1863:'s Cabinet and a Sinhalese Buddhist nationalist who in the year preceding the pogrom reaffirmed the special relationship between Buddhism and Sinhalese and the Buddhist nature of the country, was also responsible for the pogrom. In the months following the anti-Tamil pogrom, authorizations for violence against Tamils began to appear in the press, with Tamils being depicted as interlopers on Dhammadipa. The Mahavamsa narrative of Dutthagamani and Elara was also invoked to justify violence against Tamils. The aftermath of the pogrom spawned debates over the rights to the island with the "sons of the soil" ideology being called into prominence. A government agent declared that Sri Lanka's manifest destiny "was to uphold the pristine doctrine of Theravada Buddhism". This implied that Sinhalese Buddhists had a sacred claim to Sri Lanka, while the Tamils did not, a claim which might call for violence. The Sinhalese Buddhists, including the Sri Lankan government, resisted the Tamil claim to a separate homeland of their own as the Sinhalese Buddhists maintained that the entire country belonged to them. Another
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force against Tamils in response to their demand for greater autonomy by arguing that the whole of Sri Lanka was a promised land of the
Sinhalese Buddhists and it was the role of the monks to defend a united Sri Lanka. Tamils were also portrayed as threatening interlopers, compared to the Mahavamsa account of the usurper Tamil king Elara. Monks and politicians invoked the story of the Buddhist warrior king Dutthagamani to urge the Sinhalese to fight against Tamils and their claims to the island, thereby providing justification for violence against Tamils. As Tessa J. Bartholomeusz explained: "Tamil claims to a homeland were met with an ideology, linked to a Buddhist story, that legitimated war with just cause: the protection of Sri Lanka for the Sinhala-Buddhist people." In order to appease Tamils amidst the ethnic tension, Bandaranaike modified the Sinhala Only Act to allow Tamil to be used in education and government in Tamil areas, and as a result an extreme ultra-nationalist
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Police continued to use a revoked 2011 government circular to coerce unregistered churches to register or be shut down. Eight masked men assaulted the pastor of New
Blessing Church in Valaichchenai and his family when they reportedly failed to comply with the "government requirement" to submit a registration letter. In April President Rajapaksa acknowledged for the first time the increase in religiously-motivated violence and established a special religious police unit within the Ministry of Buddha Sasana (doctrine and practice) and Religious Affairs to address complaints. Some religious minorities, however, questioned the sincerity and efficacy of the effort, and the unit took no credible steps during the year to pursue prosecution of perpetrators of violence.
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honorably, and erects a monument in his memory. In constructing the "Dutthagamini epic" as he does, Mahanama wants to make clear that the heroic task in hand is not the defeat of injustice but the restoration of
Buddhism. The overthrow of the Tamil king is required first and foremost because Sri Lanka cannot be united unless the monarch is Buddhist. The main point is the honor Dutthagamini brings "to the doctrine of the Buddha," and this greater good justifies the violence required to bring it about. Mahanama's lesson for monarchs remains consistent: be as strong as you need to be to maintain the Buddhist state; be supportive of the Sangha and willing to defeat the enemy by force.
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my people, think it would be appropriate first to feel moral anger, possibly outrage at Hitler et al., and second, that it would be OK, possibly required, to kill them supposing one had the means. What about you
Tibetan Buddhists? The Dalai Lama turned to consult the high lamas who were normally seated behind him, like a lion's pride. After a few minutes of whispered conversation in Tibetan with his team, the Dalai Lama turned back to our group and explained that one should kill Hitler (actually with some ceremonial fanfare, in the way, to mix cultural practices, a samurai warrior might). It is stopping a bad, a very bad, karmic causal chain. So "Yes, kill him." "But don't be angry."
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blood, organized under the new order of
Buddhism. A kind of religionationalism, which almost amounted to fanaticism, roused the whole Sinhalese people. A non-Buddhist was not regarded as a human being. Evidently, all Sinhalese, without exception, were Buddhists." In reflecting on Rahula's works, anthropologist H.L. Seneviratne wrote that "it suits Rahula to be an advocate of a Buddhism that glorifies social intercourse with lay society... the receipt of salaries and other forms of material remuneration; ethnic exclusivism and Sinhala Buddhist hegemony; militancy in politics; and violence, war, and the spilling of blood in the name of 'preserving the religion'".
1923:(JHU) or "National Heritage Party", the latter of which is composed solely of nationalist Buddhist monks. According to A. R. M. Imtiyaz, these groups share common goals: "to uphold Buddhism and establish a link between the state and religion, and to advocate a violent solution to the Tamil question and oppose all form of devolution to the minorities, particularly the Tamils". The JHU, in shunning non-violent solutions to the ethnic conflict, urged young Sinhalese Buddhists to sign up for the army, with as many as 30,000 Sinhalese young men doing just that. One JHU leader even declared that
1960:. The number of attacks against Christian churches rose from 14 in 2000 to over 100 in 2003. Dozens of these acts were confirmed by U.S. diplomatic observers. This anti-Christian violence was led by extremist Buddhist clergy and has included acts of "beatings, arson, acts of sacrilege, death threats, violent disruption of worship, stoning, abuse, unlawful restraint, and even interference with funerals". It has been noted that the strongest anti-West sentiments accompany the anti-Christian violence since the Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists identify Christianity with
1748:, who would become Sri Lanka's first prime minister in 1947, reaffirmed in 1939 the common Mahavamsa-based assumption of the Sinhalese Buddhist responsibility for the island's destiny by proclaiming that the Sinhalese Buddhists "are one blood and one nation. We are a chosen people. Buddha said that his religion would last for 5,500 years. That means that we, as the custodians of that religion, shall last as long." Buddhist monks became increasingly involved in post-independence politics, promoting Sinhalese Buddhist interests at the expense of minorities.
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true doctrines of the interconnection between all animal species and the unity of all humanity", thus advocating social action in
Buddhist terms. He stated in one of his lectures, "When we work towards the welfare of all the means we use have to be based on Truth, Non-violence and Selflessness in conformity with Awakening of All". What Ariyaratne advocates is losing the self in the service of others and attempting to bring others to awakening. Ariyaratne has stated, "I cannot awaken myself unless I help awaken others".
1935:, even the more limited measure of autonomy, was strongly opposed by hard-line Sinhalese Buddhist nationalist groups such as the JVP and JHU, who pushed for the military solution. These groups in their hard-line support for a military solution to the conflict, without any regard for the plight of innocent Tamil civilians, have opposed negotiated settlement, ceasefire agreement, demanded that the Norwegians be removed as peace facilitators, demanded the war to be prosecuted more forcefully and exerted influence in the
1682:, the old religious mytho-history of the Mahavamsa (especially the emphasis on the Sinhalese and Tamil ethnicities of Duthagamani and Elara, respectively) was revitalized and consequently would prove to be detrimental to the intergroup harmony in the island. As Heather Selma Gregg writes: "Modern-day Sinhalese nationalism, rooted in local myths of being a religiously chosen people and of special progeny, demonstrates that even a religion perceived as inherently peaceful can help fuel violence and hatred in its name."
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Buddhist cultural renaissance. The
Dutthagamani myth was also used to institute Sinhalese Buddhist dominance, with some politicians even identifying with such a mytho-historic hero, and activist monks looked to Dutthagamani as an example to imitate. This principal hero of Mahavamsa became so widely regarded as exemplary by 20th-century Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists because of his defense of Buddhism and the unification of Sri Lanka that journalists started talking about "the Mahavamsa mentality.".
895:—nature of life that innately includes "suffering", "pain", or "unsatisfactoriness". Violent actions and thoughts—actions that harm and debase others and thoughts that contemplate the same—stand in the way of spiritual growth and the self-conquest that leads to the goal of existence, and they are normally deemed unskilled (akusala) and cannot lead to the goal of Nirvana. Buddha condemned killing or harming living beings and encouraged reflection or mindfulness (
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1650:(depicted as the non-human inhabitants of the island), by striking "terror to their hearts" and driving them from their homeland, so that his doctrine should eventually "shine in glory", has been described as providing the warrant for the use of violence for the sake of Buddhism and as an account that is in keeping with the general message of the author that the political unity of Sri Lanka under Buddhism requires the removal of uncooperative groups.
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Sinhalese Buddhist organizations, Bandaranaike became prime minister after winning the 1956 elections. Bandaranaike had also campaigned on the basis of Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism, drawing influences from the writings of Dharmapala and the Mahavamsa, arguing that it was the duty of the government to preserve the Sinhalese Buddhist nature of the island's destiny. Once in power, Bandaranaike implemented the 1956
1206:- a past life of Buddha that was shocked and appalled by the use of violence by governing leaders. While the story of Temija teaches against the use of violence in forms of punishment, the Supreme Patriarch instead utilized the concepts of sacrifice put forth through other Buddhist teachings to justify the use of violence by leaders, even to the point that violence for the sake of the nation would be viewed as virtuous.
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2129:, Japanese Buddhist literature from that time, as part of its support of the Japanese war effort, stated "In order to establish eternal peace in East Asia, arousing the great benevolence and compassion of Buddhism, we are sometimes accepting and sometimes forceful. We now have no choice but to exercise the benevolent forcefulness of 'killing one in order that many may live' (issatsu tashō). This is something which
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pass anti-conversion legislation reportedly declined, some
Christian groups occasionally complained that the government tacitly condoned harassment and violence aimed at them. Police generally provided protection for these groups at their request. In some cases, the police response was inadequate and local police officials reportedly were reluctant to take legal action against individuals involved in the attacks.
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has rejected a UN Human Rights
Council resolution, passed in March, that called for an inquiry into humanitarian abuses and possible war crimes. Only recently did the Rajapaksa government concede that there were any civilian casualties at all. In fact, as the UNHRC voted on the March resolution, hundreds of Buddhist monks led a prayer vigil in Colombo against it. Hundreds more led protests when it passed.
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1180:. Rama VI had studied and trained with the military in London, and thus felt it necessary to show his support for the allied forces. Thailand would not have been affected by the fighting in the West, nevertheless, Siam sent a voluntary cohort of 1,200 troops. Although they arrived too late to participate in the fighting, Rama VI received critical feedback from Abbot Phra Thep Moli Sirichantoe.
1670:. It claims the Sinhalese were the first humans to inhabit the island (as those who predated the Sinhalese were subhuman) and are thus the true "sons of the soil". Additionally, it institutes the belief that the island's kings were beholden to protect and foster Buddhism. All of these legacies have had ramifications for the trajectory of political Buddhism and Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism."
1187:(at the time, Rama VI's uncle). The Supreme Patriarch brought attention to the concept of sacrifice in Buddhist teachings, and thus likened it to the sacrifice soldiers must make in defense of their homeland. In so doing, he used the teachings of Buddha to justify the violence thought necessary to protect a nation or culture in times of war, and the need to prepare for war in times of peace.
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asked Bandaranaike to read the Mahavamsa and to heed its lessons: " conquered by the sword and united the land without dividing it among our enemies and established Sinhala and Buddhism as the state language and religion." In the late 1950s, it had become common for politicians and monks to exploit the Mahavamsa narrative of Dutthagamani to oppose any concession to the Tamil minorities.
1774:, which would make Sinhala the country's official language and hence all official state transactions would be conducted in Sinhala. This put non-Sinhala speakers at a disadvantage for employment and educational opportunities. As a result, Tamils protested the policy by staging sit-ins, which in turn prompted counterdemonstrations by extremist Buddhist monks, later degenerating into
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that made the Tamils sound like pagan invaders who were ruining the island. Much of his preaching and writing was racist. Dharmapala insisted that the Sinhalese were racially pure Aryans — by which he meant that they had racial ties with north Indians, Iranians, and Europeans. He contrasted the Sinhalese racial line with that of the Dravidian Tamils, which he claimed was inferior.
1220:(a news magazine from the period) that killing communists is, "not de-meritorius". Kittivuddho's assertion that the killing of Communists is forgiveable for Buddhists reflects earlier philosophies from Asanga and Buddhaghosa. Against the assertions sixty years prior of Phra Thep Moli, Kittivuddho did not see acts of violence and killing as a demerit within certain contexts.
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devolution of power to the Tamils. Leading Buddhist monks opposed devolution of power that would grant regional autonomy to Tamils on the basis of Mahavamsa worldview that the entire country is a Buddhist promised land which belongs to the Sinhalese Buddhist people, along with the fear that devolution would eventually lead to separate country.
1083:"Killing to save lives" is, uniquely amongst Buddhist schools, considered justified by certain Mahayana scriptures such as the Upaya-kaushalya Sutra, where, in a past life, Shakyamuni Buddha kills a robber intent on mass murder on a ship (with the intent both of saving the lives of the passengers and saving the robber from bad karma).
1238:"He taught us to kill. Venerable sirs, you are likely to be suspicious about this teaching. I will tell you the sutta and you can investigate: (It is) the Kesi-sutta in the Kesiya-vagga, the sutta-nipitaka, anguttara-nikaya, catu-kaka-nipata. If you open (this text) venerable sirs, you will find that the Lord Buddha ordered killing."
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follow straight." Additionally, he compared the role of king or leader to that of a parent, who must ensure a child takes bitter medicine in times of illness. In so doing, he supports his argument that the King knew better than the Abbot, or than the citizenry, in his choice to supply soldiers to the Western Conflict in World War I.
1642:(Buddha's enlightened disciples) who come to console him reply that no real sin has been committed by him because he has only killed Tamil unbelievers who are no better than beasts, then go on to say: "thou wilt bring glory to the doctrine of the Buddha in manifold ways; therefore cast away care from the heart, O ruler of men".
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who "by Shylockian methods became prosperous like the Jews" (540), and, like the colonizers, Muslims thrive at the expense of "the Sinhalese, sons of the soil" (540). Muslims are "alien to the Sinhalese by religion, race and language," and, consequently, "there will always be bad blood" (541) between the two groups.
1556:(LTTE) which fought for the North-East region of Sri Lanka which would become an independent state for the Tamil population. This civil war continued for three decades and claimed the lives of roughly 40,000 people by the end. The war ended in May 2009 when the majority Sinhalese government killed LTTE leader
1080:, said that "in the Buddhist doctrinal tradition... there is little evidence of intolerance, no justification for violence, no conception even of 'just wars' or 'holy wars.' ... one can make an assertion that Buddhist doctrine is impossible to reconcile logically with an ideology of violence and intolerance"
1752:, Sri Lanka's foremost Buddhist monk scholar and one of the leading proponents of Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism, played a major role in advocating for the involvement of monks in politics, using Buddhist king Dutthagamani's relationship with the sangha to bolster his position. Rahula also argued for a
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Human right groups expressed deep concerns about the use of heavy weapons against the Tamil civilians. Human Right Watch in its report on Sri Lanka's war against the LTTE pointed that "the Sri Lankan armed forces have indiscriminately shelled densely populated areas, including hospitals, in violation
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One result of Dharmapala's commitment to this all-too clear agenda is that he prepares the way for indignation and anger to be directed against any non-Sinhala group unwilling to accept a Sinhala Buddhist Sri Lanka. After independence, the Tamils were first in line among such groups, and the national
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of the world, and he claimed he could transfer to his followers spiritual power and ultimately take away their sins and bad deeds. While many discount Aum Shinrikyo's Buddhist characteristics and affiliation to Buddhism, scholars often refer to it as an offshoot of Japanese Buddhism, and this was how
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spread throughout the country, which left hundreds dead and thousands displaced. Preceding the 1958 riots, rhetoric of monks contributed to the perception of Tamils being the enemies of the country and of Buddhism. Both extremist Buddhist monks and laity laid the foundation for the justifiable use of
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that would allow the use of Tamil as an administrative language along with Sinhala and greater political autonomy for Tamils. Ultra-nationalist Buddhist monks and other Sinhalese nationalists opposed this pact by staging mass demonstrations and hunger strikes. In an editorial in the same year, a monk
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among others condemned the violence against Muslims in Myanmar and called for peace, supporting the practice of the fundamental Buddhist principles of non-harming, mutual respect and compassion. The Dalai Lama said "Buddha always teaches us about forgiveness, tolerance, compassion. If from one corner
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And how is one made pure in three ways by bodily action? There is the case where a certain person, abandoning the taking of life, abstains from the taking of life. He dwells with his... knife laid down, scrupulous, merciful, compassionate for the welfare of all living beings. Abandoning the taking of
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There were reports of abuses of religious freedom. Although the government publicly endorsed religious freedom, in practice there were problems in some areas. Authorities were reluctant to investigate or prosecute those responsible for attacks on churches, Hindu temples, or mosques. While efforts to
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The monks have used their new power to argue vociferously against any self-determination for the Tamils in the north, opposing even the more limited measure of autonomy that most observers believe is necessary for peace. Instead they are pushing for the bloody military campaign against the Tigers to
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The Sinhala-Buddhist worldview has been shaped and reshaped by the myths and the monkish chronicles such as the Mahavamsa, Culavamsa which underscore two crucial issues, the rightful heir of the state (Dhammadipa) and Sri Lanka as the repository of Buddhist message. Both these two issues have shaped
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to Tamil minorities, and most supported military solution to the conflict. This has led to Asanga Tilakaratne, head of the Department of Buddhist Philosophy in the Postgraduate Institute of Pali and Buddhist Studies in Colombo, to remark that "the Sinhala Buddhist nationalists are ... opposed to any
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Feelings of patriotism and the sense of national security are valued more highly than human lives in Kittivuddho's argument. Since defending the nation becomes the highest priority, or highest "value" for Thai Buddhist philosophy, the act of killing is seen as a sacrifice made by the killer, but one
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The Supreme Patriarch likened the King's decisions to the necessary role of the leader or protector of a group or family to take the risk in leading others. The Supreme Patriarch quoted an ancient saying, "When a herd of cattle is fording a stream, if the leading ox leads straight, all the oxen will
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If you, Rahula, are desirous of doing a deed with the body, you should reflect on the deed with the body, thus: That deed which I am desirous of doing with the body is a deed of the body that might conduce to the harm of self and that might conduce to the harm of others and that might conduce to the
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In Buddhist-majority Sri Lanka, for example, monks attacked Muslim and Christian places of worship, including reportedly attacking a mosque in the town of Dambulla in April 2012 and forcibly occupying a Seventh-day Adventist church in the town of Deniyaya and converting it into a Buddhist temple in
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There were reports of societal abuses and discrimination based on religious affiliation, belief, or practice. There was an overall decrease in societal respect for religious freedom, as Buddhist nationalist groups led campaigns targeting Muslims and Christians. Buddhist groups attacked churches and
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Perhaps more than any other person, Dharmapala was responsible for popularizing the faulty impression that Tamils and Sinhalese had been deadly enemies in Sri Lanka for nearly 2,000 years. He often quoted the Mahavamsa as if it were a completely factual account, and his favorite passages were those
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The campaign against Elara is described at some length in the Mahavamsa, and it is clear that Dutthagamini does not move against Elara because the Tamil king was unjust, cruel, or tyrannical. The Mahavamsa points out that Elara was a good ruler, and, when he is killed, Dutthagamini has him cremated
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says, the key to modern Sinhala national identity lies in the linking of religion and the people in Sri Lanka's ancient chronicle tradition. As we see, according to the Mahavamsa, Sinhalas are specially chosen by the Buddha and their political unity guarantees the survival of Buddhism in Sri Lanka,
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So I found myself posing this thought experiment to the Dalai Lama. Imagine that one were to find oneself in a public space-a park, a movie theater-where one realizes that one is seated next to Hitler-or Stalin or Pol Pot or Mao-early in the execution of the genocides they actually perpetrated. We,
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of the era, who disputed the validity of the statements made by those Japanese Buddhist supporters of the war. In response the Japanese Pan-Buddhist Society (Myowa Kai) rejected the criticism and stated that "We now have no choice but to exercise the benevolent forcefulness of 'killing one in order
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and other religions in general. Dharmapala also fostered Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism in the spirit of the King Dutthagamani who "rescued Buddhism and our nationalism from oblivion" and stated explicitly that the Island belongs to the Sinhalese Buddhists. Dharmapala has been blamed for laying the
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and his followers from North India) to enable the establishment and flourishing of Buddhism in Sri Lanka. This myth has led to the widely held Sinhalese Buddhist belief that the country is Sihadipa (island of the Sinhalese) and Dhammadipa (the island ennobled to preserve and propagate Buddhism). In
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state religion. The Thai monk is no longer only a Thai practitioner of Buddhism, but a figure for the Thai state. As the Thai monk has become an icon representative of the Thai nation state, the refusal to acknowledge and/or the mistreatment of other religious practitioners in Thailand has resulted
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he affirmed that this would not be the killing of people, but rather the killing of monsters/devils. He similarly asserted that while killing of people is prohibited and thus de-meritorious in Buddhist teachings, doing so for the "greater good" will garner greater merit than the act of killing will
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in 2011, the Dalai Lama endorsed his killing, stating "Forgiveness doesn't mean forget what happened. ... If something is serious and it is necessary to take counter-measures, you have to take counter-measures." During a question panel in 2015, in which he was asked if it would be justified to kill
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Another sign of militant Buddhism's enduring power is the government's refusal to confront the human rights abuses committed in the war's final push. President Rajapaksa, who went to Kandy, the cultural capital, immediately after the 2009 victory to genuflect to the country's top Buddhist clerics,
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Dharmapala holds firm to the conviction that "the founders of monotheistic religions have been invariably bloodthirsty, despotic, and cruel" (418), and he is unremitting in his condemnation of the religious views of Jews, Christians, and Muslims. "The Muhammedans," we learn, are "an alien people"
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From this deed arises no hindrance in thy way to heaven. Only one and a half human beings have been slain here by thee, O lord of men. The one had come unto the (three) refuges, the other had taken on himself the five precepts Unbelievers and men of evil life were the rest, not more to be esteemed
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to Tamils and other non-Buddhists. Ariyaratne calls for non-violent action and he has been actively working for peace in Sri Lanka for many decades, and has stated that the only way to peace is through "the dispelling of the view of 'I and mine' or the shedding of 'self' and the realization of the
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In the context of increasing Tamil militant struggle for separatism, militant Buddhist monks founded the Mavbima Surakime Vyaparaya (MSV) or "Movement for the Protection of the Motherland" in 1986 which sought to work with political parties "to maintain territorial unity of Sri Lanka and Sinhalese
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In response to the protests dozens of protesters were arrested or detained. Starting in September 2007 the protests were led by thousands of Buddhist monks, and those protests were allowed to proceed until a renewed government crackdown in late September 2007. At least 184 protesters were shot and
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from 1988 to 2011, had strongly encouraged the conversion of ethnic minorities, often by force, as part of its campaign of assimilation. The regime promoted a vision of Burmese Buddhist nationalism as a cultural and a political ideology to legitimise its contested rule, trying to bring a religious
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Authorities often did not investigate or prosecute those responsible for attacks on churches, Hindu kovils (temples), and mosques, and protected perpetrators of such violence. At times, local police and government officials appeared to be acting in concert with Buddhist nationalist organizations.
