History of terrorism

17811: 7625: 6644: 6580: 5523:. Counter terrorism has named this type of attack 'Marauding Terrorist Firearms Attack' because of the fast reaction needed by local policemen to stop the gunfire attack from the terrorists. The attack on Jakarta is linked to a bigger picture of terror in the Indonesian country for those of ISIS. Indonesia is home of the "largest regional terror groups" housing seven Islamist extremist groups. Leaving the thoughts that ISIS is trying to establish a satellite city in Indonesia, due to the fact that it has the largest Muslim population. Although ISIS branches have not yet reached the land of Southeast Asia in big masses, there is the fear that it is only a matter of time until Indonesias small extremist groups grow in masses once direct contact with ISIS is made. Once contact is established 4826:(also known in Spain as 11-M) were nearly simultaneous, coordinated bombings against the Cercanías commuter train system of Madrid, Spain, on the morning of 11 March 2004‍—‌three days before Spain's general elections and two and a half years after the September 11 attacks in the United States. The explosions killed 191 people and wounded 1,800. It was concluded that the bombs were carried on the trains hidden in backpacks, While many went off three were found later that did not detonate. The official investigation by the Spanish judiciary found that the attacks were directed by an al-Qaeda-inspired terrorist cell. ETA and al Qaeda were the original suspects cited by the Spanish government. 2547: 7767: 6078: 6011: 5939: 10095: 1162: 5212: 3623: 9684: 9621: 6568: 8070: 6670: 5999: 7413: 2092: 7487: 7425: 7399: 7342: 6891: 8486: 8201: 3268: 839: 4624: 10107: 2961:. The ferry was to carry railway cars with heavy water drums from the Vemork hydroelectric plant, where they were produced, across Lake Tinn so they could be shipped to Germany. The operatives planted explosives on the ferry the night before, and timed the explosives to sink and the deepest part of the lake. Despite the intention to minimize casualties, 18 people were killed. Twenty-nine survived. The dead comprised 14 Norwegian civilians and four German soldiers. Its sinking effectively ended Nazi nuclear ambitions. 9317: 7587: 7513: 6492: 1008: 1369: 10350: 6725: 9855: 8918: 5743: 8003: 2417: 8294: 8213: 8175: 8082: 7977: 7897: 6554: 6478: 6420: 6401: 6343: 6324: 6225: 6199: 6147: 5729: 5670: 9765: 2999: 8852: 8398: 8332: 7262: 5755: 5151: 1912: 2875: 9504: 10184: 10158: 7709: 8578: 8344: 5658: 10455: 10365: 10119: 9393: 9125: 9077: 7182: 7108: 7005: 6916: 6822: 9951: 9777: 9065: 8742: 8696: 8670: 8590: 7721: 7697: 6066: 8320: 7330: 1784: 10441: 10377: 10197: 8305: 8225: 8186: 8094: 7988: 7909: 6237: 6213: 10467: 10210: 9152: 4175: 4905: 9477: 9329: 9233: 8564: 8498: 8472: 8424: 7837: 7243: 7170: 7151: 7096: 7077: 6993: 6974: 6904: 6877: 6810: 9609: 4819:'s School Number One. When Russian authorities did not comply with the rebel demands that Russian forces withdraw from Chechnya, 20 adult male hostages were shot. After two days of stalled negotiations, Russian special forces stormed the building. In the ensuing melee, over 300 hostages died, along with 19 Russian servicemen and all but perhaps one of the rebels. Basayev is believed to have participated in organizing the attack.. 4930:. The attacks killed a total of 17 people, in addition to the three perpetrators of the attack, and wounded 22 others, some of whom are in critical condition as of 16 January 2015. A fifth shooting attack did not result in any fatalities. Numerous other smaller incidents of attacks on mosques have been reported, but have not yet been directly linked to the attacks. The group that claims responsibility for the attacks, 9381: 9491: 10171: 10145: 9303: 9252: 6504: 8833: 8761: 5456:. She had several conversations with Musharraf about upping her security due to the increase of death threats she was receiving and he denied her request. Although Al-Qaeda took responsibility for her death it is seen in the eye of the people as Musharraf's fault for not taking her concerns seriously. However, during his trial he denies that no conversation happened between him and Bhutto about the security of her life. 10133: 10070: 10012: 8015: 7818: 7779: 9925: 9867: 7613: 5884: 8412: 10084: 9939: 8684: 7501: 8930: 9841: 9703: 9003: 6791: 6737: 4114:‍—‌accused the Contras of targeting health care clinics and health care workers for assassination; kidnapping civilians, torturing civilians; executing civilians, including children, who were captured in combat; raping women; indiscriminately attacking civilians and civilian houses; seizing civilian property; and burning civilian houses in captured towns. The contras disbanded after the election of 17720: 6658: 9139: 7601: 3471:. In 1984, the PKK transformed itself into a paramilitary organization and launched conventional attacks as well as bombings of Turkish governmental installations. In 1999, Turkish authorities captured Öcalan in Kenya. He was tried in Turkey and sentenced to life imprisonment. Since then, the PKK has gone through a series of name and ideological changes. From prison in 2004, 2808:, authorizing an armed insurgency against the British and against the Jews of Palestine. Black Hand cells were equipped with bombs and firearms, which they used to kill Jews. Although al-Qassam's revolt was unsuccessful in his lifetime, many organizations gained inspiration from his example. He became a popular hero and an inspiration to subsequent Arab militants, who in the 2401:, targeted infrastructure, government, churches and the general public, and saw the use of improvised explosive devices, arson, letter bombs, assassination attempts and other forms of direct action and violence. At least 5 people were killed in such attacks (including one suffragette), and at least 24 were injured (including two suffragettes). The campaign was halted at the 4281: 3722:

opinion turned strongly against it. In 1984 the group split, the majority faction becoming the Communist Combatant Party (Red Brigades-PCC) and the minority faction reconstituting itself as the Union of Combatant Communists (Red Brigades-UCC). Members of these groups carried out a handful of assassinations before almost all were arrested in 1989.

1041:, who declared that any Muslim, regardless of lineage or ethnicity, was eligible to serve as caliph as long as they were morally upright, according to the Kharijites. Muslims had a duty to rebel against and overthrow sinful caliphs. They consequently rose up in revolt against both the legitimate rulers and the Muslim rulers who did not uphold 16051:», University of Maryland, June 2017 : “terrorist violence in Iraq and Afghanistan has accounted for a substantial proportion of terrorism worldwide in the 21st century. The total number of deaths caused by terrorist attacks in these two countries comprised nearly half (46%) of all fatalities worldwide between 2004 and 2016.” 2570:(IRA), which from 1916 to 1923 carried out numerous attacks against the British authorities. For example, it attacked over 300 police stations simultaneously just before Easter 1920, and, in November 1920, publicly killed a dozen police officers and burned down the Liverpool docks and warehouses, an action that became known as 797:, who ruled the revolutionary state, employed violence, including mass executions by guillotine, to compel obedience to the state and intimidate regime enemies. The association of the term only with state violence and intimidation lasted until the mid-19th century, when it began to be associated with non-governmental groups. 2765: 3817:(AUC). While the ELN and FARC were originally left wing revolutionary groups and the AUC was originally a right-wing paramilitary, all have conducted numerous attacks on civilians and civilian infrastructure and engaged in the drug trade. The U.S. and some European governments consider them terrorist organizations. 3252:. The FLN was one of the first anti-colonial groups to use large-scale compliance violence. The FLN would establish control over a rural village and coerce its peasants to execute any French loyalists among them. On the night of October 31, 1954, in a coordinated wave of seventy bombings and shootings known as the 5440:. A suicide bomber detonated a bomb along with other extremists against her shooting off guns killing the prime minister and 14 other people. She was immediately rushed to the hospital and was pronounced dead. She was believed to be target because she was warning Pakistan along with the world of the uprising 14073:

The Basque separatist group Eta, which killed more than 800 people during its 40-year terror campaign, has announced its full dissolution . In a letter dated 16 April, but published by a Spanish online newspaper on Wednesday, the group informed Basque institutions and civil society groups that it had

