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1579:, Joel Simon, found that evidence suggests this policy has reduced the number of Americans who survive kidnapping but has not reduced the number who are kidnapped in the first place. Spain retrieves all of its hostages with a policy of paying ransoms, but in the United States only about one quarter survive. Simon says that terrorists exploit these policy differences by making money from countries who do pay ransom, and using those that do not pay ransom to demonstrate their willingness to kill hostages and thus raise ransom prices and public pressure to pay. In the absence of a universal refusal to pay, which would eliminate any incentive for kidnapping, Simon says the best way to reduce kidnappings and prevent the use of ransom funds to fund other harmful activities is to pay ransom, free the hostages and then use the information gleaned from the negotiation and handoff to destroy the group responsible.
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an exposure to danger is transgressing the rights of a belligerent; and as useless, for the mere temporary removal of important citizens until the end of a war cannot be a deterrent unless their mere removal deprives the combatants of persons necessary to the continuance of the acts aimed at. On the other hand, it has been urged that the acts, the prevention of which is aimed at, are not legitimate acts on the part of the armed forces of the enemy, but illegitimate acts by private persons, who, if caught, could be quite lawfully punished, and that a precautionary and preventive measure is more reasonable than reprisals. It may be noticed, however, that the hostages would suffer should the acts aimed at be performed by the authorized belligerent forces of the enemy.
1492:. Generally, the Act applies to conduct occurring within the territory of the United States. However, under Subsection B, an offender may be indicted under the Act even if the hostage-taking occurred outside the territory of the United States if the "offender or the person seized or detained is a national of the United States; the offender is found in the United States; or the governmental organization sought to be compelled is the Government of the United States." These provisions are consistent with the fundamental principles of international criminal law, specifically active nationality principle, universal principle, and the effects principle, respectively.
1518:(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, whoever, whether inside or outside the United States, seizes or detains and threatens to kill, to injure, or to continue to detain another person in order to compel a third person or a governmental organization to do or abstain from doing any act as an explicit or implicit condition for the release of the person detained, or attempts or conspires to do so, shall be punished by imprisonment for any term of years or for life and, if the death of any person results, shall be punished by death or life imprisonment.
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constraints on the executive, free elections, and higher levels of civil liberties create favorable outcomes that enable hostage-takers to target these countries specifically. Hostage-takers understand that by targeting democratic governments, they are more likely to seek concessions and/or negotiate with them based on the level of accountability they must face from their citizens who elect them into office, and the media within the country which reports on such events in a capacity independent from the state.
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1246:" - i.e. "parties in occupied territory not belonging to the recognized armed forces of the enemy", which was considered an illegitimate act of war. Prominent citizens were placed on the engine of the train so that it might be understood that in every accident caused by the hostility of the inhabitants their compatriots will be the first to suffer. The measure seems to have been effective. In 1900 during the
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1210:. Relatives of émigrés were taken from disturbed districts and imprisoned, and were liable to execution at any attempt to escape. Sequestration of their property and deportation from France followed on the murder of a republican, four to every such murder, with heavy fines on the whole body of hostages. The law only resulted in an increase in the insurrection. In 1796
1540:(2) It is not an offense under this section if the conduct required for the offense occurred inside the United States, each alleged offender and each person seized or detained are nationals of the United States, and each alleged offender is found in the United States, unless the governmental organization sought to be compelled is the Government of the United States.