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that killed 4 Muslims and injured 80 in 2014. The leader of the BBS, in linking the government's military victory over the LTTE to the ancient Buddhist king conquest of Tamil king Elara, said that Tamils have been taught a lesson twice and warned other minorities of the same fate if they tried to
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Other minority groups have also come under attack by Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists. Fear of country's Buddhist hegemony being challenged by Christian proselytism has driven extremist Buddhist monks and organizations to demonize Christian organizations, with one popular monk comparing missionary
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spread throughout the country, killing hundreds of Tamils and leaving thousands homeless. A leading monk claimed that one of the reasons for the anti-Tamil riots of 1977 was the Tamil demonization of the Sinhalese Buddhist epic hero Dutthagamani, which resulted in a justified retaliation. Another
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Tamils were inferior. He popularized the impression that Tamils and Sinhalese had been deadly enemies in Sri Lanka for nearly 2,000 years by quoting the Mahavamsa passages that depicted Tamils as pagan invaders. He characterized the Tamils as "fiercely antagonistic to Buddhism". He also expressed
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states, "I undertake the training rule to abstain from killing." The Buddha reportedly stated, "Victory breeds hatred. The defeated live in pain. Happily the peaceful live giving up victory and defeat." These elements are used to indicate Buddhism is pacifistic and all violence done by Buddhists,
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This article discusses Buddhist principles with regard to violence, and also provides certain, historical instances concerning the use of violence by Buddhists, including acts of aggression committed by Buddhists with political and socio-cultural motivations, as well as self-inflicted violence by
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Successive governments after Bandaranaike implemented a similar Sinhalese Buddhist nationalist agenda, at the expense of minorities. In 1972, the government rewrote its constitution and gave Buddhism "the foremost place " and making it "the duty of the state to protect and foster Buddhism". With
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capitalized on the ACBC report and its recommendations as the foundation for his election campaign, using it as the 'blueprint for a broad spectrum of policy', which included introducing Sinhala as the sole official language of the state. With the help of significant number of Buddhist monks and
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doctrine to protect Buddhism by using the example of wars waged by Dutthagamani to restore Buddhism. Rahula maintained that "the entire Sinhalese race was united under the banner of the young Gamini . This was the beginning of nationalism among the Sinhalese. It was a new race with healthy young
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This rise in militant interactions rose with prominent events in 2004, and continued to build. On April 28th, 2004, the Thai military assaulted the Khru Se Mosque, resulting in over 100 deaths of militant Malay Muslims. That same October, peacefully protesting Malay Muslim citizens were met with
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Despite these historical instances, the written practices of Buddha denounce violent actions. Contemporary violence, or the promotion of violence, has been on the rise in some Buddhist communities. This article provides information on instances of violence perpetuated by Buddhists throughout the
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ideology of the Mahavamsa, which privileges Sinhalese Buddhist hegemony in the island as Buddha's chosen people for whom the island is a promised land and justifies subjugation of minorities. Some Sinhalese Buddhist officials saw that decreasing Tamil influence was a necessary part of fostering
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Michael Jerryson, author of several books heavily critical of Buddhism's traditional peaceful perceptions, stated that, "The Burmese Buddhist monks may not have initiated the violence but they rode the wave and began to incite more. While the ideals of Buddhist canonical texts promote peace and
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can be translated as "accompanied by violence". As the mind filled with lobha, dosa and moha (lust, hatred and delusion) is led to actions which are akusala. Indulging in violence is a form of self-harming. The rejection of violence in society is recognized in Buddhism as a prerequisite for the
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The ethnocentric character of Theravada Buddhism in Sri Lanka, which provides the ideological basis for the present Sinhala Buddhist nationalism, has its roots in the construction of the identity of the Sinhala people as one chosen to safeguard Buddhism. Chosenness here is part of a historical
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Kittivuddho's statements in the 1970s reflect the argument made in defense of King Rama VI by the Supreme Patriarch following the events of WWI. Kittivuddho, likewise, justifies his approval of the killing of communists by claiming that in so doing, the soldiers who commit these acts will gain
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Because the Mahavamsa was written in Pali, few Sinhalese could read it until its translation. It was the British who made the Mahavamsa a widely distributed work, publishing an English translation of the first part of the Mahavamsa in 1837. The British governor also commissioned the Sinhalese
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among the different ethnic groups in the island "has been one of the primary factors behind the intensification of the conflict". Numerous nationalist Buddhist religious leaders and extremist Buddhist organizations since the country's independence have played a role in mobilizing against the
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The Dutugamunu's campaign against king Elara was not to defeat injustice, as the Mahavamsa describes Elara as a good ruler, but to restore Buddhism through a united Sri Lanka under a Buddhist monarch, even by the use of violence. The Mahavamsa story about Buddha's visit to Sri Lanka where he
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These remarks followed the 1973 student-led uprising, as well as the creation of a Thai parliament and the spread of communism in neighboring East Asian countries. The fear of communism shaking the social forms of Thailand felt a very real threat to Kittivuddho, who expressed his nationalist
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With nationalist Buddhist monks playing a major role in exerting pressure to abrogate the pact, Bandaranaike acceded to their demands on April 9, 1958 by tearing up "a copy of the pact in front of the assembled monks who clapped in joy". Soon after the pact was abrogated, another series of
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In 1956, the All Ceylon Buddhist Congress (ACBC) released a report titled, "The Betrayal of Buddhism", inquiring into the status of Buddhism in the island. The report argued that Buddhism had been weakened by external threats such as the Tamil invaders mentioned in the Mahavamsa and later
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On April 20, 2012, roughly 2000 Buddhist protested outside a mosque in Dambulla because the building stood on a sacred site for Sri Lankan Buddhists. These protests caused the mosque to cancel prayers due to threats from Buddhist nationalists, but on the following Sunday, Prime Minister
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in which more than one hundred people were injured and Tamil businesses were looted. Riots then spread throughout the country, killing hundreds of people. Bandaranaike tried to mitigate tensions over the language policy by proposing a compromise with the Tamil leaders, resulting in a
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offers validity to the Thai government. If the ruling body shows fealty to the Sangha, then their actions are seen as legitimized and moral via the association. Likewise, the Sangha receives power and influence through the recognition of their partnership with the ruling government.
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In the postwar Sri Lanka, ethnic and religious minorities continue to face threat from Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism. There have been continued sporadic attacks on Christian churches by Buddhist extremists who allege that Christians conduct unethical or forced conversion. The
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in 2009, the Dalai Lama invoked the Upaya-kaushalya Sutra and said that "wrathful forceful action" motivated by compassion, may be "violence on a physical level" but is "essentially nonviolence", and we must be careful to understand what "nonviolence" means. Following the
1429:
of your mind, some emotion makes you want to hit, or want to kill, then please remember Buddha's faith. We are followers of Buddha." He said that "All problems must be solved through dialogue, through talk. The use of violence is outdated, and never solves problems."
5617:, p. 9; "For instance, the military successes against the LTTE under the current Rajapakse government have led to Rajapakse being compared to Duthagamani. Toward the end of 2006, a massive cardboard cut-out of Rajapakse was even erected at the junction at
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community" and that "We don't use our fists to solve problems, we use our brains". Wataraka Vijitha Thero, a Buddhist monk who condemns violence against Muslims and heavily criticized the BBS and the government, has been attacked and tortured for his stances.
2047:'s teachings for example, by having a focus upon Sinhalese culture and ethnicity sanctioning the use of violence in defence of dhamma, while Sarvodaya has emphasized the application of Buddhist values in order to transform society and campaigning for peace.
1388:
and other Muslims in the region. The report further specifies the coordinated attacks of October 2012 that were carried out in different cities by Burmese officials, community leaders and Buddhist monks to terrorize and forcibly relocate the population. The
1693:), thereby making it accessible to the wider Sinhalese population. During this time the first riot in modern Sri Lankan history broke out in 1883, between Buddhists and Catholics, highlighting the "growing religious divide between the two communities".
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in strained relationships between religions. Such as in the early 2000s, when conflict between Malay Muslims (citizens and militants) began to rise in the southernmost provinces of Thailand, and less so between Thai Buddhist and Thai-Chinese Buddhists.
1066:, said that "Buddhism differs in that the act of killing is less the focus than the 'intention' behind the killing" and "The first thing to remember is that people have a penchant for violence, it just so happens that every religion has people in it."
1592:
With the recent April 2019 Easter bombings orchestrated by Islamic terrorists that claimed the lives of over 250 and injured over 500 Sri Lankans, Muslims in Sri Lanka have faced more danger than ever before from the police and Buddhist nationalists.
847:. However, Buddhists have historically used scriptures to justify violence or form exceptions to commit violence for various reasons. As found in other religious traditions, Buddhism has an extensive history of violence dating back to its inception.
1127:
There is also in Buddhism a long tradition of self-inflicted violence and death, as a form of asceticism or protest, as exemplified by the use of fires and burns to show determinations among Chinese monks, by the self-immolations of monks such as
1568:(largely Hindu) at 10%, and another 10% who were Muslim. Since Sri Lanka has not stated a national language or religion, Buddhist nationalism began to rise with the fear of Muslims dominating Buddhism. The nationalist organization is called the
5682:
In late 2003 and in the initial months of this year, there were many serious attacks on Christian churches and also sometimes against pastors and congregants. Over 100 attacks have been reported, and several dozen were confirmed by diplomatic
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Kawase Takaya, "The Jodo Shinshu Sectś Missionary Work in Colonial Korea"; in: "Modern Japanese Buddhism and Pan-Asianism", The 19th World Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions, Tokyo, March 28, 2005, pp.6–7
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Otani Eiichi, "Missionary Activities of Nichiren Buddhism in East Asia", in: "Modern Japanese Buddhism and Pan-Asianism", The 19th World Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions, Tokyo, March 28, 2005, pp.21–22
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One of the first major examples of persecution against Muslims was on September 10, 2011 when Buddhist monks destroyed a 300 year old Muslim shrine in Anuradhapura Although police officers were present during the attack, none intervened.
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assassinated him on September 26, 1959. The monk claimed he carried out the assassination "for the greater good of his country, race and religion". It has also been suggested that the monk was guided in part by reading of the Mahavamsa.
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the Mahavamsa is a combination of myth, history, lineage, religion, and politics. It later became a tool for the creation of Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism and a document that determined the divine right of the Sinhalese to inhabit the
1987:
Extremist Buddhist leaders justify their attacks on the places of worship of minorities by arguing that Sri Lanka is the promised land of the Sinhalese Buddhists to safeguard Buddhism. The recently formed Buddhist extremist group, the
899:) as right action (or conduct), therefore "the rightness or wrongness of an action centers around whether the action itself would bring about harm to self and/or others". In the Ambalatthika-Rahulovada Sutta, the Buddha says to
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rebellion. In Osaka they defended their temple with the slogan "The mercy of Buddha should be recompensed even by pounding flesh to pieces. One's obligation to the Teacher should be recompensed even by smashing bones to bits!"
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Many Sinhalese, as Mahavamsa advocates, believe that the entire island is the sacred home of the Sinhalese and Buddhism and thus oppose power-sharing with the Tamils that fundamentally goes beyond the current form of unitary
1700:(1864–1933), who has been described as "the father of modern Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism". Dharmapala was hostile to all things un-Sinhalese and non-Buddhist. He insisted that the Sinhalese were racially pure and superior
1483:, stories of persecutions of rival sects by Ashoka appear to be a clear fabrication arising out of sectarian propaganda. At that time, the custom of representing Buddha in human form had not started, and the text conflates
1653:
According to Neil DeVotta (an Associate Professor of Political Science), the mytho-history described in the Mahavamsa "justifies dehumanizing non-Sinhalese, if doing so is necessary to preserve, protect, and propagate the
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Buddhist sovereignty over the island". The MSV used the Mahavamsa to justify its goals, which included the usage of force to fight against the Tamil threat and defend the Buddhist state. In 1987, along with the MSV, the
2006:
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pertaining to Buddhism has been present for decades. This violence originated years ago with the persecution of the Tamil people by the Sinhalese majority. However, after years of discrimination, the Tamil formed the
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since 2015, has accused the BBS of being "a representation of 'Taliban' terrorism" and of spreading extremism and communal hatred against Muslims. Samaraweera has also alleged that the BBS is secretly funded by the
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that arises when you see someone suffering of the human being, are attitudes said to be excellent or sublime because they are the right or ideal way of conduct towards living beings (sattesu samma patipatti). The
1314:, a series of economic and political protests and demonstrations that took place during 2007, were led by students, political activists, including women, and Buddhist monks and took the form of a campaign of
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ordered to have the mosque relocated from the sacred site. Since then, the BBS has taken on a new form of persecution by using slogans and propaganda as a way of discriminating against Muslims in Sri Lanka.
6614:堀まきよう (Makiyo Hori),「井上日召と"かぎの折伏":血盟団事件について」("Inoue Nissho and his Terrorist Ideas: Some Notes on the Oath of Blood Group")早稲田政治経済学雑誌(The Waseda Journal of Political Science and Economics) 328 p.178 (1996)
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The ultra-nationalist Sinhalese Buddhist organization has emerged as a troubling presence on the Sri Lankan political landscape in recent years, and is blamed by many for inciting the deadly violence in
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greater merit than they will lose from the act. Like the Supreme Patriarch, he utilizes the concept of sacrifice for the sake of defending, "the country, the religion, and the institution of monarchy."
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In addition capital punishment for murder is justified according to this interpretation of Buddhism because the Judge is not seen as causing death but rather the actions of the murderer executed are.
1943:. The nationalist monks' support of the government's military offense against the LTTE gave "religious legitimacy to the state's claim of protecting the island for the Sinhalese Buddhist majority."
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what is not given, he abstains from taking what is not given. He does not take, in the manner of a thief, things in a village or a wilderness that belong to others and have not been given by them.
1835:, where Sinhalese police and paramilitaries destroyed statues of Tamil cultural and religious figures; looted and torched a Hindu temple and Tamil-owned shops and homes; killed four Tamils; and
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and certain government servants were traitors and they should be set on fire and burnt due to their opposition to a military solution to the civil war. The international community encouraged a
1940:
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2001:, accused of spreading extremism and communal hatred against Muslims and has been described as an "ethno-religious fascist movement". extremist Buddhist monks have also protested against
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and it said that the practitioner should train oneself to be morally upright in one's activities, not acting in ways that would be corrupt or bring harm to oneself or to others. In the
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by Buddhist-led mobs. However, not all of the culprits were Buddhists and the motives were as much economic as religious. On 20 June 2013, Wirathu was mentioned on the cover story of
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Kittivuddho (see, Kittiwuttho, spelling in translation varies) was a staunch follower of the Thai Sangha - the religious organization that leads the Buddhist movement in Thailand.
1956:
activity to terrorism; as a result, Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists, including the JVP and JHU, who oppose attempts to convert Buddhists to another religion, support or conduct
1043:) in the Noble Eightfold Path, condemn all speech that is in any way harmful (malicious and harsh speech) and divisive, encouraging to speak in thoughtful and helpful ways. The
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Bhikkhus, even if bandits were to sever you savagely limb by limb with a two-handled saw, he who gave rise to a mind of hate towards them would not be carrying out my teaching.
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pacifism, discrepancies between reality and precepts easily flourish in times of social, political and economic insecurity, such as Myanmar's current transition to democracy."
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of the laws of war."119 Evidence gathered by the Times newspaper has revealed that at least 20,000 Tamil people were killed on the Mullaitivu beach by Sri Lanka Army shelling.
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Myanmar had become a stronghold of Buddhist aggression and such acts are spurred by hardline nationalistic monks. The oldest militant organisation active in the region is
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occurred in 1983, leaving between 2,000 and 3,000 of Tamils killed and forcing from 70,000 to 100,000 Tamils into refugee camps, eventually propelling the country into a
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consciousness, mainly supported by post-canonical Pali literature - especially, the Mahavamsa - which, in one of its clauses, justifies killing for the sake of religion.
1605:('Great Chronicle'), a non-canonical text written in the sixth century CE by Buddhist monks to glorify Buddhism in Sri Lanka, have been influential in the creation of
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5546:, p. 28; "The JVP and JHU ardently support a military solution to the conflict and harbor almost no concern for the plight of innocent Tamil civilians."
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than beasts. But as for thee, thou wilt bring glory to the doctrine of the Buddha in manifold ways; therefore cast away care from thy heart, O ruler of men!
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tendencies in his defense of militant actions. He justified his argument by dehumanizing the Communists and leftists that he opposed. In the interview with
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places of worship. These acts included attacking a mosque and forcefully taking over a Seventh-day advent church and converting it into a Buddhist temple.
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With the rise of modern Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as a reaction to the changes brought under the
1613:
made three visits to Sri Lanka in which he rids the island of forces inimical to Buddhism and instructs deities to protect the ancestors of the Sinhalese (
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Stone, Jaquelin (2000). Japanese Lotus Millennialism. In: Wessinger, Catherine, Millennialism, Persecution and Violence, Syracuse University Press, p.265
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Militant Buddhism there has its roots in an ancient narrative called the Mahavamsa (Great Chronicle), which was composed by monks in the sixth century.
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to Dutthagamani's victory over Elara and went on to say, "e will never allow the country to be divided", thereby justifying violence against Tamils.
1349:(DKBA), headed by a Buddhist monk U Thuzana, since 1992. In the recent years the monks, and the terrorist acts, are associated with the nationalist
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The Sinhalese take this as a sign that they are the Buddha's chosen people, commanded to "preserve and protect" Buddhism in its most pristine form.