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system and raided it. Officially, 39 of the attackers were killed by Russian forces, along with at least 129 and possibly many more of the hostages (including nine foreigners). All but a few of the hostages who died were killed by the gas pumped into the theatre, and many condemned the use of the gas

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was convicted by a panel of three Scottish judges of bombing the flight, and was sentenced to 27 years imprisonment. In 2002, Libya offered financial compensation to victims' families in exchange for lifting of UN and U.S. sanctions. In 2007 Megrahi was granted leave to appeal against his conviction,

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for training in what was euphemistically called "low-intensity warfare" – essentially a softer term for terrorism. Over the span of nearly a decade, terrorism cultivated and backed by the Soviet Union operated freely in the Middle East and, to a limited extent, in Europe. The Soviets saw terrorism as

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on 20 December 1913, in which 2 sailors were killed after it spread through the industrial area. The fire spread rapidly as there were many old wooden buildings in the area, including the historic semaphore tower which dated back to the eighteenth century which was completely destroyed. The damage to

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Cama Hospital – the attacks were carried out by 10 gunman that arrived on speed boats boat from Pakistan, separating going building to building grabbing hostages, setting bombs up and mass murdering with guns. Eventually 9 out of the 10 gunman were killed. Pakistan denied that the men were a part of

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a suicide bomber once again detonated a car bomb killing 4 people and injuring 31. No extremist group took responsibility for the attack but the attacker Mehmet Ozturk was linked to have ties with ISIS. This was just days after the car bomb attack in Turkey's capital of Ankara killing 37 people. The

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Revolutionary terror is not terrorism. To make a moral equivalence between the Revolution's year II and September 2001 is historical and philosophical nonsense ... The violence exercised on 11 September 2001 aimed neither at equality nor liberty. Nor did the preventive war announced by the president

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and other government buildings. The explosion killed eight people and injured at least 209 people, twelve of them seriously. He followed this attack by impersonating a police officer to access the island on which the AUF summer camp was being held and proceeded to go on a shooting spree that killed

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in Jerusalem, parts of which housed the headquarters of the British civil and military administrations. The bombing, in 1946, killed ninety-one people and injured forty-six, making it the most deadly attack during the Mandate era. This attack was sharply condemned by the organized leadership of the

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The Irish can thus claim that their resistance provide the originating impulse for resistance to tyrannies worse than any they had to endure themselves. And the Irish resistance as Collins led it, showed the rest of the world an economical way to fight wars the only sane way they can be fought in

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of the "leaders of oppression"—that would become the hallmark of subsequent violence by small non-state groups, and they were convinced that the developing technologies of the age—such as the invention of dynamite, which they were the first anarchist group to make widespread use of—enabled them to

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and began stockpiling gunpowder in 1604. As well as its primary targets, it would have killed hundreds, if not thousands, of Londoners – the most devastating act of terrorism in Britain's history, plunging the nation into a religious war. English spymasters uncovered the plot and caught Guy Fawkes

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We must recognise that our response to the scourge of terrorism is compromised by what we did through SOE. The justification ... That we had no other means of striking back at the enemy ... is exactly the argument used by the Red Brigades, the Baader-Meinhoff gang, the PFLP, the IRA and

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before the populace revolted against their brutal rule. Hashshashin forces were too small to challenge enemies militarily, so they assassinated city governors and military commanders in order to create alliances with militarily powerful neighbors. For example, they killed Janah al-Dawla, ruler of

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street, a terrorist attack. One of his attackers made political statements which were later broadcast with blood still on his hands from the attack. The two men responsible for the attack remained on the scene until incapacitated by armed police. They were later tried and found guilty of murder.

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on March 16, 1978. Moro was killed 56 days later. This led to an all-out assault on the group by Italian law-enforcement and security forces and condemnation from Italian left-wing radicals and even from imprisoned ex-leaders of the Brigades. The group lost most of its social support and public

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The campaign has seen classification as a terrorist campaign, with both suffragettes themselves and the authorities referring to arson and bomb attacks as terrorism. Contemporary press reports also referred to attacks as "terrorist" incidents in both the United Kingdom and in the United States,

2111: 1433:, beginning one of the first modern terror campaigns. Instead of earlier forms of terrorism based on political assassination, this campaign used modern, timed explosives with the express aim of sowing fear in the very heart of metropolitan Britain, in order to achieve political gains. ( 2177:. There were three phases of WSPU militancy in 1905, 1908, and, most significantly, between 1912 and 1914. These action ranged from civil disobedience and destruction of public property to arson and bombings. Most notably, The WSPU bombed Government Minister and future Prime Minister 1490: 5489:

The Taj Mahal Palace and Tower Hotel – six explosions were reported in the hotel,200 hostages were rescued from the burning building. A group of European Parliament committee members were staying at the hotel at the time but none were injured. Two attackers held hostages in the

1780:. A biographer of Brown has written that Brown's purpose was "to force the nation into a new political pattern by creating terror." In 2009, the 150th anniversary of Brown's death, prominent news publications debated over whether or not Brown should be considered a terrorist. 2044:. The group published newsletters, smuggled arms, and hijacked buildings as it sought to bring in European intervention that would force the Ottoman Empire to surrender control of its Armenian territories. On August 24, 1896, 17-year-old Babken Suni led twenty-six members in 857:

There is no scholarly consensus over the definition of the term "terrorism." This in part derives from the fact that the term is politically and emotionally charged, "a word with intrinsically negative connotations that is generally applied to one's enemies and opponents."

3290:(PLO), an umbrella organization for secular Palestinian nationalist groups formed in 1964. The PLO began its own armed operations in 1965. The PLO's membership comprises separate and possibly contending paramilitary and political factions, the largest of which include 15538:, I.B. Taurus 2014 pp.205–206), Japan initially welcomed the democratic character of the elections that brought Hamas to power, and only set conditions on its aid to Palestine, after intense pressure was exerted by the Bush Administration on Japan to alter its policy. 2492:

in 1913, saw the use of this method. The combination of high explosive bombs, incendiary devices and letter bombs used by suffragettes also provided the pattern for the IRA campaigns of the 1970s and 1980s. Unknown to many, the first terrorist bomb to explode in

997:, and other wealthy elites. According to Josephus, the Sicarii would hide short daggers under their cloaks, mingle with crowds at large festivals, murder their victims, and then disappear into the panicked crowds. Their most successful assassination was of the 3264:. This uprising, and the heavy-handed response by the French, convinced many Algerians to support the FLN and the independence movement. The FLN eventually secured Algerian independence from France in 1962, and transformed itself into Algeria's ruling party. 5391:

asked for the repeated terror attacks on Turkey to stop, and that the War on Terror will just become stronger due actions like these killing innocent people. Since the attacks Israel has requested that its citizens not travel to Turkey unless its necessary.

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659 people died in Lebanon between 1982 and 1986 in 36 suicide attacks directed against American, French and Israeli forces, by 41 individuals with predominantly leftist political beliefs who were adherents of both the Christian and Muslim religions. The

1575:(1814–1876), in his "Letters to a Frenchman on the Present Crisis" (1870) stated that "we must spread our principles, not with words but with deeds, for this is the most popular, the most potent, and the most irresistible form of propaganda". The French 2696:, Irgun sought to aggressively defend Jews from Arab attacks. Its tactic of attacking Arab communities, including the bombing of a crowded Arab market, is among the first examples of terrorism directed against civilians. After the British published the 4576:

which also originated from Canada without the passenger for the bag that exploded on the ground. Evidence from the explosions, witnesses and wiretaps of militants pointed to an attempt to actually blow up two airliners simultaneously by members of the

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against civilian and non-civilian targets. 1100 Israelis were killed in the Second Intifada, the majority being civilians. A 2007 study of Palestinian suicide bombings from September 2000 through August 2005 found that 40% percent were carried out by

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a key step towards Kenya's eventual independence in the 1960s. Many Mau Mau members provided reports of torture and abuse suffered by them to foreign journalists, though the British forces did have strict orders not to mistreat Mau Mau terrorists.

