: 10008: 9877: 9615: 9375: 8855: 7330: 7176: 6134: 5368:

Confucius, Philosopher of the Chinese, or, Chinese Knowledge Explained in Latin

3834: 3770: 3741: 3660: 3491: 3391: 3375: 3285: 3238:(right) kneeling before Confucius (center), as depicted in a painting from the 3181: 3159: 3094:

to modernize that led to the tragedies that befell China in the 19th century.

2492: 2416: 2071: 2055: 894: 887: 692: 532: 525: 353: 10555: 10380: 7631: 7458: 5512: 5091: 4979: 4752: 4396: 4359: 2977: 16745: 16638: 16510: 16358: 16287: 16113: 16093: 15844: 15839: 15634: 15464: 15374: 15323: 15293: 15283: 15213: 15208: 15198: 15058: 15048: 15038: 15013: 14880: 14858: 14776: 14683: 14656: 14641: 14583: 14266: 13820: 13529: 13514: 13504: 13489: 13439: 13394: 13354: 13289: 13284: 13254: 13121: 13061: 13003: 12727: 12541: 12119: 12059: 12009: 11848: 11786: 11771: 11670: 11585: 11514: 11466: 11374: 11356: 11213: 10828: 10733: 10728: 10690: 10610: 10590: 10565: 10530: 10108: 10028: 9734: 9292: 9287: 8994: 8152: 8118: 7703: 6832:"The Ritual Formation of Confucian Orthodoxy and the Descendants of the Sage" 6566: 5983: 5854: 5707: 5233: 5205: 4987: 4134: 3933: 3718: 3585: 3498:, it was decided that the only proper portrait of Confucius should be in the 3072: 3056: 2903: 2802: 2704: 2476: 2324: 2092: 2016: 1778: 1674: 1602: 1428: 1324: 1254: 1240: 1157: 1095: 774: 16083: 8904: 8829: 5014: 3483:). The picture was painted on the wooden frame to a polished bronze mirror. 2253:

for study (學) that opens the text. Far from trying to build a systematic or

16711: 16678: 16609: 16368: 16333: 16262: 16123: 16078: 15614: 15298: 15288: 15278: 15143: 15138: 15078: 15053: 15023: 15018: 14925: 14920: 14766: 14646: 14380: 14316: 14186: 14176: 14171: 14090: 14080: 14024: 13914: 13499: 13494: 13469: 13399: 13334: 13294: 13264: 13259: 13171: 13161: 13051: 12786: 12781: 12769: 12690: 12676: 12600: 12400: 12343: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12139: 12109: 11843: 11716: 11650: 11645: 11580: 11436: 11421: 10954: 10949: 10904: 10863: 10773: 10675: 10630: 10625: 10595: 10580: 10575: 10391: 10300: 10271: 10149: 10118: 10113: 10098: 10093: 10023: 9933: 9908: 9882: 9812: 9772: 9767: 9759: 9749: 9709: 9679: 9674: 9658: 9653: 9580: 9562: 9544: 9539: 9493: 9128: 9090: 8977: 8972: 7360: 7041: 6041: 4546: 4169: 3899: 3756: 3737: 3706: 3702: 3690: 3668: 3546: 3507: 3495: 3431: 3329: 3325: 3309: 3273: 3246: 3091: 3045: 3009: 2997: 2965: 2954: 2950: 2918: 2907: 2525: 2359: 2292: 2238: 1893: 1886: 1822: 1783: 1715: 1618: 1598: 1423: 1332: 1320: 1304: 1142: 1138: 1114:, advising, "Do not do unto others what you do not want done to yourself." 1099: 1084: 1029: 849: 644: 614: 487: 305: 267: 167: 7913:

Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part One

6084: 2933:

which was continued nearly unbroken until the end of the 19th century. As

16628: 16599: 16587: 16469: 16442: 16401: 16134: 16073: 16032: 15829: 15313: 15308: 15243: 15238: 15088: 14960: 14915: 14905: 14698: 14693: 14631: 14568: 14351: 14326: 14251: 14211: 14181: 14156: 14136: 14115: 14095: 14075: 14065: 14034: 13899: 13780: 13575: 13549: 13544: 13344: 13329: 13196: 13176: 13156: 13008: 12983: 12942: 12803: 12712: 12702: 12664: 12622: 12585: 12551: 12099: 11903: 11680: 11341: 11198: 11163: 11083: 10909: 10700: 10640: 10525: 10510: 10414: 10362: 10123: 10083: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10003: 9948: 9913: 9903: 9887: 9872: 9802: 9797: 9787: 9719: 9519: 9488: 9455: 9395: 9271: 9266: 9238: 8681:

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2005). "Confucianism: An Overview". In Encyclopedia

8308:

Riegel, Jeffrey K. (1986). "Poetry and the legend of Confucius's exile".

8072: 7230:

The Temple of Memories: History, Power, and Morality in a Chinese Village

5654: 5152: 4028: 3967: 3694: 3656: 3597: 3472: 3438: 3344: 3321: 3317: 3305: 3301: 3258: 3205: 2958: 2921:

dynasties, Confucian ideas gained even more widespread prominence. Under

2914: 2899: 2891: 2882:

This realignment in Confucian thought was parallel to the development of

2665: 2480: 2434:

through the actions of sage leaders in human history. His discussions of

2383: 2379: 2363: 1771: 1622: 1610: 1606: 1478: 1444: 1402: 1263: 1228: 1211: 1130: 1111: 1107: 908: 546: 67: 6672: 6655: 6174: 6160: 6092: 6069:"Modernist Looking: Surreal Impressions in the Poetry of Allen Ginsberg" 6068: 5923: 5907: 4404: 4367: 2992:

The works of Confucius were first translated into European languages by

2906:

to abandon the Confucians' recommendation of awarding fiefs akin to the

16530: 16520: 16447: 16098: 15950: 15696: 15504: 15404: 15253: 15173: 14945: 14836: 14678: 14621: 14598: 14563: 14512: 14502: 14470: 14415: 14241: 14221: 14146: 14110: 14014: 13999: 13924: 13849: 13785: 13745: 13314: 13304: 13181: 13111: 12998: 12967: 12947: 12891: 12886: 12841: 12736: 12159: 12129: 12124: 12104: 12054: 11965: 11823: 11766: 11726: 11721: 11491: 11414: 11203: 10994: 10838: 10793: 10670: 10645: 10570: 10505: 10103: 10073: 10048: 10033: 9998: 9968: 9938: 9923: 9852: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9635: 9620: 9610: 9590: 9470: 9460: 9347: 9322: 9183: 9178: 9133: 9103: 7473:"Study finds single bloodline among self-claimed Confucius descendants" 6693:[The cultural connotation of ceremonies at Confucian Temples]. 5715: 5658: 5364:

Confucius Sinarum Philosophus, sive, Scientia Sinensis Latine Exposita

5138: 4878: 4010: 3948: 3639: 3533:

There have been two film adaptations of Confucius' life: the 1940 film

3395: 3367: 3313: 3297: 3167: 3151: 2757: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2591: 2430:

originated from the heavens, but Confucius stressed the development of

2177: 1614: 1582: 1567: 1406: 1308: 1289:

It is thought that Confucius was born on 28 September 551 BCE, in Zou (

1080: 753: 414: 101: 10163: 8329: 7727: 6471: 6447: 6338: 6314: 5257: 4723:"Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu" 4722: 3012:

started to report on the thoughts of Confucius, and a team of Jesuits—

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A History of Chinese Philosophy, Vol.1 The Period of the Philosophers

3132: 3113: 2834: 2284: 1927: 1544: 1525: 1512: 1427:

says that once assuming the post, Confucius ordered the execution of

1315:(or Shuliang He) was an elderly commandant of the local Lu garrison. 1145:

dynasties, Confucianism developed into a system known in the West as

797: 435: 12476: 8762:. Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang, trans. Hong Kong: Commercial Press. 5699: 5130: 4870: 2732: 2309: 1637: 1274:), the "Zhòng" indicating that he was the second son in his family. 16668: 16633: 16474: 16338: 16068: 16052: 16022: 15669: 15248: 14985: 14578: 14543: 14517: 14497: 14450: 14261: 14216: 14100: 14004: 13994: 13959: 13929: 13750: 13226: 12952: 12922: 12881: 12876: 12642: 12617: 12405: 12370: 12004: 11989: 11913: 11908: 11873: 11863: 11776: 11711: 11685: 11208: 10899: 10520: 10480: 10201: 10177: 10018: 9983: 9953: 9857: 9827: 9807: 9782: 9777: 9729: 9600: 9534: 9440: 9400: 9302: 9282: 9223: 9188: 9098: 8877: 8873: 8638:

Confucius: Analects – With Selections from Traditional Commentaries

8494:

Confucianism and Christianity: A Comparative Study of Jen and Agape

8362: 8321: 7719: 6747:"Descendants and Portraits of Confucius in the Early Southern Song" 6463: 6415:"China, the Confucian Ideal, and the European Age of Enlightenment" 6330: 5249: 4857:

Smith, D. Howard (September 1958). "Chinese Concepts of the Soul".

3907: 3895: 3826: 3686: 3664: 3511: 3427: 3407: 3279: 3200: 3105: 2942: 2794: 2708: 2645: 2367: 2332: 2328: 2315: 2269: 2245: 2196: 2048: 1684: 1670: 1655: 1371: 1296: 1197:, "Master Kong"), and was coined in the late 16th century by early 1166: 1161: 955: 818: 658: 456: 319: 128: 76: 72: 8816: 8436:(4th ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center. 3777:). After being naturalized as a subject of Goryeo, he changed the 1098:

which he claimed had been abandoned in his time. He advocated for

16643: 16604: 16592: 16572: 16292: 16206: 16108: 16047: 16042: 16017: 15910: 15706: 15619: 14507: 14475: 14465: 14236: 14196: 14029: 13954: 13939: 13919: 12988: 12851: 12632: 12590: 12573: 12029: 11918: 11883: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11741: 11731: 10919: 10475: 9978: 9963: 9822: 9689: 9605: 9585: 9475: 9465: 9450: 9435: 9420: 9410: 9357: 9342: 9253: 9198: 9168: 9143: 9138: 9113: 9050: 9042: 8158:

Lives of Confucius: Civilization's Greatest Sage through the Ages

5186: 5042:"The Well-Ordered Heart: Confucius on Harmony, Music, and Ritual" 4590: 3994: 3596:, his home town, became a place of devotion and remembrance. The 3566: 3525:

depicts Confucius as a teacher of harmony, learning, and virtue.

3336: 3174: 3155: 3147: 3140: 3086:, Confucianism was frequently attacked by leading figures in the 3060: 3005: 2844: 2824: 2716: 2602: 2533: 2275: 2023: 1759: 1432: 1352: 1312: 899: 856: 537: 494: 187: 8210:. Boston: Trustees of the Public Library of the City of Boston. 6599:

The Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

5855:"Complementarity as a Model for Eastwest Integrative Philosophy" 5543:"Kamala Muni Siddhar @ Kalangi Nathar @ Kanja Malai Siddhar 5.1" 1351:), and a year later the couple had their first child, their son 16616: 16457: 14455: 14256: 14044: 14019: 14009: 13979: 13964: 13770: 12861: 12831: 12683: 12595: 12526: 12014: 11955: 11888: 11813: 11690: 11300: 11064:

An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language

10999: 10357: 10265: 10043: 9867: 9817: 9640: 9625: 9524: 9509: 9425: 9327: 9307: 9297: 9243: 9193: 9029: 9004: 8625:). Translation and notes by Simon Leys. New York: W.W. Norton. 8117:(1999). "The Classical Philosophical Writings – Confucius". In 8093: 7393: 5686:

Y., L. S. (1949). "Review of Confucius, The Man and The Myth".