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and President of the Bellanwila Community Development Foundation, has stated that "The views of the Bodu Bala Sena are not the views of the entire
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that is justified. By manipulating the literal definition of the words within Buddhist scriptures, Kittivuddho was able to support his position.
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The Abbot's critique of Rama VI's decision - published in a book criticizing military knowledge as "evil", was likewise counter-critiqued by the
4192:
Imtiyaz, A.R.M.; Mohamed-Saleem, Amjad (2015-02-23). "Muslims in post-war Sri Lanka: understanding Sinhala-Buddhist mobilization against them".
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which sought to establish peace in Sri Lanka by requiring the Sri Lankan government to make a number of concessions to Tamil demands, including
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6886:"Buddhism and Violence". In: Jeffrey Ian Ross (ed.), Religion and Violence: an Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict from Antiquity to the Present
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1447:", said Zarni, "There is no country for Buddhists. I mean, no such thing as 'me,' 'my' community, 'my' country, 'my' race or even 'my' faith."
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And what is right speech? Abstaining from lying, from divisive speech, from abusive speech, and from idle chatter: This is called right speech.
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2113:, although the seeming contradiction in being a Buddhist "warrior monk" caused controversy even at the time. More directly linked is that the
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when more than 200 people were killed and around 100,000 were displaced. As of 2012, the "969" movement by monks (the prominent among whom is
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These arguments, based in ancient proverb and justified through Buddhist relations of sacrifice, directly strike against the ancient story of
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spiritual progress of society's members, because violence brings pain to beings with similar feelings to oneself. The Buddha is quoted in the
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as saying, "All are afraid of the stick, all hold their lives dear. Putting oneself in another's place, one should not beat or kill others".
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Bodhi, Bhikkhu (1995). The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya, Wisdom Publications. p. 223
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The monk who led the group told the BBC he did it because the shrine was on land that was given to Sinhalese Buddhists 2,000 years ago.
1622:, and that the island of Sri Lanka is the Buddhist promised land. The Mahavamsa also describes an account of the Buddhist warrior king
7691:
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2191:
In more modern times instances of Buddhist-inspired terrorism or militarism have occurred in Japan, such as the assassinations of the
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were imprisoned for their defiance of wartime government religious policy, which mandated display of reverence for the state Shinto".
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for Tamils being abrogated (some members of the Buddhist clergy were at the forefront in opposing the pact) and the implementation of
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The greatest importance of the Mahavamsa is not as history but as a symbol — and as a motivating force behind Sinhalese nationalism.
2301:, the head of the Buddhist Traditional Sangha of Russia (BTSR), the largest Buddhist denomination in Russia, voiced support for the
1894:
From the beginning of the civil war in 1983 to the end of it in 2009, militant Buddhist monks were involved in politics and opposed
1666:, it introduces the bases for the Sinhalese Buddhist belief that Lord Buddha designated the island of Sri Lanka as a repository for
1194:
Thai Buddhist Monks blessing the primary pillar of a school during Exercise Cobra Gold - a set of humanitarian exercises in Thailand
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1765:. It also demanded the state to restore and foster Buddhism and to give preferential treatment to Buddhist schools. The same year,
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Popular Controversies in World History: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions
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The Supreme Bliss of Nibbana, a Goal Within Our Reach: Maha Satipatthāna Sutta: Translation of Ea Ama Nivansuva Boho Dura Nove
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Razak, Abdul; Imtiyaz, Mohamed (2010-03-09). "Politicization of Buddhism and Electoral Politics in Sri Lanka". pp. 9–10.
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Bond, George. "Buddhism at Work: Community Development, Social Empowerment and the Sarvodaya Movement". (Kumarian P, 2003) 42
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A Dambulla monk told the BBC that the actions were necessary because Sri Lanka was "the only country to safeguard Buddhism".
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Razak, Abdul; Imtiyaz, Mohamed (2010-03-09). "Politicization of Buddhism and Electoral Politics in Sri Lanka". p. 33.
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Razak, Abdul; Imtiyaz, Mohamed (2010-03-09). "Politicization of Buddhism and Electoral Politics in Sri Lanka". p. 36.
1947:, in his war against the LTTE, has been compared to the Buddhist king Dutthagamani by the Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists.
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Buddhist revivalism took place among the Sinhalese to counter Christian missionary influence. The British commissioned the
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Bond, George. "Buddhism at Work: Community Development, Social Empowerment and the Sarvodaya Movement". (Kumarian P, 2003)
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report, the Burmese government and local authorities played a key role in the forcible displacement of more than 125,000
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states, "By taking refuge in the precious Dharma, One's minds should be free from hurting or harming others". One of the
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4117:"The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development, Yuvraj Krishan, Kalpana K. Tadikonda, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1996 p. 28"
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and World War II. In response to the book, several sects issued an apology for their wartime support of the government.
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Upon independence, Sinhalese ultra-nationalist Buddhist elites instituted discriminatory policies based on the Buddhist
996:'As I am, so are these. As are these, so am I.' Drawing the parallel to yourself, neither kill nor get others to kill."
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the majority of monks explicitly or privately supported and condoned the Sinhalese army's killings of Tamil guerrillas.
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Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to
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Stone, Jaqueline I. (2003). In: Buswell, Robert E. ed. Encyclopedia of Buddhism, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib.
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In the 1970s, Kittivuddho - a prominent Buddhist monk with influence in Thai culture - stated in an interview with
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Richard Danzig; Marc Sageman; Terrance Leighton; Lloyd Hough; Hidemi Yuki; Rui Kotani; Zachary M. Hosford (2000).
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Buddhist nationalism has its roots in the Dipavamsa, Mahavamsa, and Culavamsa, texts unique to Sinhalese Buddhism.
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intense police brutality, wherein the Thai military fired upon and suffocated as many as 80 Malay Muslim citizens
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during the civil war. The BBS has received criticism and opposition from other Buddhist clergy and politicians.
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The two major contemporary political parties to advocate for Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism are the JVP and the
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hero, Dutthagamini, had already provided an example of how to deal with an earlier version of the same threat.
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to oppose the accord as the Sinhalese nationalists believed it would compromise the sovereignty of Sri Lanka.
1879:(JVP, a militant Sinhalese nationalist group which included monks) took up arms to protest the signing of the
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and re-edited his writings, making changes in 208 places, cutting all the statements that disagreed with the
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1992:(BBS), or Buddhist Power Force, founded by extreme Buddhist monks in 2012, has been accused of inciting the
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Sinhala Buddhist Nationalism is opposed to Sarvodaya, although they share many of the same influences like
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The Re-Enchantment of the West: Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture, and Occulture
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The central figure in the formation of modern Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism was the Buddhist revivalist
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of genocide, the Dalai Lama stated that it would be justified, so long as they were not killed in anger.
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is the oldest and most common term for the end goal of the Buddhist path and the ultimate eradication of
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477:
472:
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3150:. Routledge studies in religion (1. issued in pbk ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 187–205.
1638:(the island's capital at the time). When Dutugamunu laments over the thousands he has killed, the eight
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Sinhalese Buddhist Nationalist Ideology: Implications for Politics and Conflict Resolution in Sri Lanka
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which was of great cultural significance to Tamils. In response to the militant separatist Tamil group
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Religious tensions in Thailand are directly related to the state's choice to represent Buddhism as the
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Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia (BCSIA Studies in International Security)
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The beginning of "Buddhist violence" in Japan relates to a long history of feuds among Buddhists. The
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in the island between the majority Sinhalese Buddhist population and other minorities, especially the
1413:
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3443:. The Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, the University of Maryland. 2013. Archived from
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Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present
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has also spoken on when it is permissible to kill another person. During a lecture he was giving at
983:(loving kindness), the development of mindstates of limitless good-will for all beings, and karuna,
908:
harm of both; this deed of body is unskilled (akusala), its yield is anguish, its result is anguish.
839:
Buddhist scripture condemns violence but varying textual interpretations has been used to allow it.
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7674:
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Buddhism, War, and Nationalism: Chinese Monks in the Struggle Against Japanese Aggression 1931-1945
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2192:
1766:
1354:
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taught warfare is accepted as a last resort, quoting the Buddha's conversation with a soldier. The
759:
7306:
2438:
Jerryson, Michael (2015). "Buddhists and Violence: Historical Continuity/Academic Incongruities".
1330:
engaged in military offensives against ethnic minority populations, committing acts that violated
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in which around 18,000 Ajivikas were killed. However this account is controversial. According to
1285:
796:
771:
415:
140:
2142:
that many may live' (issatsu tashō)" and that the war was absolutely necessary to implement the
1528:
nationalist identity. Consequently, politicized Buddhism has contributed to ethnic tensions and
12140:
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11832:
11416:
11389:
11365:
11360:
11200:
10842:
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10723:
10652:
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9308:
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9251:
9013:
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7515:
7391:
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6656:
4085:
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2214:
2181:
1884:
1823:
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1557:
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925:
776:
581:
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398:
239:
192:
79:
10629:
8595:
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7468:
7363:
7011:
6997:
6491:
6430:
6309:
6221:
6180:
5561:
5477:
4373:
3968:
3899:"International Dalai Lama Pleads for Myanmar Monks to End Violence Amid Damning Rights Report"
2877:
497:
12110:
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11489:
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10980:
10886:
10711:
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10483:
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10395:
10240:
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9753:
9586:
9501:
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9420:
9415:
9333:
7863:
7412:
7204:
7118:
7049:
7025:
6739:
6729:
6589:
4481:
4042:
3674:
2873:
2350:
1973:
1880:
1647:
1521:
1496:
1315:
625:
492:
388:
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319:
296:
8886:
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5779:
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5667:
5631:
2375:
1920:
1848:
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who has written on the violence in Myanmar and Sri Lanka, states that there is no room for
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1077:
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921:
781:
766:
588:
435:
410:
405:
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8748:
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6627:
Aptitude for Destruction: Case Studies of Organizational Learning in Five Terrorist Groups
90:
8:
12004:
11984:
11739:
11625:
11569:
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11504:
11394:
10908:
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10859:
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10100:
9979:
9813:
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9738:
9715:
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9531:
9450:
9440:
9368:
9295:
8726:
8583:
8364:
8342:
8294:
8114:
7914:
7770:
7750:
7642:
The Four Sublime StatesContemplations on Love, Compassion, Sympathetic Joy and Equanimity
7100:
Encyclopaedia of Buddhism: a world faith. The dhammapada stories, verses & commentary
7076:
6625:
3942:
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2177:
2010:
1969:
1281:
1118:
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10915:
10854:
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9873:
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9511:
9506:
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9388:
9313:
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8819:
8743:
8621:
8563:
8404:
8304:
8232:
8207:
7853:
7783:
7519:
7320:
7072:
7007:
6993:
6979:
6965:
6128:
6097:
5922:"BBSO challenges Mangala equating it to a terrorist outfit | The Sundaytimes Sri Lanka"
4217:
3834:
3830:
3414:
3388:
2370:
2330:
2292:
2250:
2185:
2014:
1977:
1939:(which they helped to elect), resulting in the brutal military defeat of the LTTE with
1932:
1727:
1686:
1381:
1311:
1092:
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945:
887:
654:
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482:
467:
383:
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2670:
2158:
opposed this and were targeted. During the 1940s, "leaders of the Honmon Hokkeshu and
1721:
1718:
and for hostility to be directed against minorities unwilling to accept such a state.
1435:, a Burmese democracy advocate, human rights campaigner, and a research fellow at the
12152:
11880:
11782:
11655:
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11449:
11444:
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7346:
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7247:
7225:
7173:
7150:
7128:
7104:
7084:
7059:
7035:
6941:
6914:
6894:
6860:"Buddhists compete under "traditional religion" status in Russia's religious economy"
6843:
6824:
6801:
6772:
6743:
6670:
6635:
6595:
6572:
6542:
6509:
6474:
6436:
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5202:
5139:
5072:
4994:
4939:
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4768:
4741:
4702:
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4487:
4428:
4398:
4369:
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4298:
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4209:
4160:
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4048:
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3224:
3189:
3151:
3081:
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2455:
2413:
2204:
2134:
2081:
2031:
1944:
1936:
1912:
1860:
1822:
to be established in the Tamil-dominated northeastern region of the island. In 1977,
1807:
1705:
1659:
1533:
1000:
754:
613:
10535:
9285:
8079:
7979:
7200:
3210:
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2971:
1353:
particularly in Myanmar and neighboring nations. The violence reached prominence in
440:
86:
12170:
12086:
12066:
11886:
11549:
11474:
11306:
11043:
11036:
11029:
10994:
10672:
9989:
9942:
9937:
9793:
9758:
9733:
9728:
9479:
9435:
9348:
9023:
8679:
8672:
8456:
8446:
8332:
7996:
7868:
7359:
6631:
4201:
4075:
3826:
3216:
3181:
3029:
2447:
2262:
2234:
2138:
2059:
1887:. The JVP, with the support of parts of the Sangha, launched a campaign of violent
1867:
linked the then Prime Minister Jayewardene's attempts to thwart the emergence of a
1798:
1771:
1745:
1739:
1710:
1561:
1525:
1480:
1319:
9068:
6693:
Aum Shinrikyo Insights Into How Terrorists Develop Biological and Chemical Weapons
4853:
4205:
12206:
12128:
12034:
11958:
11952:
11685:
11619:
11484:
11479:
11370:
11168:
11151:
10869:
10804:
10353:
10298:
10250:
10178:
10048:
9846:
9826:
9768:
9680:
9343:
9241:
9088:
8824:
8807:
8792:
8770:
8322:
8192:
8026:
8006:
7650:
7492:
7264:
6959:
6532:
6213:
6151:
5442:
5376:
5325:
5274:
5235:
5196:
5129:
5066:
4988:
4933:
4906:
4875:
4848:
4762:
4735:
4696:
4641:
4564:
4422:
4392:
4322:
4292:
4261:
4079:
3854:
3767:
3733:
3670:
3357:
2407:
2360:
2340:
2322:
2055:
1618:
other words, Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists maintain that they are the Buddha's
1585:
1504:
1425:
1374:
1365:
nationalist movements in the region, and have urged Myanmar Buddhists to boycott
1304:
1295:
1088:
744:
608:
10619:
9098:
8252:
8242:
2137:
strongly supported Japan's militarization. These were heavily criticized by the
2062:
and based in Buddhist ideals, who condemn the use of violence and the denial of
487:
11874:
11763:
11751:
11564:
11348:
11321:
10757:
10308:
10011:
9861:
9643:
9223:
9203:
9123:
8812:
8802:
8736:
8573:
8059:
7922:
6217:
5945:
5864:
3964:
3858:
2298:
2163:
1989:
1855:. In the 1983 anti-Tamil pogrom, Buddhist monks lead rioters in some instance.
1749:
1679:
1610:
1569:
1476:
1440:
880:
10634:
6282:
4130:
2265:, claimed that he sought to restore "original Buddhism" and declared himself "
502:
12219:
12054:
12040:
11850:
11579:
11559:
11454:
11210:
10903:
10898:
10078:
9927:
9236:
9138:
8996:
8797:
8775:
8711:
8382:
8177:
8172:
8064:
7733:
7590:
7464:
7460:
7435:
7021:
6528:
6322:
5595:
5135:
5035:"Destroying a Symbol: Checkered History of Sri Lanka's Jaffna Public Library"
4344:
just as their political identity is guaranteed by their espousal of Buddhism.
4340:
4213:
4164:
3822:
3703:
3352:
3220:
3185:
2459:
2345:
2246:
2218:
2210:
2167:
2114:
2098:
1961:
1908:
1864:
1663:
1631:
1619:
1614:
1417:
1106:
1020:
1016:
786:
642:
637:
8536:
8526:
7898:
7222:
Jewel Ornament of Liberation: The Wish-fulfilling Gem of the Noble Teachings
7120:
Moral Theory in Santideva's Siksasamuccaya: Cultivating the Fruits of Virtue
4613:
2044:
1931:
for Sri Lanka as a peaceful solution to the civil war but any form of Tamil
1911:' against Tamils". It has been argued that the absence of opportunities for
1907:
attempt to solve the ethnic problem by peaceful means; and they call for a '
11380:
11355:
10799:
10745:
10740:
10718:
10168:
10153:
10123:
10073:
10063:
9905:
9700:
9193:
9028:
8906:
8694:
8689:
8516:
8387:
8262:
7723:
6890:
6868:. Vol. 38, no. 4. Baylor Institute for Studies of Religion. 2023.
3933:
3850:
3838:
3760:"Is 'nationalism' solely to blame for Burma's latest anti-Muslim violence?"
3288:"Burma: No Rights Reform 20 Years After Massacre | Human Rights Watch"
3146:
Satha-Awand, Suwanna (2013). Tichonov, Vladimir M.; Brekke, Torkel (eds.).
2196:
2151:
2126:
2110:
2063:
1856:
1601:
The mytho-historical accounts in the Sinhalese Buddhist national chronicle
1460:
1421:
1362:
1350:
1102:
1073:
1008:
989:
896:
195:
by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the
8951:
8936:
8896:
8593:
8257:
7833:
6286:
Probing The Depths Of Evil And Good: Multireligious Views and Case Studies
5621:, proclaiming, "Our President, Our Leader; He is Next to King Dutugemenu."
5378:
Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance
2225:
that killed thirteen people and injured more than a thousand, drew upon a
2133:
Buddhism approves of only with the greatest of seriousness..." Almost all
2118:
1646:(referred to as the "Conqueror") subdues forces inimical to Buddhism, the
11643:
11459:
11141:
11114:
10583:
10138:
9967:
9108:
9093:
8876:
8684:
8612:
8392:
8222:
8124:
7971:
7843:
7408:
6356:(Second ed.), Lanham e.a.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
3908:
3846:
2270:
2258:
2200:
2159:
1895:
1868:
1819:
1626:, his army, and 500 Buddhist monks battling and defeating the Tamil king
1444:
1432:
551:
10364:
10128:
8588:
6182:
Destroying Mara Forever: Buddhist Ethics Essays in Honor of Damien Keown
2783:
1714:
groundwork for subsequent Sinhalese Buddhists nationalists to create an
1524:
has a unique history and has played an important role in the shaping of
11514:
11509:
11119:
10083:
10041:
9917:
9723:
9648:
9262:
9246:
9208:
9188:
9083:
9058:
8966:
8901:
8881:
8627:
8558:
8429:
8312:
8282:
8217:
8167:
7825:
7815:
7788:
6534:
Nationalisms in Japan (Sheffield Centre for Japanese Studies/Routledge)
4421:
O'Grady, John; May, John D'Arcy; Schüttke-Scherle, Peter (2007-01-01).
3616:
2892:
2451:
2226:
2172:
1997:
challenge Sinhalese Buddhist culture. The BBS has been compared to the
1928:
1903:
1844:
1715:
1701:
1623:
1508:
1484:
1177:
1114:
1044:
984:
976:
929:
892:
859:
world, and explores recorded instances of Buddhist violence by region.
852:
9103:
8099:
6464:
Ives, Christopher (2009). Imperial-Way Zen, University of Hawaiì Press
3441:"Terrorist Organization Profile:Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA)"
2667:"Madhyama Agama, Taisho Tripitaka Vol. 1, No. 26, sutra 31 (分別聖諦經第十一)"
2038:
1176:
In the 1900s, the outbreak of World War 1 impacted then King of Siam,
11990:
11703:
10058:
10031:
9198:
9073:
8785:
8701:
8578:
8468:
8441:
8434:
8397:
8354:
8317:
8084:
8049:
8016:
7991:
7946:
7580:
Strathern, Alan (2013), "Why are Buddhist monks attacking Muslims?",
7288:
7243:
7146:
7124:
6937:
6538:
6102:
5043:
The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
3862:
3474:
2800:
2798:
1899:
1667:
1602:
1560:. After the war, three predominant groups remained in Sri Lanka: the
1548:
1168:
1024:
9831:
8667:
8521:
8287:
8069:
7938:
7930:
5327:
The Path to Salvation: Religious Violence from the Crusades to Jihad
5276:
The Path to Salvation: Religious Violence from the Crusades to Jihad
5237:
The Path to Salvation: Religious Violence from the Crusades to Jihad
5198:
The Path to Salvation: Religious Violence from the Crusades to Jihad
5131:
The Path to Salvation: Religious Violence from the Crusades to Jihad
4737:
The Path to Salvation: Religious Violence from the Crusades to Jihad
4698:
The Path to Salvation: Religious Violence from the Crusades to Jihad
4263:
The Path to Salvation: Religious Violence from the Crusades to Jihad
4153:"'A New Enemy but the Same Hate': Can Sri Lanka Heal Its Divisions?"