3488:(Women's Protection Units) and its purpose is to defend this new society. Since then, the European Court Of Justice has annulled the decision to classify the PKK as a terrorist group on the grounds that "sufficient arguments were not presented". 14479:"Council decision of 21 December 2005 implementing Article 2(3) of Regulation (EC) No 2580/2001 on specific restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities with a view to combating terrorism and repealing Decision 2005/848/EC" 1407:, these revolutionary fraternal organisations were founded with the aim of establishing an independent republic in Ireland, and began carrying out frequent acts of violence in metropolitan Britain to achieve their aims through intimidation. 3611:, the group set off twenty-two bombs, killing nine and injuring 130. On July 28, 2005, the Provisional IRA Army Council announced an end to its armed campaign. The IRA has links with and has provided military training to groups such as the 4105:

asserted the following about contra operating procedures in 1987: "The record of the contras in the field... is one of consistent and bloody abuse of human rights, of murder, torture, mutilation, rape, arson, destruction and kidnapping."

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reporting on the disaster two days after with the headline "Big Portsmouth Fire Loss". The report also disclosed that at a previous police raid on a suffragette headquarters, "papers were discovered disclosing a plan to fire the yard".

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Council Decision of 21 December 2005 implementing Article 2(3) of Regulation (EC) No 2580/2001 on specific restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities with a view to combating terrorism and repealing Decision

3805:'s ruthless violence in his dealings with the Colombian and Peruvian governments has been probably two of the best known and best documented examples of narcoterrorism. Paramilitary groups associated with narcoterrorism include the 5499:

Nariman House, a Jewish community center – had a hostage situation by two attackers eventually the hostages became freed when an aerial view of the building was displayed and NSG's stormed the building eventually killing the two

16813: 16811: 3857:(FALN, "Armed Forces of National Liberation") is a nationalist group founded in Puerto Rico in 1974. Over the decade that followed the group used bombings and targeted killings of civilians and police in pursuit of an 2307:, founded in 1901 with the intent of starting an agrarian socialist revolution, founded the Combat Organization specifically to carry out acts of terrorism. The highest-ranking assassinated official was prime minister 3388:

in Iran. The group would go on to play an important role in the Shah's overthrow but was unable to capitalize on this in the following power-vacuum. The group renounced violence in 2003 and became protected persons.

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in particular, and it created a sensation with its masked forays' dramatic nature. Under President Ulysses Grant the federal government suppressed the Klan in the early 1870s, and it disappeared by the mid-1870s.

881:, sometimes referred to themselves as "terrorists". Some modern scholars, however, do not consider the Reign of Terror a form of terrorism, in part because it was carried out by the French state. French historian 14197: 15581:,' Australian National Security:'Like its parent, Hamas is a multifaceted, well organised and relatively moderate organisation renowned for its extensive social service networks in the Palestinian Territories.' 3220:

in 1948. In 1952 a military coup overthrew British rule, and shortly thereafter the Muslim Brotherhood went underground in the face of a massive crackdown. Though sometimes banned or otherwise oppressed by the

2704:(which was seen as unacceptable to Zionist groups), the Irgun began a campaign against the British authorities by assassinating police, capturing British government buildings and arms, and sabotaging railways. 2071:. Through assassinations and by provoking uprisings, the group sought to coerce the Ottoman government into creating a Macedonian nation. On July 20, 1903, the group incited the Ilinden uprising in the Ottoman 4403:, as a terrorist organization. The organization is banned in Jordan.It is not regarded as a terrorist organization by Iran, Russia, Norway, Switzerland, Brazil, Turkey, China, and Qatar. As well as Hamas, the 3705:

in 1970 and based in Italy, sought to create a revolutionary state. The group carried out a series of bombings and kidnappings until the arrests of Curcio and Franceschini in the mid-1970s. Their successor as

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militancy in pursuit of religious and political goals increased, many militants drawing inspiration from Iran's 1979 Islamic Revolution. In the 1990s, well-known violent acts that targeted civilians were the

15846: 906:, European conservative rulers feared revolutionaries who would overthrow their governments or carry out similar forms of psychological violence. The late 18th and early 19th centuries did see the growth of 5366:

and neighboring Pakistan. It has committed numerous attacks within Iran, stating that it is fighting for the rights of the Sunni minority there. In 2005 the group attempted to assassinate Iran's president,

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without the existence of a central Nation State government. Women have played a very important role in the development of this ideology during the 1990s and they have also formed an army which is named the

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In the 19th century, powerful, stable, and affordable explosives were developed, global integration reached unprecedented levels and often radical political movements became widely influential. The use of

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The IRA are considered by some the innovators of modern insurgency tactics as the British would replicate and build upon the tactics used against them in World War II against the Germans and Italians.

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to obtain political reforms from the British government through peaceful means, radical activists within the KAU set up a splinter group and organised a more militant kind of nationalism. By 1952 the

16586: 3658:, the group sought to raise awareness of the Vietnamese and Palestinian independence movements through kidnappings, taking embassies hostage, bank robberies, assassinations, bombings, and attacks on 2957:. After repeated attacks on heavy water production facilities in Norway Germany sought to ship the last of the heavy water back to Germany in 1944. It would initial cross Lake Tinn by civilian ferry 3997:

declared a state of emergency and British forces were sent to Kenya. The majority of fighting was between loyalist and Mau Mau Kikuyu, so many scholars today now consider it a Kikuyu civil war. The

1049:, allowing them to use it as a defence for killing people they deemed to be heretics, they believed that heretics were apostates who were worthy of punishment. The sect bears similarity with later " 16629: 2311:, killed in 1911 by Dmitry Bogrov, a spy for the secret police in several anarchist, socialist and other revolutionary groups. Violent attacks by anarchists, Marxists, and SRs escalated during the 12456: 3965:

bus terminal that killed 110 people. In 2009 the Sri Lankan military launched a major military offensive against the secessionist movement and claimed that it had effectively destroyed the LTTE.

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Nationalist students in Bilbao, frustrated by the moderate, non-violent stance of the Basque nationalist party PNV, founded Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (Basque Homeland and Freedom) on July 31, 1959.

1463:, and was trained in counter terrorism techniques to combat the Irish Republican Brotherhood. The unit's name was changed to Special Branch as the unit's remit steadily widened over the years. 1426:, was made in the same year: an explosion to demolish the prison wall killed 12 people and caused many injuries. The bombing enraged the British public, causing a panic over the Fenian threat. 14890: 14873: 1429:

Although the Irish Republican Brotherhood condemned the Clerkenwell Outrage as a "dreadful and deplorable event", the organisation returned to bombings in Britain in 1881 to 1885, with the

17361: 809:, was the most prominent ideology linked with terrorism. Near the end of the 19th century, anarchist groups or individuals committed assassinations of a Russian Tsar and a U.S. president. 1267:. The rest were captured. Fawkes and seven others were tried and executed in January 1606. The planned attack has become known as the Gunpowder Plot and is commemorated in Britain every 2950:

by the organised forces of Resistance, played a very considerable part in our complete and final victory". The SOE also conducted operations in Africa, the Middle East and the Far East.

15574: 4620:—to rescue the remaining hostages. This response set the tone for how Western governments would respond to terrorism. Replacing an era of negotiation with one of military intervention. 4029:

against government installations on 16 December 1961. The South African government subsequently banned the group after classifying it as a terrorist organization. MK's first leader was

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later wrote that "the disruption of enemy rail communications, the harassing of German road moves and the continual and increasing strain placed on German security services throughout

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formed Lehi from disaffected Irgun members after Irgun agreed to a truce with Britain in 1940. Lehi assassinated prominent politicians as a strategy. For example, on November 6, 1944,

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under the banner of Shinri-tō (Supreme Truth Party). None were voted in, and the group began to militarize. Between 1990 and 1995, the group attempted several apparently unsuccessful

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The work of the SOE received recognition in 2009 with a memorial in London, however there are differing views on the morality of the SOE's actions; the British military historian

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as a gesture by the Clerkenwell bombing.) The campaign also took advantage of the greater global integration of the times, and the bombing was largely funded and organised by the

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will quickly mobilize to carry out the tasks that ISIS asks of them. ISIS will turn to Southeast Asia because it is only evident that they will lose control of the middle east.