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1043:. This would eventually influence them culturally and open the way for an amicable political line if they ascended to power after release. Sometimes when a man from one nation was hostage in another nation, his position as hostage was more or less voluntary: for example the position of ĂscferĂ° son of EcglÄf, who was a
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of 1870, the
Germans took as hostages the prominent people or officials from towns or districts when making requisitions and also when foraging, and it was a general practice for the mayor and adjoint of a town which failed to pay a fine imposed upon it to be seized as hostages and retained until the
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When looking at hostage-taking from the primary lens of terrorism, there are reasons to believe that certain government types are more susceptible to hostage-taking terrorism than others. In democratic governments, for example, elements related to their democratic ideals such as freedom of the press,
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Most writers on international law have regarded this method of preventing such acts of hostility as unjustifiable, on the ground that the persons taken as hostages are not the persons responsible for the act; that, as by the usage of war hostages are to be treated strictly as prisoners of war, such
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The practice of taking hostages is very ancient, and has been used constantly in negotiations with conquered nations, and in cases such as surrenders, armistices and the like, where the two belligerents depended for its proper carrying out on each other's good faith. The Romans were accustomed to
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The long history of political and military use indicates that political authorities or generals would legally agree to hand over one or usually several hostages in the custody of the other side, as guarantee of good faith in the observance of obligations. These obligations would be in the form of
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In later times the practice of official war hostages may be said to be confined to either securing the payment of enforced contributions or requisitions in an occupied territory and the obedience to regulations the occupying army may think fit to issue; or as a precautionary measure, to prevent
1300:, took place the massacre of the so-called hostages. Strictly they were not hostages, for they had not been handed over or seized as security for the performance of any undertaking or as a preventive measure, but merely in retaliation for the death of their leaders E. V. Duval and
1572:. This applies to designated international terrorist groups, but not domestic kidnappers, foreign governments, or international organized crime. The United Kingdom has a similar policy, but many continental European countries, including France and Spain, routinely pay ransom.
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Hostage taking and kidnapping are prone to blend together. When the goal is strictly financial, the primary lens is one of extortion, even in the face of a severe threat to the safety of the captive person if the financial negotiation fails; conversely, when the goal is
1292:
provides that: "No general penalty, pecuniary or otherwise, can be inflicted on the population on account of the acts of individuals for which it cannot be regarded as collectively responsible." The regulations, however do not allude to the practice of taking hostage.
1654:(1996-1997) - Members of a revolutionary movement in Peru took hundreds of hostages at the Japanese ambassador's residence in Lima. The siege lasted 126 days and ended with a government raid, which resulted in the deaths of all the insurgents and one hostage.
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take the sons of tributary princes and educate them at Rome, thus holding a security for the continued loyalty of the conquered nation and also instilling a possible future ruler with ideas of Roman civilization. The practice was also commonplace in the
1647:(1979-1981) - Iranian students stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking 52 American diplomats and citizens hostage for 444 days. The crisis ended with the hostages' release, minutes after Ronald Reagan was sworn in as the U.S. president.
1668:(2004) - Over 1,100 people were taken hostage, including 777 children, after armed Chechen separatists seized a school in Beslan, North Ossetia, Russia. The crisis lasted three days and ended with over 330 deaths, including 186 children.
1661:(2002) - Chechen terrorists took 850 hostages during a performance at the Dubrovka Theater. Russian forces pumped narcotic gas into the building before storming it, which led to the deaths of at least 170 people, including 130 hostages.
1675:(2013) - An al-Qaeda affiliated group took over 800 people hostage at the Tigantourine gas facility in In Amenas, Algeria. The Algerian army's intervention resulted in at least 39 foreign hostages killed along with 29 militants.
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would especially receive many such political hostages, often offspring of the elite, even princes or princesses who were generally treated according to their rank and put to a subtle long-term use where they would be given an
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money was paid. Another case where hostages have been taken in modern warfare has been the subject of much discussion. In 1870 the
Germans found it necessary to take special measures to put a stop to train-wrecking by "
1180:, to be retained until the negotiations or treaty obligations were carried out, and liable to punishment (in ancient times), and even to death, in case of treachery or refusal to fulfil the promises made.
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or to enforce an exchange against other hostages or even condemned convicts. However, in some countries hostage-taking for profit has become an "industry", ransom often being the only demand.
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1407:. An acute situation where hostages are kept in a building or a vehicle that has been taken over by armed terrorists or common criminals is often called a hostage crisis.
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1544:(c) As used in this section, the term "national of the United States" has the meaning given such term in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (
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Several hostage crises have stood out in history due to their impact, duration, and the international attention they garnered. Some notable crises include:
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The
Germans also, between the surrender of a town and its final occupation, took hostages as security against outbreaks of violence by the inhabitants.
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The practice of taking hostages as security for the carrying out of a treaty between civilized states is now obsolete. The last occasion was at the
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was an Old
English word for "hostages", demonstrating that the practice was commonplace in England long before the word "hostage" was coined.