5086: 5084: 4770: 3829:, South Gyeongsang Province. In 1794, during the reign of King 3766: 3729: 3518: 3235: 3064: 3052: 2934: 1985: 1490: 192: 7079:"Descendants of Confucius in South Korea Seek Roots in Quzhou" 3805:), 1329–1397), therefore establishing the Changwon Gong clan ( 3630:

beliefs which held that the subservience of the people to the

2496:

should be adapted to conform to the aspiration of adhering to

16621: 16012: 15824: 15773: 14485: 13974: 13909: 12871: 12866: 12846: 12654: 11994: 11984: 10485: 10320: 9958: 9744: 9504: 9203: 9158: 9148: 9123: 7758:(Reprinted ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7059: 5873:. London, England: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2020. p. 382. 5448: 5318: 4618: 4017:

peoples. The new genealogy includes the Muslims. Kong Dejun (

3911: 3872: 3848: 3816: 3796: 3785:

in Korean), married a Korean woman and bore a son (Gong Yeo (

3778: 3442: 2938: 2895: 2817: 2790: 2641: 2598: 2258: 1577: 1494: 1094:

Confucius considered himself a transmitter for the values of

941: 878: 864: 516: 502: 7846:"Confucius family tree revision ends with 2 mln descendants" 5306: 5174: 5081: 4673: 4663: 4661: 2652:

The Confucian approach to music was heavily inspired by the

1087:, emphasized personal and governmental morality, harmonious 16567: 16179: 14480: 13904: 12856: 12256:

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

12034: 11950: 11796: 11791: 11751: 10253: 9248: 9173: 8369:. Seed Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009 5294: 3985: 3903: 3858: 3698: 3593: 3503: 3171: 2813: 2288: 2115: 1802: 1646: 106: 8740:

The Assassins of Confucius: Some Recent Trends in Sinology

8685:(Vol. C, pp. 1890–1905). Detroit: MacMillan Reference 8207:

Windows into China: The Jesuits and their books, 1580–1730

6201:"Confucius influenced America's founding fathers: scholar" 5870:

Christianity and Confucianism: Culture, Faith and Politics

14049: 13944: 11960: 11269: 10143: 8839: 8020:

Jansen, Thomas; Klein, Thoralf; Meyer, Christian (2014).

7628:"Confucius Descendants Say DNA Testing Plan Lacks Wisdom" 5436: 4909:

The analects: the Simon Leys translation, interpretations

4690: 4688: 4658: 3362:

The influence of Confucius has been observed on multiple

3121: 2279:

encompasses the key theory and practice of divination.

920: 837: 823: 809: 575: 558: 475: 461: 447: 15742: 8891:(Project Gutenberg release of James Legge's Translation) 8742:. Mingyuan Hu, trans. London and Paris: Hermits United. 5342: 4994: 4925: 4194: 4192: 3486:

In former times, it was customary to have a portrait in

3116:(and that knowledge subsequently reaching Tibet through 2678:

The Master said, "My children, why do you not study the

1405:

was headed by a ruling ducal house. Under the duke were

765: 426: 10207: 8606:. Stroud, Gloucestershire, England: Sutton Publishing. 8472:"Updated Confucius family tree has two million members" 8057:(Translated ed.). London: Hodder & Stoughton. 7609:

The Authentic Confucius: A Life of Thought and Politics

7411:"DNA Testing Adopted to Identify Confucius Descendants" 4646: 4523: 4216: 1589:

After Confucius's resignation, he travelled around the

1268: 1233: 1216: 7044:

regarding the birth name of the fourth king of Goryeo

5834: 5824: 5822: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5760: 5758: 5756: 4685: 4245: 4243: 997: 983: 16695: 13626:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

6282:"The Great Harmony: An Essay on Man and Confucianism" 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5330: 4838: 4705: 4703: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4189: 3773:(the Mongolian-born queen consort of the future king 2690:"They may be used for purposes of self-contemplation. 2673:

intellectual and moral development of an individual:

1311:, who ruled from the nearby city of Qufu. His father 1307:

but effectively independent under the local lords of

1186: 741: 727: 713: 697: 683: 663: 649: 402: 388: 374: 358: 344: 324: 310: 39: 6976:. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 69, 315. 6723:. Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch. Archived from 5642:

International Astronomical Union Minor Planet Center

5360: 4634: 4474: 4315: 4279: 4267: 4255: 4089: 3886: 3681:

Family tree of Confucius in the main line of descent

3184:, "Confucius", was named after the Chinese thinker. 3020:, and two others—published a translation of several 2961:

distrusted handing over provincial control to them.

8845:

Multilingual web site on Confucius and the Analects

7864: 7413:. China Internet Information Center. 19 June 2006. 5819: 5807: 5782: 5753: 5192: 4606: 4562: 4327: 4240: 4204: 3910:(real name Gong Chan-sik (공찬식)), singer-songwriter 786: 8670: 8264: 8133:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 7976: 7844: 7691: 7189: 7157:"Debra Paget Weds Oilman, Nephew of Madame Chiang" 5770: 5734: 5722: 4885: 4700: 4424: 3124:practitioners see him as being a reincarnation of 2694:"They show how to regulate feelings of resentment. 2454:must be adapted in light of situational contexts. 8757: 7911:. In Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping (eds.). 5040:Kirkendall, Jensen Armstrong (14 December 2017). 4303: 4291: 4228: 2414:The Confucian theory of ethics as exemplified in 16743: 8053:Kong, Demao; Ke, Lan; Roberts, Rosemary (1988). 8019: 7834:Analytic Dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese 7434: 7432: 7024: 7008: 6969: 6935: 5361:Intorcetta, Prospero; et al., eds. 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"The political career of Confucius". 7429: 7142: 5180: 4018: 4004: 3998: 3971: 3781:of his name from "昭" to "紹" (both pronounced 3760: 3643: 3621: 3615: 2945:religion, which gained acceptance during the 2838: 2828: 2644:with rituals or the rites order. The scholar 2585: 2579: 2509: 2466: 2421: 2390: 2343: 2218: 1384: 1362: 1356: 1346: 1336: 1299:). The area was notionally controlled by the 1290: 1248: 1192: 1066: 1023: 601: 254: 55: 14371: 12734: 12688: 12674: 12232:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel 8796: 8453:Introduction to classical Chinese Philosophy 8246:Confucius & Confucianism: The essentials 7640:"Confucius Family Tree to Record Female Kin" 7063: 7053: 5212:. 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Stanford University Press. p. 26. 7138: 7136: 6445: 6252: 4903: 4222: 3982:Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee 3732:in Zhejiang, while the newly established 3659:, a grand-scale memorial ceremony called 3539:starring Tang Huaiqiu, and the 2010 film 3480: 3187: 2930: 2887: 2868: 2848: 2773:Learn how and when to remove this message 1555: 1534: 1482: 1448: 1440: 1418: 1414: 1410: 13879: 8310:Journal of the American Oriental Society 8180:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 7828: 7708:Journal of the American Oriental Society 7630:. Bandao. 21 August 2007. Archived from 7591:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. 7206: 7204: 7202: 6398: 6364:Schiller, Friedrich (18 November 2010). 6363: 6225: 6158: 6073:Texas Studies in Literature and Language 5852: 5665:. New York: The Free Press. p. 48. 5578:(Thesis). 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The first known effort was by 2867:, while Xunzi (3rd century 2731: 2584:) that could unify the "world" ( 2457:In Confucianism, the concept of 2142:Confucian royal ancestral shrine 1722: 1467: 1458: 14342:Family as a model for the state 8731:Confucius. 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Archived from 6806:Association for Asian Studies 6505:Bailey, Paul (19 July 2002). 5951:"Benjamin Franklin and China" 5644:. Accessed 12 September 2018. 5478:(12): 105–129. Archived from 4816:"Is Confucianism a Religion?" 4048: 3759:, 54th-generation Kong Shao ( 3717:first bestowed the title of " 3304:(such as Zigong), three from 3214:George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 2927:works attributed to Confucius 1698: 1284: 1051: 119: 92: 16892:Philosophers from Lu (state) 16547:Four Books and Five Classics 16283:Ancestor veneration in China 16268:Unity of Heaven and humanity 15630:Institutional discrimination 15625:History of political thought 14357:Negative and positive rights 13656:The Society of the Spectacle 12312:On the Genealogy of Morality 12272:Critique of Practical Reason 11124:Philosophical Investigations 8593:for extensive bibliographies 8155:; Wilson, Thomas A. (2010). 7903:; Shih, Hsiang-ling (2010). 7873:. Springer. pp. 21–36. 7309:"孔子後裔有14個少數民族外籍後裔首次入家譜_台灣網" 6561:: 「老萊子之弟子出薪，遇仲尼，反以告曰：『有人於彼， 6523:10.1016/0191-6599(92)90168-C 6280:Feng, Dong (December 2008). 5906:Holton, Gerald (June 1986). 5575:Biography of the 18 Siddhars 5572:R. N. Hema (December 2019). 5404:Noël, François, ed. (1711), 4727:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 4053: 3552: 3170:, Tamil Nadu is home to his 3032:, after failing to persuade 2688:serve to stimulate the mind. 2490:Just as action according to 1581:stated that the neighboring 1199:Jesuit missionaries to China 1110:, or a negative form of the 7: 15640:Justification for the state 15425:Two Treatises of Government 10965:Modality (natural language) 8895:Core philosophical passages 8880:(public domain audiobooks) 8865:Works by or about Confucius 8708:Fingarette, Hebert (1998). 8248:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 7948:. Oxford University Press. 7869:. In Olberding, Amy (ed.). 7735:Gardner, Daniel K. (2014). 7533:Ahmad, Mirza Tahir (n.d.). 7143:Kong, Ke & Roberts 1988 6253:Warburton, William (1779). 5276:National Geographic Society 4947:Bonevac & Phillips 2009 4031:, professor of genetics at 3947:A descendant of Confucius, 3887: 3561:First entrance gate of the 3265:dedicated a chapter in his 3049:did not constitute idolatry 2547: 2171:Indonesian Confucian Church 1407:three aristocratic families 1187: 1030: 40: 10: 16968: 16897:Philosophers from Shandong 14310:Bellum omnium contra omnes 12240:A Treatise of Human Nature 11299: 11104:Language, Truth, and Logic 10844:Theological noncognitivism 10729:Contrast theory of meaning 10724:Causal theory of reference 10455:Index of language articles 9070:Hundred Schools of Thought 8082:Encyclopaedia Britannica, 6166:William and Mary Quarterly 5374:, Paris: Daniel Horthemels 5077:, Baltimore: Penguin Books 4139:World History Encyclopedia 3678: 3191: 2616: 2302: 2236: 1255:his coming of age ceremony 1178:The name "Confucius" is a 1129:immediately following the 75:depiction of Confucius by 21:Confucius (disambiguation) 18: 16942:Zhou dynasty philosophers 16907:Philosophers of education 16792:5th-century BC historians 16767:6th-century BC historians 16656: 16560: 16539: 16503: 16415: 16379: 16311: 16258:Confucian ritual religion 16235: 16172: 16061: 16005: 15987:London Youlan Qin Society 15974: 15918: 15907: 15853: 15780: 15772: 15727: 15577: 15346: 14994: 14727: 14607: 14526: 14438: 14429: 14295: 14129: 14058: 13887: 13834: 13738: 13726:Intellectuals and Society 13676:The Culture of Narcissism 13567: 13235: 13027: 12976: 12905: 12819: 12812: 12752: 12514: 12456: 12363: 12208: 11974: 11699: 11628: 11490: 11365: 11307: 11244: 11189:Philosophy of information 11176: 11025: 10877: 10789:Mediated reference theory 10714: 10461: 10452: 10330: 10136: 9896: 9758: 9649: 9553: 9484: 9371: 9262: 9089: 9080: 8955: 8915: 8910:Links to related articles 8729:Kaizuka, Shigeki (1956). 8623:The Analects of Confucius 8387:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8244:Rainey, Lee Dian (2010). 6970:Thomas A. Wilson (2002). 6511:History of European Ideas 5476:Revue d'Études Tibétaines 5208:; Hall, David L. (2001). 5181:Knechtges & Shih 2010 4980:10.1007/s11459-011-0150-4 4450:Schuman, Michael (2015). 4397:10.1017/S0362502800004570 4360:10.1017/S0362502800000651 3972: 3761: 3644: 3622: 3616: 3462: 3446: 3384:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 3135:believes Confucius was a 2839: 2829: 2722: 2586: 2580: 2510: 2467: 2422: 2391: 2344: 2298: 2135:Confucian ritual religion 1485: – 9 1401:In Confucius's time, the 1385: 1363: 1357: 1347: 1337: 1291: 1258: 1249: 1223: 1206: 1193: 1119:rich diversity of thought 1067: 1024: 1013: 1009: 991: 977: 972: 968: 961: 954: 947: 940: 935: 914: 907: 893: 886: 872: 855: 848: 831: 817: 803: 796: 780: 773: 759: 752: 735: 721: 707: 691: 677: 657: 643: 636: 631: 627: 623: 613: 609: 595: 590: 569: 552: 545: 531: 524: 510: 493: 486: 469: 455: 441: 434: 420: 413: 396: 382: 368: 352: 338: 318: 304: 297: 292: 288: 280: 276: 266: 262: 248: 243: 239: 235: 231: 201: 173: 161: 151: 147: 136: 115: 84: 65: 56: 52: 30: 16882:Historians from Shandong 16807:5th-century BC musicians 16787:6th-century BC musicians 15515:The Revolt of the Masses 13716:The Malaise of Modernity 13666:The History of Sexuality 12765:Catholic social teaching 11591:Universal prescriptivism 11114:Two Dogmas of Empiricism 8797:Csikszentmihalyi, Mark. 8760:Records of the Historian 8689:Dawson, Raymond (1982). 8474:. Xinhua. Archived from 8337:Riegel, Jeffrey (2012). 7773:Hunter, Michael (2017). 7754:Hobson, John M. (2004). 7477:South China Morning Post 7331:"西北生活着孔子回族后裔 – 文化 – 人民网" 6315:"Schiller and Confucius" 5119:Philosophy East and West 4556: 4547: 4542: 4502:. Capstone. p. 23. 4496:Burgan, Michael (2008). 3711:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 3521:in the courtroom of the 2898:, Prime Minister of the 2894:conquered all of China. 2789:Confucius together with 2382:, sometimes called the " 2033:Spring and Autumn Annals 1913:Progressive Confucianism 1739:Spring and Autumn period 1562: 1493:depicting Confucius and 1393:, as was the tradition. 1319:traced back through the 1077:Spring and Autumn period 53: 16932:Zhou dynasty historians 16917:Politicians from Jining 16902:Philosophers of culture 16862:Educators from Shandong 16202:Ritual and music system 16038:Emperor Huizong of Song 15495:The Communist Manifesto 14421:Tyranny of the majority 14332:Consent of the governed 13796:Philosophy of education 11380:Artificial intelligence 10915:Use–mention distinction 10759:Direct reference theory 9065:Nine Schools of Thought 8667:Creel, Herrlee Glessner 8656:Creel, Herrlee Glessner 8345:. Stanford University. 8303:(subscription required) 8278:Oxford University Press 8115:Nivison, David Shepherd 8015:(subscription required) 7990:Oxford University Press 7606:Chin, Ann-ping (2007). 7190:China Economic Net 2009 7110:Doosan Encyclopedia 공 孔 6401:"Proverbs of Confucius" 6366:"Proverbs of Confucius" 5631:IAU Minor Planet Center 5606:www.satsang-darshan.com 4680:Nylan & Wilson 2010 4668:Nylan & Wilson 2010 3734:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 3715:Emperor Renzong of Song 3667:across the country and 3388:Robert Cummings Neville 3242:Classic of Filial Piety 3099:Chinese cultural sphere 3088:Chinese Communist Party 2799:Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse 2703:Confucius frowned upon 2619:Ritual and music system 2405:XV.24, tr. David Hinton 2109:Classic of Filial Piety 1945:Confucianism by country 1391:mourned for three years 1279: 1173: 16947:Zhou dynasty musicians 16166:Religious Confucianism 14372: 14322:Clash of civilizations 14308: 12735: 12689: 12675: 10849:Theory of descriptions 10784:Linguistic determinism 10446:Philosophy of language 10368:State consequentialism 8770:London: Penguin, 2019. 8758:Ssu-ma Ch'ien (1974). 8604:Confucius: A Biography 8524:Yao, Xinzhong (2000). 8491:Yao, Xinzhong (1997). 8396:Shen, Vincent (2013). 8367:"Inheriting Confucius" 8055:The house of Confucius 7612:. New York: Scribner. 6867:academics.hamilton.edu 6784:aas2.asian-studies.org 5517:www.alchemywebsite.com 5303:, p. 22, 252-259. 4794:afe.easia.columbia.edu 3930:Nationalist government 3589: 3569: 3434: 3249: 3194:Disciples of Confucius 3188:Teaching and Disciples 2989: 2805: 2701: 2637: 2461:is closely related to 2408: 2373: 2319: 1650: 1572: 16867:Founders of religions 16493:Temple of Agriculture 16438:Religious goods store 16324:Holy Confucian Church 16278:Chinese folk religion 16227:Worship of the living 16006:Historical personages 14337:Divine right of kings 13801:Philosophy of history 13791:Philosophy of culture 13686:A Conflict of Visions 12304:The Methods of Ethics 11542:Divine command theory 11537:Ideal observer theory 10960:Mental representation 10895:Linguistic relativity 10779:Inquisitive semantics 9385:Northern and Southern 8899:Analects of Confucius 8272:Oxford Bibliographies 8204:Parker, John (1977). 7984:Oxford Bibliographies 7945:Teaching Confucianism 7670:. 24 September 2009. 6695:www.chinakongmiao.org 6550:, "External Things". 6448:"Voltaire, Sinophile" 6203:. 26 September 2017. 6085:10.1353/tsl.2010.0003 5485:on 13 September 2017. 5467:Lin, Shen-yu (2005). 4959:Zhou, Haiwen (2011). 4865:(3). Brill: 165–179. 4820:The American Interest 3744:rank of Wujing boshi 3726:Southern Song dynasty 3575: 3560: 3425: 3255:Warring States period 3240:Illustrations of the 3234: 3126:Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche 2980: 2913:Under the succeeding 2788: 2675: 2626: 2475:can be translated as 2388: 2341: 2312: 2287:and views concerning 2164:Holy Confucian Church 1753:Warring States period 1693:Cemetery of Confucius 1641:Tomb of Confucius in 1640: 1570: 1123:Warring States period 141:Cemetery of Confucius 16952:Zhou dynasty writers 16526:Confucian coin charm 15992:New York Qin Society 15795:Contemporary players 15485:Democracy in America 14864:political philosophy 14847:political philosophy 14662:political philosophy 14491:political philosophy 14401:Separation of powers 14362:Night-watchman state 14347:Monopoly on violence 13881:Political philosophy 13806:Political philosophy 13606:Democracy in America 12421:Political philosophy 11144:Naming and Necessity 11054:De Arte Combinatoria 10853:Definite description 10814:Semantic externalism 7810:Huang, Yong (2013). 7559:: CS1 maint: year ( 7353:"孔子后裔有回族 – 地方 – 人民网" 6893:"Quzhou City Guides" 6759:on 13 September 2016 6319:The German Quarterly 6044:. 9 September 2017. 6042:"Ginsberg and China" 5547:www.mail-archive.com 5164:Simon & Schuster 5094:. 13 December 1901. 