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The attacks, which drew widespread condemnation across the world, began on 26 November 2008 and lasted until 29 November, killing at least 173 people and wounding at least 308.

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publicly renounced terrorism in December 1988 on behalf of the PLO, but Israel has stated that it has proof that Arafat continued to sponsor terrorism until his death in 2004.

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dedicated to beginning similar liberal revolutions to the French Revolution, causing conservative autocratic governments to become paranoid of radical terrorist conspiracies.

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respectively engaged in cross border raids, committed acts of violence against civilians and soldiers, stole goods and burned down farms. The most infamous event occurred in

15881: 4367:, an uprising against Israeli rule in the Palestinian Territories which mostly consisted of civil disobedience but sometimes escalated into violence. Hamas's militia, the 16743: 15127: 12233: 3412:. At that time, Turkey was embroiled in political turmoil, and Hagopian believed that the time was right for his organization to avenge the Armenians who died during the 3240:

in 1954. The group became a large-scale resistance movement against French rule, with terrorism only part of its operations. The FLN leadership took inspiration from the

16710: 16321: 16277: 15591: 14715: 14194: 2488:, often regarded as a later twentieth-century IRA invention, was also first employed by the suffragettes. Several suffragette bombings, such as the attempted bombing of 16896: 3953:

resistance campaign that sought to create an independent Tamil state in the northern and eastern regions of Sri Lanka. The conflict originated in measures the majority

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of the late 20th and early 21st century had been funded in the 1980s by the United States and other Western powers because they were fighting the USSR in Afghanistan.

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every other half-articulate terrorist organisation on Earth. Futile to argue that we were a democracy and Hitler a tyrant. Means besmirch ends. SOE besmirched Britain.

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the complete destruction of the rail and communication infrastructure of western France the largest coordinated attack of its kind in history Allied supreme commander

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strike directly and with discrimination. Attempting to spark a popular revolt against Russian Tsardom, the group killed prominent political figures by gun and bomb in

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The Catholic Institute for International Relations (1987). "Right to Survive: Human Rights in Nicaragua" (print). The Catholic Institute for International Relations.

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and Algeria's FLN. The group was accused of bombings, kidnappings, and assassinations of politicians, soldiers, and civilians. On October 5, 1970, the FLQ kidnapped

15498:, Japan applies to Hamas the frozen assets measures in accordance with its Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law (Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Law).' 13450: 11544: 5255:, after a revolt by the plane's passengers. As a result of the attacks, 2,996 people (including the 19 hijackers) perished and more than 6,000 others were injured. 3844:

states that, during the JDL's first two decades of activity, it was an "active terrorist organization.". Kahane later founded the far-right Israeli political party

1970:. A KKK founder boasted that it was a nationwide organization of 550,000 men and that it could muster 40,000 Klansmen within five days' notice, but as a secret or " 16604: 14478: 13722: 17810: 17586: 10676: 1295:

in France, until the mid-19th century when the term also began to be associated with non-governmental groups. Early non-governmental terrorist groups include the

16725: 16654: 14572: 3014:, largely successful campaigns for independence were launched against the collapsing European empires, as many World War II resistance groups became militantly 1231:. The group intended to enact a coup by killing King James I and the members of both houses of Parliament. The conspirators planned to start a rebellion in the 14263: 3345:. Before reaching the school, the trio shot and killed two Arab women, a Jewish man, his pregnant wife, and their 4-year-old son, and wounded several others. 812:

In the 20th century, terrorism continued to be associated with a vast array of anarchist, socialist, fascist and nationalist groups, many of them engaged in '

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are often burned. Comparisons are often drawn between gunpowder plot and modern religious terrorism, such as the attacks in the US by Islamic terrorists on

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Blumenau, Bernhard. "The United Nations and Terrorism. Germany, Multilateralism, and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970s", Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, ch. 2.

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Blumenau, Bernhard. "The United Nations and Terrorism. Germany, Multilateralism, and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970s", Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, ch. 1.

4225:, the group originally sought an Islamic revolution in Lebanon and has long fought for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanon. Led by Sheikh Sayyed 16574: 5055:. Three terrorists were killed, along with four hostages who died in the Vincennes supermarket before the intervention; some other hostages were injured. 16463: 3840:

statistics state that, from 1980 to 1985, 15 attacks which the FBI classified as acts of terrorism were attempted in the U.S. by members of the JDL. The

3253: 934:, or other eras. The Sicarii and the Hashshashin are described below, while the Fenian Brotherhood and Narodnaya Volya are discussed in a later section. 12576: 8416: 3926:(PFLP), the group committed assassinations, hijacked a commercial Japanese aircraft, and sabotaged a Shell oil refinery in Singapore. On May 30, 1972, 3401: 3314:

in Munich. All the athletes and five Black September operatives died during a gun battle with the West German police in what later became known as the

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After several decades of stability, political violence in the Russian Empire resumed in the 1890s due to the repressive policies of Alexander III and

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request from the U.S. government, but were later freed by a Canadian court on the grounds that they were considered combatants rather than criminals.

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one-time guerrilla commander who turned into a mastermind of spectacular and brutal terrorist actions ... served for several months as prime minister

14894: 14877: 4979:, guest Michel Renaud, maintenance worker Frédéric Boisseau and police officers Brinsolaro and Merabet, and wounding eleven, four of them seriously. 3479:(the Science and history of women) radically diverging from the PKK's Marxist-Leninist roots. The ideology proposed the establishment of a system of 3260:

installations and the homes of Algerian loyalists. In the following year, the group gained significant support for an uprising against loyalists in

816:' independence struggles. Some scholars also labeled as terrorist the systematic internal violence and intimidation practiced by states such as the 17115: 16768: 16565: 14628: 3342: 3299: 1709:

in which one person was injured. In reaction to Vaillant's bombing and other bombings and assassination attempts, the French government restricted

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In the 21st century, most victims of terrorist attacks have been killed in Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Syria, Pakistan, India, Somalia or Yemen.

2339: 16787: 14028: 4450:), and wounded another 125 to 150. Goldstein, who after the shooting was found beaten to death with iron bars in the mosque, was a supporter of 1689:. Anarchism spread to the United States with working-class European immigrants. Although it ceased to be a truly influential movement after the 18057: 17209: 11530: 6070: 4849:. Fifty-two civilians were killed and over 700 more were injured in the attacks. Later a dozen unexploded bombs were found in a car located in 4102: 2241: 2056: 548: 17441: 16252: 15571: 4557:(地下鉄サリン事件, chikatetsu sarin jiken). In May 1995, Asahara and other senior leaders were arrested and the group's membership rapidly decreased. 9208: 6985: 5419: 4404: 4249:

in Egypt. The group was formed in 1980 as an umbrella organization for militant student groups which were formed after the leadership of the

3961:, one of the longest-running armed conflicts in Asia. The group carried out many bombings, including an April 21, 1987, car bomb attack at a 3923: 3687: 3295: 11186: 5358:

were launched into civilian areas and non-civilian areas inside Israel, causing deaths, injuries, and psychological trauma. Formed in 2003,

4033:, who was tried and imprisoned for the group's acts. With the end of apartheid in South Africa, Umkhonto we Sizwe was incorporated into the 16398: 11951: 7874: 5040: 4022: 2052:

and the creation of an Armenian state, but backed down on a threat to blow up the bank. An ensuing security crackdown destroyed the group.

1602:

described "propaganda by the deed" (which he opposed the use of) as violent communal insurrections meant to ignite an imminent revolution.

1322:

by attacking mechanized textile plants. The term terrorism became increasingly used for acts of political violence from the 1840s onwards.