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In France, after the revolution of
Prairial (June 18, 1799), the so-called law of hostages was passed, to meet the royalist insurrection in
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on the 4 April and the entry of the army into Paris on the 21 May. Among the 52 victims who were shot in batches the most noticeable were
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in order to compel another party, one which places a high value on the liberty, well-being and safety of the person seizedâsuch as a
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parties to the other or seized as security for the carrying out of an agreement, or as a preventive measure against certain acts of
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1521:(b)(1) It is not an offense under this section if the conduct required for the offense occurred outside the United States unlessâ
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and shall remain prohibited at any time and in any place whatsoever. In international conflicts, Articles 34 and 147 of the
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signing of a peace treaty, in the hands of the victor, or even exchange hostages as mutual assurance in cases such as an
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civilians as hostages is a grave breach of the convention. These conventions are supplemented by
Article 75(2)(c) of
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Beth Van
Schaack & Ronald C. Slye, International Criminal Law and Its Enforcement: Cases and Materials (2007);
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For more on Roman and Celtic practices of hostage-taking as a customary part of treaty-making, see discussion of
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to the Gaza Strip, of which the number of kidnapped children was about 30. Currently 101 remain in captivity.
1682:(2023-) - 251 Israeli civilians and soldiers, dual citizens, and foreign nationals were taken as hostages by
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illegitimate acts of war or violence by persons not members of the recognized military forces of the enemy.
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took eleven
Israeli Olympic team members hostage and killed them along with a West German police officer.
1613:(1972) - During the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, a Palestinian terrorist group known as
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German announcement of the execution of 100 Polish hostages as revenge for death of 2 Germans in Warsaw,
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on 10 August 991 AD (ref. lines 265 etseq), and probably died in battle there. In Greek, 'ÎΌηÏÎżÏ means "
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Empty strollers symbolize the children abducted, displayed at a demonstration demanding the return of
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because, by taking nine petty kings hostage, he had subjected nine other principalities to his power.
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863:(often willing to ransom its captives when lucrative or to trade on influence), hostage taking is a
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The United States has had an official policy of "we do not negotiate with terrorists" since the
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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A British armoured railway wagon behind a railcar on which two Arab hostages are seated,
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40:"Hostage situation" and "Hostage crisis" redirect here. For the TV series episodes, see
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Lee, Chia-yi (March 2013). "Democracy, civil liberties, and hostage-taking terrorism".
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in 1979. The treaty came into force in 1983 and has been ratified by all but 24 of the
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L. Oppenheim, International Law, 1905, vol. ii., War and
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criminalizes hostage-taking under "18 USC 1203: Hostage Taking Act", which reads:
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1797:(1543 â 1616), first Tokugawa shogun of Japan, spent his childhood as a hostage
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The United States makes hostage-taking a federal criminal offense pursuant to
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2022:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 801â802.
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1624:(23-28 August 1973) - 4 bank employees and civilians were taken hostages by
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Hostage-taking is still often politically motivated or intended to raise a
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We Want to
Negotiate: The Secret World of Kidnapping, Hostages and Ransom
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during their childhood to guarantee the co-operation of their father
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became current only in the 1970s. The criminal activity is known as
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The practice continued through the early Middle Ages. The Irish
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defines a hostage as "a person who is handed over by one of two
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851:(Video) Police demonstrate hostage response techniques in Japan
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Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted
1560:. It became enforceable in the United States January 6, 1985.
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activity. In the military context, hostages are distinct from
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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for three years during their childhood to ensure that their
1276:
Belgian soldier in front of dead hostages, November 1964 in
1756:â 1477), and his brother Radu were held as hostages by the
1214:
had used similar measures to deal with the insurrection in
16:
Person seized by abductor to compel action by another party
4073:
1199:, were sent to France as hostages for the restitution of
1059:" and also "hostage", a coincidence which is part of the
822:
30:"Hostage rescue" redirects here. For the TV series, see
2097:
W. E. Hall, International Law, 1904, pp. 418, 475.
1558:
International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages
1443:
International Convention against the Taking of Hostages
1474:
1164:
This practice was also adopted in the early period of
828:
A party who seizes one or more hostages is known as a
2186:
2184:
2088:
The Times History of the War in S. Africa, iv. 402.