3970:
The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna
3249:
2409:
If You Meet the Buddha on the Road: Buddhism, Politics, and Violence
1662:, provided that war is waged to protect Buddhism. Together with the
12201:
11727:
11464:
11173:
11136:
10348:
10188:
10143:
10088:
10053:
9957:
9616:
9183:
9178:
9128:
9063:
8981:
8946:
8941:
8602:
8473:
8461:
8372:
8031:
7728:
6658:
Religious Violence in Contemporary Japan: The Case of Aum Shinrikyō
6064:
6032:
5893:"Bodu Bala Sena, Sri Lanka's Buddhist ultra-nationalists - CNN.com"
5865:"Sri Lanka Muslims decry radical Buddhist mosque attack - BBC News"
3585:
3576:"Special Report - Buddhist monks incite Muslim killings in Myanmar"
2316:
2238:
2147:
2130:
1753:
1722:
Politicized Buddhism, the formation of ethnocracy and the civil war
1402:
1394:
1385:
1327:
941:
844:
749:
9173:
9163:
9148:
8971:
8841:
8109:
7365:
A History of Buddhist Philosophy: Continuities and Discontinuities
7308:
Violence and Disruption in Society A Study of early Buddhist Texts
6823:
by Mark Juergensmeyer, University of California Press 2003, p.103
3928:
2795:
2511:
2269:", Japan's only fully enlightened master and identified with the "
2154:. In contrast, a few Japanese Buddhists such as Ichikawa Haku and
2106:
2086:
1463:(a text from 3rd cent CE) states that there was a mass killing of
980:
11124:
10093:
10036:
10021:
9168:
9158:
9133:
9008:
9003:
8961:
8931:
8863:
8829:
8716:
8657:
8652:
8506:
8409:
8247:
8197:
7984:
7810:
7498:
7217:
6571:(2nd ed.) by Brian Daizen Victoria, Rowman and Littlefield 2006,
6152:"Sri Lanka moderate monk critical of anti-Muslim violence beaten"
5946:"The hardline Buddhists targeting Sri Lanka's Muslims - BBC News"
4424:
Ecumenics from the Rim: Explorations in Honour of John D'Arcy May
3871:"Buddhist Leaders Respond To Violence Against Muslims In Myanmar"
3580:
3521:"Buddhist monk uses racism and rumours to spread hatred in Burma"
3004:
1998:
1794:
1734:
1627:
1464:
1358:
1110:
1029:
8780:
8548:
6821:
Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence
6341:
Buddhism and Japanese Nationalism: A sad chronicle of complicity
5164:
2690:
2688:
1976:
in 2012 due to the violence committed by Buddhist monks against
1673:
1564:(mostly Buddhist), who accounted for 70% of the population, the
126:
11524:
10173:
10158:
9994:
9856:
9836:
9611:
9273:
9153:
9143:
9078:
8706:
8662:
8647:
8637:
8607:
8531:
8414:
8182:
8054:
7798:
7793:
6227:
5422:
5305:
5215:
5176:
5152:
5085:
4517:
4515:
2266:
2146:
in Asia. The society re-examined more than 70 texts written by
2143:
1832:
1655:
1565:
1472:
1398:
1366:
1337:
1004:
937:
900:
840:
4420:
3869:; Tulku Sherdor Rinpoche; 14th Dalai Lama (10 December 2012).
1689:
translation of the Mahavamsa (which was originally written in
11776:
10313:
10148:
10006:
9972:
9952:
9922:
9851:
9268:
9113:
8991:
8986:
8956:
8911:
8758:
8753:
8632:
8337:
8162:
8129:
8119:
6930:
In Defense of Dharma: Just-War Ideology in Buddhist Sri Lanka
6508:
Religion and American Cultures, An Encyclopedia, vol 1 p. 61
6212:
5398:
5293:
3938:"Nirvanaless: Asian Buddhism's growing fundamentalist streak"
3212:
Buddhism and Violence: Militarism and Buddhism in Modern Asia
3177:
Buddhism and Violence: Militarism and Buddhism in Modern Asia
3148:
Buddhism and violence: militarism and Buddhism in modern Asia
2685:
2587:
2355:
2242:
2097:, one of the many stations affected during the attack by the
2094:
1639:
1299:
11265:
5356:
5254:
5011:
4512:
3348:"Letter from America: Buddhist Terrorism – no longer a myth"
2734:
2732:
2501:
2499:
862:
10183:
8976:
8642:
8139:
6369:"The "Negative Side" of D. T. Suzuki's Relationship to War"
6283:
Gort, Jerald D.; Jensen, Henry; Vroom, Hendrick M. (2005).
6004:"BBSO challenges Mangala equating it to a terrorist outfit"
4664:
4539:
3793:"How to reverse Buddhism's radical turn in Southeast Asia?"
2406:
Jerryson, Michael K. (2018). "Buddhist Paths to Violence".
2274:
2254:
2117:
movement was considered an inspiration to Buddhists in the
1690:
7259:
6028:"Mangala says anti-Muslim campaign is 'playing with fire'"
4956:
2904:
2789:
2556:
1851:
between the LTTE and the predominately Sinhalese Buddhist
9841:
8377:
7582:
7551:
7343:
Buddhist Fury: Religion and Violence in Southern Thailand
7027:
The Noble Eightfold Path: The Way to the End of Suffering
6156:
5839:
5648:
2749:
2747:
2729:
2496:
2026:. Anunayake Bellanwila Wimalaratana, deputy incumbent of
1814:
that severely restricted Tamil entrance to universities,
843:, a term meaning "not to injure", is a primary virtue in
7216:
7051:
Striking a Balance: A Primer in Traditional Asian Values
6502:
5808:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
5410:
5344:
5109:
3106:"What Buddhists Believe - Can a Buddhist Join the Army?"
2898:
2719:
2717:
1972:
has listed Sri Lanka among the countries with very high
1950:
7547:
Conflict in Buddhism: 'Violence for the sake of peace?'
4593:
4500:
4394:
The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective
4132:
Sri Lanka's Killing Fields (Documentary) | Real Stories
3237:
3209:
Tikhonov, Vladimir; Brekke, Torkel, eds. (2012-09-10).
3174:
Tikhonov, Vladimir; Brekke, Torkel, eds. (2012-09-10).
3052:"It's not so strange for a Buddhist to endorse killing"
2810:
2771:
2599:
11929:
Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
5537:
5496:
5484:
5097:
4968:
4797:
4785:
4581:
2834:
2744:
2646:
2644:
2631:
2629:
2616:
2614:
2273:". His purported mission was to take upon himself the
1964:
which they think is conspiring to undermine Buddhism.
1806:
another pact in 1965 that sought to establish greater
1467:
for drawing a figure of the Buddha bowing down to the
1132:
during the Vietnam war or Tibetan monks in support of
11857:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
11710:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
7318:
6269:
6267:
5608:
4715:
4676:
4349:
4191:
2986:
2952:
2928:
2714:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2517:
2229:
view of idiosyncratic interpretations of elements of
2050:
These Buddhist nationalists have been opposed by the
1058:, Associate Professor of Religious Studies at Ohio's
874:— Kakacūpama Sutta, Majjhima-Nikāya 28 at MN i 128-29
6840:
Poisonous Cocktail: Aum Shinrikyo's Path to Violence
6623:
6124:"Sri Lanka: Justice Key to End Anti-Muslim Violence"
4527:
3010:
2940:
2312:
7459:
7143:
Buddhism, Conflict and Violence in Modern Sri Lanka
3726:"Buddhist mobs spread fear among Myanmar's Muslims"
3612:"Myanmar's '969' crusade breeds anti-Muslim malice"
2804:
2759:
2641:
2626:
2611:
2039:
Buddhist opposition to Sinhala Buddhist nationalism
1658:(Buddhist doctrine). Furthermore, it legitimizes a
1380:as "The Face of Buddhist Terror". According to the
1326:killed and many were tortured. Under the SPDC, the
6264:
4479:
3384:"Charity Says Threats Foil Medical Aid in Myanmar"
2846:
2568:
2478:"Where did Buddhism get its reputation for peace?"
2387:
2203:or fascist-nationalist who preached a self-styled
1405:(2014) are the latest Buddhist violence in Burma.
1032:, is likely due to economic or political reasons.
7514:
5752:"International Religious Freedom Report for 2014"
5724:"International Religious Freedom Report for 2013"
5696:"International Religious Freedom Report for 2012"
3411:"Buddhists terrorists block aid to Burma Muslims"
3255:
2916:
2822:
2180:in official publications and cooperated with the
1609:and militant Buddhism. The Mahavamsa states that
12217:
7652:Encyclopaedia of Pali Literature: The Pali canon
6223:Religion and the Global Politics of Human Rights
5835:"Sri Lanka Buddhist monks destroy Muslim shrine"
4074:
4003:
3546:"Myanmar govt targets 'neo-Nazi' Buddhist group"
3498:"Of A Sustained Buddhist Extremism In Sri Lanka"
3490:
3329:"Opinion: Myanmar's Buddhist terrorism problem"
2278:the movement generally defined and saw itself.
11608:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
11602:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
10892:Christian thought on persecution and tolerance
6624:Jackson, Brian Anthony; John C. Baker (2005).
5517:"Sri Lanka's Buddhist monks are intent on war"
4036:
4034:
3973:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 232–233.
3963:
3285:
3208:
3173:
631:Christian thought on persecution and tolerance
11789:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc
11596:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
11251:
10380:
7707:
7560:Burma At The Turn Of The Twenty-first Century
6926:
6527:
6523:
6521:
6021:
6019:
5440:
5428:
5404:
5362:
5311:
5260:
5221:
5182:
5158:
5091:
4821:Association of Tamils of Sri Lanka in the USA
4670:
4612:"Chapter XXV – The Victory of Dutthagamani".
4545:
4521:
3999:
3997:
1674:Rise of modern Sinhalese-Buddhist nationalism
820:
11911:Violence against Hindus in independent India
8489:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
7440:An End to Suffering: The Buddha in the World
7282:
7220:; Gyaltsen Rinpoche, Khenpo Konchog (1998),
7071:
6910:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism
6842:by Ian Reader, NIAS Publications 1996, p.16
5997:
5995:
5555:
5471:
5441:Chatterji, Manas; Jain, B. M. (2008-10-13).
5381:. University of Chicago Press. p. 614.
5170:
4780:translation of the original and its updates.
4379:the popular psyche and political discourses.
4367:
3638:
3632:
3339:
2661:
2659:
2562:
12123:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh
11638:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
7407:
7103:, APH Publishing Corporation, p. 166,
6323:"Buddhist Perspectives on the Use of Force"
5804:"Religious Hostilities Reach Six-Year High"
4031:
3470:"Attacks approach Myanmar's biggest cities"
3464:
3462:
3145:
3045:
3043:
3030:"Buddhist Perspectives on the Use of Force"
2738:
2696:"Taisho Tripitaka Vol. 1, No. 32, Page 814"
2007:humanitarian abuses and possible war crimes
2005:resolution that called for an inquiry into
1843:killing 13 Sinhalese soldiers, the largest
1412:However several Buddhist leaders including
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
11258:
11244:
11051:The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster
10387:
10373:
7714:
7700:
7358:
7283:Ganguly, Sumit; Brown, Matthew E. (2003),
6794:The War on Terrorism and the Terror of God
6731:Deadly Cults: The Crimes of True Believers
6654:
6587:
6518:
6016:
4236:"Sri Lanka: Muslims Face Threats, Attacks"
4004:Steven L. Danver, ed. (22 December 2010).
3994:
2593:
2537:
2535:
1341:Flag of the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army
936:And what is right action? Abstaining from
827:
813:
89:. Please do not remove this message until
11758:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
10394:
7579:
7240:Philosophy of the Buddha: An Introduction
7047:
6762:
5992:
5577:
5575:
5447:. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 126.
5068:Buddhism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka
4990:Buddhism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka
4935:Buddhism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka
4908:Buddhism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka
4643:Buddhism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka
4324:Buddhism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka
3311:"Extremism Rises Among Myanmar Buddhists"
2656:
2605:
1596:
1243:Kittivuddho, Gillberg, Christina 2006
863:Teachings, interpretations, and practices
276:Learn how and when to remove this message
258:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
7648:
7557:
7543:
7340:
7199:
7140:
7096:
6907:Baroni, Helen Josephine (January 2002),
6791:
6769:Continuum International Publishing Group
6366:
6351:
6025:
5833:Haviland, Charles (September 15, 2011).
5832:
5416:
5350:
5115:
4962:
4599:
4506:
4040:
3459:
3345:
3243:
3080:. Oxford University Press. p. 158.
3075:
3040:
3016:
2840:
2816:
2777:
2541:
2437:
2405:
2245:as the main image of worship, Christian
2085:
1733:
1543:Statues of Buddha in Dambulla, Sri Lanka
1538:
1336:
1189:
1167:
151:of all important aspects of the article.
85:Relevant discussion may be found on the
11722:French Revolutionary dechristianisation
9676:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
7589:
7385:
7162:
7116:
7006:
6992:
6978:
6964:
6882:
6422:
6185:. Snow Lion Publications. p. 144.
6026:Bastians, Dharisha (15 February 2013).
6001:
5969:
5654:
5614:
5543:
5502:
5490:
5299:
5103:
5017:
4974:
4841:
4803:
4791:
4721:
4682:
4587:
4557:
4533:
4483:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
4473:
4451:
4355:
3723:
3049:
2934:
2910:
2765:
2723:
2650:
2635:
2620:
2532:
2505:
2109:or "warrior monks" appeared during the
12218:
11668:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain
9879:List of Buddhist architecture in China
7434:
7304:
7237:
7048:Brannigan, Michael C. (January 2010),
6906:
6798:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
6455:Brian Victoria. Zen at War, 2006. p.87
6428:
6178:
6060:"BBS does not represent entire Sangha"
5572:
5330:. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 87–88.
5279:. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 86–87.
5240:. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 84–86.
5028:
5026:
4187:
4185:
3592:from the original on 24 September 2015
3433:
3381:
3308:
2992:
2958:
2790:Gnanananda Thero & Jayasinghe 2002
2581:
2393:
1885:devolution of power to Tamil provinces
147:Please consider expanding the lead to
11917:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
11239:
10368:
7695:
7635:
7610:
7327:, New York: Oxford University Press,
7020:
6090:
6002:Bandara, Hansani (17 February 2013).
5581:
5514:
5374:
5323:
5272:
5233:
5194:
5127:
5064:
4986:
4931:
4904:
4873:
4760:
4733:
4694:
4639:
4486:. New Age International. p. 91.
4320:
4290:
4259:
4150:
3757:
3518:
3261:
3169:
3167:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
2946:
2828:
2753:
2475:
1951:Violence against religious minorities
7668:
7490:
7269:, Dayawansa Jayakody & Company,
7081:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
6763:Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2006).
6727:
4390:
3896:
3573:
3500:. Colombo Telegraph. 11 October 2012
3403:
3375:
2922:
2899:Gampopa & Gyaltsen Rinpoche 1998
2852:
2471:
2469:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2176:how Buddhist institutions justified
1303:syncretism between Buddhism and its
1139:
215:
167:
120:
59:
18:
12061:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War
12011:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh
11923:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
11716:Christianization of the Sámi people
5324:Gregg, Heather Selma (2014-01-01).
5273:Gregg, Heather Selma (2014-01-01).
5234:Gregg, Heather Selma (2014-01-01).
5195:Gregg, Heather Selma (2014-01-01).
5128:Gregg, Heather Selma (2014-01-01).
5023:
4734:Gregg, Heather Selma (2014-01-01).
4695:Gregg, Heather Selma (2014-01-01).
4427:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 371.
4260:Gregg, Heather Selma (2014-01-01).
4182:
3346:Siddiqui, Habib (21 October 2012).
1889:insurrection against the government
1818:became radicalized, calling for an
1812:discriminatory quota system in 1974
1517:2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka
1513:2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka
1292:State Peace and Development Council
912:The right action or right conduct (
13:
9666:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
6701:Center for a New American Security
6312:by Joseph M. Kitagawa, pgs 116-117
5970:McGowan, William (2 August 2012).
5201:. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 84.
4740:. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 74.
4701:. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 75.
4558:McGowan, William (2 August 2012).
4452:McGowan, William (2 August 2012).
4266:. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 75.
3382:Fuller, Thomas (5 November 2012).
3269:"UN envoy warns of Myanmar crisis"
3164:
3122:
2544:"S Lanka monks raze Muslim shrine"
1369:services and trades, resulting in
14:
12257:
11905:Violence against Muslims in India
11899:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan
11845:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
7470:Just War in Religion and Politics
5032:
4874:Zwier, Lawrence J. (1998-01-01).
4761:Zwier, Lawrence J. (1998-01-01).
4291:Zwier, Lawrence J. (1998-01-01).
3696:"Fresh communal riots in Myanmar"
3417:. 7 November 2012. Archived from
2805:Neusner, Chilton & Tully 2013
2518:Jerryson & Juergensmeyer 2010
2466:
2426:
2058:movement led by the Buddhist Dr.
1837:torched the Jaffna Public Library
1443:in Buddhism. "No Buddhist can be
1144:
34:This article has multiple issues.
12200:
10455:Unification Church in Japan
10347:
10337:
10336:
9894:Thai temple art and architecture
9639:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
7879:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
7745:
7732:
7722:
6927:Bartholomeusz, Tessa J. (2005),
6852:
6833:
6814:
6785:
6756:
6721:
6683:
6648:
6617:
6608:
6581:
6562:
6484:
6467:
6458:
6449:
6409:
6396:
6387:
6360:
6345:
6333:
6315:
6303:
6276:
6255:
6206:
6172:
6144:
6116:
6091:Mohan, Rohini (3 January 2015).
6084:
6052:
5963:
5938:
5914:
5885:
5857:
5826:
5796:
5772:
5744:
5716:
5688:
5660:
5624:
5549:
5508:
5465:
5444:Conflict and Peace in South Asia
5434:
5368:
5317:
5266:
5227:
5188:
5121:
5058:
4980:
4925:
4898:
4867:
4835:
4809:
4754:
4727:
4688:
4391:Gier, Nicholas F. (2014-08-20).
3897:Lila, Muhammad (22 April 2013).
3286:Elaine Pearson (6 August 2008).
3050:Jenkins, Stephen (11 May 2011).
2542:Haviland, Charles (2011-09-15).
2315:
1709:intolerance toward the island's
1554:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
360:Unification Church in Japan
220:
172:
125:
64:
23:
12177:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
12147:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
7746:
7263:; Jayasinghe, Hemamala (2002),
7172:, East-West Center Washington,
6367:Victoria, Brian Daizen (2010),
6352:Victoria, Brian Daizen (2006),
6093:"Sri Lanka's Violent Buddhists"
6068:. 12 March 2013. Archived from
5584:"Sri Lanka's Violent Buddhists"
5375:Marty, Martin E. (1996-07-01).
4633:
4605:
4551:
4445:
4414:
4397:. Lexington Books. p. 47.
4384:
4361:
4314:
4284:
4253:
4228:
4144:
4123:
4109:
4068:
3957:
3922:
3890:
3811:
3785:
3751:
3717:
3688:
3655:
3604:
3567:
3538:
3512:
3321:
3309:Fuller, Thomas (20 June 2013).
3302:
3279:
3202:
3098:
3069:
3022:
2998:
2964:
2858:
2336:Buddhism and capital punishment
1371:persecution of Muslims in Burma
139:may be too short to adequately
42:or discuss these issues on the
12165:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings
12135:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
11869:Communist Romanian persecution
11080:Books critical of Christianity
9884:Japanese Buddhist architecture
9686:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
8766:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
7957:Places where the Buddha stayed
7261:Gnanananda Thero, Kiribathgoda
6913:, The Rosen Publishing Group,
6591:Teaching Religion and Violence
4938:. SUNY Press. pp. 70–73.
4646:. SUNY Press. pp. 48–51.