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in Colombia and the PLO. In the case of the latter there has been a long-standing solidarity movement, as evidenced by many murals around

2184:

Political assassinations continued, resulting in the assassination of King Umberto I of Italy in July 1900. The Polish-American anarchist

1974:" group with no membership rosters, it was difficult to judge the Klan's actual size. It was politically powerful at times, especially in 18201: 15623: 12004: 6152: 5675: 5493:

Leopold Café – a popular cafe and bar on the Causeway that was one of the first places to be attacked resulting in the death of 10 people

4880:(AUF)-run summer camp in Norway on 22 July 2011. The attacks claimed a total of 77 lives. The first part of the attack was a van bomb in 4074:. If terrorism is the extension of domestic politics by other means, just as war is for diplomacy, then this represents the extension of 2382: 2197: 674: 15393: 14240: 10669: 5223:, nineteen men affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial passenger jets all bound for California, crashing two of them into the 5086:

immediately started the emergency threat procedure, for the first time on the entire French territory since the Algeria events in 1960.

18062: 17752: 15947: 13412: 7953: 7822: 7771: 5579: 4837:

which targeted civilians using the public transport system during the morning rush hour. On the morning of Thursday, 7 July 2005, four

4392: 3993:

recruits. The Mau Mau carried out attacks on political opponents, loyalist villages, raiding white farms and destroying livestock. The

253: 15862: 14195:

http://www.cfr.org/separatist-terrorism/provisional-irish-republican-army-ira-aka-pira-provos-oglaigh-na-heireann-uk-separatists/p9240

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increases in size and power their attacks are affecting all parts of the world even in their own back yard of Turkey. Taking place in

14942: 14663: 12276: 10280: 7309: 6298: 5859: 5044: 4573: 2989: 2394: 2343: 2003: 817: 15257: 4137:

in downtown Oklahoma City claimed 168 lives and left over 800 people injured. McVeigh, who was convicted of first degree murder and

3892:

platform by destroying symbols of government power. From 1969 to 1974 the Weathermen bombed corporate offices, police stations, and

3848:, which was banned from elections in Israel on the ground of racism. The JDL's present-day website condemns all forms of terrorism. 2858:

against members of Lehi and Irgun. After Israel's 1948 founding, Lehi formally dissolved and its members became integrated into the

2543:, leaders of the uprising becoming heroes in Ireland after their eventual sentence of capital punishment by the British government. 10265: 6451: 6374: 5844: 5449: 5375:. Iran and other sources accuse the group of being a front for or supported by other nations, in particular the U.S. and Pakistan. 5192:

based in Saudi Arabia. On August 7, 1998, individuals associated with Al Qaeda and Egyptian Islamic Jihad carried out simultaneous

2484:

attacks on pillar boxes, and also saw the planting of explosive devices. The tactic of packing nuts and bolts into bombs to act as

2472:

The campaign in part provided the inspiration for later bombing and terrorist campaigns in Britain, such as those conducted by the

2449:

the dockyard area cost the city £200,000 in damages, equivalent to £23,600,000 today. In the midst of the firestorm, a battleship,

2068: 1330:, was the most prominent ideology linked with terrorism. Attacks by various anarchist groups led to the assassination of a Russian 899: 833: 15426: 14058: 12978: 4399:, Canada, Israel, Japan, and the United States. Australia and the United Kingdom have designated the military wing of Hamas, the 4375:

against Israel in 1993, eventually accounting for about 40% of them. Palestinian militant organizations have been responsible for

4229:

since 1992, the group has captured Israeli soldiers and carried out missile attacks and suicide bombings against Israeli targets.

18211: 17390: 16957: 15636: 7298: 5814: 5571: 5388: 5295: 5028: 4838: 4138: 4126: 3548:, by planting an underground bomb under his habitual parking-spot outside a Madrid church. In 1995 an ETA car-bomb nearly killed 1853:, killing a crew member and wounding three others in the ensuing gunfight. The intent of this hijacking was to use the ship as a 1639: 1124: 679: 15877: 15449: 14973: 13122:

Shai Lachman, "Arab Rebellion and Terrorism in Palestine 1929-39: The Case of Sheikh Izz al-Din al-Qassam and His Movement", in

12558:

gave a report summarizing the mounting 'evidence' against Bukharin as leader of the 'terrorist plot' along with the Trotskyists.

5504:

their country but eventually released documents that 3 of the men were from Pakistan and that cases would be opened against them

2850:, the British Minister of State for the Middle East, was assassinated. The act was controversial among Zionist militant groups, 669: 18157: 17785: 17034: 16281: 15124: 13990: 13204:

SOE in France. An Account of the Work of the British Special Operations Executive in France 1940–1944. By M. R. D. Foot (1966).

12241: 10677:

http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/CIB/cib0102/02CIB08

9943: 9613: 8582: 8262: 8139: 6183: 5310: 3814: 3810: 2437: 2386: 2170: 773:

Depending on how broadly the term is defined, the roots and practice of terrorism can be traced at least to the 1st-century AD

707: 644: 210: 16331: 11905: 17699: 17466: 17069: 16928: 16893: 16524:

Witnesses said that the gunmen had called out the names of individual from the magazine. French media report that Charb, the

16303: 15435: 14926: 14376: 14334: 13795: 13745: 12626: 11408: 10888: 10813: 10756: 10625: 6316: 6139: 5263: 4308: 2390: 2166: 1765: 1392:. They were both founded in 1858 as revolutionary, militant nationalist and Catholic groups, both in Ireland and amongst the 16859: 12855: 11827: 4919: 4537:

spores. On June 28, 1994, Aum Shinrikyo members released sarin gas from several sites in the Kaichi Heights neighborhood of

3326:

three international passenger planes, landing two of them in Jordan and blowing up the third. Fatah leader and PLO chairman

18137: 18127: 14099: 11788: 9750: 9644: 8382: 5423: 5379: 5351: 5279: 5275: 5122: 5052: 4796: 4554: 4055: 4034: 3858: 3541: 2809: 2659: 2405:

in August 1914 without having brought about votes for women, as suffragettes pledged to pause their campaigning to aid the

1236: 634: 629: 511: 17493: 15806: 14793: 12200: 10961:

http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090609003228/http://www.berr.gov.uk/fireworks/download/FW1434_Keystage2_07.pdf

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Statement by High Representative/Vice-President Federica Mogherini on the decision to appeal the Judgment regarding Hamas

15155: 12484: 8688: 8556: 7579: 7334: 7063: 5330: 5193: 4675: 4639: 3806: 3245: 3229: 3039: 2726: 2323: 2269: 2100: 745: 649: 639: 543: 17453: 17007: 14527: 14485: 14391: 13719: 13458: 4564:

flying from Canada was blown up by a bomb while in Irish airspace, killing 329 people, including 280 Canadian citizens,

3934:

in Tel Aviv, killing 26 people and injuring 80 others. Two of the three attackers then killed themselves with grenades.

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https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/news-video/video-french-police-identify-suspects-in-deadly-attack/article22352019/

15494:。Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.' 日本は、ハマスを、国連安保理決議1373に基づいて、外国為替及び外国貿易法（外為法）に基づく資産凍結措置の対象としています。'On the basis of 14602: 10245: 8983: 7505: 7316: 6124: 5224: 4735: 3746: 3600: 3421: 3086: 2993: 2540: 1814: 1694: 1686: 1665:

in a knife attack while other anarchists threw bombs at monarchist political rallies. That same year German anarchists

1121:

do not qualify as terrorism, since killing a political leader does not intimidate political enemies or inspire revolt.