4599:, pp. 278–279; 3529:Fictional portrayals 3316:, and one each from 3073:Western civilization 2751:improve this article 2556:) and morality, and 2065:Doctrine of the Mean 1899:Lingnan Confucianism 1796:Fundamental concepts 1089:social relationships 916:Baxter–Sagart (2014) 571:Baxter–Sagart (2014) 219:political philosophy 19:For other uses, see 16927:Writers from Jining 16922:Social philosophers 16912:Philosophers of law 16852:Deified Chinese men 16842:Classical humanists 16423:Temple of Confucius 16185:Sacrifice to Heaven 15675:Right-wing politics 15555:A Theory of Justice 15525:The Road to Serfdom 15445:The Social Contract 14152:Christian democracy 13646:One-Dimensional Man 12391:Evolutionary ethics 12352:Reasons and Persons 12328:A Theory of Justice 11482:Uncertain sentience 11194:Philosophical logic 11184:Analytic philosophy 10990:Sense and reference 10869:Verification theory 10824:Situation semantics 9015:School of Diplomacy 8738:Levi, Jean (2023). 8662:. New York: Harper. 8430:Wilkinson, Endymion 8123:Shaughnessy, Edward 7901:Knechtges, David R. 7646:. 2 February 2007. 7115:Doosan Encyclopedia 6863:"Cult of Confucius" 6605:on 22 February 2017 5457:, pp. 214–216. 5445:, pp. 194–195. 5325:Oldstone-Moore 2023 5313:Oldstone-Moore 2003 4777:Oldstone-Moore 2003 4655:, pp. 280–281. 4587:, pp. 277–278. 4532:, pp. 274–276. 4077:on 27 December 2019 3955:. One of his sons, 3665:Confucian academies 3578:Temple of Confucius 3563:Temple of Confucius 3162:or Kamalamuni. The 3084:Cultural Revolution 3024:and an overview of 3014:Prospero Intorcetta 2994:Jesuit missionaries 2986:Jesuit missionaries 2261:. For example, the 2149:Temple of Confucius 1921:Hermeneutic schools 1591:principality states 1127:experienced setback 1104:ancestor veneration 1073:Chinese philosopher 15896:Xiao Xiang Shuiyun 15876:Jieshi Diao Youlan 15687:Political violence 15682:Political theology 15665:Left-wing politics 15660:Political spectrum 13766:Cultural pessimism 13761:Cultural criticism 12660:National character 12386:Ethics in religion 12381:Descriptive ethics 12216:Nicomachean Ethics 11044:Port-Royal Grammar 10940:Family resemblance 10859:Theory of language 10834:Supposition theory 8949:Chinese philosophy 8889:Confucian Analects 8874:Works by Confucius 8856:Works by Confucius 8636:Confucius (2003). 8617:Confucius (1997). 8600:Clements, Jonathan 8478:on 22 October 2012 8365:(13 August 2008). 8088:, pp. 258–265 7830:Karlgren, Bernhard 7319:on 6 October 2016. 7227:Jing, Jun (1998). 7089:on 4 February 2015 7048:, born "Wang So" ( 6897:China TEFL Network 6861:Wilson, Thomas A. 6790:on 6 October 2016. 6778:Banning, B. Paul. 6576:2022-10-27 at the 6557:2022-10-11 at the 5912:American Scientist 5636:2022-01-21 at the 4583:, pp. 35–36; 3701:42 times from the 3590: 3570: 3502:in his home town, 3435: 3404:Friedrich Schiller 3250: 3028:in Paris in 1687. 2990: 2847:(4th century 2806: 2638: 2320: 2156:Confucian churches 2085:Three Commentaries 1687:, to the north of 1669:that mastered the 1651: 1573: 1533:Later in 498 156:Chinese philosophy 16832:Chinese logicians 16827:Chinese ethicists 16693: 16692: 16687: 16686: 16617:Bluegreen Emperor 16552:Thirteen Classics 16344:Confucian Academy 16329:Xuanyuan teaching 16253:Mandate of Heaven 16132: 16131: 15982:Jinyu Qin Society 15815:Playing technique 15740: 15739: 15650:Philosophy of law 15595:Conflict theories 15435:The Spirit of Law 15342: 15341: 14391:Original position 13847: 13846: 13563: 13562: 12708:Spontaneous order 12698:Social alienation 12547:Cultural heritage 12508:Social philosophy 12474: 12473: 12441:Social philosophy 12426:Population ethics 12416:Philosophy of law 12396:History of ethics 11879:Political freedom 11556:Euthyphro dilemma 11347:Suffering-focused 11267: 11266: 10769:Dynamic semantics 10412: 10411: 10260:Mandate of Heaven 10132: 10131: 8860:Project Gutenberg 8850:The Dao of Kongzi 8749:978-1-9998833-6-2 8721:978-1-57766-010-1 8700:978-0-19-287536-5 8612:978-0-7509-4775-6 8537:978-0-521-64430-3 8504:978-1-898723-76-9 8462:978-1-60384-468-0 8443:978-0-674-08846-7 8409:978-90-481-2936-2 8274:: Chinese Studies 8255:978-1-4051-8841-8 8236:978-0-19-982787-9 8217:978-0-89073-050-8 8168:978-0-385-51069-1 8144:978-0-521-47030-8 8064:978-0-340-41279-4 8033:978-90-04-27151-7 7955:978-0-19-804256-3 7922:978-90-04-19127-3 7880:978-94-007-7112-3 7821:978-1-4411-9653-8 7814:. A&C Black. 7790:978-9-004-33902-6 7765:978-0-521-54724-6 7746:978-0-19-539891-5 7619:978-0-7432-4618-7 7579:978-0-19-515231-9 7363:on 28 August 2016 7240:978-0-8047-6492-6 6983:978-0-674-00961-5 6420:. December 1983. 6015:. 28 April 2017. 5843:, pp. 32–33. 5672:978-0-684-83634-8 5219:978-0-8248-2460-0 4918:978-0-393-91195-4 4697:, pp. 27–28. 4509:978-0-7565-3832-3 4463:978-0-465-04057-5 4033:Oxford University 3990:Chinese Civil War 3488:Confucius Temples 3477:Marquis of Haihun 3372:Benjamin Franklin 3223:978-0-691-02021-1 3180:In modern times, 3164:Thyagaraja Temple 3146:According to the 3118:Princess Wencheng 3110:Tibetan Buddhists 2923:Emperor Wu of Han 2783: 2782: 2775: 2670:Classic of Poetry 2655:Classic of Poetry 2634:Classic of Poetry 2607:facial expression 2601:in language, and 2576:Mandate of Heaven 2345:廄焚。子退朝，曰：傷人乎？不問馬。 2251:Chinese character 2235: 2234: 2008:Book of Documents 2001:Classic of Poetry 1653:According to the 1643:Kong Lin cemetery 1497:, from a tomb of 1267: 1232: 1215: 1135:Emperor Wu of Han 1017: 1016: 1005: 1004: 931: 930: 805:Yale Romanization 723:Yale Romanization 638:Standard Mandarin 586: 585: 443:Yale Romanization 384:Yale Romanization 299:Standard Mandarin 224:social philosophy 16959: 16887:People from Qufu 16857:Education theory 16734: 16733: 16732: 16722: 16721: 16720: 16710: 16709: 16708: 16701: 16657:Tutelary deities 16488:Beijing Shejitan 16483:Temple of Heaven 16479:Beijing Temples 16433:Ancestral shrine 16349:Confucian Shinto 16319:Confucian church 16248:Chinese theology 16159: 16152: 16145: 16136: 16135: 15913: 15767: 15760: 15753: 15744: 15743: 15655:Political ethics 15645:Machiavellianism 15585:Authoritarianism 15570: 15560: 15550: 15540: 15530: 15520: 15510: 15500: 15490: 15480: 15470: 15460: 15450: 15440: 15430: 15420: 15410: 15400: 15390: 15380: 15370: 15360: 14436: 14435: 14377: 14313: 14303:Balance of power 14277:Social democracy 14272:Social Darwinism 14247:Multiculturalism 14192:Environmentalism 14167:Communitarianism 13874: 13867: 13860: 13851: 13850: 13811:Social criticism 13731: 13721: 13711: 13701: 13691: 13681: 13671: 13661: 13651: 13641: 13631: 13621: 13611: 13601: 13591: 13581: 12817: 12816: 12799:Frankfurt School 12777:Communitarianism 12740: 12694: 12680: 12501: 12494: 12487: 12478: 12477: 12464: 12463: 12411:Moral psychology 12356: 12348: 12340: 12336:Practical Ethics 12332: 12324: 12320:Principia Ethica 12316: 12308: 12300: 12292: 12284: 12276: 12268: 12260: 12252: 12244: 12236: 12228: 12224:Ethics (Spinoza) 12220: 11859:Moral imperative 11317:Consequentialism 11294: 11287: 11280: 11271: 11270: 11229:Formal semantics 11177:Related articles 11169: 11159: 11149: 11139: 11129: 11119: 11109: 11099: 11089: 11079: 11069: 11059: 11049: 11039: 10809:Relevance theory 10804:Phallogocentrism 10439: 10432: 10425: 10416: 10415: 10289:Self-cultivation 10194:Neo-Confucianism 9929:Chung-ying Cheng 9087: 9086: 8988:New Confucianism 8983:Neo-Confucianism 8942: 8935: 8928: 8919: 8918: 8906: 8905: 8885: 8884: 8869:Internet Archive 8826: 8812: 8803:Zalta, Edward N. 8763: 8753: 8734: 8725: 8704: 8678: 8676: 8643: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8466: 8447: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8392: 8386: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8333: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8268: 8259: 8240: 8221: 8200: 8181: 8172: 8148: 8132: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8089: 8084:9th ed., Vol. VI 8068: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8009: 7980: 7971: 7969: 7967: 7938: 7936: 7934: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7841: 7825: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7769: 7750: 7731: 7699: 7697: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7635: 7623: 7602: 7583: 7564: 7558: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7520: 7513:China Daily 2007 7510: 7504: 7494: 7485: 7484: 7468: 7462: 7452: 7446: 7436: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7407: 7401: 7391: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7359:. Archived from 7349: 7343: 7342: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7315:. Archived from 7304: 7298: 7297: 7282: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7262:. china.org.cn. 7255: 7249: 7248: 7224: 7218: 7208: 7197: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7174: 7172: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7075: 7069: 7067: 7066: 7057: 7056: 7038: 7032: 7022: 7016: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6949: 6943: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6903:on 4 March 2016. 6899:. Archived from 6889: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6812:on 18 March 2015 6808:. Archived from 6798: 6792: 6791: 6786:. Archived from 6775: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6758: 6752:. Archived from 6751: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6727:on 18 April 2015 6712: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6691:"文庙祭祀的文化意义 - 孔庙" 6687: 6681: 6670: 6664: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6636: 6629: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6601:. Archived from 6591: 6585: 6552:Chinese original 6545: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6458:(4): 1050–1065. 6443: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6426: 6419: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6293: 6286: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6234:on 12 April 2021 6230:. Archived from 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6140:on 12 April 2021 6139: 6133:. Archived from 6132: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6021: 6014: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5962: 5955: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5751: 5745: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5694:(3/4): 537–540. 5683: 5677: 5676: 5651: 5645: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5509: 5503: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5473: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5088: 5079: 5078: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5053: 5046: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5010: 5004: 5003:, p. 36-37. 4998: 4992: 4991: 4965: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4935: 4934:, p. 25-29. 4929: 4923: 4922: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4854: 4848: 4847:, p. 14-15. 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4786: 4780: 4779:, p. 34-37. 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4698: 4692: 4683: 4682:, p. 11-23. 4677: 4671: 4665: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4594: 4588: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4493: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4422: 4416: 4379: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4133:Mark, Joshua J. 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4105: 4099: 4098:, p. 15-17. 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4073:. Archived from 4063: 4040:Fudan University 4022: 4021: 4008: 4007: 4002: 4001: 3975: 3974: 3965: 3924: 3890: 3880: 3879: 3870: 3869: 3856: 3855: 3846: 3845: 3824: 3823: 3814: 3813: 3804: 3803: 3794: 3793: 3764: 3763: 3647: 3646: 3625: 3624: 3619: 3618: 3482: 3469: 3464: 3453: 3448: 3418:Visual portraits 3400:François Quesnay 3380:Thomas Jefferson 3364:Western thinkers 3308:, two each from 3227: 3216:pp. 47–49. 