2181:
1530:(B) the offender is found in the United States; or
1495:
1463:
1434:in international conflicts and Article 4(2)(c) of
1051:; he fought under ByrhtnĆĂ° against Vikings in the
4144:
3339:United Kingdom and British overseas territories
1391:Taking hostages in modern terms is considered a
1704:(382 BC â 336 BC), held as hostage by the
1320:, and the president of the Court of Cassation,
871:âdespite prisoners being used as collateral in
2146:"Practice Relating to Rule 96. Hostage-Taking"
1556:The Hostage Taking Act is a subsection of the
71:Police trainees recovering a hostage during a
3434:
2264:
1414:states that the taking of hostages during an
1345:The examples and perspective in this section
1327:
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1563:
1304:. The massacre occurred after the defeat at
1077:The Anglo-Saxon practice caused the element
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3021:International Network of Prison Ministries
2271:
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2061:Julius Caesar's hostage crisis in Armorica
1582:
1363:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1176:. The position of a hostage was that of a
771:
757:
1991:
1989:
1379:Learn how and when to remove this message
4065:Post-conflict reception of war criminals
2847:Mentally ill people in the United States
2150:International Committee of the Red Cross
2008:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
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1193:Henry Bowes Howard, 11th Earl of Suffolk
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814:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Eleventh Edition
226:Special-interest / Single-issue
66:
1722:(200 BC â 118 BC), Greek historian
1399:; the use of the word in this sense of
1016:
4145:
3100:Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)
574:Charities accused of ties to terrorism
3422:
2252:
1966:
1791:abided by the Treaty of Madrid (1526)
1479:
1290:1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare
875:âand hostage taking is regarded as a
3495:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868
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1331:
2032:
1690:
1475:Hostage-taking in the United States
1451:member states of the United Nations
985:connection was later supposed with
13:
3500:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
2245:on the Etymology online dictionary
1512:Title 18 of the United States Code
14:
4174:
3989:Sudanese civil war (2023âpresent)
2278:
2224:
1819:
1296:In May 1871, at the close of the
1137:Imperial Chinese tributary system
976:I haunt/frequent/blockade/besiege
4127:
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3932:Myanmar civil war (2021âpresent)
3401:
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3389:
2230:
1996:
1577:Committee to Protect Journalists
1336:
1316:, the Abbé Deguery, curé of the
1185:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)
4022:Yemeni civil war (2014âpresent)
3171:Countries by incarceration rate
3084:Prison Fellowship International
2195:
2172:
2156:
2127:from the original on 2020-06-03
2075:. i. 323, 327, quoted in Hall,
1873:Foreign hostages in Afghanistan
1779:(1519 â 1559), and his brother
1680:IsraelâHamas war hostage crisis
1652:Japanese embassy hostage crisis
1496:18 USC 1203: Hostage Taking Act
1464:Hostage taking within diplomacy
1447:United Nations General Assembly
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2138:
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2100:
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1599:Israelis held by Hamas in Gaza
1189:War of the Austrian Succession
1:
1959:
1804:
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1750:
1659:Moscow theater hostage crisis
1126:"Hostages", 1896 painting by
855:In civil society, along with
3562:International Criminal Court
3063:Prison Advice and Care Trust
2117:"Le massacre de la rue Haxo"
2073:Correspondence de Napoléon I
1130:, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Lyon
1115:(= "enclosure belonging to
1061:debate over Homer's identity
902:
7:
3962:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2206:. Columbia Global Reports.
1888:Foreign hostages in Somalia
1883:Foreign hostages in Nigeria
1846:
1695:
1359:, discuss the issue on the
1197:Charles, 9th Baron Cathcart
1168:, and by France during the
569:Designated terrorist groups
10:
4179:
3936:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
3395:Imprisonment and detention
2323:Stanford prison experiment
1913:Indian Airlines Flight 814
1586:
1467:
1328:Legality of hostage-taking
1191:, when two British peers,
1155:Niall of the Nine Hostages
738:Anti-terrorism legislation
39:
29:
18:
4113:
4042:
3877:
3795:
3671:
3622:Joint criminal enterprise
3572:
3552:Responsibility to protect
3480:
3469:
3456:
3384:
3194:
3162:
3137:
3056:Prison abolition movement
3014:Florida Justice Institute
2990:
2794:
2709:
2669:
2588:
2535:
2410:
2401:
2332:
2286:
2123:(in French). 2020-05-25.