4618:. Translated by Wilhelm Geiger
3829:; Chao Khun Raja Sumedhajahn;
2523:
2399:
1607:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
1347:Democratic Karen Buddhist Army
1332:international humanitarian law
1035:The teaching of right speech (
948:. This is called right action.
920:) is the fourth aspect of the
291:This article is of a series on
229:This article needs editing to
149:provide an accessible overview
16:Buddhist attitudes to violence
1:
12183:2024 Istanbul church shooting
12159:Christchurch mosque shootings
11947:Religious violence in Nigeria
11941:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria
11100:Books critical of Scientology
9899:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
7341:Jerryson, Michael K. (2011),
7305:Harris, Elizabeth J. (1994),
6588:Pennington, Brian K. (2012).
5065:Grant, Patrick (2009-01-05).
4987:Grant, Patrick (2009-01-05).
4932:Grant, Patrick (2009-01-05).
4905:Grant, Patrick (2009-01-05).
4640:Grant, Patrick (2009-01-05).
4321:Grant, Patrick (2009-01-05).
4206:10.1080/14631369.2015.1003691
3758:Wadde, Francis (2013-05-30).
3641:"The Face of Buddhist Terror"
3256:Roberts & Garton Ash 2011
2476:Swann, Nick (April 7, 2021).
2381:
2281:
2170:sect, documented in his book
2052:Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement
2017:politician who has served as
1450:
12236:Buddhism and other religions
12073:War crimes in the Kosovo War
11863:Communist Polish persecution
11734:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
11662:Crusades against schismatics
11009:Letter to a Christian Nation
9656:Buddhism and the Roman world
9632:Decline of Buddhism in India
9627:History of Buddhism in India
7727: Topics in
7616:The Buddha and His Teachings
7313:Buddhist Publication Society
7238:Gowans, Christopher (2004),
7032:Buddhist Publication Society
6703:. p. 10. Archived from
6310:Religion in Japanese History
6009:The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)
5582:Mohan, Rohini (2015-01-02).
5515:Ridge, Mian (17 June 2007).
4852:. The Island. Archived from
4151:Beech, Hannah (2019-05-05).
3724:Pittman, Todd (2013-05-30).
3702:. 2013-03-25. Archived from
3673:. 2013-04-22. Archived from
3639:Hannah Beech (1 July 2013).
3574:Szep, Jason (8 April 2013).
3552:. 2013-04-08. Archived from
2870:berkleycenter.georgetown.edu
2070:
2028:Bellanwila Rajamaha Viharaya
1490:
1276:2013 Burma anti-Muslim riots
855:or for religious purposes.
7:
11095:Books critical of Mormonism
8854:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
8594:
7649:Tripāṭhī, Śrīdhara (2008),
7475:University Press of America
7345:, Oxford University Press,
7117:Clayton, Barbra R. (2006),
6865:Journal of Church and State
4817:"Sri Lankan Tamil Struggle"
4480:Sailendra Nath Sen (1999).
2412:. Oxford University Press.
2308:
2303:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2166:, a Buddhist priest in the
2019:Minister of Foreign Affairs
1149:
1060:Youngstown State University
1011:—one should not harm other
91:conditions to do so are met
10:
12262:
11002:God: The Failed Hypothesis
10988:God in the Age of Science?
9804:The unanswerable questions
7597:, Amaravati Publications,
7564:University of Hawaii Press
7558:Skidmore, Monique (2005),
7370:University of Hawaii Press
7224:, Snow Lion Publications,
7141:Deegalle, Mahinda (2006),
6875:
6736:Greenwood Publishing Group
6663:University of Hawaii Press
6435:. Routledge. p. 208.
6429:Xue Yu (14 October 2013).
5972:"Buddhists Behaving Badly"
5071:. SUNY Press. p. 49.
4993:. SUNY Press. p. 77.
4911:. SUNY Press. p. 74.
4877:Sri Lanka: War-torn Island
4764:Sri Lanka: War-torn Island
4560:"Buddhists Behaving Badly"
4454:"Buddhists Behaving Badly"
4327:. SUNY Press. p. 51.
4294:Sri Lanka: War-torn Island
3519:Hodal, Kate (2013-04-18).
2290:
2221:that was the cause of the
2135:Japanese Buddhists temples
2079:
1530:protracted social conflict
1494:
1437:London School of Economics
1279:
1273:
1269:
1153:
1119:early into their campaigns
1098:killing of Osama bin Laden
1062:and co-editor of the book
958:For the lay follower, the
12197:
12105:South Thailand insurgency
12081:Walisongo school massacre
12049:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
11698:Expulsion of the Moriscos
11674:European wars of religion
11588:
11432:
11277:
11159:
11108:
11090:Books critical of Judaism
10956:
10823:
10643:
10592:
10549:
10435:Latter Day Saint movement
10402:
10332:
10284:
10199:
10114:
9889:Buddhist temples in Korea
9812:
9714:
9597:
9294:
9222:
9049:
8922:
8862:
8497:
8452:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
8363:
8355:Three planes of existence
8303:
8148:
8040:
7970:
7962:Buddha in world religions
7824:
7769:
7741:
7491:Reat, Noble Ross (1994),
3215:(0 ed.). Routledge.
3180:(0 ed.). Routledge.
2366:Christianity and violence
2286:
2223:Tokyo subway sarin attack
1941:heavy civilian casualties
1877:Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna
340:Latter Day Saint movement
187:toward certain viewpoints
11495:Extrajudicial punishment
11058:Why I Am Not a Christian
10645:Religious discrimination
9671:Persecution of Buddhists
8892:Four stages of awakening
8273:Three marks of existence
7859:Physical characteristics
7675:Lorenz Educational Press
7544:Shadbolt, Peter (2013),
7414:A World Religions Reader
7411:; Lohr, Christy (2009),
7097:Chitkara, M. G. (1999),
7083:, Princeton University,
7056:Rowman & Littlefield
6985:Cunda Kammaraputta Sutta
6728:Snow, Robert L. (2003).
5784:U.S. Department of State
5672:U.S. Department of State
5636:U.S. Department of State
5171:Ganguly & Brown 2003
4047:. Grafikol. p. 32.
4010:. ABC-CLIO. p. 99.
3663:"All you can do is pray"
3221:10.4324/9780203111024-12
3186:10.4324/9780203111024-12
2563:Buswell & Lopez 2013
2193:League of Blood Incident
2075:
1767:S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike
1574:Galagoda Aththe Gnanasat
1455:
1318:, sometimes also called
1072:, Emeritus Professor of
960:Cunda Kammaraputta Sutta
231:comply with Knowledge's
12241:Buddhist fundamentalism
12188:Crocus City Hall attack
11935:Persecution of Tibetans
11692:French Wars of Religion
11614:Yellow Turban Rebellion
11196:Criticism of monotheism
11085:Books critical of Islam
11072:The Demon-Haunted World
10929:Anti-Christian violence
10460:Westboro Baptist Church
9034:Ten principal disciples
7917:(aunt, adoptive mother)
7528:Oxford University Press
7467:; Tully, R. E. (2013),
7386:Knaster, Mirka (2010),
6883:Barbaro, Paolo (2010),
6594:. OUP USA. p. 89.
6289:. Rodopi. p. 165.
6232:Oxford University Press
5138:, Inc. pp. 81–83.
4880:. Lerner Publications.
4844:"Racial myths debunked"
4767:. Lerner Publications.
4297:. Lerner Publications.
4041:Le Phuoc (March 2010).
3078:The Geography of Morals
3076:Flanagan, Owen (2017).
2739:Markham & Lohr 2009
2698:. Cbeta. Archived from
2669:. Cbeta. Archived from
2003:UN Human Rights Council
1958:anti-Christian violence
1859:, a Senior Minister in
1763:Western colonial powers
1286:Human rights in Myanmar
772:Criticism of monotheism
668:Anti-Christian violence
365:Westboro Baptist Church
12141:Iraqi Turkmen genocide
12117:Maspero demonstrations
11965:Huế Phật Đản shootings
10516:New religious movement
9744:Buddhism and democracy
9257:Tibetan Buddhist canon
9252:Chinese Buddhist canon
8484:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
8479:Early Buddhist schools
7655:, Anmol Publications,
7620:Jaico Publishing House
7595:Seeds of Understanding
7392:Shambhala Publications
7388:Living This Life Fully
7163:DeVotta, Neil (2007),
7013:Maha-cattarisaka Sutta
6792:Griffith, Lee (2004).
4086:University of Calcutta
3930:Anuradha Sharma Pujari
3867:Zoketsu Norman Fischer
3007:Retrieved 4 July 2017.
2182:Imperial Japanese Army
2102:
1742:
1597:Mytho-historical roots
1572:(BBS) which is led by
1558:Velupillai Prabhakaran
1544:
1342:
1240:
1195:
1173:
1053:
1023:of Buddhist ethics or
969:
956:
932:, it is explained as:
910:
871:
421:New religious movement
12226:Buddhism and violence
12111:Boko Haram insurgency
11770:Pontic Greek genocide
11680:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
11490:Extrajudicial killing
11267:Religious persecution
11147:Nontheistic religions
11065:Why I Am Not a Muslim
10981:Christianity Unveiled
10445:Seventh-day Adventist
10396:Criticism of religion
9754:Eight Consciousnesses
7864:Life of Buddha in art
7419:John Wiley & Sons
6179:Powers, John (2009).
5302:, pp. 19, 30–31.
4842:Jayawardena, Kumari.
4044:Buddhist Architecture
3333:america.aljazeera.com
2874:Georgetown University
2351:Religious nationalism
2297:In 2022, Khambo Lama
2231:early Indian Buddhism
2215:Japanese new religion
2164:Brian Daizen Victoria
2089:
1974:religious hostilities
1881:Indo-Sri Lanka Accord
1861:President Jayawardene
1853:Sri Lankan government
1737:
1634:and usurped power in
1542:
1522:Buddhism in Sri Lanka
1497:Buddhism in Sri Lanka
1340:
1316:nonviolent resistance
1253:Thailand in the 2000s
1236:
1193:
1171:
1049:
999:In Buddhism, to take
964:
934:
905:
867:
350:Seventh-day Adventist
298:Criticism of religion
12093:September 11 attacks
12029:1984 anti-Sikh riots
11893:Rawalpindi massacres
11839:White Terror (Spain)
11650:Massacre at Ayyadieh
11535:Population cleansing
11191:Criticism of atheism
11023:The Blind Watchmaker
10605:Charles Taze Russell
10450:Unification movement
10231:East Asian religions
9661:Buddhism in the West
9232:Early Buddhist texts
8847:Four Right Exertions
8313:Ten spiritual realms
7806:Noble Eightfold Path
7669:Zaun, Kathy (2002),
7444:Macmillan Publishers
7360:Kalupahana, David J.
6971:Magga-vibhanga Sutta
6376:The Eastern Buddhist
6072:on 24 September 2015
5020:, pp. viii, 11.
2376:Judaism and violence
2257:and the writings of
2091:Kasumigaseki Station
1937:Rajapaksa government
1921:Jathika Hela Urumaya
1900:ceasefire agreements
1820:independent homeland
1698:Anagarika Dharmapala
1630:, who had come from
1501:1915 Ceylonese riots
1361:) had helped create
1290:In recent years the
1210:1970s Thai Buddhism:
1156:Buddhism in Thailand
1134:Tibetan independence
1078:Princeton University
1070:Gananath Obeyesekere
922:Noble Eightfold Path
767:Criticism of atheism
473:Charles Taze Russell
355:Unification movement
12246:Religious terrorism
12005:Bangladesh genocide
11985:Cultural Revolution
11977:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
11740:Circassian genocide
11626:Rhineland massacres
11540:Population transfer
11505:Forced displacement
11317:Jehovah's Witnesses
10572:Mormon sacred texts
10430:Jehovah's Witnesses
10354:Religion portal
10101:Temple of the Tooth
9980:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
9019:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
8512:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
8295:Two truths doctrine
8115:Mahapajapati Gotamī
7915:Mahapajapati Gotamī
7520:Garton Ash, Timothy
7494:Buddhism: A History
7321:Juergensmeyer, Mark
7319:Jerryson, Michael;
7016:, Access to Insight
7008:Bhikkhu, Thanissaro
7002:, Access to Insight
6999:Saccavibhanga Sutta
6994:Bhikkhu, Thanissaro
6988:, Access to Insight
6980:Bhikkhu, Thanissaro
6974:, Access to Insight
6966:Bhikkhu, Thanissaro
6655:Ian Reader (2000).
6496:nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp
6339:Gier, Nicholas, F.
5173:, pp. 127–128.
3943:The Washington Post
3876:The Huffington Post
3843:Judith Simmer-Brown
3764:Asian Correspondent
3258:, pp. 354–370.
2913:, pp. 249–250.
2702:on 22 November 2008
2673:on 22 November 2008
2596:, pp. 105–106.
2508:, pp. 120–121.
2178:Japanese militarism
2024:Ministry of Defence
2011:Mangala Samaraweera
1970:Pew Research Center
1945:President Rajapaksa
1904:devolution of power
1831:erupted in 1981 in
1680:British colonialism
1282:Buddhism in Myanmar
953:Saccavibhanga Sutta
944:, and from illicit
540:Mormon sacred texts
460:By religious figure
335:Jehovah's Witnesses
240:improve the content
193:improve the article
78:of this article is
12231:Buddhist terrorism
12099:2002 Gujarat riots
12023:Cambodian genocide
12017:Lebanese Civil War
11795:Soviet persecution
11632:Jerusalem massacre
11545:Sectarian violence
11530:Political violence
10974:Breaking the Spell
10916:Sectarian violence
10825:Religious violence
10773:Oriental Orthodoxy
10630:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
10489:Twelver Shia Islam
10276:Western philosophy
9874:Dzong architecture
9696:Vipassana movement
9691:Buddhist modernism
9119:Emperor Wen of Sui
8887:Pratyekabuddhayāna
8820:Threefold Training
8622:Vipassana movement
8338:Hungry Ghost realm
8158:Avidyā (Ignorance)
8105:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
7854:Great Renunciation
7849:Eight Great Events
7731:
7637:Thera, Nyanaponika
7612:Thera, Narada Maha
7073:Buswell, Robert E.
6129:Human Rights Watch
6098:The New York Times
6040:on 8 December 2015
5926:www.sundaytimes.lk
5810:. January 14, 2014
5588:The New York Times
5429:Bartholomeusz 2005
5405:Bartholomeusz 2005
5363:Bartholomeusz 2005
5312:Bartholomeusz 2005
5261:Bartholomeusz 2005
5222:Bartholomeusz 2005
5183:Bartholomeusz 2005
5159:Bartholomeusz 2005
5092:Bartholomeusz 2005
4671:Bartholomeusz 2005
4546:Bartholomeusz 2005
4522:Bartholomeusz 2005
4240:Human Rights Watch
4157:The New York Times
4088:. pp. 68–69.
3835:8th Arjia Rinpoche
3831:Phra Paisal Visalo
3667:Human Rights Watch
3421:on 11 January 2015
3415:IRIB World Service
3389:The New York Times
3315:The New York Times
2866:"Sutta Nipata 705"
2452:10.1111/rec3.12152
2371:Islam and violence
2331:Ahimsa in Buddhism
2293:Buddhism in Russia
2251:Book of Revelation
2186:Russo-Japanese War
2160:Soka Kyoiku Gakkai
2103:
2015:Theravada Buddhist
1933:self-determination
1743:
1716:ethnocentric state
1668:Theravada Buddhism
1545:
1382:Human Rights Watch
1343:
1312:Saffron Revolution
1196:
1174:
1172:Thai Buddhist Flag
1093:Harvard University
1085:K. Sri Dhammananda
655:Sectarian violence
566:Religious violence
498:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
394:Twelver Shia Islam
12213:
12212:
12153:Rohingya genocide
11881:Direct Action Day
11833:Šahovići massacre
11783:Armenian genocide
11777:Assyrian genocide
11664:(13th–15th cent.)
11658:(12th–16th cent.)
11656:Northern Crusades
11500:Forced conversion
11450:Cultural genocide
11445:Communal violence
11327:post–Cold War era
11312:Eastern Orthodoxy
11233:
11232:
11016:The Age of Reason
10967:Atheist Manifesto
10768:Eastern Orthodoxy
10731:Jehovah's Witness
10690:post–Cold War era
10593:Religious figures
10472:Swaminarayan sect
10362:
10361:
10000:Om mani padme hum
9706:Women in Buddhism
9622:Buddhist councils
9492:Western countries
9280:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
9041:Shaolin Monastery
8618:Samatha-vipassanā
8228:Pratītyasamutpāda
8032:Metteyya/Maitreya
7950:
7942:
7934:
7926:
7918:
7910:
7902:
7779:Four Noble Truths
7684:978-1-4291-0985-7
7662:978-81-261-3560-8
7629:978-81-7992-617-8
7604:978-1-78432-001-0
7573:978-0-8248-2857-8
7537:978-0-19-969145-6
7508:978-0-87573-001-1
7484:978-0-7618-6094-5
7453:978-1-4299-3363-6
7428:978-1-4051-7109-0
7401:978-0-8348-2254-2
7379:978-0-8248-1402-1
7352:978-0-19-979324-2
7334:978-0-19-539483-2
7298:978-0-262-52333-2
7276:978-955-551-211-4
7231:978-1-55939-872-5
7179:978-1-932728-64-4
7156:978-0-415-54441-2
7134:978-1-134-27829-9
7110:978-81-7648-180-9
7090:978-1-4008-4805-8
7065:978-0-7391-3846-5
7041:978-955-24-0116-9
6947:978-1-135-78857-5
6920:978-0-8239-2240-6
6900:978-0-7656-2048-4
6807:978-0-8028-2860-6
6778:978-0-567-04133-3
6749:978-0-275-98052-8
6676:978-0-8248-2340-5
6641:978-0-8330-3767-1
6601:978-0-19-537242-7
6548:978-0-415-54684-3
6442:978-1-135-48732-4
6241:978-0-19-984103-5
6192:978-1-55939-788-9
5657:, pp. 41–45.
5619:Maradana, Colombo
5454:978-1-84950-534-5
5431:, pp. 33–34.
5388:978-0-226-50884-9
5337:978-1-61234-661-8
5314:, pp. 87–96.
5286:978-1-61234-661-8
5247:978-1-61234-661-8
5224:, pp. 13–14.
5208:978-1-61234-661-8
5185:, pp. 82–94.
5161:, pp. 12–13.
5145:978-1-61234-661-8
5094:, pp. 78–79.
5078:978-0-7914-9367-0
5000:978-0-7914-9367-0
4965:, pp. 91–92.
4945:978-0-7914-9367-0
4918:978-0-7914-9367-0
4887:978-0-8225-3550-8
4774:978-0-8225-3550-8
4747:978-1-61234-661-8
4708:978-1-61234-661-8
4653:978-0-7914-9367-0
4493:978-81-224-1198-0
4434:978-3-8258-0637-8
4404:978-0-7391-9223-8
4334:978-0-7914-9367-0
4304:978-0-8225-3550-8
4273:978-1-61234-660-1
4095:978-1-152-74433-2
4054:978-0-9844043-0-8
4017:978-1-59884-078-0
3980:978-81-208-0616-0
3651:on June 21, 2013.
3550:The Straits Times
3273:www.aljazeera.com
3230:978-0-203-11102-4
3195:978-0-203-11102-4
3157:978-0-203-11102-4
3087:978-0-19-021215-5
2972:"Buddhist Ethics"
2756:, pp. 48–58.