3139:of God, as were 3080:New Confucianism 3037: 3018:Philippe Couplet 3002:Michele Ruggieri 2988:at Paris in 1687 2971:Neo-Confucianism 2932: 2889: 2870: 2850: 2842: 2841: 2832: 2831: 2778: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2758: 2735: 2727: 2661:Classic of Music 2613:Music and poetry 2589: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2513: 2512: 2470: 2469: 2425: 2424: 2406: 2394: 2393: 2371: 2366:), or X-17 (tr. 2347: 2346: 2305:Confucian ethics 2227: 2220: 2213: 2185:Phoenix churches 2100:Ceremonial Rites 1906:New Confucianism 1882:Neo-Confucianism 1726: 1703: 1702: 1557: 1536: 1488: 1484: 1471: 1462: 1450: 1442: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1397:Political career 1388: 1387: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1359: 1350: 1349: 1340: 1339: 1294: 1293: 1273: 1270: 1262: 1260: 1252: 1251: 1238: 1235: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1210: 1208: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1184:Mandarin Chinese 1151:New Confucianism 1147:Neo-Confucianism 1070: 1069: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1026: 1001: 1000: 987: 986: 970: 969: 964: 963: 950: 949: 927: 926: 925: 903: 902: 882: 881: 868: 867: 844: 843: 842: 827: 826: 813: 812: 792: 791: 790: 769: 768: 748: 747: 746: 731: 730: 717: 716: 703: 702: 701: 687: 686: 673: 672: 671: 669: 653: 652: 629: 628: 605: 604: 582: 581: 580: 565: 564: 563: 541: 540: 520: 519: 506: 505: 482: 481: 480: 465: 464: 451: 450: 430: 429: 409: 408: 407: 392: 391: 378: 377: 364: 363: 362: 348: 347: 334: 333: 332: 330: 314: 313: 290: 289: 258: 257: 174:Notable students 124: 121: 110: 97: 94: 70: 60: 59: 58: 44: 43: 28: 27: 16967: 16966: 16962: 16961: 16960: 16958: 16957: 16956: 16872:Gokbu Gong clan 16742: 16741: 16740: 16730: 16728: 16718: 16716: 16706: 16704: 16696: 16694: 16689: 16688: 16683: 16652: 16556: 16535: 16516:Tiangong censer 16499: 16411: 16375: 16307: 16298:Yan Huang Zisun 16243:Shendao shejiao 16231: 16168: 16163: 16133: 16128: 16057: 16001: 15970: 15914: 15905: 15901:Yangguan Sandie 15871:Hujia Shiba-pai 15849: 15820:Popular culture 15776: 15771: 15741: 15736: 15723: 15712:Totalitarianism 15573: 15568: 15558: 15548: 15538: 15528: 15518: 15508: 15498: 15488: 15478: 15468: 15458: 15448: 15438: 15428: 15418: 15408: 15398: 15388: 15385:Treatise on Law 15378: 15368: 15358: 15338: 14996: 14990: 14729: 14723: 14609: 14603: 14522: 14425: 14411:State of nature 14406:Social contract 14386:Ordered liberty 14374:Noblesse oblige 14291: 14125: 14054: 13883: 13878: 13848: 13843: 13830: 13756:Critical theory 13734: 13729: 13719: 13709: 13699: 13689: 13679: 13669: 13659: 13649: 13639: 13629: 13619: 13609: 13599: 13589: 13579: 13559: 13237: 13231: 13029: 13023: 12972: 12901: 12808: 12760:Budapest School 12748: 12537:Cosmopolitanism 12510: 12505: 12475: 12470: 12452: 12359: 12354: 12346: 12338: 12330: 12322: 12314: 12306: 12298: 12290: 12282: 12274: 12266: 12258: 12250: 12242: 12234: 12226: 12218: 12204: 11977: 11970: 11894:Self-discipline 11854:Moral hierarchy 11802:Problem of evil 11747:Double standard 11737:Culture of life 11695: 11624: 11571:Non-cognitivism 11486: 11361: 11303: 11298: 11268: 11263: 11240: 11219:School of Names 11172: 11167: 11157: 11147: 11137: 11134:Of Grammatology 11127: 11117: 11107: 11097: 11087: 11077: 11067: 11057: 11047: 11037: 11021: 10873: 10819:Semantic holism 10799:Non-cognitivism 10739:Conventionalism 10710: 10457: 10448: 10443: 10413: 10408: 10326: 10227:Three teachings 10128: 10079:Tsang Lap Chuen 9892: 9754: 9663: 9645: 9561: 9557: 9549: 9498: 9480: 9389: 9383: 9367: 9276: 9258: 9076: 9074: 9020:School of Names 8963:Agriculturalism 8951: 8946: 8911: 8882: 8815: 8793: 8788: 8766:Sterckx, Roel. 8750: 8722: 8701: 8582: 8580:Further reading 8577: 8568: 8566: 8547: 8545: 8538: 8514: 8512: 8505: 8481: 8479: 8463: 8444: 8419: 8417: 8410: 8380: 8379: 8372: 8370: 8352: 8350: 8302: 8295: 8293: 8256: 8237: 8218: 8197: 8169: 8145: 8104: 8102: 8065: 8043: 8041: 8034: 8014: 8007: 8005: 7965: 7963: 7956: 7932: 7930: 7923: 7890: 7888: 7881: 7855: 7853: 7822: 7800: 7798: 7791: 7766: 7747: 7677: 7675: 7653: 7651: 7634:on 7 July 2011. 7620: 7599: 7580: 7552: 7551: 7544: 7542: 7528: 7523: 7511: 7507: 7495: 7488: 7469: 7465: 7453: 7449: 7437: 7430: 7420: 7418: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7392: 7388: 7380: 7376: 7366: 7364: 7351: 7350: 7346: 7329: 7328: 7324: 7305: 7301: 7284: 7283: 7279: 7269: 7267: 7256: 7252: 7241: 7225: 7221: 7209: 7200: 7188: 7184: 7170: 7168: 7153: 7149: 7141: 7134: 7124: 7122: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7092: 7090: 7077: 7076: 7072: 7039: 7035: 7023: 7019: 7007: 7003: 6993: 6991: 6984: 6968: 6964: 6951: 6950: 6946: 6934: 6930: 6913: 6912: 6908: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6876: 6874: 6859: 6855: 6845: 6843: 6830: 6829: 6825: 6815: 6813: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6776: 6772: 6762: 6760: 6756: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6740: 6730: 6728: 6713: 6709: 6699: 6697: 6689: 6688: 6684: 6671: 6667: 6654: 6650: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6627: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6608: 6606: 6593: 6592: 6588: 6578:Wayback Machine 6559:Wayback Machine 6546: 6542: 6532: 6530: 6503: 6499: 6489: 6487: 6444: 6440: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6397: 6393: 6383: 6381: 6362: 6358: 6348: 6346: 6311: 6307: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6284: 6278: 6274: 6264: 6262: 6251: 6247: 6237: 6235: 6224: 6220: 6210: 6208: 6199: 6198: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6157: 6153: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6130: 6124: 6120: 6110: 6108: 6065: 6061: 6051: 6049: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5980: 5976: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5953: 5947: 5943: 5933: 5931: 5904: 5900: 5890: 5888: 5881: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5851: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5827: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5800: 5783: 5775: 5771: 5763: 5754: 5746: 5735: 5727: 5723: 5700:10.2307/2718104 5684: 5680: 5673: 5652: 5648: 5638:Wayback Machine 5629: 5625: 5615: 5613: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5585: 5583: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5541: 5540: 5536: 5526: 5524: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5494: 5490: 5482: 5471: 5465: 5461: 5455:Van Norden 2011 5453: 5449: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5424: 5422: 5402: 5398: 5390: 5383: 5377: 5359: 5355: 5349:Van Norden 2011 5347: 5343: 5335: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5311: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5278:. 20 May 2022. 5270: 5269: 5265: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5203: 5199: 5191: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5150: 5146: 5131:10.2307/1399898 5115: 5111: 5101: 5099: 5090: 5089: 5082: 5071: 5067: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4963: 4957: 4953: 4945: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4902: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4871:10.2307/3269371 4855: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4708: 4701: 4693: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4627:, p. 279; 4623: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4595: 4591: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4494: 4487: 4483:, pp. 4–5. 4479: 4475: 4464: 4456:. Basic Books. 4448: 4444: 4436: 4425: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4296: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4148: 4146: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4113:The Irish Times 4107: 4106: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4051: 3966:(孔令傑), married 3959: 3942:Kung Tsui-chang 3918: 3835:Gokbu Gong clan 3689:35 times since 3683: 3677: 3555: 3531: 3517:The South Wall 3494:(Taizu) of the 3420: 3412:Christian Wolff 3360: 3224: 3196: 3190: 3057:collected works 3035: 3026:Chinese history 3022:Confucian works 2984:, published by 2779: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2748: 2736: 2725: 2713:Greco-Bactrians 2700: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2683: 2621: 2615: 2550: 2407: 2401: 2372: 2354: 2307: 2301: 2276:Book of Changes 2241: 2231: 2202: 2201: 2130: 2122: 2121: 2024:Book of Changes 1981: 1979:Confucian texts 1971: 1970: 1946: 1938: 1937: 1917: 1877: 1869: 1868: 1833:Sangang Wuchang 1797: 1789: 1788: 1734: 1701: 1635: 1565: 1539:Duke Ding of Lu 1505: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1499:Dongping County 1474: 1473: 1472: 1464: 1463: 1399: 1287: 1282: 1176: 1149:, and later as 1096:earlier periods 1058: 1054: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 979:Revised Hepburn 788: 709:Tongyong Pinyin 699: 679:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 667: 370:Tongyong Pinyin 360: 340:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 328: 281:Literal meaning 204: 197: 184: 183: 132: 126: 122: 111: 104: 98: 95: 91: 90: 80: 61: 54: 48: 47: 38: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16965: 16955: 16954: 16949: 16944: 16939: 16934: 16929: 16924: 16919: 16914: 16909: 16904: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16854: 16849: 16844: 16839: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16809: 16804: 16799: 16794: 16789: 16784: 16779: 16774: 16769: 16764: 16759: 16754: 16739: 16738: 16726: 16714: 16691: 16690: 16685: 16684: 16682: 16681: 16676: 16671: 16666: 16664:Landlord deity 16660: 16658: 16654: 16653: 16651: 16650: 16649: 16648: 16647: 16646: 16641: 16636: 16626: 16625: 16624: 16614: 16613: 16612: 16607: 16597: 16596: 16595: 16585: 16583:Yellow Emperor 16578:Wufang Shangdi 16575: 16570: 16564: 16562: 16558: 16557: 16555: 16554: 16549: 16543: 16541: 16537: 16536: 16534: 16533: 16528: 16523: 16518: 16513: 16507: 16505: 16501: 16500: 16498: 16497: 16496: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16477: 16472: 16467: 16462: 16461: 16460: 16455: 16445: 16440: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16419: 16417: 16413: 16412: 16410: 16409: 16407:Yamazaki Ansai 16404: 16399: 16394: 16389: 16387:Yellow Emperor 16383: 16381: 16377: 16376: 16374: 16373: 16372: 16371: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16315: 16313: 16309: 16308: 16306: 16305: 16303:Soil and grain 16300: 16295: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16239: 16237: 16233: 16232: 16230: 16229: 16224: 16222:Ghost marriage 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16193: 16192: 16182: 16176: 16174: 16170: 16169: 16162: 16161: 16154: 16147: 16139: 16130: 16129: 16127: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16101: 16096: 16091: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16071: 16065: 16063: 16059: 16058: 16056: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16040: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16020: 16015: 16009: 16007: 16003: 16002: 16000: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15978: 15976: 15972: 15971: 15969: 15968: 15963: 15958: 15953: 15948: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15928: 15922: 15920: 15916: 15915: 15908: 15906: 15904: 15903: 15898: 15893: 15891:Pingsha Luoyan 15888: 15886:Meihua Sannong 15883: 15878: 15873: 15868: 15863: 15857: 15855: 15851: 15850: 15848: 15847: 15842: 15837: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15807: 15802: 15797: 15792: 15787: 15781: 15778: 15777: 15770: 15769: 15762: 15755: 15747: 15738: 15737: 15735: 15734: 15728: 15725: 15724: 15722: 15721: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15702:Social justice 15699: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15678: 15677: 15672: 15667: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15642: 15637: 15632: 15627: 15622: 15617: 15612: 15610:Egalitarianism 15607: 15602: 15600:Contractualism 15597: 15592: 15587: 15581: 15579: 15575: 15574: 15572: 15571: 15561: 15551: 15541: 15531: 15521: 15511: 15501: 15491: 15481: 15471: 15461: 15451: 15441: 15431: 15421: 15411: 15401: 15391: 15381: 15371: 15361: 15350: 15348: 15344: 15343: 15340: 15339: 15337: 15336: 15331: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15266: 15261: 15256: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15166: 15161: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15000: 14998: 14992: 14991: 14989: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14973: 14968: 14963: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14867: 14866: 14856: 14851: 14850: 14849: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14733: 14731: 14725: 14724: 14722: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14665: 14664: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14613: 14611: 14605: 14604: 14602: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14541: 14536: 14530: 14528: 14524: 14523: 14521: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14494: 14493: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14442: 14440: 14433: 14427: 14426: 14424: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14396:Overton window 14393: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14305: 14299: 14297: 14293: 14292: 14290: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14227:Libertarianism 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14133: 14131: 14127: 14126: 14124: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14062: 14060: 14056: 14055: 14053: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13891: 13889: 13885: 13884: 13877: 13876: 13869: 13862: 13854: 13845: 13844: 13842: 13841: 13835: 13832: 13831: 13829: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13816:Social science 13813: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13742: 13740: 13736: 13735: 13733: 13732: 13722: 13712: 13706:Gender Trouble 13702: 13692: 13682: 13672: 13662: 13652: 13642: 13636:The Second Sex 13632: 13622: 13612: 13602: 13592: 13582: 13571: 13569: 13565: 13564: 13561: 13560: 13558: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13392: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13357: 13352: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13241: 13239: 13233: 13232: 13230: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13033: 13031: 13025: 13024: 13022: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12980: 12978: 12974: 12973: 12971: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12909: 12907: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12823: 12821: 12814: 12810: 12809: 12807: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12795: 12794: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12773: 12772: 12762: 12756: 12754: 12750: 12749: 12747: 12746: 12741: 12732: 12731: 12730: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12686: 12681: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12651: 12650: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12628:Invisible hand 12625: 12620: 12615: 12614: 12613: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12582: 12581: 12571: 12570: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12518: 12516: 12512: 12511: 12504: 12503: 12496: 12489: 12481: 12472: 12471: 12469: 12468: 12457: 12454: 12453: 12451: 12450: 12443: 12438: 12436:Secular ethics 12433: 12431:Rehabilitation 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12367: 12365: 12361: 12360: 12358: 12357: 12349: 12341: 12333: 12325: 12317: 12309: 12301: 