2035:Journal of Peace Research
1944:Missing Iranian Diplomats
1564:Ransom payment strategies
1139:, especially between the
1108:in west London (UK) from
944:), the state of being an
787:is a person seized by an
733:International conventions
640:State-sponsored terrorism
60:Star Wars: The Clone Wars
25:Hostages (disambiguation)
3107:The Prison Phoenix Trust
2551:Administrative detention
2047:10.1177/0022343312465424
1878:Foreign hostages in Iraq
1673:In Amenas hostage crisis
1424:Fourth Geneva Convention
1410:Common Article 3 of the
1081:= "hostage" in many old
1026:. Major powers, such as
596:Violent non-state actors
21:Hostage (disambiguation)
4089:Crimes against humanity
3927:Libyan civil war (2011)
3787:Wartime sexual violence
3735:Human trophy collecting
3720:Enforced disappearances
3185:Films featuring prisons
3042:Mount Tamalpais College
2696:Prisoner-of-war escapes
2426:Corrective labor colony
2019:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1583:Notable hostages crises
1575:The former head of the
1438:in internal conflicts.
1412:1949 Geneva Conventions
338:Clandestine cell system
3740:Indiscriminate attacks
3725:Extrajudicial killings
3596:Command responsibility
2819:Contemplative programs
2526:Youth detention center
2378:Prisoner of conscience
1939:List of hostage crises
1929:Lebanon Hostage Crisis
1602:
1589:List of hostage crises
1554:
1508:
1436:Additional Protocol II
1285:
1269:
1234:
1131:
1074:
990:
968:
952:
946:
940:
931:
922:
916:
891:, the primary lens is
852:
506:Propaganda of the deed
75:
4060:List of global issues
3889:GazaâIsrael conflict
3715:Desecration of graves
3695:Collective punishment
3070:Prison-Ashram Project
1863:Collective punishment
1622:Norrmalmstorg robbery
1596:
1516:
1503:
1432:Additional Protocol I
1322:Louis Bernard Bonjean
1275:
1263:
1228:
1166:company rule in India
1125:
1069:
850:
722:Response to terrorism
343:Leaderless resistance
70:
4115:⥠Does not apply to
4094:Crimes of aggression
4076:international crimes
3974:Sri Lankan Civil War
3782:Use of human shields
3680:humanitarian workers
3254:Ireland, Republic of
2944:Solitary confinement
2505:Prisoner-of-war camp
2239:at Wikimedia Commons
1738:Richard I of England
1702:Philip II of Macedon
1570:Nixon Administration
1357:improve this section
1041:religious conversion
1017:Historical practices
161:Right-wing/Far-right
19:For other uses, see
3952:Russo-Ukrainian War
3589:Civilian casualties
3121:Prison Reform Trust
2202:Joel Simon (2019).
1810:â 1616), author of
1801:Miguel de Cervantes
1732:Theodoric the Great
1666:Beslan school siege
1645:Iran hostage crisis
1505:Hostage Rescue Team
1314:archbishop of Paris
1239:Franco-Prussian War
1170:French colonization
1039:or possibly even a
941:ostaticum, ostagium
743:Terrorism insurance
544:Rockets and mortars
284:Resistance movement
50:Hostage Situation (
42:Hostage Situation (
4055:War crime apologia
3969:Second Chechen War
3672:War crimes by type
3632:Military necessity
3627:Medical neutrality
3545:Protocol II (1977)
3510:Geneva Conventions
3461:List of war crimes
3128:WriteAPrisoner.com
2891:Protective custody
2440:Extermination camp
2371:Political prisoner
2191:Cornell University
2121:Histoires de Paris
1954:Stockholm syndrome
1898:Hostage Taking Act
1853:Aircraft hijacking
1638:Stockholm syndrome
1603:
1509:
1480:Hostage Taking Act
1288:Article 50 of the
1286:
1270:
1235:
1132:
1075:
853:
389:Aircraft hijacking
146:Left-wing/Far-left
76:
44:Brooklyn Nine-Nine
4163:Terrorism tactics
4140:
4139:
4109:
4108:
4050:War crimes trials
3878:War crimes by war
3667:
3666:
3647:Protected persons
3540:Protocol I (1977)
3416:
3415:
3352:England and Wales
3092:Prison Legal News
3077:Prison Fellowship
3035:Justice Defenders
2705:
2704:
2309:Prison healthcare
2235:Media related to
2077:International Law
1831:Ingrid Betancourt
1826:Terry A. Anderson
1785:Emperor Charles V
1783:were hostages of
1470:Hostage diplomacy
1426:state that using
1416:internal conflict
1389:
1388:
1381:
1266:Palestine Mandate
1128:Jean-Paul Laurens
1037:elitist education
907:The English word
873:prisoner exchange
861:human trafficking
848:
781:
780:
728:Counter-terrorism
713:
712:
471:Individual terror
292:
291:
269:Violent extremism
73:training exercise
4170:
4130:
4129:
4071:
4070:
3979:Syrian civil war
3922:2006 Lebanon War
3885:Afghanistan wars
3637:Prisoners of war
3478:
3477:
3473:humanitarian law
3443:
3436:
3429:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3377:
3368:
3361:
3359:Northern Ireland
3354:
3347:
3340:
3335:
3328:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
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3207:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3155:
3148:
3130:
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3102:
3095:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
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3044:
3037:
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3023:
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3009:
3002:
2981:
2974:
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2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