2419:978-0-19-068356-6
2205:Nichiren Buddhism
2139:Chinese Buddhists
2082:Buddhism in Japan
1994:anti-Muslim riots
1929:federal structure
1845:anti-Tamil pogrom
1808:regional autonomy
1728:ethno-nationalist
1711:Muslim minorities
1660:just war doctrine
1185:Supreme Patriarch
1140:Regional examples
837:
836:
377:Swaminarayan sect
286:
285:
278:
268:
267:
260:
214:
213:
166:
165:
119:
118:
111:
57:
12253:
12205:
12204:
12171:2020 Delhi riots
12087:Kosheh massacres
12067:Bosnian genocide
11887:1946 Bihar riots
11550:Social cleansing
11475:Ethnic cleansing
11260:
11253:
11246:
11237:
11236:
11044:The God Delusion
11037:The End of Faith
11030:The Caged Virgin
10995:God Is Not Great
10389:
10382:
10375:
10366:
10365:
10352:
10351:
10340:
10339:
10179:Sacred languages
10027:Maya Devi Temple
9990:Mahabodhi Temple
9794:Secular Buddhism
9759:Engaged Buddhism
8599:
8447:Tibetan Buddhism
8398:Vietnamese Thiền
7997:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
7948:
7940:
7932:
7924:
7916:
7908:
7900:
7749:
7748:
7736:
7726:
7716:
7709:
7702:
7693:
7692:
7687:
7665:
7645:
7632:
7607:
7586:
7576:
7554:
7540:
7511:
7487:
7456:
7431:
7404:
7382:
7355:
7337:
7325:Buddhist Warfare
7315:
7301:
7279:
7256:
7234:
7213:
7206:The Sutta-Nipata
7196:
7195:
7194:
7188:
7182:, archived from
7171:
7159:
7137:
7113:
7093:
7077:Lopez, Donald S.
7068:
7044:
7017:
7003:
6989:
6975:
6960:Via Google Books
6958:
6956:
6950:, archived from
6935:
6923:
6903:
6870:
6869:
6856:
6850:
6837:
6831:
6818:
6812:
6811:
6789:
6783:
6782:
6760:
6754:
6753:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6709:
6698:
6687:
6681:
6680:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6632:RAND Corporation
6621:
6615:
6612:
6606:
6605:
6585:
6579:
6566:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6525:
6516:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6488:
6482:
6471:
6465:
6462:
6456:
6453:
6447:
6446:
6426:
6420:
6413:
6407:
6400:
6394:
6391:
6385:
6383:
6373:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6349:
6343:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6319:
6313:
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6301:
6300:
6280:
6274:
6271:
6262:
6259:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6248:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6165:
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6141:
6139:
6137:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6036:. Archived from
6023:
6014:
6013:
5999:
5990:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5967:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5942:
5936:
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5933:
5932:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5876:
5861:
5855:
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5849:
5847:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5817:
5815:
5800:
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5793:
5791:
5790:
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5770:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5748:
5742:
5741:
5735:
5734:
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5685:
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5645:
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5628:
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5603:
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5535:
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5528:
5527:
5512:
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5500:
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5488:
5482:
5481:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5438:
5432:
5426:
5420:
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5408:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5372:
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5360:
5354:
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5342:
5341:
5321:
5315:
5309:
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5297:
5291:
5290:
5270:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5251:
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5225:
5219:
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5186:
5180:
5174:
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5150:
5149:
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5119:
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5107:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5039:
5033:Knuth, Rebecca.
5030:
5021:
5015:
5009:
5008:
4984:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4929:
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4902:
4896:
4895:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4692:
4686:
4680:
4674:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4572:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4519:
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4504:
4498:
4497:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4318:
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4311:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4189:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4167:. Archived from
4148:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4076:Benimadhab Barua
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4038:
4029:
4028:
4026:
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3992:
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3954:
3952:
3950:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
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3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3827:A. T. Ariyaratne
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3770:. Archived from
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3736:. Archived from
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3647:. Archived from
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3360:. Archived from
3343:
3337:
3336:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
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3235:
3234:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3171:
3162:
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3143:
3120:
3119:
3117:
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3102:
3096:
3095:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3005:Michael Jerryson
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2876:. Archived from
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2742:
2736:
2727:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2663:
2654:
2648:
2639:
2633:
2624:
2618:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2539:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2483:The Conversation
2473:
2464:
2463:
2440:Religion Compass
2435:
2424:
2423:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2263:Chizuo Matsumoto
2235:Tibetan Buddhism
2060:A. T. Ariyaratne
1865:government agent
1824:anti-Tamil riots
1799:Talduwe Somarama
1790:anti-Tamil riots
1776:anti-Tamil riots
1772:Sinhala Only Act
1746:D. S. Senanayake
1740:D. S. Senanayake
1481:Benimadhab Barua
1320:civil resistance
1244:
1117:while they were
1064:Buddhist Warfare
1056:Michael Jerryson
995:
954:
875:
829:
822:
815:
299:
288:
287:
281:
274:
263:
256:
252:
249:
243:
224:
223:
216:
209:
206:
200:
176:
175:
168:
161:
158:
152:
129:
121:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
12261:
12260:
12256:
12255:
12254:
12252:
12251:
12250:
12216:
12215:
12214:
12209:
12199:
12193:
12129:Yazidi genocide
12035:Revival Process
11971:Thích Quảng Đức
11959:Buddhist crisis
11953:Istanbul pogrom
11821:1970–1987
11816:1958–1964
11811:1928–1941
11806:1921–1928
11801:1917–1921
11686:Goa Inquisition
11620:Battle of Tours
11610:(c.550–c. 1200)
11604:(c. 324–c. 491)
11584:
11485:Ethnic violence
11480:Ethnic conflict
11428:
11427:
11426:
11273:
11264:
11234:
11229:
11228:
11227:
11184:In Christianity
11155:
11152:Parody religion
11104:
10952:
10819:
10678:Catholic Church
10639:
10588:
10550:Religious texts
10545:
10398:
10393:
10363:
10358:
10346:
10328:
10280:
10195:
10110:
9847:Ordination hall
9808:
9710:
9681:Buddhist crisis
9593:
9290:
9242:Mahayana sutras
9218:
9214:Thích Nhất Hạnh
9045:
8918:
8858:
8808:Bodhisattva vow
8493:
8359:
8299:
8258:Taṇhā (Craving)
8193:Five hindrances
8144:
8036:
7966:
7820:
7765:
7737:
7720:
7690:
7685:
7671:Inside Buddhism
7663:
7630:
7605:
7574:
7538:
7509:
7485:
7454:
7429:
7409:Markham, Ian S.
7402:
7380:
7353:
7335:
7299:
7277:
7254:
7232:
7211:Clarendon Press
7201:Fausböll, Viggo
7192:
7190:
7186:
7180:
7169:
7157:
7135:
7111:
7091:
7066:
7042:
6954:
6948:
6933:
6921:
6901:
6889:, vol. 1,
6878:
6873:
6858:
6857:
6853:
6838:
6834:
6819:
6815:
6808:
6800:. p. 164.
6790:
6786:
6779:
6771:. p. 300.
6761:
6757:
6750:
6726:
6722:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6696:
6688:
6684:
6677:
6653:
6649:
6642:
6622:
6618:
6613:
6609:
6602:
6586:
6582:
6567:
6563:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6531:(August 2006).
6526:
6519:
6507:
6503:
6490:
6489:
6485:
6472:
6468:
6463:
6459:
6454:
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6443:
6427:
6423:
6414:
6410:
6401:
6397:
6392:
6388:
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6361:
6350:
6346:
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6334:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6308:
6304:
6297:
6281:
6277:
6272:
6265:
6260:
6256:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6234:. p. 178.
6214:Thomas Banchoff
6211:
6207:
6197:
6195:
6193:
6177:
6173:
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6058:
6057:
6053:
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6041:
6024:
6017:
6000:
5993:
5980:
5978:
5976:Foreign Affairs
5968:
5964:
5955:
5953:
5952:. 25 March 2013
5944:
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5920:
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5891:
5890:
5886:
5874:
5872:
5871:. 23 April 2012
5863:
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5609:
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5598:
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5573:
5554:
5550:
5542:
5538:
5525:
5523:
5521:Telegraph.co.uk
5513:
5509:
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5489:
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5455:
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5310:
5306:
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5209:
5193:
5189:
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5177:
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5126:
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5114:
5110:
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5098:
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5086:
5079:
5063:
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5049:
5047:
5037:
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5024:
5016:
5012:
5001:
4985:
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4961:
4957:
4946:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4903:
4899:
4888:
4872:
4868:
4859:
4857:
4849:Wayback Machine
4840:
4836:
4826:
4824:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4802:
4798:
4790:
4786:
4775:
4759:
4755:
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4732:
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4720:
4716:
4709:
4693:
4689:
4681:
4677:
4669:
4665:
4654:
4638:
4634:
4621:
4619:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4598:
4594:
4590:, pp. 7–8.
4586:
4582:
4570:
4568:
4565:Foreign Affairs
4556:
4552:
4544:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4520:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4478:
4474:
4462:
4460:
4458:Foreign Affairs
4450:
4446:
4435:
4419:
4415:
4405:
4389:
4385:
4366:
4362:
4354:
4350:
4335:
4319:
4315:
4305:
4289:
4285:
4274:
4258:
4254:
4245:
4243:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4194:Asian Ethnicity
4190:
4183:
4174:
4172:
4149:
4145:
4137:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4073:
4069:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4039:
4032:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4002:
3995:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3962:
3958:
3948:
3946:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3895:
3891:
3881:
3879:
3819:Thích Nhất Hạnh
3816:
3812:
3802:
3800:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3777:
3775:
3768:Wayback Machine
3756:
3752:
3743:
3741:
3734:Wayback Machine
3722:
3718:
3709:
3707:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3680:
3678:
3671:Wayback Machine
3661:
3660:
3656:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3620:. 27 March 2013
3610:
3609:
3605:
3595:
3593:
3572:
3568:
3559:
3557:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3530:
3528:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3478:. 30 March 2013
3468:
3467:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3447:on 27 July 2013
3439:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3380:
3376:
3367:
3365:
3358:Wayback Machine
3344:
3340:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3291:
3284:
3280:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3246:, pp. 120.
3242:
3238:
3231:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3144:
3123:
3114:
3112:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3088:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3048:
3041:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2995:, pp. 176.
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2961:, pp. 291.
2957:
2953:
2949:, pp. 129.
2945:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2901:, pp. 143.
2897:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2880:on 15 June 2015
2864:
2863:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2819:, pp. 166.
2815:
2811:
2807:, pp. 181.
2803:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2780:, pp. 137.
2776:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2649:
2642:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2594:Kalupahana 1992
2592:
2588:
2580:
2569:
2565:, pp. 589.
2561:
2557:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2497:
2488:
2486:
2474:
2467:
2436:
2427:
2420:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2361:Hindu terrorism
2341:Buddhist ethics
2323:Religion portal
2321:
2314:
2311:
2295:
2289:
2284:
2261:. Its founder,
2249:ideas from the
2084:
2078:
2073:
2056:self-governance
2041:
2013:, a Sri Lankan
1953:
1829:anti-Tamil riot
1724:
1676:
1599:
1586:D. M. Jayaratne
1519:
1505:Mawanella Riots
1493:
1458:
1453:
1414:Thích Nhất Hạnh
1386:Rohingya people
1296:military regime
1288:
1278:
1272:
1246:
1242:
1158:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1130:Thích Quảng Đức
1089:14th Dalai Lama
1013:sentient beings
993:
955:
952:
914:samyak-karmānta
877:
873:
865:
833:
804:
803:
760:In Christianity
740:
732:
731:
702:
694:
693:
692:
691:
567:
559:
558:
557:
556:
518:
510:
509:
508:
507:
461:
453:
452:
451:
450:
308:
297:
282:
271:
270:
269:
264:
253:
247:
244:
237:
233:Manual of Style
225:
221:
210:
204:
201:
190:
177:
173:
162:
156:
153:
146:
134:This article's
130:
115:
104:
98:
95:
84:
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12259:
12249:
12248:
12243:
12238:
12233:
12228:
12211:
12210:
12198:
12195:
12194:
12192:
12191:
12185:
12180:
12174:
12168:
12162:
12156:
12155:(2016–ongoing)
12150:
12149:(2014–ongoing)
12144:
12138:
12137:(2014–ongoing)
12132:
12126:
12120:
12114:
12113:(2009–ongoing)
12108:
12107:(2004–ongoing)
12102:
12096:
12090:
12084:
12078:
12077:
12076:
12070:
12064:
12052:
12046:
12045:
12044:
12032:
12026:
12020:
12014:
12013:(1971–ongoing)
12008:
12002:
12001:
12000:
11994:
11982:
11981:
11980:
11974:
11968:
11956:
11950:
11949:(1953–ongoing)
11944:
11938:
11937:(1950–ongoing)
11932:
11931:(1949–ongoing)
11926:
11920:
11914:
11913:(1947–ongoing)
11908:
11907:(1947–ongoing)
11902:
11901:(1947–ongoing)
11896:
11890:
11884:
11878:
11875:Noakhali riots
11872:
11866:
11860:
11854:
11848:
11842:
11836:
11830:
11829:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11792:
11786:
11780:
11774:
11773:
11772:
11764:Greek genocide
11761:
11755:
11752:Adana massacre
11749:
11743:
11737:
11731:
11725:
11719:
11713:
11707:
11701:
11695:
11689:
11683:
11677:
11671:
11665:
11659:
11653:
11647:
11641:
11635:
11629:
11623:
11617:
11616:(c.184–c. 205)
11611:
11605:
11599:
11592:
11590:
11586:
11585:
11583:
11582:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11565:State religion
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11472:
11470:Discrimination
11467:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11447:
11442:
11436:
11434:
11430:
11429:
11425:
11424:
11422:Zoroastrianism
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11398:
11397:
11387:
11386:
11385:
11384:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11353:
11352:
11351:
11349:Untouchability
11346:
11336:
11331:
11330:
11329:
11324:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11299:
11294:
11289:
11283:
11282:
11281:
11279:
11275:
11274:
11271:discrimination
11263:
11262:
11255:
11248:
11240:
11231:
11230:
11226:
11225:
11224:
11223:
11218:
11208:
11203:
11198:
11193:
11188:
11187:
11186:
11181:
11171:
11165:
11164:
11163:
11161:
11160:Related topics
11157:
11156:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11133:
11132:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11110:
11106:
11105:
11103:
11102:
11097:
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11082:
11076:
11075:
11068:
11061:
11054:
11047:
11040:
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11026:
11019:
11012:
11005:
10998:
10991:
10984:
10977:
10970:
10962:
10960:
10954:
10953:
10951:
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10949:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10937:
10936:
10931:
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10911:
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10896:
10895:
10894:
10884:
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10882:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10857:
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10847:
10846:
10845:
10835:
10829:
10827:
10821:
10820:
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10812:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10781:
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10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10754:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10733:
10728:
10727:
10726:
10716:
10715:
10714:
10704:
10699:
10694:
10693:
10692:
10682:
10681:
10680:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10649:
10647:
10641:
10640:
10638:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10596:
10594:
10590:
10589:
10587:
10586:
10581:
10580:
10579:
10577:Book of Mormon
10569:
10564:
10559:
10553:
10551:
10547:
10546:
10544:
10543:
10541:Zoroastrianism
10538:
10533:
10528:
10523:
10518:
10513:
10508:
10503:
10498:
10497:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10476:
10475:
10474:
10464:
10463:
10462:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10417:
10412:
10406:
10404:
10400:
10399:
10392:
10391:
10384:
10377:
10369:
10360:
10359:
10357:
10356:
10344:
10333:
10330:
10329:
10327:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10290:
10288:
10282:
10281:
10279:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10227:
10226:
10221:
10211:
10205:
10203:
10197:
10196:
10194:
10193:
10192:
10191:
10186:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10120:
10118:
10112:
10111:
10109:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10097:
10096:
10091:
10086:
10081:
10076:
10066:
10061:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10045:
10044:
10039:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10014:
10009:
10004:
10003:
10002:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9976:
9975:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9920:
9915:
9914:
9913:
9911:Greco-Buddhist
9903:
9902:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9865:
9864:
9862:Burmese pagoda
9854:
9849:
9844:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9818:
9816:
9810:
9809:
9807:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9720:
9718:
9712:
9711:
9709:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9653:
9652:
9651:
9644:Greco-Buddhism
9641:
9636:
9635:
9634:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9603:
9601:
9595:
9594:
9592:
9591:
9590:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9577:United Kingdom
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9522:Czech Republic
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9489:
9488:
9487:
9482:
9472:
9471:
9470:
9460:
9459:
9458:
9453:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9412:
9411:
9401:
9396:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9300:
9298:
9292:
9291:
9289:
9288:
9286:Abhidharmadīpa
9283:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9228:
9226:
9220:
9219:
9217:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9204:B. R. Ambedkar
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9124:Songtsen Gampo
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9055:
9053:
9047:
9046:
9044:
9043:
9038:
9037:
9036:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
9000:
8999:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8928:
8926:
8920:
8919:
8917:
8916:
8915:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8868:
8866:
8860:
8859:
8857:
8856:
8851:
8850:
8849:
8839:
8838:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8817:
8816:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8803:Eight precepts
8800:
8790:
8789:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8763:
8762:
8761:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8740:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8698:
8697:
8692:
8682:
8677:
8676:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8591:
8581:
8576:
8574:Five Strengths
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8540:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8514:
8509:
8503:
8501:
8495:
8494:
8492:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8465:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8439:
8438:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8401:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8369:
8367:
8361:
8360:
8358:
8357:
8352:
8351:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8315:
8309:
8307:
8301:
8300:
8298:
8297:
8292:
8291:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8213:Mental factors
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8154:
8152:
8146:
8145:
8143:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8065:Mahamoggallāna
8062:
8057:
8052:
8046:
8044:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7988:
7987:
7980:Avalokiteśvara
7976:
7974:
7968:
7967:
7965:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7953:
7952:
7944:
7936:
7928:
7920:
7912:
7904:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7830:
7828:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7802:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7781:
7775:
7773:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7719:
7718:
7711:
7704:
7696:
7689:
7688:
7683:
7666:
7661:
7646:
7633:
7628:
7608:
7603:
7591:Sumedho, Ajahn
7587:
7577:
7572:
7555:
7541:
7536:
7512:
7507:
7488:
7483:
7465:Chilton, Bruce
7461:Neusner, Jacob
7457:
7452:
7436:Mishra, Pankaj
7432:
7427:
7405:
7400:
7383:
7378:
7356:
7351:
7338:
7333:
7316:
7302:
7297:
7280:
7275:
7257:
7252:
7235:
7230:
7214:
7197:
7178:
7160:
7155:
7138:
7133:
7114:
7109:
7094:
7089:
7069:
7064:
7045:
7040:
7022:Bodhi, Bhikkhu
7018:
7004:
6990:
6976:
6962:
6946:
6924:
6919:
6904:
6899:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6871:
6851:
6832:
6813:
6806:
6784:
6777:
6755:
6748:
6720:
6682:
6675:
6647:
6640:
6634:. p. 11.
6616:
6607:
6600:
6580:
6561:
6547:
6541:. p. 89.
6517:
6501:
6483:
6466:
6457:
6448:
6441:
6421:
6408:
6395:
6386:
6359:
6344:
6332:
6314:
6302:
6295:
6275:
6263:
6254:
6240:
6218:Robert Wuthnow
6205:
6191:
6171:
6160:. 19 June 2014
6143:
6132:. 19 June 2014
6115:
6083:
6051:
6015:
5991:
5962:
5937:
5913:
5899:. 18 July 2014
5884:
5856:
5825:
5795:
5771:
5743:
5715:
5687:
5659:
5647:
5623:
5607:
5571:
5548:
5536:
5532:be stepped up.
5507:
5495:
5483:
5464:
5453:
5433:
5421:
5419:, p. 186.
5409:
5407:, p. 160.
5397:
5387:
5367:
5355:
5353:, p. 205.
5343:
5336:
5316:
5304:
5292:
5285:
5265:
5253:
5246:
5226:
5214:
5207:
5187:
5175:
5163:
5151:
5144:
5120:
5118:, p. 213.
5108:
5096:
5084:
5077:
5057:
5022:
5010:
4999:
4979:
4967:
4955:
4944:
4924:
4917:
4897:
4886:
4866:
4834:
4808:
4796:
4784:
4773:
4753:
4746:
4726:
4714:
4707:
4687:
4675:
4663:
4652:
4632:
4604:
4602:, p. 153.
4592:
4580:
4550:
4538:
4526:
4524:, p. 142.
4511:
4509:, p. 138.
4499:
4492:
4472:
4444:
4433:
4413:
4403:
4383:
4360:
4348:
4333:
4313:
4303:
4283:
4272:
4252:
4227:
4200:(2): 186–202.
4181:
4143:
4122:
4108:
4094:
4078:(5 May 2010).