12296:Utilitarianism 12293: 12285: 12277: 12269: 12261: 12253: 12245: 12237: 12229: 12221: 12212: 12210: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11981: 11979: 11972: 11971: 11969: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11947: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11805: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11703: 11701: 11697: 11696: 11694: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11656:Existentialist 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11632: 11630: 11626: 11625: 11623: 11622: 11621: 11620: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11594: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11551:Constructivism 11548: 11547: 11546: 11545: 11544: 11539: 11529: 11528: 11527: 11525:Non-naturalism 11522: 11507: 11502: 11496: 11494: 11488: 11487: 11485: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11418: 11417: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11371: 11369: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11359: 11354: 11352:Utilitarianism 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11313: 11311: 11305: 11304: 11297: 11296: 11289: 11282: 11274: 11265: 11264: 11262: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11245: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11238: 11233: 11232: 11231: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11180: 11178: 11174: 11173: 11171: 11170: 11160: 11150: 11140: 11130: 11120: 11110: 11100: 11090: 11080: 11070: 11060: 11050: 11040: 11029: 11027: 11023: 11022: 11020: 11019: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10970:Presupposition 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10881: 10879: 10875: 10874: 10872: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10749:Deconstruction 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10720: 10718: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10467: 10465: 10459: 10458: 10453: 10450: 10449: 10442: 10441: 10434: 10427: 10419: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10406: 10405: 10404: 10397:Metaphilosophy 10394: 10389: 10384: 10377: 10372: 10371: 10370: 10365: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10334: 10332: 10328: 10327: 10325: 10324: 10317: 10310: 10303: 10298: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10274: 10269: 10262: 10257: 10250: 10243: 10236: 10229: 10224: 10217: 10210: 10205: 10198: 10197: 10196: 10191: 10181: 10174: 10167: 10160: 10153: 10146: 10140: 10138: 10134: 10133: 10130: 10129: 10127: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10009:Lee Shui-chuen 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9900: 9898: 9894: 9893: 9891: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9878:Zhang Xuecheng 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9764: 9762: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9666: 9664: 9662: 9661: 9656: 9650: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9616:Wang Chongyang 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9567: 9565: 9555:Five Dynasties 9551: 9550: 9548: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9496: 9491: 9485: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9392: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9378: 9376:Three Kingdoms 9372: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9274: 9269: 9263: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9095: 9093: 9084: 9078: 9077: 9073: 9072: 9067: 9061: 9059: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9047: 9046: 9039: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8991: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8970: 8965: 8959: 8957: 8953: 8952: 8945: 8944: 8937: 8930: 8922: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8903: 8902: 8892: 8886: 8871: 8862: 8853: 8847: 8842: 8827: 8813: 8792: 8791:External links 8789: 8787: 8786: 8771: 8764: 8755: 8748: 8735: 8726: 8720: 8705: 8699: 8686: 8679: 8663: 8653: 8634: 8621:, (in English 8615: 8596: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8575: 8554: 8536: 8521: 8503: 8488: 8467: 8461: 8448: 8442: 8426: 8408: 8393: 8359: 8334: 8322:10.2307/602359 8305: 8260: 8254: 8241: 8235: 8222: 8216: 8201: 8195: 8182: 8173: 8167: 8153:Nylan, Michael 8149: 8143: 8119:Loewe, Michael 8111: 8101:on 7 July 2011 8091: 8069: 8063: 8050: 8032: 8017: 7972: 7954: 7939: 7921: 7897: 7879: 7862: 7842: 7826: 7820: 7807: 7789: 7770: 7764: 7751: 7745: 7732: 7720:10.2307/596405 7714:(4): 273–282. 7704:Dubs, Homer H. 7700: 7684: 7660: 7636: 7624: 7618: 7603: 7597: 7584: 7578: 7565: 7535:"Confucianism" 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7505: 7486: 7463: 7447: 7428: 7402: 7386: 7374: 7357:People's Daily 7344: 7335:People's Daily 7322: 7313:big5.taiwan.cn 7299: 7290:People's Daily 7277: 7250: 7239: 7219: 7198: 7182: 7177:Newspapers.com 7147: 7132: 7100: 7070: 7033: 7017: 7001: 6982: 6962: 6944: 6928: 6906: 6884: 6853: 6823: 6793: 6770: 6738: 6707: 6682: 6665: 6648: 6616: 6586: 6540: 6517:(6): 817–837. 6497: 6464:10.2307/457929 6438: 6406: 6391: 6370:The Open Court 6356: 6331:10.2307/400763 6325:(4): 173–182. 6305: 6272: 6245: 6218: 6192: 6151: 6118: 6079:(3): 298–323. 6059: 6033: 6001: 5974: 5941: 5918:(3): 237–243. 5898: 5879: 5860: 5845: 5833: 5818: 5806: 5781: 5769: 5752: 5733: 5721: 5678: 5671: 5646: 5623: 5593: 5564: 5534: 5504: 5488: 5459: 5447: 5435: 5396: 5381: 5353: 5341: 5329: 5327:, p. 153. 5317: 5305: 5293: 5272:"Confucianism" 5263: 5250:10.2307/594608 5244:(3): 435–449. 5234:Dubs, Homer H. 5225: 5218: 5206:Ames, Roger T. 5197: 5185: 5183:, p. 645. 5173: 5144: 5125:(3): 317–345. 5109: 5080: 5065: 5032: 5015:"Confucianism" 5005: 4993: 4951: 4936: 4924: 4917: 4896: 4884: 4849: 4837: 4806: 4781: 4769: 4744: 4714: 4699: 4684: 4672: 4657: 4645: 4633: 4617: 4615:, p. 279. 4605: 4589: 4573: 4571:, p. 277. 4561: 4534: 4522: 4508: 4485: 4473: 4462: 4442: 4423: 4338: 4326: 4314: 4302: 4290: 4288:, p. 259. 4278: 4276:, p. 260. 4266: 4254: 4239: 4227: 4225:, p. 133. 4223:Wilkinson 2015 4215: 4203: 4201:, p. 752. 4188: 4156: 4135:"Confucianism" 4125: 4100: 4088: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 3771:Princess Noguk 3767:Goryeo dynasty 3742:Hanlin Academy 3676: 3673: 3661:Seokjeon Daeje 3554: 3551: 3530: 3527: 3492:Hongwu Emperor 3479:(died 59 3455:) of the book 3419: 3416: 3392:Alexander Pope 3376:Allen Ginsberg 3359: 3356: 3222: 3192:Main article: 3189: 3186: 3160:Kalangi Nathar 3137:Divine Prophet 2781: 2780: 2739: 2737: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2687: 2681: 2680:Book of Poetry 2676: 2671: 2663: 2657: 2617:Main article: 2614: 2611: 2549: 2546: 2399: 2362:), 10–13 (tr. 2352: 2303:Main article: 2300: 2297: 2237:Main article: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2229: 2222: 2215: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2152: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2112: 2104: 2103: 2096: 2088: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2072:Great Learning 2068: 2060: 2059: 2052: 2044: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2028: 2027: 2020: 2012: 2011: 2004: 1996: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1982: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1916: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1859: 1852: 1845: 1837: 1836: 1828: 1827: 1820: 1813: 1806: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1719: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1700: 1697: 1634: 1631: 1564: 1561: 1476: 1475: 1466: 1465: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1398: 1395: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1201:. Confucius's 1175: 1172: 1059: 479 BCE 1015: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1002: 995: 989: 988: 981: 975: 974: 973:Transcriptions 966: 965: 958: 952: 951: 944: 938: 937: 933: 932: 929: 928: 918: 912: 911: 905: 904: 897: 895:Middle Chinese 891: 890: 888:Middle Chinese 884: 883: 876: 870: 869: 862: 853: 852: 846: 845: 835: 829: 828: 821: 815: 814: 807: 801: 800: 798:Yue: Cantonese 794: 793: 784: 778: 777: 771: 770: 763: 757: 756: 750: 749: 739: 733: 732: 725: 719: 718: 711: 705: 704: 695: 689: 688: 681: 675: 674: 661: 655: 654: 647: 641: 640: 634: 633: 632:Transcriptions 625: 624: 621: 620: 617: 611: 610: 607: 606: 599: 593: 592: 588: 587: 584: 583: 573: 567: 566: 556: 550: 549: 543: 542: 535: 533:Middle Chinese 529: 528: 526:Middle Chinese 522: 521: 514: 508: 507: 500: 491: 490: 484: 483: 473: 467: 466: 459: 453: 452: 445: 439: 438: 436:Yue: Cantonese 432: 431: 424: 418: 417: 411: 410: 400: 394: 393: 386: 380: 379: 372: 366: 365: 356: 350: 349: 342: 336: 335: 322: 316: 315: 308: 302: 301: 295: 294: 293:Transcriptions 286: 285: 282: 278: 277: 274: 273: 270: 264: 263: 260: 259: 252: 246: 245: 241: 240: 237: 236: 233: 232: 229: 228: 227: 226: 221: 216: 213: 210: 205: 203:Main interests 202: 199: 198: 196: 195: 190: 179: 178: 177: 175: 171: 170: 165: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 145: 144: 138: 134: 133: 127: 123: 479 BCE 117: 113: 112: 99: 96: 551 BCE 88: 86: 82: 81: 71: 63: 62: 50: 49: 46: 45: 36: 32: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16964: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16945: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16918: 16915: 16913: 16910: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16877:Guqin players 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16762:479 BC deaths 16760: 16758: 16757:551 BC births 16755: 16753: 16750: 16749: 16747: 16737: 16727: 16725: 16715: 16713: 16703: 16702: 16699: 16680: 16677: 16675: 16672: 16670: 16667: 16665: 16662: 16661: 16659: 16655: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16639:Flame Emperor 16637: 16635: 16632: 16631: 16630: 16627: 16623: 16620: 16619: 16618: 16615: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16602: 16601: 16600:Black Emperor 16598: 16594: 16591: 16590: 16589: 16588:White Emperor 16586: 16584: 16581: 16580: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16565: 16563: 16559: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16544: 16542: 16538: 16532: 16529: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16511:Spirit tablet 16509: 16508: 16506: 16502: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16480: 16478: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16468: 16466: 16463: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16450: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16420: 16418: 16414: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16384: 16382: 16378: 16370: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16351: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16316: 16314: 16312:Organizations 16310: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16288:Son of Heaven 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16240: 16238: 16234: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16191: 16188: 16187: 16186: 16183: 16181: 16178: 16177: 16175: 16171: 16167: 16160: 16155: 16153: 16148: 16146: 16141: 16140: 16137: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16114:Zeng Chengwei 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16094:Lui Tsun-Yuen 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16066: 16064: 16060: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16010: 16008: 16004: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15979: 15977: 15973: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15923: 15921: 15917: 15912: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15866:Guangling San 15864: 15862: 15859: 15858: 15856: 15852: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15796: 15793: 15791: 15788: 15786: 15783: 15782: 15779: 15775: 15768: 15763: 15761: 15756: 15754: 15749: 15748: 15745: 15733: 15730: 15729: 15726: 15720: 15719: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15662: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15635:Jurisprudence 15633: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15582: 15580: 15576: 15567: 15566: 15562: 15557: 15556: 15552: 15547: 15546: 15542: 15537: 15536: 15532: 15527: 15526: 15522: 15517: 15516: 15512: 15507: 15506: 15502: 15497: 15496: 15492: 15487: 15486: 15482: 15477: 15476: 15472: 15467: 15466: 15465:Rights of Man 15462: 15457: 15456: 15452: 15447: 15446: 15442: 15437: 15436: 15432: 15427: 15426: 15422: 15417: 15416: 15412: 15407: 15406: 15402: 15397: 15396: 15392: 15387: 15386: 15382: 15377: 15376: 15375:De re publica 15372: 15367: 15366: 15362: 15357: 15356: 15352: 15351: 15349: 15345: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15270: 15267: 15265: 15262: 15260: 15257: 15255: 15252: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15001: 14999: 14995:20th and 21st 14993: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14865: 14862: 14861: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14848: 14845: 14844: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14734: 14732: 14728:18th and 19th 14726: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14663: 14660: 14659: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14614: 14612: 14606: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14584:Nizam al-Mulk 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14531: 14529: 14525: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14492: 14489: 14488: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14443: 14441: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14428: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14376: 14375: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14312: 14311: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14300: 