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2916:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2812:
2805:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2698:
2689:
2682:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2565:Maximum security
2560:
2553:
2546:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2408:
2407:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2234:
2218:
2217:
2199:
2193:
2188:
2179:
2176:
2170:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2070:
2064:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1809:
1806:
1772:
1769:
1755:
1752:
1747:Vlad the Impaler
1728:(100 BC â 44 BC)
1691:Notable hostages
1632:while he was in
1384:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1302:Gustave Flourens
1157:got his epithet
1053:Battle of Maldon
1012:
1009:
1006:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
980:
977:
974:
971:
965:
962:
959:
955:
949:
943:
934:
925:
919:
869:prisoners of war
849:
773:
766:
759:
590:
589:
563:Terrorist groups
545:
279:Militia movement
246:Green/Ecological
151:Narcotics-driven
129:
128:
78:
77:
58:Hostage Crisis (
4178:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4117:airborne forces
4105:
4084:Atrocity crimes
4069:
4038:
3873:
3798:committed by...
3797:
3791:
3700:Criminal orders
3663:
3642:Proportionality
3600:Superior orders
3568:
3505:Geneva Protocol
3472:
3465:
3452:
3447:
3417:
3412:
3400:
3388:
3380:
3373:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2986:
2977:
2972:Women in prison
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2919:
2912:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2880:
2875:Private prisons
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2808:
2801:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2701:
2694:
2685:
2678:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2536:Security levels
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2397:
2390:
2385:Prisoner of war
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2282:
2277:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2161:
2157:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2071:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2031:
2027:
2012:, ed. (1911). "
1997:
1995:
1994:
1967:
1962:
1919:raid on Entebbe
1849:
1822:
1807:
1795:Tokugawa Ieyasu
1770:
1753:
1698:
1693:
1626:Jan-Erik Olsson
1615:Black September
1611:Munich massacre
1591:
1585:
1566:
1498:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1385:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1354:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1248:Second Boer War
1233:, February 1944
1231:occupied Poland
1178:prisoner of war
1032:colonial powers
1019:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1000:
997:
994:
978:
975:
972:
963:
960:
957:
905:
859:for ransom and
839:
801:law enforcement
777:
748:
747:
723:
715:
714:
709:
634:
605:State terrorism
587:
579:
578:
564:
556:
555:
554:
550:Vehicle-ramming
543:
378:
376:
359:
358:
357:
302:
294:
293:
288:
274:Ethnic violence
255:
220:
165:
126:
115:
65:
38:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4176:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4153:Hostage taking
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4080:
4078:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4044:
4043:Related topics
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4006:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3895:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3864:United Kingdom
3861:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3730:Hostage-taking
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3690:Child soldiers
3687:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3653:Ruse de guerre
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3611:Hors de combat
3607:
3602:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3584:non-combatants
3576:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3554:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3507:
3502:
3497:
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3457:
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3423:
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3413:
3411:
3410:
3398:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3371:
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3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3336:
3329:
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3321:
3320:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3146:Rehabilitation
3141:
3139:
3138:Leaving prison
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3028:Justice Action
3024:
3017:
3010:
3007:Black and Pink
3003:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2910:
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2908:
2894:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2680:Prison escapes
2675:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
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2240:
2226:
2225:External links
2223:
2220:
2219:
2213:978-0999745427
2212:
2194:
2180:
2171:
2163:18 U.S.C.