4067:
4053:
4030:
4016:
3993:
3979:
3965:John S. Strong
3956:
3936:(1 May 2014).
3921:
3889:
3859:Jack Kornfield
3810:
3799:. 16 July 2013
3784:
3750:
3716:
3687:
3654:
3631:
3603:
3566:
3537:
3511:
3489:
3458:
3432:
3402:
3374:
3338:
3320:
3301:
3278:
3260:
3248:
3236:
3229:
3201:
3194:
3163:
3156:
3121:
3110:www.budsas.org
3097:
3086:
3068:
3039:
3021:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2963:
2951:
2939:
2937:, pp. 64.
2927:
2915:
2903:
2891:
2857:
2855:, pp. 40.
2845:
2843:, pp. 29.
2833:
2821:
2809:
2794:
2792:, pp. 57.
2782:
2770:
2758:
2743:
2741:, pp. 95.
2728:
2726:, pp. 75.
2713:
2684:
2655:
2640:
2625:
2610:
2608:, pp. 59.
2606:Brannigan 2010
2598:
2586:
2567:
2555:
2531:
2522:
2520:, pp. 22.
2510:
2495:
2465:
2446:(5): 141–150.
2425:
2418:
2398:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2310:
2307:
2299:Damba Ayusheev
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2040:
2037:
1990:Bodu Bala Sena
1952:
1949:
1869:Tamil homeland
1750:Walpola Rahula
1723:
1720:
1675:
1672:
1598:
1595:
1570:Bodu Bala Sena
1492:
1489:
1487:and Ajivikas.
1477:K. T. S. Sarao
1473:Emperor Ashoka
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1441:fundamentalism
1274:Main article:
1271:
1268:
1235:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1145:Southeast Asia
1143:
1141:
1138:
950:
918:sammā-kammanta
881:Gautama Buddha
866:
864:
861:
835:
834:
832:
831:
824:
817:
809:
806:
805:
802:
801:
800:
799:
794:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
763:
762:
757:
747:
741:
739:Related topics
738:
737:
734:
733:
730:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
703:
701:Bibliographies
700:
699:
696:
695:
690:
689:
688:
687:
682:
677:
676:
675:
670:
657:
652:
651:
650:
645:
635:
634:
633:
623:
622:
621:
616:
611:
606:
596:
591:
586:
585:
584:
574:
570:
569:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
555:
554:
549:
548:
547:
545:Book of Mormon
537:
532:
527:
521:
520:
519:
516:
515:
512:
511:
506:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
464:
463:
462:
459:
458:
455:
454:
449:
448:
446:Zoroastrianism
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
402:
401:
396:
391:
381:
380:
379:
369:
368:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
322:
317:
311:
310:
309:
306:
305:
302:
301:
293:
292:
284:
283:
266:
265:
228:
226:
219:
212:
211:
180:
178:
171:
164:
163:
143:the key points
133:
131:
124:
117:
116:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12258:
12247:
12244:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12224:
12223:
12221:
12208:
12203:
12196:
12189:
12186:
12184:
12181:
12178:
12175:
12172:
12169:
12166:
12163:
12160:
12157:
12154:
12151:
12148:
12145:
12142:
12139:
12136:
12133:
12130:
12127:
12124:
12121:
12118:
12115:
12112:
12109:
12106:
12103:
12100:
12097:
12094:
12091:
12088:
12085:
12082:
12079:
12074:
12071:
12068:
12065:
12062:
12059:
12058:
12056:
12055:Yugoslav Wars
12053:
12050:
12047:
12042:
12041:Big Excursion
12039:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12030:
12027:
12024:
12021:
12018:
12015:
12012:
12009:
12006:
12003:
11998:
11995:
11992:
11989:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11978:
11975:
11972:
11969:
11966:
11963:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11954:
11951:
11948:
11945:
11942:
11939:
11936:
11933:
11930:
11927:
11924:
11921:
11918:
11915:
11912:
11909:
11906:
11903:
11900:
11897:
11894:
11891:
11888:
11885:
11882:
11879:
11876:
11873:
11870:
11867:
11864:
11861:
11858:
11855:
11852:
11851:The Holocaust
11849:
11846:
11843:
11840:
11837:
11834:
11831:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11790:
11787:
11784:
11781:
11778:
11775:
11771:
11768:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11759:
11756:
11753:
11750:
11747:
11746:Dungan Revolt
11744:
11741:
11738:
11735:
11732:
11729:
11726:
11723:
11720:
11717:
11714:
11711:
11708:
11705:
11702:
11699:
11696:
11693:
11690:
11687:
11684:
11681:
11678:
11675:
11672:
11669:
11666:
11663:
11660:
11657:
11654:
11651:
11648:
11645:
11642:
11639:
11636:
11633:
11630:
11627:
11624:
11621:
11618:
11615:
11612:
11609:
11606:
11603:
11600:
11597:
11594:
11593:
11591:
11587:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11560:State atheism
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11455:Deprogramming
11453:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11437:
11435:
11431:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11407:Protestantism
11405:
11403:
11400:
11396:
11393:
11392:
11391:
11388:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11363:
11362:
11359:
11358:
11357:
11354:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11341:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11322:LDS or Mormon
11320:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11304:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11290:
11288:
11285:
11284:
11280:
11276:
11272:
11268:
11261:
11256:
11254:
11249:
11247:
11242:
11241:
11238:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11213:
11212:
11211:Superstitions
11209:
11207:
11204:
11202:
11199:
11197:
11194:
11192:
11189:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11176:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11166:
11162:
11158:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11131:
11128:
11127:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11107:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11077:
11074:
11073:
11069:
11067:
11066:
11062:
11060:
11059:
11055:
11053:
11052:
11048:
11046:
11045:
11041:
11039:
11038:
11034:
11032:
11031:
11027:
11025:
11024:
11020:
11018:
11017:
11013:
11011:
11010:
11006:
11004:
11003:
10999:
10997:
10996:
10992:
10990:
10989:
10985:
10983:
10982:
10978:
10976:
10975:
10971:
10969:
10968:
10964:
10963:
10961:
10959:
10955:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10939:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10926:
10925:
10922:
10921:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10901:
10900:
10897:
10893:
10890:
10889:
10888:
10885:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10862:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10844:
10841:
10840:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10830:
10828:
10826:
10822:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10785:Protestantism
10783:
10779:
10776:
10775:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10738:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10725:
10722:
10721:
10720:
10717:
10713:
10710:
10709:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10691:
10688:
10687:
10686:
10683:
10679:
10676:
10675:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10650:
10648:
10646:
10642:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10597:
10595:
10591:
10585:
10582:
10578:
10575:
10574:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10554:
10552:
10548:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10481:
10480:
10477:
10473:
10470:
10469:
10468:
10465:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10440:Protestantism
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10422:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10407:
10405:
10401:
10397:
10390:
10385:
10383:
10378:
10376:
10371:
10370:
10367:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10343:
10335:
10334:
10331:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10291:
10289:
10287:
10283:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10216:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10206:
10204:
10202:
10198:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10181:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10121:
10119:
10117:
10116:Miscellaneous
10113:
10107:
10106:Vegetarianism
10104:
10102:
10099:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10071:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10020:
10019:
10018:
10015:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10005:
10001:
9998:
9997:
9996:
9993:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9950:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9928:Buddha in art
9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9912:
9909:
9908:
9907:
9904:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9863:
9860:
9859:
9858:
9855:
9853:
9850:
9848:
9845:
9843:
9840:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9824:
9823:
9820:
9819:
9817:
9815:
9811:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9721:
9719:
9717:
9713:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9650:
9647:
9646:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9633:
9630:
9629:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9604:
9602:
9600:
9596:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9582:United States
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9494:
9493:
9490:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9477:
9476:
9473:
9469:
9466:
9465:
9464:
9461:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9448:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9409:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9391:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9297:
9293:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9281:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9264:
9260:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9229:
9227:
9225:
9221:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9139:Padmasambhava
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9056:
9054:
9052:
9051:Major figures
9048:
9042:
9039:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
8998:
8997:Western tulku
8995:
8994:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8929:
8927:
8925:
8921:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8894:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8869:
8867:
8865:
8861:
8855:
8852:
8848:
8845:
8844:
8843:
8840:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8822:
8821:
8818:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8798:Five precepts
8796:
8795:
8794:
8791:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8776:Dhamma vicaya
8774:
8772:
8769:
8768:
8767:
8764:
8760:
8757:
8756:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8724:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8687:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8623:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8598:
8597:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8586:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8544:Buddhābhiṣeka
8542:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8519:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8500:
8496:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8443:
8440:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8380:
8379:
8376:
8375:
8374:
8371:
8370:
8368:
8366:
8362:
8356:
8353:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8320:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8310:
8308:
8306:
8302:
8296:
8293:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8275:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8188:Enlightenment
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8178:Dhamma theory
8176:
8174:
8173:Buddha-nature
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8151:
8147:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8043:
8039:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8012:Samantabhadra
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7986:
7983:
7982:
7981:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7973:
7969:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7951:
7945:
7943:
7937:
7935:
7929:
7927:
7921:
7919:
7913:
7911:
7905:
7903:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7831:
7829:
7827:
7823:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7786:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7772:
7768:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7744:
7743:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7717:
7712:
7710:
7705:
7703:
7698:
7697:
7694:
7686:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7667:
7664:
7658:
7654:
7653:
7647:
7644:
7643:
7638:
7634:
7631:
7625:
7621:
7617:
7613:
7609:
7606:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7578:
7575:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7556:
7553:
7549:
7548:
7542:
7539:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7516:Roberts, Adam
7513:
7510:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7495:
7489:
7486:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7471:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7455:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7430:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7415:
7410:
7406:
7403:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7384:
7381:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7366:
7361:
7357:
7354:
7348:
7344:
7339:
7336:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7317:
7314:
7310:
7309:
7303:
7300:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7281:
7278:
7272:
7268:
7267:
7262:
7258:
7255:
7253:1-134-46973-X
7249:
7245:
7241:
7236:
7233:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7212:
7208:
7207:
7202:
7198:
7189:on 2016-03-12
7185:
7181:
7175:
7168:
7167:
7161:
7158:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7139:
7136:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7121:
7115:
7112:
7106:
7102:
7101:
7095:
7092:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7067:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7052:
7046:
7043:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7028:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7014:
7009:
7005:
7001:
7000:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6986:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6972:
6967:
6963:
6961:
6957:on 2013-05-26
6953:
6949:
6943:
6939:
6932:
6931:
6925:
6922:
6916:
6912:
6911:
6905:
6902:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6867:
6866:
6861:
6855:
6849:
6848:87-87062-55-0
6845:
6841:
6836:
6830:
6829:0-520-24011-1
6826:
6822:
6817:
6809:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6788:
6780:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6759:
6751:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6732:
6724:
6710:on 2016-03-16
6706:
6702:
6695:
6694:
6686:
6678:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6659:
6651:
6643:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6628:
6620:
6611:
6603:
6597:
6593:
6592:
6584:
6578:
6577:0-7425-3926-1
6574:
6570:
6565:
6550:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6529:Naoko Shimazu
6524:
6522:
6515:
6514:1-57607-238-X
6511:
6505:
6497:
6493:
6487:
6480:
6479:0-02-865718-7
6476:
6470:
6461:
6452:
6444:
6438:
6434:
6433:
6425:
6419:
6412:
6406:
6399:
6390:
6381:
6377:
6370:
6363:
6355:
6348:
6342:
6336:
6328:
6327:isme.tamu.edu
6324:
6318:
6311:
6306:
6298:
6296:90-420-2231-0
6292:
6288:
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6279:
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6258:
6243:
6237:
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6229:
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6147:
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6125:
6119:
6104:
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6099:
6094:
6087:
6071:
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6066:
6061:
6055:
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6035:
6034:
6029:
6022:
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6011:
6010:
6005:
5998:
5996:
5988:
5977:
5973:
5966:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5927:
5923:
5917:
5910:
5898:
5894:
5888:
5881:
5870:
5866:
5860:
5853:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5829:
5822:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5785:
5781:
5775:
5768:
5757:
5756:www.state.gov
5753:
5747:
5740:
5729:
5728:www.state.gov
5725:
5719:
5712:
5701:
5700:www.state.gov
5697:
5691:
5684:
5673:
5669:
5663:
5656:
5651:
5637:
5633:
5627:
5620:
5616:
5611:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5578:
5576:
5568:
5563:
5559:
5552:
5545:
5540:
5533:
5522:
5518:
5511:
5505:, p. 35.
5504:
5499:
5493:, p. 33.
5492:
5487:
5479:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5456:
5450:
5446:
5445:
5437:
5430:
5425:
5418:
5417:Deegalle 2006
5413:
5406:
5401:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5371:
5365:, p. 32.
5364:
5359:
5352:
5351:Deegalle 2006
5347:
5339:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5320:
5313:
5308:
5301:
5296:
5288:
5282:
5278:
5277:
5269:
5263:, p. 94.
5262:
5257:
5249:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5230:
5223:
5218:
5210:
5204:
5200:
5199:
5191:
5184:
5179:
5172:
5167:
5160:
5155:
5147:
5141:
5137:
5136:Potomac Books
5133:
5132:
5124:
5117:
5116:Deegalle 2006
5112:
5106:, p. 22.
5105:
5100:
5093:
5088:
5080:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5061:
5046:
5044:
5036:
5029:
5027:
5019:
5014:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4983:
4977:, p. 16.
4976:
4971:
4964:
4963:Deegalle 2006
4959:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4928:
4920:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4901:
4894:
4889:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4870:
4856:on 2017-04-08
4855:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4838:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4806:, p. 14.
4805:
4800:
4794:, p. 40.
4793:
4788:
4781:
4776:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4757:
4749:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4730:
4723:
4718:
4710:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4691:
4684:
4679:
4673:, p. 50.
4672:
4667:
4660:
4655:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4636:
4629:
4617:
4616:
4615:The Mahavamsa
4608:
4601:
4600:Deegalle 2006
4596:
4589:
4584:
4577:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4554:
4548:, p. 20.
4547:
4542:
4535:
4530:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4508:
4507:Deegalle 2006
4503:
4495:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4476:
4469:
4459:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4417:
4410:
4406:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4387:
4380:
4375:
4371:
4364:
4358:, p. 50.
4357:
4352:
4345:
4342:
4341:Heinz Bechert
4336:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4317:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4287:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4256:
4242:. 3 July 2019
4241:
4237:
4231:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4186:
4171:on 2019-05-06
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4118:
4112:
4097:
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4019:
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3998:
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3966:
3960:
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3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3893:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3823:Bhikkhu Bodhi
3820:
3814:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3774:on 2013-06-09
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3740:on 2013-06-08
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3706:on 2013-06-28
3705:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3677:on 2013-04-25
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3645:Time Magazine
3642:
3635:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3570:
3556:on 2013-04-14
3555:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3499:
3493:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3378:
3364:on 2012-10-21
3363:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3353:Asian Tribune
3349:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3244:Skidmore 2005
3240:
3232:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3170:
3168:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3044:
3035:
3034:isme.tamu.edu
3031:
3025:
3018:
3017:Shadbolt 2013
3013:
3006:
3001:
2994:
2989:
2973:
2967:
2960:
2955:
2948:
2943:
2936:
2931:
2925:, pp. 9.
2924:
2919:
2912:
2907:
2900:
2895:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2854:
2849:
2842:
2841:Fausböll 1881
2837:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2817:Chitkara 1999
2813:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2791:
2786:
2779:
2778:Tripāṭhī 2008
2774:
2767:
2762:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2595:
2590:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2559:
2545:
2538:
2536:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2470:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2402:
2396:, pp. 3.
2395:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:Five precepts
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2247:millennialist
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2219:doomsday cult
2216:
2212:
2211:Aum Shinrikyo
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2099:Aum Shinrikyo
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1913:power sharing
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1795:Buddhist monk
1791:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:chosen people
1616:
1615:Prince Vijaya
1612:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1448:
1446:
1445:nationalistic
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:Bhikkhu Bodhi
1415:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1021:Five Precepts
1018:
1017:Nirvana Sutra
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
991:
986:
982:
978:
973:
968:
963:
961:
949:
947:
943:
939:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:
884:
882:
876:
870:
860:
856:
854:
848:
846:
842:
830:
825:
823:
818:
816:
811:
810:
808:
807:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
788:
787:Superstitions
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
736:
735:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
698:
697:
686:
683:
681:
678:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
664:
661:
660:
658:
656:
653:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
639:
636:
632:
629:
628:
627:
624:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
583:
580:
579:
578:
575:
572:
571:
563:
562:
553:
550:
546:
543:
542:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
514:
513:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
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471:
469:
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457:
456:
447:
444:
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437:
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422:
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387:
386:
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382:
378:
375:
374:
373:
370:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
345:Protestantism
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
304:
303:
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290:
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277:
262:
259:
251:
241:
236:
234:
227:
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198:
194:
188:
186:
181:This article
179:
170:
169:
160:
150:
144:
142:
137:
132:
128:
123:
122:
113:
110:
102:
99:December 2013
92:
88:
82:
81:
77:
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
12057:(1991–2001)
12037:(1984–1989)
11997:Famen Temple
11987:(1966–1976)
11797:(1922–1991)
11766:(1913–1922)
11302:Christianity
11292:Baháʼí Faith
11070:
11063:
11056:
11049:
11042:
11035:
11028:
11021:
11014:
11007:
11000:
10993:
10986:
10979:
10972:
10965:
10838:Christianity
10832:
10815:Zorostianism
10746:Anti-Judaism
10741:Antisemitism
10685:Christianity
10663:Bahá'i Faith
10420:Christianity
10410:Baháˈí Faith
10294:Bodhisattvas
10270:
10214:Christianity
10209:Baháʼí Faith
10074:Dharmachakra
10064:Prayer wheel
10054:Prayer beads
9822:Architecture
9701:969 Movement
9485:Saudi Arabia
9463:Central Asia
9456:South Africa
9278:
9261:
9194:Panchen Lama
9099:Buddhapālita
8695:Satipatthana
8690:Mindful Yoga
8603:Recollection
8517:Brahmavihara
8388:Japanese Zen
8383:Chinese Chan
8343:Animal realm
8150:Key concepts
7972:Bodhisattvas
7784:Three Jewels
7670:
7651:
7641:
7615:
7594:
7581:
7559:
7546:
7523:
7493:
7469:
7439:
7413:
7387:
7364:
7342:
7324:
7307:
7284:
7265:
7239:
7221:
7205:
7191:, retrieved
7184:the original
7165:
7142:
7119:
7099:
7080:
7050:
7026:
7012:
6998:
6984:
6970:
6952:the original
6929:
6909:
6891:M. E. Sharpe
6885:
6863:
6854:
6839:
6835:
6820:
6816:
6793:
6787:
6764:
6758:
6730:
6723:
6712:. Retrieved
6705:the original
6692:
6685:
6657:
6650:
6626:
6619:
6610:
6590:
6583:
6568:
6564:
6552:. Retrieved
6533:
6504:
6495:
6486:
6469:
6460:
6451:
6431:
6424:
6411:
6398:
6389:
6379:
6375:
6362:
6353:
6347:
6335:
6326:
6317:
6305:
6285:
6278:
6257:
6245:. Retrieved
6222:
6208:
6196:. Retrieved
6181:
6174:
6162:. Retrieved
6155:
6146:
6134:. Retrieved
6127:
6118:
6106:. Retrieved
6096:
6086:
6074:. Retrieved
6070:the original
6063:
6054:
6042:. Retrieved
6038:the original
6031:
6007:
5985:
5979:. Retrieved
5975:
5965:
5954:. Retrieved
5949:
5940:
5929:. Retrieved
5925:
5916:
5907:
5901:. Retrieved
5896:
5887:
5879:
5873:. Retrieved
5868:
5859:
5851:
5844:. Retrieved
5838:
5828:
5821:August 2012.