14298: 14294: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14267:Republicanism 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14134: 14132: 14128: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14063: 14061: 14057: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13892: 13890: 13886: 13882: 13875: 13870: 13868: 13863: 13861: 13856: 13855: 13852: 13840: 13837: 13836: 13833: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13821:Social theory 13819: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13743: 13741: 13737: 13728: 13727: 13723: 13718: 13717: 13713: 13708: 13707: 13703: 13698: 13697: 13693: 13688: 13687: 13683: 13678: 13677: 13673: 13668: 13667: 13663: 13658: 13657: 13653: 13648: 13647: 13643: 13638: 13637: 13633: 13628: 13627: 13623: 13618: 13617: 13613: 13608: 13607: 13603: 13598: 13597: 13593: 13588: 13587: 13583: 13578: 13577: 13573: 13572: 13570: 13566: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13475:Radhakrishnan 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13242: 13240: 13236:20th and 21st 13234: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13034: 13032: 13028:18th and 19th 13026: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12981: 12979: 12975: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12910: 12908: 12904: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12824: 12822: 12818: 12815: 12811: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12793: 12790: 12789: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12771: 12768: 12767: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12757: 12755: 12751: 12745: 12742: 12739: 12738: 12733: 12729: 12726: 12725: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12693: 12692: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12679: 12678: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12649: 12646: 12645: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12612: 12609: 12608: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12580: 12577: 12576: 12575: 12572: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12554: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12519: 12517: 12513: 12509: 12502: 12497: 12495: 12490: 12488: 12483: 12482: 12479: 12467: 12459: 12458: 12455: 12449: 12448: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12368: 12366: 12362: 12353: 12350: 12345: 12342: 12337: 12334: 12329: 12326: 12321: 12318: 12313: 12310: 12305: 12302: 12297: 12294: 12289: 12286: 12281: 12278: 12273: 12270: 12265: 12262: 12257: 12254: 12249: 12246: 12241: 12238: 12233: 12230: 12225: 12222: 12217: 12214: 12213: 12211: 12207: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11982: 11980: 11978: 11973: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11931: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11849:Moral courage 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11789: 11788: 11787:Good and evil 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11772:Family values 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11704: 11702: 11698: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11633: 11631: 11627: 11619: 11616: 11615: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11586:Quasi-realism 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11573: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11534: 11533: 11530: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11516: 11513: 11512: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11497: 11495: 11493: 11489: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11416: 11413: 11412: 11411: 11410:Environmental 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11368: 11364: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11332:Particularism 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11310: 11306: 11302: 11295: 11290: 11288: 11283: 11281: 11276: 11275: 11272: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11243: 11237: 11234: 11230: 11227: 11226: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11214:Scholasticism 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11175: 11166: 11165: 11161: 11156: 11155: 11151: 11146: 11145: 11141: 11136: 11135: 11131: 11126: 11125: 11121: 11116: 11115: 11111: 11106: 11105: 11101: 11096: 11095: 11091: 11085: 11081: 11076: 11075: 11071: 11066: 11065: 11061: 11056: 11055: 11051: 11046: 11045: 11041: 11036: 11035: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11024: 11018: 11017: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10882: 10880: 10876: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10854: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10829:Structuralism 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10754:Descriptivism 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10734:Contrastivism 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10721: 10719: 10717: 10713: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10468: 10466: 10464: 10460: 10456: 10451: 10447: 10440: 10435: 10433: 10428: 10426: 10421: 10420: 10417: 10403: 10400: 10399: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10382: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10329: 10323: 10322: 10318: 10316: 10315: 10311: 10309: 10308: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10296: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10279: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10267: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10255: 10251: 10249: 10248: 10244: 10242: 10241: 10237: 10235: 10234: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10222: 10218: 10216: 10215: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10203: 10199: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10186: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10179: 10175: 10173: 10172: 10168: 10166: 10165: 10161: 10159: 10158: 10154: 10152: 10151: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10141: 10139: 10135: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10109:Zhang Dongsun 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10029:Liang Shuming 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9895: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9765: 9763: 9761: 9757: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9735:Wang Yangming 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9667: 9665: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9651: 9648: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9486: 9483: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9386: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9370: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9293:Dongfang Shuo 9291: 9289: 9288:Dong Zhongshu 9286: 9284: 9281: 9280: 9278: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9264: 9261: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9092: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9045: 9044: 9040: 9038: 9037: 9033: 9032: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8975: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8943: 8938: 8936: 8931: 8929: 8924: 8923: 8920: 8914: 8907: 8900: 8896: 8893: 8890: 8887: 8879: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8857: 8854: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8837: 8836: 8831: 8828: 8824: 8823: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8809: 8804: 8800: 8795: 8794: 8784: 8783:0-19-513396-X 8780: 8776: 8772: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8745: 8741: 8736: 8732: 8727: 8723: 8717: 8713: 8712: 8706: 8702: 8696: 8692: 8687: 8684: 8680: 8675: 8674: 8668: 8664: 8661: 8657: 8654: 8651: 8650:0-87220-635-1 8647: 8639: 8635: 8632: 8631:0-393-04019-4 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8588: 8564: 8560: 8555: 8543: 8539: 8533: 8529: 8528: 8522: 8510: 8506: 8500: 8496: 8495: 8489: 8477: 8473: 8468: 8464: 8458: 8454: 8449: 8445: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8415: 8411: 8405: 8401: 8400: 8394: 8390: 8384: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8306: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8273: 8267: 8261: 8257: 8251: 8247: 8242: 8238: 8232: 8228: 8223: 8219: 8213: 8209: 8208: 8202: 8198: 8192: 8188: 8183: 8179: 8174: 8170: 8164: 8161:. Doubleday. 8160: 8159: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8136: 8131: 8130: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8087: 8086: 8083: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8060: 8056: 8051: 8039: 8035: 8029: 8025: 8024: 8018: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7961: 7957: 7951: 7947: 7946: 7940: 7928: 7924: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7908: 7902: 7898: 7886: 7882: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7863: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7817: 7813: 7808: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7777: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7757: 7752: 7748: 7742: 7738: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7696: 7695: 7689: 7685: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7615: 7611: 7610: 7604: 7600: 7598:0-691-07137-3 7594: 7590: 7585: 7581: 7575: 7571: 7566: 7562: 7556: 7540: 7536: 7531: 7530: 7518: 7514: 7509: 7502: 7498: 7493: 7491: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7456: 7451: 7444: 7440: 7435: 7433: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7399: 7395: 7390: 7383: 7378: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7326: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7303: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7281: 7265: 7261: 7254: 7246: 7242: 7236: 7232: 7231: 7223: 7216: 7212: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7195: 7191: 7186: 7178: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7151: 7144: 7139: 7137: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7111: 7104: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7074: 7061: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7037: 7030: 7026: 7021: 7014: 7010: 7005: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6975: 6974: 6966: 6958: 6954: 6948: 6941: 6937: 6932: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6888: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6857: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6827: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6774: 6755: 6748: 6742: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6715:Dunbar, Jon. 6711: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6676: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6659: 6658: 6652: 6633: 6626: 6620: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6590: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6568: 6567:Burton Watson 6564: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6544: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6501: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6442: 6423: 6416: 6410: 6402: 6395: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6309: 6290: 6283: 6276: 6260: 6256: 6249: 6233: 6229: 6222: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6155: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6063: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6018: 6011: 6005: 5989: 5985: 5978: 5959: 5952: 5945: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5886: 5882: 5880:9780567657688 5876: 5872: 5871: 5864: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5837: 5831:, p. 33. 5830: 5825: 5823: 5816:, p. 31. 5815: 5810: 5804:, p. 32. 5803: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5779:, p. 88. 5778: 5773: 5767:, p. 30. 5766: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5750:, p. 87. 5749: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5731:, p. 86. 5730: 5725: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5682: 5674: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5627: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5602:"18 Siddhars" 5597: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5568: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5501: 5497: 5492: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5456: 5451: 5444: 5439: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5400: 5393: 5388: 5386: 5373: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5357: 5351:, p. 86. 5350: 5345: 5339:, p. 70. 5338: 5333: 5326: 5321: 5315:, p. 18. 5314: 5309: 5302: 5297: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5221: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5195:, p. 25. 5194: 5189: 5182: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5085: 5076: 5069: 5050: 5043: 5036: 5020: 5016: 5009: 5002: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4955: 4948: 4943: 4941: 4933: 4928: 4920: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4894:, p. 36. 4893: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4841: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4712:, p. 17. 4711: 4706: 4704: 4696: 4691: 4689: 4681: 4676: 4670:, p. 17. 4669: 4664: 4662: 4654: 4649: 4643:, p. 13. 4642: 4637: 4631:, p. 30. 4630: 4626: 4621: 4614: 4609: 4603:, p. 30. 4602: 4598: 4593: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4554: 4550: 4538: 4531: 4526: 4511: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4492: 4490: 4482: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4446: 4439: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4420: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4336:, p. 26. 4335: 4330: 4324:, p. 66. 4323: 4318: 4312:, p. 23. 4311: 4306: 4300:, p. 29. 4299: 4294: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4270: 4264:, p. 16. 