624: 16662: 15198: 13063: 1147:. The groups engaged in several acts that could be considered terroristic and used the deeds for propaganda purposes. 18196: 18072: 17637: 17279:"Benazir Bhutto Assassination Case: Musharraf Responsible For Pakistan Prime Minister's Death, Witness Siegel Claims" 17097: 16200: 15069: 14704: 14580: 13507: 13380: 13107: 12547: 12395: 12210: 11689: 11502: 11485: 11468: 11110: 10773: 10649: 10240: 9558: 9462: 6896: 6003: 5555:

followers in 1984), when letters carrying anthrax spores were posted to several major American media outlets and two

5016: 4931: 4877: 4340: 4134: 3572: 3553: 3287: 3130: 3090: 2627: 2189: 2013: 1456: 599: 517: 14173: 13811: 11640: 8711: 5496:

The Trident-Oberoi Hotel – one explosion was heard here where the President of Madrid was eating, he was not injured

3678:(a former SS officer and an important West German industrialist), executing him on October 19. The hijacking of the 3540:. Many ETA victims were government officials; the group's first known victim, a police chief, died in 1968. In 1973 1568:(1818–1857), wrote in his "Political Testament" (1857) that "ideas spring from deeds and not the other way around". 17174: 17125: 15827: 13628:

Millar, S.N. 'Arab Victory: Lessons from the Algerian War (1954–62)', British Army Review No 145 Autumn 2008, p. 49

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movement and political party officially founded in Lebanon in 1985, ten years after the outbreak of that country's

4169: 4018: 3938: 3169: 2370: 2205: 1818: 34: 17391:"Mumbai Terror Attacks: 7 Pakistanis Charged – Action Comes a Year After India's Worst Terrorist Attacks; 166 Die" 16989: 16886: 16174: 15177: 15162: 14453: 12011: 11853: 11693: 5136:

concert. Twenty-three people died, including the attacker, and 139 were wounded, more than half of them children.

3922:

in Japan in 1971 and attempted to overthrow the Japanese government and start a world revolution. Allied with the

2444:

incident occurred in the Portsmouth in 1913, which led to the deaths of two men. a fire was purposely started at

664: 16943: 15995: 12360: 12330: 11602: 9216: 8402: 7605: 5437: 5433: 5106: 4435: 4258: 3957:

took that were perceived as attempts to marginalize the Tamil minority. The resistance campaign evolved into the

3862: 3861:. The FALN in 1975 took responsibility for four nearly simultaneous bombings in New York City. The United States 3837: 2296: 2273: 2233: 1363: 942:

has been described as a reign of terror. Other historical events sometimes associated with terrorism include the

604: 16630:"Paris shooting: Female police officer dead following assault rifle attack morning after Charlie Hebdo killings" 15681: 15637:'Palestinian parliament OKs coalition government / Norway announces recognition, will restore ties cut in '06 ,' 15103: 14981: 11226: 4956: 4462:. In the aftermath of the Goldstein attack and Kach statements praising it, Kach was outlawed in Israel. Today, 1728: 1653:

Individual Europeans also engaged in politically motivated violence. For example, in 1878 the Italian anarchist

1590:

provocatively using the socialist red flag. By the 1880s, the slogan had begun to be used to refer to bombings,

18184: 18164: 17850: 17745: 17306: 15738: 14688: 10088: 8457: 6259: 6130: 6106: 6054: 5987: 5931: 5876: 5121:

were killed, and more than 300 people were injured. Another bomb was found during a search of the airport. The

4687: 4650:. When Russian special forces attempted to free the hostages, 105 civilians and 25 Russian troops were killed. 4514: 4383:

attacks, shootings, and stabbings. After winning legislative elections, Hamas since June 2007 has governed the

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The Second KKK of the 1920s was an entirely new organization that used the old costumes and keywords. It added

1744: 1606: 1335: 998: 931: 658: 502: 16399:"Attentat contre " Charlie Hebdo " : Charb, Cabu, Wolinski et les autres, assassinés dans leur rédaction" 16152: 5444:

groups and extremist groups gaining power. The responsibility of her death falls on the president of the time

4865:

and eventually documents are leaked showing that Osama bin laden and Rashid Ruff planned the London bombings.

4568:, and 22 Indians. The incident was the deadliest act of air terrorism before 9/11, and the first bombing of a 4277:); six men dressed as police officers machine-gunned 58 Japanese and European vacationers and four Egyptians. 2132:

continued to motivate political violence in the 20th century, much of it directed against Western powers. The

18191: 15278: 12949:

Brother Against Brother: Violence and Extremism in Israeli Politics from Altalena to the Rabin Assassination,

12554:

V. I. Nevskii, former head of the Lenin Library, directly accused Bukharin of leading a 'terrorist center.'

10445: 9203: 8884: 8205: 7288: 7277: 5839: 5595: 5339: 4764: 4400: 4368: 4270: 3373: 2813: 2725:

and Begin's Irgun. Following the bombing, Ben-Gurion called Irgun an "enemy of the Jewish people". After the

2406: 2304: 2292: 1916: 1800: 1260: 903: 877:, in order to intimidate the regime's enemies and compel obedience to the state. The Jacobins, most famously 16061:

Analysis of Clothing and Urine from Moscow Theatre Siege Casualties Reveals Carfentanil and Remifentanil Use

15665: 15070:"Turnover in Nicaragua; NICARAGUAN OPPOSITION ROUTS SANDINISTAS; U.S. PLEDGES AID, TIED TO ORDERLY TURNOVER" 13257:

Payton, Gary & Lepperød, Trond (1995). Rjukanbanen på sporet av et industrieventyr. Rjukan: Maana Forlag

12792:

Chaliand, p.185: "Just before Easter 1920, the IRA simultaneously attacked more than 300 police stations..."

5211: 2585:

encompassing 26 of the island's 32 counties. IRA tactics were an inspiration to other groups, including the

1117:. The Hashshashin also carried out assassinations as retribution. Under some definitions of terrorism, such 18005: 17283: 15712: 15185: 15153:"... eight were Islamic fundamentalists. Twenty-seven were Communists and Socialists. Three were Christians 13685:

One Day in September: The Full Story of the 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and the Israeli Revenge Operation

11272:

The Gunpowder Plot: Terror and Faith in 1605; Author Antonia Fraser; published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson

10641: 9914: 9902: 9286: 9220: 8276: 7673: 6572: 6312: 5483: 5075: 5071: 4812: 4776: 4679: 4194: 3779: 3604: 3456: 3310:

in 1970; the group is arguably best known for seizing eleven Israeli athletes as hostages at the September

3066: 2928: 2886: 2594: 2532: 2331: 2216:

continued to be active in the United States. In 1914 three Galleanists were found to be collaborating with

2080: 1773: 1528: 1389: 989:("dagger men"). Their efforts were also directed against Jewish "collaborators," including temple priests, 898:

The French Revolution also influenced conceptions of non-state terrorism in the 19th century. Although the

865:(September 5, 1793 – July 28, 1794) in France. It was a period of eleven months during the 287: 17538: 15007: 13244: 12759: 5185: 18067: 17956: 16352: 14711: 14428: 14174:"Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) (aka, PIRA, "the provos," Óglaigh na hÉireann) (UK separatists)" 10459: 10392: 9451: 9267: 9225: 8490: 7701: 6455: 6378: 5476: 5063: 4830: 4758: 4743: 4719: 4572:

which would set a pattern for future air terrorism plots. The crash occurred within an hour of the fatal

4380: 4218: 3153: 2758: 2546: 1873:. U.S. forces responded to the attack by trying to arrest the captors in Nova Scotian waters. All of the 1635: 1264: 1216: 398: 367: 296: 85: 17112: 14626: 11879: 3424:

so it could incorporate the territory of Wilsonian Armenia into it and establish a nation state. In its

18244: 18239: 17886: 17855: 17790: 17710: 14891:"Talking with Terrorists: Conversations with the Mau Mau - Peace and Collaborative Development Network" 14874:"Talking with Terrorists: Conversations with the Mau Mau - Peace and Collaborative Development Network" 11313: 10704: 10667:

The Right of Self-Defence under International Law-the Response to the Terrorist Attacks of 11 September

10335: 8074: 7829: 7491: 7403: 7232: 6964: 6044: 5977: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5563: 5322: 5303: 5283: 5236: 5189: 4823: 4412: 4376: 4296: 4198: 4179: 4051: 3770:, the British Trade Commissioner, and on October 10, the Minister of Labor and Vice-Premier of Quebec, 2510: 2501:

in August 1914. Suffragette tactics also provided a template for more contemporary attacks in Britain.