5819:
5812:. Retrieved
5807:
5798:
5787:. Retrieved
5783:
5774:
5765:
5759:. Retrieved
5755:
5746:
5737:
5731:. Retrieved
5727:
5718:
5709:
5703:. Retrieved
5699:
5690:
5681:
5675:. Retrieved
5671:
5662:
5655:DeVotta 2007
5650:
5639:. Retrieved
5635:
5626:
5615:DeVotta 2007
5610:
5599:. Retrieved
5587:
5565:
5551:
5544:DeVotta 2007
5539:
5530:
5524:. Retrieved
5520:
5510:
5503:DeVotta 2007
5498:
5491:DeVotta 2007
5486:
5467:
5458:
5443:
5436:
5424:
5412:
5400:
5392:
5377:
5370:
5358:
5346:
5326:
5319:
5307:
5300:DeVotta 2007
5295:
5275:
5268:
5256:
5236:
5229:
5217:
5197:
5190:
5178:
5166:
5154:
5130:
5123:
5111:
5104:DeVotta 2007
5099:
5087:
5067:
5060:
5048:. Retrieved
5041:
5018:DeVotta 2007
5013:
5004:
4989:
4982:
4975:DeVotta 2007
4970:
4958:
4949:
4934:
4927:
4907:
4900:
4891:
4876:
4869:
4858:. Retrieved
4854:the original
4847:
4837:
4825:. Retrieved
4820:
4811:
4804:DeVotta 2007
4799:
4792:DeVotta 2007
4787:
4778:
4763:
4756:
4736:
4729:
4724:, p. 7.
4722:DeVotta 2007
4717:
4697:
4690:
4685:, p. 8.
4683:DeVotta 2007
4678:
4666:
4657:
4642:
4635:
4626:
4620:. Retrieved
4614:
4607:
4595:
4588:DeVotta 2007
4583:
4575:
4569:. Retrieved
4563:
4553:
4541:
4536:, p. 6.
4534:DeVotta 2007
4529:
4502:
4482:
4475:
4467:
4461:. Retrieved
4457:
4447:
4438:
4423:
4416:
4408:
4393:
4386:
4377:
4363:
4356:DeVotta 2007
4351:
4338:
4323:
4316:
4308:
4293:
4286:
4277:
4262:
4255:
4244:. Retrieved
4239:
4230:
4197:
4193:
4173:. Retrieved
4169:the original
4156:
4146:
4136:, retrieved
4131:
4125:
4111:
4099:. Retrieved
4081:The Ajivikas
4080:
4070:
4058:. Retrieved
4043:
4021:. Retrieved
4006:
3984:. Retrieved
3969:
3959:
3947:. Retrieved
3941:
3934:Vishal Arora
3924:
3912:. Retrieved
3902:
3892:
3880:. Retrieved
3874:
3851:Alan Senauke
3839:Shodo Harada
3813:
3801:. Retrieved
3796:
3787:
3776:. Retrieved
3772:the original
3763:
3753:
3742:. Retrieved
3738:the original
3729:
3719:
3708:. Retrieved
3704:the original
3700:Bangkok Post
3699:
3690:
3679:. Retrieved
3675:the original
3666:
3657:
3649:the original
3644:
3634:
3622:. Retrieved
3615:
3606:
3594:. Retrieved
3579:
3569:
3558:. Retrieved
3554:the original
3549:
3540:
3529:. Retrieved
3524:
3514:
3502:. Retrieved
3492:
3480:. Retrieved
3473:
3449:. Retrieved
3445:the original
3435:
3423:. Retrieved
3419:the original
3405:
3393:. Retrieved
3387:
3377:
3366:. Retrieved
3362:the original
3351:
3341:
3332:
3323:
3314:
3304:
3292:. Retrieved
3281:
3272:
3263:
3251:
3239:
3211:
3204:
3176:
3147:
3113:. Retrieved
3109:
3100:
3091:
3077:
3071:
3059:. Retrieved
3056:The Guardian
3055:
3033:
3024:
3012:
3000:
2988:
2976:. Retrieved
2966:
2954:
2942:
2935:Knaster 2010
2930:
2918:
2911:Sumedho 2014
2906:
2894:
2882:. Retrieved
2878:the original
2869:
2860:
2848:
2836:
2824:
2812:
2785:
2773:
2766:Bhikkhu 1997
2761:
2724:Clayton 2006
2704:. Retrieved
2700:the original
2675:. Retrieved
2671:the original
2651:Bhikkhu 2008
2636:Bhikkhu 2005
2621:Bhikkhu 1996
2601:
2589:
2558:
2547:. Retrieved
2525:
2513:
2506:Barbaro 2010
2487:. Retrieved
2481:
2443:
2439:
2408:
2401:
2389:
2296:
2209:
2197:Nissho Inoue
2190:
2171:
2152:state Shinto
2127:World War II
2124:
2111:Heian period
2104:
2064:human rights
2049:
2042:
1986:
1966:
1954:
1918:
1896:negotiations
1893:
1873:
1857:Cyril Mathew
1804:
1786:
1759:
1744:
1725:
1695:
1684:
1677:
1652:
1644:
1636:Anuradhapura
1600:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1547:Violence in
1546:
1520:
1461:Ashokavadana
1459:
1431:
1422:Shodo Harada
1411:
1407:
1375:
1363:anti-Islamic
1351:969 Movement
1344:
1328:Burmese army
1324:
1309:
1305:totalitarian
1294:(SPDC), the
1289:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1197:
1182:
1178:King Rama VI
1175:
1159:
1126:
1123:
1082:
1074:Anthropology
1068:
1063:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1009:Three Jewels
1007:—one of the
998:
990:Sutta Nipata
971:
970:
965:
962:elaborates:
959:
957:
935:
917:
913:
911:
906:
897:satipatthana
886:
885:
878:
872:
868:
857:
849:
838:
707:Christianity
577:Christianity
325:Christianity
315:Baháˈí Faith
272:
254:
245:
238:Please help
230:
202:
182:
157:October 2015
154:
138:
136:lead section
105:
96:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
12143:(2014–2017)
12131:(2014–2017)
12125:(2013–2016)
12063:(1992–1996)
12025:(1975–1979)
12019:(1975–1990)
11925:(1948–1980)
11871:(1945–1989)
11865:(1945–1989)
11859:(1941–1945)
11853:(1939–1945)
11841:(1936–1975)
11826:legislation
11791:(1917–1990)
11785:(1915–1923)
11779:(1914–1924)
11760:(1912–1913)
11748:(1862–1877)
11730:(1857–1858)
11724:(1789–1801)
11712:(1683–1922)
11706:(1673–1829)
11700:(1609–1614)
11694:(1562–1598)
11688:(1561–1812)
11682:(1526–1791)
11676:(1522–1712)
11670:(1500–1526)
11646:(1184–1908)
11644:Inquisition
11555:Segregation
11520:Intolerance
11460:Desecration
11402:Neopaganism
11395:Persecution
11361:Persecution
11344:Persecution
11307:Catholicism
11142:New Atheism
11115:Agnosticism
10920:By country
10887:Persecution
10800:Sunni Islam
10763:Neopaganism
10751:Persecution
10724:Persecution
10712:Persecution
10673:Catholicism
10610:Ellen White
10526:Scientology
10521:Neopaganism
10403:By religion
10139:Dharma talk
9968:Asalha Puja
9764:Eschatology
9567:Switzerland
9547:New Zealand
9475:Middle East
9384:Philippines
9304:Afghanistan
9109:Bodhidharma
9094:Buddhaghosa
9014:Householder
8924:Monasticism
8877:Bodhisattva
8732:Prostration
8685:Mindfulness
8613:Anapanasati
8596:Kammaṭṭhāna
8393:Korean Seon
8333:Asura realm
8328:Human realm
8268:Ten Fetters
8223:Parinirvana
8125:Uppalavanna
8090:Mahākaccana
8075:Mahākassapa
8007:Kṣitigarbha
8002:Ākāśagarbha
7899:Suddhodāna
7844:Four sights
7771:Foundations
6665:. pp.
6382:(2): 97–138
5846:October 12,
5814:October 14,
5780:"Sri Lanka"
5668:"Sri Lanka"
5632:"Sri Lanka"
5050:20 February
3909:Dharamshala
3847:Ajahn Amaro
3525:Theguardian
2993:Gowans 2004
2978:December 6,
2974:. buddhanet
2959:Mishra 2010
2582:Harris 1994
2394:Baroni 2002
2271:Lamb of God
2259:Nostradamus
2201:Nichirenist
2156:Seno'o Girō
1816:Tamil youth
1664:Vijaya myth
1632:South India
1611:Lord Buddha
1485:Nirgranthas
1433:Maung Zarni
1401:(2013) and
1047:explained:
938:taking life
727:Scientology
659:By country
626:Persecution
478:Ellen White
431:Scientology
426:Neopaganism
307:By religion
12220:Categories
11640:(643–1526)
11515:Iconoclasm
11510:Hate crime
11440:Censorship
11334:Falun Gong
11120:Antitheism
10909:In Judaism
10805:Shia Islam
10702:Falun Gong
10511:Monotheism
10256:Psychology
10236:Gnosticism
10224:Comparison
10219:Influences
10201:Comparison
10084:Bhavacakra
10042:Kushinagar
10017:Pilgrimage
9963:Māgha Pūjā
9918:Bodhi Tree
9734:Buddhology
9724:Abhidharma
9716:Philosophy
9649:Menander I
9517:Costa Rica
9468:Uzbekistan
9309:Bangladesh
9263:Dhammapada
9247:Pali Canon
9209:Ajahn Chah
9189:Dalai Lama
9089:Kumārajīva
9084:Vasubandhu
9059:The Buddha
8967:Zen master
8902:Sakadagami
8882:Buddhahood
8813:Pratimokṣa
8628:Shikantaza
8584:Meditation
8559:Deity yoga
8430:Madhyamaka
8323:Deva realm
8218:Mindstream
8168:Bodhicitta
8080:Aṅgulimāla
7947:Devadatta
7923:Yaśodharā
7826:The Buddha
7816:Middle Way
7193:2016-02-20
6738:. p.
6714:2013-04-12
6569:Zen at War
6354:Zen at war
6164:18 October
6136:18 October
6108:14 October
6076:18 October
6044:18 October
5981:2016-02-20
5956:2016-02-20
5931:2016-02-20
5909:Aluthgama.
5903:2016-02-20
5875:2016-02-20
5789:2016-02-20
5761:2016-02-20
5733:2016-02-20
5705:2016-02-20
5683:observers.
5677:2016-02-20
5641:2018-10-13
5601:2016-02-20
5526:2016-02-20
5460:structure.
4860:2022-01-03
4622:2016-02-20
4571:2016-02-20
4463:2016-02-20
4246:2019-11-02
4175:2022-01-03
4138:2019-10-13
4101:30 October
3986:30 October
3855:Chân Không
3778:2022-01-03
3744:2022-01-03
3730:Yahoo News
3710:2013-05-30
3681:2022-01-03
3617:GlobalPost
3560:2013-05-30
3531:2013-05-30
3368:2021-01-03
3294:13 October
3115:2022-01-03
2947:Thera 2006
2829:Thera 1994
2754:Bodhi 2010
2706:27 October
2677:28 October
2549:2019-10-13
2489:2022-10-21
2382:References
2291:See also:
2282:North Asia
2173:Zen at War
2080:See also:
2045:Dharmapāla
1704:while the
1624:Dutugamunu
1509:Black July
1495:See also:
1451:South Asia
1426:Dalai Lama
1307:ideology.
1280:See also:
1162:The Sangha
1154:See also:
1045:Pali Canon
1041:sammā-vācā
1037:samyag-vāc
985:compassion
977:Dhammapada
930:Pali Canon
648:In Judaism
416:Monotheism
185:unbalanced
76:neutrality
39:improve it
11991:Four Olds
11704:Test Acts
11570:Terrorism
11412:Rastafari
11366:Ahmadiyya
11201:Sexuality
11130:Criticism
11109:Movements
10934:In Odisha
10865:Christian
10860:Terrorism
10843:Mormonism
10790:Rastafari
10758:Mormonism
10653:Ahmadiyya
10536:Yazdânism
10494:Wahhabism
10324:Festivals
10304:Buddhists
10266:Theosophy
10069:Symbolism
10059:Hama yumi
10032:Bodh Gaya
9799:Socialism
9774:Evolution
9749:Economics
9587:Venezuela
9502:Australia
9497:Argentina
9421:Sri Lanka
9416:Singapore
9334:Indonesia
9296:Countries
9237:Tripiṭaka
9199:Ajahn Mun
9074:Nagarjuna
9069:Aśvaghoṣa
8952:Anagārika
8947:Śrāmaṇerī
8942:Śrāmaṇera
8937:Bhikkhunī
8897:Sotāpanna
8786:Passaddhi
8727:Offerings
8702:Nekkhamma
8579:Iddhipada
8499:Practices
8469:Theravada
8442:Vajrayana
8435:Yogachara
8405:Pure Land
8318:Six Paths
8305:Cosmology
8085:Anuruddha
8060:Sāriputta
8050:Kaundinya
8042:Disciples
8017:Vajrapāṇi
7869:Footprint
7834:Tathāgata
7289:MIT Press
7244:Routledge
7147:Routledge
7125:Routledge
6938:Routledge
6539:Routledge
6103:Bangalore
5596:0362-4331
4222:143023786
4214:1463-1369
4165:0362-4331
3863:Surya Das
3475:Gulf News
3290:. Hrw.org
3061:3 October
2923:Zaun 2002
2853:Reat 1994
2460:1749-8171
2241:, taking
2227:syncretic
2119:Ikkō-ikki
2071:East Asia
1982:Christian
1902:, or any
1849:civil war
1781:1957 pact
1738:Image of
1706:Dravidian
1603:Mahavamsa
1562:Sinhalese
1549:Sri Lanka
1526:Sinhalese
1491:Sri Lanka
1469:Nataputta
1355:June 2012
777:Sexuality
722:Mormonism
673:In Odisha
604:Christian
599:Terrorism
582:Mormonism
441:Yazdânism
399:Wahhabism
197:talk page
141:summarize
87:talk page
45:talk page
12207:Religion
11728:Utah War
11598:(64–313)
11575:Violence
11465:Domicide
11417:Yazidism
11339:Hinduism
11297:Buddhism
11278:By group
11179:In Islam
11174:Apostasy
10946:Pakistan
10904:In Islam
10833:Buddhism
10707:Hinduism
10668:Buddhism
10625:Muhammad
10484:Islamism
10467:Hinduism
10425:Catholic
10415:Buddhism
10342:Category
10271:Violence
10241:Hinduism
10189:Sanskrit
10144:Hinayana
10129:Amitābha
10089:Swastika
9958:Uposatha
9948:Holidays
9933:Calendar
9779:Humanism
9617:Kanishka
9607:Timeline
9431:Thailand
9399:Kalmykia
9394:Buryatia
9379:Pakistan
9364:Mongolia
9359:Maldives
9354:Malaysia
9319:Cambodia
9184:Shamarpa
9179:Nichiren
9129:Xuanzang
9064:Nagasena
8982:Rinpoche
8712:Pāramitā
8554:Devotion
8474:Navayana
8462:Dzogchen
8425:Nichiren
8373:Mahayana
8365:Branches
8243:Saṅkhāra
7992:Mañjuśrī
7949:(cousin)
7941:(cousin)
7909:(mother)
7901:(father)
7889:Miracles
7839:Birthday
7756:Glossary
7729:Buddhism
7639:(1994),
7614:(2006),
7593:(2014),
7522:(2011),
7438:(2010),
7362:(1992),
7323:(2010),
7203:(1881),
7079:(2013),
7024:(2010),
7010:(2008),
6996:(2005),
6982:(1997),
6968:(1996),
6481:, p. 598
6220:(2011).
6065:Daily FT
6033:Daily FT
5950:BBC News
5869:BBC News
5739:mosques.
4823:. Sangam
3967:(1989).
3904:ABC News
3590:Archived
3586:Meiktila
3527:. London
3504:31 March
3482:31 March
2309:See also
2239:Hinduism
2168:Sōtō Zen
2148:Nichiren
2131:Mahayana
2115:Ikkō-shū
1962:the West
1909:holy war
1754:just war
1465:Ajivikas
1424:and the
1403:Mandalay
1395:Meiktila
1391:violence
1378:magazine
1259:de facto
1150:Thailand
972:Sarambha
951:—
942:stealing
853:ascetics
845:Buddhism
755:In Islam
750:Apostasy
685:Pakistan
643:In Islam
573:Buddhism
493:Muhammad
389:Islamism
372:Hinduism
330:Catholic
320:Buddhism
248:May 2023
205:May 2023
80:disputed
11961:(1963)
11718:(1700s)
11433:Methods
11390:Judaism
11381:Sunnism
11371:Shi'ism
11287:Atheism
11206:Slavery
11137:Cārvāka
11125:Atheism
10941:Nigeria
10875:Islamic
10850:Judaism
10795:Sikhism
10736:Judaism
10658:Atheism
10531:Sikhism
10506:Judaism
10501:Jainism
10319:Temples
10299:Buddhas
10261:Science
10251:Judaism
10246:Jainism
10164:Lineage
10124:Abhijñā
10094:Thangka
10037:Sarnath
10022:Lumbini
9943:Funeral
9938:Cuisine
9814:Culture
9789:Reality
9739:Creator
9729:Atomism
9599:History
9572:Ukraine
9532:Germany
9451:Senegal
9441:Vietnam
9369:Myanmar
9169:Shinran
9159:Karmapa
9134:Shandao
9104:Dignāga
9029:Śrāvaka
9009:Donchee
9004:Kappiya
8962:Sayadaw
8932:Bhikkhu
8907:Anāgāmi
8864:Nirvana
8830:Samadhi
8717:Paritta
8658:Tonglen
8653:Mandala
8608:Smarana
8589:Mantras
8537:Upekkha
8507:Bhavana
8457:Shingon
8410:Tiantai
8263:Tathātā
8253:Śūnyatā
8248:Skandha
8238:Saṃsāra
8233:Rebirth
8208:Kleshas
8198:Indriya
8100:Subhūti
7985:Guanyin
7939:Ānanda
7931:Rāhula
7811:Nirvana
7751:Outline
7499:B. Jain
7218:Gampopa
6876:Sources
6247:17 June
6198:17 June
5562:1567618
5478:1567618
4827:7 April
4374:1567618
4279:island.
3949:19 June
3914:19 June
3882:19 June
3803:24 June
3624:26 June
3596:23 June
3581:Reuters
3451:1 April
3425:1 April
3395:1 April
2884:13 June
2195:led by
2184:in the
2125:During
1999:Taliban
1687:Sinhala
1648:Yakkhas
1359:Wirathu
1270:Myanmar
1226:Caturat
1217:Caturat
1111:Pol Pot
1003:in the
940:, from
926:Chinese
888:Nirvana
782:Slavery
717:Judaism
680:Nigeria
614:Islamic
589:Judaism
517:By text
436:Sikhism
411:Judaism
406:Jainism
191:Please
183:may be
12190:(2024)
12179:(2023)
12173:(2020)
12167:(2019)
12161:(2019)
12119:(2011)
12101:(2002)
12095:(2001)
12089:(2000)
12083:(2000)
12075:(1999)
12069:(1995)
12051:(1990)
12043:(1989)
12031:(1984)
12007:(1971)
11999:(1966)
11993:(1966)
11979:(1963)
11973:(1963)
11967:(1963)
11955:(1955)
11943:(1950)
11919:(1948)
11895:(1947)
11889:(1946)
11883:(1946)
11877:(1946)
11847:(1933)
11835:(1924)
11754:(1909)
11742:(1864)
11736:(1860)
11652:(1191)
11634:(1099)
11628:(1096)
11589:Events
11525:Pogrom
11376:Sufism
11221:Jewish
11216:Muslim
10880:Jewish
10810:Sufism
10584:Talmud
10567:Hadith
10314:Sutras
10309:Suttas
10174:Siddhi
10159:Koliya
10134:Brahmā
10049:Poetry
9995:Mantra
9985:Kasaya
9857:Pagoda
9837:Kyaung
9832:Vihāra
9827:Temple
9769:Ethics
9612:Ashoka
9562:Sweden
9557:Poland
9552:Norway
9542:Mexico
9527:France
9512:Canada
9507:Brazil
9446:Africa
9426:Taiwan
9389:Russia
9314:Bhutan
9274:Vinaya
9154:Naropa
9144:Saraha
9079:Asanga
8835:Prajñā
8744:Refuge
8707:Nianfo
8668:Tertön
8663:Tantra
8648:Ganana
8638:Tukdam
8564:Dhyāna
8532:Mudita
8527:Karuṇā
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