2155:
2137:
2108:
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2065:
2052:
2041:(2): 235â248.
2025:
2010:Chisholm, Hugh
1964:
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1758:Ottoman Sultan
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1587:Main article:
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1486:18 U.S.C.
1481:
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1465:
1462:
1387:
1386:
1351:of the subject
1349:worldwide view
1344:
1342:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1310:Georges Darboy
1244:Francs-tireurs
1113:GÄ«slheres wyrĂ°
1086:personal names
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937:Medieval Latin
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466:Hostage-taking
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384:Agro-terrorism
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4027:Yugoslav Wars
4025:
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3997:
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3755:Mass killings
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3705:Death flights
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3535:Fourth (1949)
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3525:Second (1949)
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2991:Organizations
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2905:United States
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2882:United States
2879:
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2858:
2855:
2854:Mobile phones
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2810:United States
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2795:Social issues
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2653:Trusty system
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2280:Incarceration
2274:
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2255:
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2238:
2233:
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2175:
2169:(b)(1)(A)-(C)
2168:
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2094:
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2021:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2005:public domain
1992:
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1978:
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1965:
1955:
1952:
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1934:Lima syndrome
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1742:Third Crusade
1739:
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1726:Julius Caesar
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1546:8 U.S.C.
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1033:
1030:and European
1029:
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988:
984:
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966:, from Latin
954:
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911:derives from
910:
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870:
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837:
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830:hostage-taker
826:
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461:Environmental
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328:Training camp
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241:Anti-abortion
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55:
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47:
45:
36:
34:
26:
22:
4121:paratroopers
4012:
4011: /
3999:World War II
3898:2023âpresent
3847:Soviet Union
3729:
3684:parachutists
3682: /
3659:Safe conduct
3651:
3609:
3598: /
3557:Rome Statute
3530:Third (1949)
3520:First (1949)
3310:Soviet Union
3153:Work release
3114:Prison Radio
3090:
2861:Overcrowding
2544:House arrest
2498:Penal colony
2363:
2203:
2197:
2174:
2158:
2140:
2129:. Retrieved
2120:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2055:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2017:
1908:Sklavenkasse
1868:Countervalue
1836:Patty Hearst
1811:
1630:kreditbanken
1604:
1574:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1520:
1517:
1510:
1483:
1455:
1440:
1409:
1390:
1375:
1366:
1346:
1306:Mont Valrien
1295:
1287:
1282:Congo Crisis
1278:Stanleyville
1255:
1252:
1236:
1220:
1205:
1182:
1174:North Africa
1163:
1158:
1149:
1133:
1116:
1112:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1078:
1076:
1045:Northumbrian
1028:Ancient Rome
1020:
983:etymological
908:
906:
897:
889:geopolitical
881:
854:
833:
829:
827:
812:
784:
782:
690:Saudi Arabia
684:Soviet Union
620:Soviet Union
465:
446:Bioterrorism
409:Animal-borne
59:
51:
43:
32:
3994:World War I
3984:Tigray warâ
3678:Attacks on
3605:Distinction
3490:Lieber Code
3282:North Korea
3275:New Zealand
2868:Pay-to-stay
2295:Criminology
2167:§ 1203
1924:Laws of war
1841:Terry Waite
1813:Don Quixote
1808: 1547
1771: 1502
1754: 1429
1734:(454 â 526)
1710:Epaminondas
1550:§ 1101
1490:§ 1203
1237:During the
1203:to France.
1201:Cape Breton
1159:NoĂgiallach
1147:dynasties.