4263: 4258: 4252:, p. 25. 4251: 4246: 4244: 4236: 4231: 4224: 4219: 4213:, p. 50. 4212: 4207: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4160: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4097: 4092: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4016: 4012: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3969: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3934:Kung Te-cheng 3931: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3889: 3884: 3874: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3808: 3798: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3720: 3719:Duke Yansheng 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3641: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3612: 3609: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3586:imperial exam 3583: 3579: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3538: 3537: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3430:(1494–1552), 3429: 3424: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3182:Asteroid 7853 3178: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3150:tradition of 3149: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3069:Enlightenment 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3030:François Noël 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2953:and even the 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2904:Qin Shi Huang 2901: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2846: 2836: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2803:Louvre Palace 2800: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2777: 2774: 2766: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2740:This section 2738: 2734: 2729: 2728: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2705:globalization 2699: 2685: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2577: 2571: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2481:self-interest 2478: 2477:righteousness 2474: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2418: 2412: 2404: 2398: 2395: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2325:virtue ethics 2318: 2317: 2311: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2240: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2205: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2095: 2094: 2093:Rites of Zhou 2090: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2019: 2018: 2017:Book of Rites 2014: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2005: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1993:Five Classics 1991: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1975: 1974: 1967: 1966:United States 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1779:Dong Zhongshu 1777: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1733:Early history 1730: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1675:Five Classics 1672: 1668: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1657: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1569: 1560: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1546: 1540: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1509: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1480: 1470: 1461: 1452: 1446: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1429:Shaozheng Mao 1426: 1425: 1408: 1404: 1394: 1392: 1382: 1381: 1375: 1373: 1368: 1354: 1344: 1334: 1329: 1326: 1325:Shang dynasty 1322: 1321:dukes of Song 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1277: 1275: 1265: 1256: 1246: 1243:, a capping ( 1242: 1241:courtesy name 1230: 1213: 1204: 1200: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1171: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1158:Five Classics 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1064: 1032: 1021: 1012: 1008: 996: 994: 990: 982: 980: 976: 971: 967: 959: 957: 953: 945: 943: 939: 936:Japanese name 934: 919: 917: 913: 910: 906: 898: 896: 892: 889: 885: 877: 875: 871: 863: 861: 858: 854: 851: 847: 841: 836: 834: 830: 822: 820: 816: 808: 806: 802: 799: 795: 785: 783: 779: 776: 772: 764: 762: 758: 755: 751: 745: 740: 738: 734: 726: 724: 720: 712: 710: 706: 696: 694: 690: 682: 680: 676: 662: 660: 656: 648: 646: 642: 639: 635: 630: 626: 622: 618: 616: 612: 608: 600: 598: 594: 589: 574: 572: 568: 557: 555: 554:Baxter (1992) 551: 548: 544: 536: 534: 530: 527: 523: 515: 513: 509: 501: 499: 496: 492: 489: 485: 479: 474: 472: 468: 460: 458: 454: 446: 444: 440: 437: 433: 425: 423: 419: 416: 412: 406: 401: 399: 395: 387: 385: 381: 373: 371: 367: 357: 355: 351: 343: 341: 337: 323: 321: 317: 309: 307: 303: 300: 296: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 269: 265: 261: 253: 251: 247: 242: 238: 234: 230: 225: 222: 220: 217: 214: 211: 208: 207: 206: 200: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 182: 176: 172: 169: 166: 164: 160: 157: 154: 150: 146: 142: 139: 137:Resting place 135: 130: 118: 114: 108: 103: 87: 83: 78: 74: 69: 64: 51: 42: 37: 34: 33: 29: 26: 22: 16847:Confucianism 16679:Mountain God 16391: 16364:Suika Shinto 16334:Taigu school 16263:Filial piety 16190:Festival Huế 16124:Tsar Teh-Yun 16104:Li Xiangting 16079:Zhang Ziqian 16027: 15790:Construction 15716: 15615:Elite theory 15563: 15553: 15543: 15533: 15523: 15513: 15503: 15493: 15483: 15473: 15463: 15453: 15443: 15433: 15423: 15413: 15403: 15393: 15383: 15373: 15363: 15353: 14652:Guicciardini 14608:Early modern 14460: 14431:Philosophers 14381:Open society 14317:Body politic 14187:Distributism 14177:Conservatism 14172:Confucianism 14091:Gerontocracy 14081:Dictatorship 14035:Sovereignty‎ 14025:Ruling class 13915:Emancipation 13900:Citizenship‎ 13724: 13714: 13704: 13694: 13684: 13674: 13664: 13654: 13644: 13634: 13624: 13614: 13604: 13594: 13584: 13574: 12994:Guicciardini 12977:Early modern 12836: 12813:Philosophers 12787:Conservatism 12782:Confucianism 12770:Distributism 12703:Social norms 12691:Sittlichkeit 12677:Ressentiment 12623:Institutions 12601:Human nature 12445: 12401:Human rights 12344:After Virtue 12070:Schopenhauer 12019: 11844:Moral agency 11717:Common sense 11613:Universalism 11581:Expressivism 11561:Intuitionism 11532:Subjectivism 11477:Terraforming 11452:Professional 11162: 11152: 11142: 11132: 11122: 11112: 11102: 11092: 11072: 11062: 11052: 11042: 11032: 11014: 10955:Metalanguage 10950:Logical form 10905:Truth-bearer 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Chang 9904:Cai Yuanpei 9888:Zeng Guofan 9873:Yu Zhengxie 9803:Gong Zizhen 9798:Feng Guifen 9788:Fang Lanfen 9720:Qian Dehong 9520:Zhang Zhihe 9456:Xiahou Xuan 9396:Bao Jingyan 9239:Zhuang Zhou 8835:In Our Time 8817:"Confucius" 8799:"Confucius" 8683:of Religion 8591:Hutton 2019 8587:Richey 2018 8339:"Confucius" 8266:"Confucius" 7978:"Confucius" 7966:21 February 7867:"Chapter 2" 7838:Dover Books 7668:China Daily 7644:China Daily 7455:Bandao 2007 7382:rmhb.com.cn 7161:Independent 7062:: 7052:: 6938:, pp. 6641:19 February 6609:22 February 6571:translation 5659:Bodde, Derk 5655:Feng Youlan 5443:Hobson 2004 5392:Parker 1977 4757:yx.qfwbw.cn 4737:25 November 4641:Riegel 1986 4385:Early China 4348:Early China 4322:Rainey 2010 4262:Rainey 2010 4211:Hunter 2017 4029:Bryan Sykes 3988:during the 3968:Debra Paget 3960: [ 3919: [ 3916:Gong Ok-jin 3885:: 3875:: 3865:: 3851:: 3841:: 3819:: 3809:: 3799:: 3789:: 3724:During the 3695:Han dynasty 3675:Descendants 3657:South Korea 3632:aristocracy 3598:Han dynasty 3473:Han dynasty 3439:Han dynasty 3358:In the West 3259:Han dynasty 3206:Feng Youlan 2964:During the 2959:Kublai Khan 2957:, although 2900:Qin dynasty 2763:August 2018 2666:Han dynasty 2384:Silver Rule 2380:Golden Rule 2335:, and even 2259:perfect man 2190:Xuanyuanism 2079:Other texts 1772:Western Han 1633:Return home 1479:Western Han 1445:state of Qi 1403:state of Lu 1343:Lady Qiguan 1253:) given at 1203:family name 1112:Golden Rule 1108:Silver Rule 1045:Master Kong 909:Old Chinese 700:Kʻung Chʻiu 685:Koong Chiou 547:Old Chinese 284:Master Kong 109:, Shandong) 16746:Categories 16736:Philosophy 16531:Joss paper 16521:Hell money 16448:Myo shrine 16099:Lin Youren 16084:Wu Jinglüe 15805:Literature 15785:Aesthetics 15697:Separatism 15505:On Liberty 15405:The Prince 15134:Huntington 14637:Campanella 14564:al-Ghazali 14513:Thucydides 14471:Lactantius 14416:Statolatry 14242:Monarchism 14222:Liberalism 14147:Capitalism 14130:Ideologies 14111:Plutocracy 14059:Government 14015:Revolution 14000:Propaganda 13950:Legitimacy 13925:Government 13786:Humanities 13746:Agnotology 13405:Kołakowski 12968:Ibn Tufayl 12948:Maimonides 12892:Thucydides 12887:Tertullian 12842:Lactantius 12737:Volksgeist 12718:Traditions 12532:Convention 12115:Bonhoeffer 11824:Immorality 11767:Eudaimonia 11727:Conscience 11722:Compassion 11608:Skepticism 11603:Relativism 11520:Naturalism 11500:Absolutism 11472:Technology 11322:Deontology 11259:Discussion 11254:Task Force 11204:Pragmatics 10995:Speech act 10925:Categories 10839:Symbiosism 10794:Nominalism 10706:Watzlawick 10586:Bloomfield 10506:Chrysippus 10402:Legitimacy 10104:Yu Dunkang 10074:Tang Yijie 10049:Mao Zedong 10034:Lin Yutang 9999:Jin Yuelin 9994:Jiang Qing 9969:He Guanghu 9939:Chu Anping 9924:Chen Duxiu 9853:Wang Fuzhi 9843:Tan Sitong 9838:Pan Pingge 9833:Liu Yiming 9715:Luo Rufang 9636:Zhou Dunyi 9621:Wang Chuyi 9611:Wang Anshi 9591:Lu Jiuyuan 9471:Yan Zhitui 9461:Xie Daoyun 9363:Yang Xiong 9348:Wang Chong 9323:Kong Anguo 9184:Shen Buhai 9179:Shang Yang 9134:Guan Zhong 9104:Chunyu Kun 9025:Naturalism 8569:1 November 8548:7 November 8515:7 November 8420:4 December 8276:. Oxford: 8196:1904292127 7988:. Oxford: 7933:27 October 7891:27 October 7545:7 November 7125:20 October 7093:4 February 7027:, p. 7011:, p. 5841:Creel 1949 5829:Creel 1949 5814:Creel 1949 5802:Creel 1949 5765:Creel 1949 5496:Ahmad n.d. 5432:(in Latin) 5378:(in Latin) 5166:. p. 4753:"孔林_曲阜文博网" 4695:Huang 2013 4581:Creel 1949 4481:Huang 2013 4438:Huang 2013 4419:Creel 1949 4334:Creel 1949 4286:Legge 1887 4274:Legge 1887 4250:Creel 1949 4235:Huang 2013 4149:4 November 4118:21 October 4049:References 3951:, was the 3949:H. H. Kung 3679:See also: 3671:in Seoul. 3640:Kuomintang 3396:Ezra Pound 3368:Niels Bohr 3261:historian 3168:Thiruvarur 3152:Tamil Nadu 2592:perfection 2358:X.11 (tr. 2041:Four Books 1699:Philosophy 1649:, Shandong 1501:, Shandong 1481:(202 1285:Early life 1205:was Kong ( 1081:Sinosphere 1057: – c. 1055: 551 1028:; pinyin: 901:Kúwng Kjuw 880:Khóng Khiu 866:Khóng Khiu 825:Hung2 jau1 767:Khon Chieu 729:Kǔng Chyōu 693:Wade–Giles 562:khongʔtsɨʔ 539:khúwng tsí 354:Wade–Giles 16817:Aphorists 16752:Confucius 16724:Biography 16465:Ci shrine 16416:Buildings 16392:Confucius 16354:Taiseikyo 16197:Feng Shan 16089:Wu Zhaoji 16028:Confucius 15975:Societies 15926:Guangling 15835:Societies 15415:Leviathan 15395:Monarchia 15389:(c. 1274) 15224:Oakeshott 15169:Mansfield 15164:Luxemburg 15149:Kropotkin 15044:Bernstein 14997:centuries 14911:Nietzsche 14854:Jefferson 14782:Condorcet 14730:centuries 14709:Pufendorf 14574:Marsilius 14461:Confucius 14446:Aristotle 14439:Antiquity 14367:Noble lie 14287:Third Way 14282:Socialism 14207:Feudalism 14162:Communism 14142:Anarchism 14121:Theocracy 14106:Oligarchy 14086:Democracy 14071:Autocracy 13985:Pluralism 13970:Obedience 13935:Hierarchy 13895:Authority 13826:Sociology 13776:Historism 13485:Santayana 13455:Oakeshott 13425:MacIntyre 13410:Kropotkin 13385:Heidegger 13238:centuries 13152:Nietzsche 13117:Jefferson 13102:Helvétius 13067:Condorcet 13030:centuries 13014:Montaigne 12837:Confucius 12827:Augustine 12744:Worldview 12638:Modernity 12611:Formation 12376:Casuistry 12288:Either/Or 12195:Korsgaard 12190:Azurmendi 12155:MacIntyre 12095:Nietzsche 12025:Augustine 12020:Confucius 12000:Aristotle 11976:Ethicists 11934:Intrinsic 11899:Suffering 11809:Happiness 11782:Free will 11762:Etiquette 11707:Authority 11651:Epicurean 11646:Confucian 11641:Christian 11576:Emotivism 11400:Discourse 11337:Pragmatic 11309:Normative 11236:Semiotics 11224:Semantics 11074:Alciphron 11010:Statement 10945:Intension 10885:Ambiguity 10764:Dramatism 10744:Cratylism 10496:Eubulides 10491:Aristotle 10471:Confucius 10381:Shan shui 10314:Zhengming 10089:Xu Fuguan 10014:Li Shicen 9989:Ray Huang 9974:Hu Qiaomu 9944:Fang Keli 9934:Ch'ien Mu 9919:Chen Daqi 9848:Tang Zhen 9793:Fang Quan 9705:Liu Bowen 9695:Lai Zhide 9685:Jiao Hong 9670:Chen Jiru 9631:Zhang Zai 9596:Shao Yong 9571:Cheng Hao 9515:Wang Tong 9416:Guo Xiang 9338:Liu Xiang 9318:Jing Fang 9229:Yuan Xian 9209:Ximen Bao 9164:Lie Yukou 9119:Duanmu Ci 9109:Confucius 8995:Huang–Lao 8830:Confucius 8691:Confucius 8363:Qiu, Jane 8077:Confucius 8075:(1887), " 8026:. Brill. 7832:(1972) . 7497:Zhou 2008 7046:Gwangjong 7040:Due to a 6674:Confucius 6657:Kong Fuzi 6480:251028175 6238:1 January 6101:162063608 5777:Shen 2013 5748:Shen 2013 5729:Shen 2013 5708:0073-0548 5301:Chan 1969 5025:17 August 4988:1673-3444 4905:Confucius 4892:Chan 1969 4845:Chan 1969 4830:13 August 4710:Chan 1969 4653:Dubs 1946 4629:Chin 2007 4625:Dubs 1946 4613:Dubs 1946 4601:Chin 2007 4597:Dubs 1946 4585:Dubs 1946 4569:Dubs 1946 4530:Dubs 1946 4515:12 August 4413:163177601 4096:Chan 1969 4054:Citations 4015:Dongxiang 3628:feudalist 3553:Memorials 3545:starring 3542:Confucius 3536:Confucius 3352:Ji family 3263:Sima Qian 3133:Ahmadiyya 3120:), while 3114:Manjushri 3046:Confucius 2892:Qin state 2890:when the 2337:tautology 2285:afterlife 2255:formalist 2158:and sects 1961:Indonesia 1817:Zhengming 1746:Confucius 1667:disciples 1545:Zuo Zhuan 1526:Zuo Zhuan 1513:Zhong You 1188:Kǒng Fūzǐ 1180:Latinized 1162:Aphorisms 1071:), was a 1020:Confucius 715:Kǒng Ciou 579:ʰˤoŋʔtsəʔ 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