1110:Old English
1047:hostage in
932:obsidaticum
819:belligerent
333:Death squad
236:Suffragette
156:Nationalist
101:Definitions
35:(TV series)
4158:Kidnapping
4147:Categories
4032:Kosovo War
3945:Second war
3917:Korean War
3796:War crimes
3772:Starvation
3762:No quarter
3450:War crimes
3196:By country
2833:Informants
2748:Literature
2687:Helicopter
2646:Sally port
2611:Commissary
2589:Components
2482:Chain gang
2468:Labor camp
2454:Internment
2419:Black site
2316:Punishment
2131:2021-05-31
1960:References
1893:Hostage MP
1858:Carjacking
1468:See also:
1405:kidnapping
1369:March 2011
1102:GÄ«slbeorht
1088:, such as
928:Late Latin
857:kidnapping
805:government
630:Uzbekistan
615:Kazakhstan
481:Kidnapping
476:Insurgency
424:Improvised
251:Misogynist
4014:Wehrmacht
3940:First war
3903:by Israel
3893:2008â2009
3830:Palestine
3750:Massacres
3580:Civilians
3205:Australia
2937:Sexuality
2826:Education
2785:Tattooing
2579:Death row
2475:Battalion
2334:Prisoners
2063:in 56 BC.
1917:Israel's
1764:Atahualpa
1714:Pelopidas
1708:, led by
1552:(a)(22)).
1428:protected
1420:war crime
1397:terrorism
1361:talk page
1318:Madeleine
1208:La Vendée
1152:High King
1106:Isleworth
1098:GÄ«slheard
1024:armistice
981:, but an
920:, modern
903:Etymology
893:terrorism
885:political
877:war crime
809:ultimatum
705:Venezuela
586:Adherents
486:Lone wolf
399:Beheading
348:Lone wolf
308:Financing
301:Structure
186:Christian
171:Religious
141:Communist
136:Anarchist
111:Incidents
91:Terrorism
4132:Category
4099:Genocide
3912:Iraq War
3366:Scotland
3001:(Brazil)
2965:Violence
2914:Religion
2755:American
2604:Cemetery
2572:Supermax
2491:Military
2433:Debtors'
2357:Detainee
2350:Criminal
2302:Penology
2237:Hostages
2125:Archived
1949:Reprisal
1847:See also
1777:Henry II
1720:Polybius
1696:Pre-1900
1401:abductee
1355:You may
1216:Lombardy
1212:Napoleon
1119:here").
1094:Cynegils
1083:Germanic
1071:"Gislas"
1003:, later
998:stranger
950:(plural
865:criminal
797:employer
793:relative
789:abductor
670:Pakistan
528:Stabbing
511:Shooting
353:Domestic
313:Fronting
181:Buddhist
124:ideology
83:a series
81:Part of
3810:Germany
3805:Croatia
3777:Torture
3767:Perfidy
3745:Looting
3482:Sources
3407:Commons
3345:Bermuda
3333:Ukraine
3261:Jamaica
3240:Iceland
3233:Germany
3226:Estonia
3178:Prisons
2958:Suicide
2951:Strikes
2710:Culture
2639:Officer
2632:Nursery
2625:Library
2512:Private
2403:Prisons
2364:Hostage
2343:Convict
2287:Science
2243:Hostage
2014:Hostage
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953:obsides
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391: (
373:Tactics
370:Methods
201:Islamic
106:History
4119:(i.e.
4074:Other
4004:Allied
3859:Turkey
3854:Serbia
3842:Russia
3815:Israel
3617:Intent
3573:Topics
3326:Turkey
3303:Russia
3289:Norway
2671:Escape
2660:Warden
2461:Island
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1789:father
1706:Thebes
1634:parole
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1458:ransom
1268:, 1936
1195:, and
1100:, and
1049:Wessex
991:hostis
917:ostage
913:French
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680:Russia
660:Kuwait
655:Israel
516:School
501:Piracy
434:Threat
429:Letter
322:online
211:Jewish
190:Mormon
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3835:Hamas
3825:Japan
3820:Italy
3317:Gulag
3268:Japan
3247:India
3219:China
3212:Chile
3163:Lists
2930:Riots
2803:Abuse
2778:Slang
2762:Blogs
2411:Types
2392:Slave
1684:Hamas
1418:is a
1393:crime
1057:Homer
1008:enemy
987:Latin
947:obses
923:otage
803:, or
695:Syria
675:Qatar
665:Libya
521:Spree
496:Paper
439:Proxy
196:Hindu
52:Girls
4009:Axis
3582:and
3515:1864
3296:Peru
2898:Rape
2840:LGBT
2771:Ring
2732:Gang
2725:Film
2618:Food
2597:Cell
2558:Open
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2447:Farm
2208:ISBN
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