2045: 1893: 1866: 1807: 712: 200: 185: 17041: 15218: 14291:"As three men go before a Colombian judge today, will their fate seal the course of peace in Ireland?" 13946: 13837: 13180: 4996:

described it as a "terrorist attack of the most extreme barbarity". The two gunmen were identified as

3790: 3674:, then head of the Dresdner Bank, in a failed kidnapping attempt; on September 5, the group kidnapped 3622: 594: 17979: 17738: 17190: 16378: 14946: 13970: 11442: 9578: 8167: 8052: 7749: 6696: 6288: 5591: 5343: 5252: 4715: 4683: 4408: 4336: 4237: 4014: 3455:. At that time the group sought to create an independent Kurdish Nation State consisting of parts of 3397: 3217: 3011: 3003: 2129: 1862: 1757: 1674: 1484: 614: 392: 383: 30: 16860:"Another bomb found in Brussels after attacks kill at least 34; Islamic State claims responsibility" 15305: 14768: 10957: 7926: 3876:(SDS) organization, and in 1969 took over the organization. Weathermen leaders, inspired by China's 3580: 3353:

compatible with their support for national liberation wars, even though it contradicted traditional

1869:. Instead, the captors had difficulties at Saint John; so they sailed further east and re-coaled in 17395: 17206: 13372: 13310:

Forgotten Voices of the Secret War: An Inside History of Special Operations in the Second World War

11165:

The Secret Order of Assassins: The Struggle of the Early Nizari Ismai'lis Against the Islamic World

10506: 10416: 10270: 10052: 9443: 9439: 8524: 8367: 7303: 6865: 6387: 5819: 5318: 5129: 4885: 4663: 3841: 3480: 2705: 2489: 2485: 1582:(1844–1912) popularized the phrase "propaganda of the deed"; in 1877 he cited as examples the 1871 1430: 15491: 13027: 2498: 2136:

campaigned against the British in the 1910s and their tactics inspired Zionist groups such as the

1422:

sergeant was shot in the rescue. A bolder rescue attempt of another Irish radical incarcerated in

18015: 17995: 17926: 17775: 16227: 15639: 14729:

Paradise Poisoned: Learning About Conflict, Terrorism and Development from Sri Lanka's Civil Wars

13961: 13922: 9419: 9129: 9104: 8547: 8376: 8114: 8037: 7550: 7254: 7205: 7131: 7031: 6947: 6848: 6764: 6558: 6482: 6405: 5789: 5718: 5685: 5567: 5409: 4601: 4553:, killing 12 commuters and damaging the health of about 5,000 others in what became known as the 4491: 4471: 4459: 4420: 4388: 4083: 4079: 3715: 3440: 3425: 3385: 3307: 3279: 3271:

Plaque commemorating the eleven Israeli athletes killed during the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre.

3148:

made extensive use of violent nationalist organizations to carry on a war by proxy. For example,

2983: 2789: 2312: 2237: 2221: 1850: 1647: 1560:

or other provocative public acts against political enemies in order to inspire mass rebellion or

1437: 1400: 1085: 767: 738: 570: 435: 312: 302: 75: 17122: 16587:"Charlie Hebdo shooting: At least 12 killed as shots fired at satirical magazine's Paris office" 16127: 10774:"In Defence of the Terror: Liberty or Death in the French Revolution by Sophie Wahnich – review" 10573: 8360: 5559:

politicians. This resulted in several of the first fatalities attributed to a bioterror attack.

4205:

peacekeepers and six civilians at the peacekeeping barracks in Beirut, was particularly deadly.

4070:

a month later that same year. This period also saw the rise of what is sometimes categorized as

3714:, led the group toward more militarized and violent actions, including the kidnapping of former 1511:

became increasingly open to the idea of using political violence and terrorism to overthrow the

17941: 17611:

TOTAL DESTRUCTION OF THE TAMIL TIGERS: The Rare Victory of Sri Lanka's Long War, Paul Moorcraft

17253: 15652: 15548: 14692:, produced by Carrie Lozano, directed by Bill Siegel and Sam Green, New Video Group, 2003, DVD. 13425: 10692: 10487: 10421: 10275: 10046: 10032: 9726: 9664: 9538: 9433: 9244: 9193: 9093: 8746: 8674: 8451: 8280: 7947: 6769: 6729: 6535: 6278: 6101: 5775: 5770: 5181: 5162: 4943: 4873: 4804: 4731: 4711: 4671: 4506: 4447: 4352: 4232: 4071: 3946: 3666:". The buildup leading to German Autumn began on April 7, when the RAF shot Federal Prosecutor 3561: 3082: 3051: 2947: 2916: 2859: 2785: 2746: 2201: 2060: 1971: 1904:, then escaping back to Canada. The raiders were then arrested by British authorities under an 1882: 1826: 1792: 1549: 1497: 1404: 1001: 878: 785:, were in fact terrorist. The first use in English of the term 'terrorism' occurred during the 524: 480: 215: 164: 110: 17059: 15535:

Japan and the War on Terror: Military Force and Political Pressure in the US-Japanese Alliance

15533: 15399: 15367: 14916: 14392:

Secret agents, freemasons, fascists... and a top-level campaign of political 'destabilisation'

13499: 13493: 13099: 13092: 11437: 10935: 10911: 10878: 17867: 17335: 16918: 15763: 13360: 12947: 10666: 10427: 10330: 10111: 10059: 9826: 9321: 8976: 8635: 8625: 8309: 8286: 8190: 8163: 7992: 7852: 7219: 6470: 6393: 6217: 5453: 5405: 5372: 5248: 5114: 4854: 4707: 4597: 4356: 4320: 4122: 4063: 3821: 3798: 3675: 3549: 3503: 3436:. Nine people died and 82 were injured. By 1986, the ASALA had virtually ceased all attacks. 3381: 3362: 2643: 2567: 2473: 2288: 2133: 2029: 1724: 1524: 1319: 1224: 1212: 1169: 947: 317: 155: 130: 17442:"A year after attacks, Mumbai is just as vulnerable; at vigils, many call for police reform" 15967: 15900: 15779: 15331: 14644: 14513: 10679:, Australian Law and Bills Digest Group, Parliament of Australia Web Site, February 12, 2002 10598: 9967: 5012: 3587:

and formed a new organization. Led by Mac Stíofáin in the early 1970s and by a group around

1548:

after the peasants failed to support the ideology. The anarchists developed the concept of "

1410:

In 1867, members of the movement's leadership were arrested and convicted for organizing an

918:

Scholars disagree about whether the roots of terrorism date back to the 1st century and the

18093: 17898: 17840: 16955: 15858: 15508: 15429:. Department of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness. November 22, 2012. Archived from 14316: 13941: 13524:

The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt: The Rise of an Islamic Mass Movement 1928–1942

13368: 12783:

Irish Freedom: The History of Nationalism in Ireland by Richard English, ISBN 9780330427593

12310:

The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt: The Rise of an Islamic Mass Movement 1928–1942

10310: 10235: 10231: 10226: 9929: 9808: 9174: 9110: 9050: 8961: 8955: 8718: 8447: 7966: 7545: 7045: 7035: 6613: 6177: 6168: 6038: 6034: 6027: 5966: 5962: 5540: 5512: 5220: 5059: 4723: 4667: 4659: 4561: 4522: 4463: 4451: 4416: 3958: 3845: 3775: 3702: 3683: 3608: 3354: 3311: 3233: 3205: 2943: 2781: 2669: 2571: 2272:

destroyed left-wing and radical political movements, including Marxism, anarchism, and the

2244:

of resident aliens who promoted assassinations. Despite this Galleanists successfully sent

2033: 2021: 1870: 1769: 1732: 1719: 1710: 1654: 1460: 1303: 1200:

sponsored numerous plots against her which continued after she was succeeded by her cousin

886: 341: 225: 135: 16894:

http://www.cfr.org/terrorist-organizations-and-networks/al-qaeda-k-al-qaida-al-qaida/p9126

15992: 15436:

http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-eng.aspx

14950: 14667: 12284: 11641:"Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume One - , - Black Rose Books" 10617:

The Foundations of Modern Terrorism: State, Society and the Dynamics of Political Violence

5083: 5078:. They killed a total of more than 130 citizens. Hostages were taken in the concert hall " 4993: 3945:

political and paramilitary organization based in northern Sri Lanka. From its founding by

3348:

In the 1960s and 1970s, various Middle Eastern terrorist groups sent their members to the

3038:

used bombings and assassinations against the British in Egypt. Also during the 1950s, the

2638:. During the campaign, the IRA carried out almost 300 attacks and acts of sabotage in the 2091: 8: 18179: 18000: 17876: 17872: 17835: 17825: 17420: 16488: 16304:"French security forces kill gunmen to end terror rampage; 20 dead in 3 days of violence" 15955: 9845: 9830: 9814: 9730: 9688: 9307: 8922: 8722: 8520: 8230: 8153: 8099: 7933: 7914: 7859: 7656: 7591: 7448: 6446: 6425: 6369: 6348: 6264: 6242: 6173: 5824: 5697: 5460: 5368: 5363: 5298:. This campaign eliminated much of al-Qaeda's most senior members, including a strike by 5036: 4893: 4869: 4727: 4703: 4695: 4638:, carried out several attacks on Russian targets between 1994 and 2006. In the June 1995 4609: 4585: 4424: 4325: 3998: 3974: 3869: 3767: 3735: 3545: 3537: 3497: 3334: 3257: 3249: 3222: 3149: 3126: 3027: 2835: 2777: 2697: 2673: 2634:

against the civil, economic, and military infrastructure of Britain. It was known as the

2586: 2445: 2429: 2174: 2149: 1967: 1927: 1706: 1682: 1643: 1493: 1480: 1472: 1452: 1355: 1296: 843: 717: 654: 430: 282: 258: 160: 145: 120: 115: 17008:"Terrorists Hijack 4 Airliners, Destroy World Trade Center, Hit Pentagon; Hundreds Dead" 16515: 16423: 10557:

This would end the argument that one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter...

6605: 5015:, where they took a hostage. Another gunman also shot a police officer on 8 January and 18234: 18041: 17911: 17676: 17340: 16841: 16726:"EN DIRECT. Porte de Vincennes: 5 personnes retenues en otage dans une épicerie casher" 16135: 16060: 15430: 12671: 12485:"First World War: Reports of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo" 11773: 11524: 11050: 10854: 10074: 10041: 9989: 9640: 9481: 9469: 9237: 9199: 8728: 8656: 8645: 8606: 8568: 8476: 8252: 8157: 8129: 7744: 7737: 7664: 7540: 7467: 7247: 7187: 7155: 7113: 7081: 7050: 7010: 6978: 6921: 6881: 6827: 6795: 6760: 6755: 6496: 6163: 5955: 5908: 5850: 5784: 5779: 5548: 5516: 5401: 5201: 5082:" for three hours, and ninety were killed before the special police entered. President 5079: 5032: 5024: 4784: 4581: 4542: 4526: 4360: 4250: 4222: 4214: 4165: 4161: 4111: 4107: 3931: 3885: 3751: 3739: 3517: 3428:, on 7 August 1982, two ASALA rebels opened fire on civilians in a waiting room at the 3409: 3323: 3283: 3267: 3201: 3094: 3035: 2855: 2578: 2528: 2398: 2261: 2257: 2178: 2153: 2049: 1750: 1693:

in 1886, public fears of it continued to play a role in U.S. politics and weakened the

1658: 1564:. One of the first individuals associated with this concept, the Italian revolutionary 1445: 1423: 1385: 1197: 1156: 927: 870: 731: 373: 363: 327: 57: 16824:

Lasoen, Kenneth (2017). "Indications and warning in Belgium. Brussels is not Delphi".

16788:"Charlie Hebdo attack: French officials establish link between gunmen in both attacks" 15466: 13965: 12577:"Big Portsmouth Fire Loss; $ 1,000,000 Damage and Two Deaths – Suffragettes Suspected" 11965: 11359: 8513: 6254: 2228:. Berkman had previously tried to assassinate Henry Clay Frick in retaliation for the 1900:, killing a civilian and wounding two others, attempting to burn the entire town with 18010: 17931: 17881: 17795: 17695: 17680: 17668: 17633: 17516:"Jakarta terror attacks: Will parts of Southeast Asia become ISIS' satellite cities?" 17231: 17162: 17149: 17137: 17093: 17065: 16924: 16845: 15446: 15272: 15043: 14970: 14922: 14372: 14330: 13791: 13503: 13386: 13376: 13161:

Resistance - An Analysis of European Resistance to Nazism 1940–1945, by M. R. D. Foot

13103: 12663: 12622: 12584: 12543: 12461: 12391: 12206: 11685: 11517:

The Dynamiters: Irish Nationalism and Political Violence in the Wider World 1867–1900

11498: 11481: 11464: 11404: 11106: 11054: 10884: 10819: 10809: 10752: 10645: 10621: 10540: 10482: 9670: 9524: 9456: 9272: 9100: 8995: 8837: 7937: 7536: 7529: 7472: 7417: 7374: 7365: 6648: 6306: 6268: 5919: 5804: 5702: 5552: 5472: 5166: 4739: 4538: 4487: 4292: 4285: 4254: 4115: 4026: 4010: 3978: 3942: 3927: 3915: 3909: 3759: 3576: 3468: 3417: 3413: 3377: 3110: 2939: 2935: 2481: 2217: 2213: 2193: 1939: 1843: 1833: 1830: 1723:("villainous laws"). In the years 1894 to 1896 anarchists killed President of France 1678: 1662: 1621:

and by "propaganda by the deed" theorist Pisacane. The group developed ideas—such as

1512: 1441: 1359: 1307: 1185: 1181: 1144: 1073: 974: 866: 838: 786: 702: 465: 445: 243: 175: 17626: 17454:

http://www.philstar.com/breaking-news/526944/mumbai-commemorates-anniversary-attacks

17416: 17031: 15897: 14918:

Fighting the Mau Mau: The British Army and Counter-Insurgency in the Kenya Emergency

14509: 8030: 5270:, which had harbored al-Qaeda terrorists. On October 26, 2001, the U.S. enacted the 5001: 1938:(KKK). The KKK used violence, lynching, murder and acts of intimidation to oppress 1776:

in 1859. Local forces soon recaptured the fort and Brown was tried and executed for

1646:, failed to spark the expected revolution, and an ensuing crackdown by the new Tsar 17660: 16833: 16446: 15943: 15914: 15414: 12655: 12264:

Terror Out of Zion: Irgun Zvai Leumi, Lehi and the Palestine Underground, 1929–1949

11098: 11042: 10512: 10325: 10315: 10295: 10099: 10004: 9859: 9818: 9573: 9548: 9169: 9030: 9019: 8951: 8872: 8753: 8650: 8616: 8440: 8371: 8046: 7556: 7026: 6852: 6707: 6701: 6622: 6094: 5834: 5829: 5794: 5690: 5445: 5359: 5240: 5197: 5098: 4964: 4858: 4846: 4800: 4699: 4623: 4617: 4605: 4431: 4246: 4226: 4002: 3954: 3919: 3893: 3667: 3631: 3560:. Efforts by Spanish governments to negotiate with the ETA failed, and in 2003 the 3464: 3393: 3197: 3177: 3114: 3074: 2769: 2718: 2709: 2582: 2524: 2520: 2494: 2229: 2072: 2064: 1963: 1858: 1822: 1788: 1698: 1690: 1627: 1622: 1599: 1516: 1384:

One of the earliest groups to utilize modern terrorist techniques was arguably the

1268: 1161: 1098: 982: 460: 322: 17664: 17587:"Incel: the online cult for sad, sexless young men is terrorism by any other name" 16837: 16307: 15231: 15031: 13742: 10542: 4923: 3528:(in power 1939–1975) in Spain, ETA evolved from an advocacy group for traditional 3443:

or PKK) was established in Turkey in 1978 as a Kurdish nationalist party. Founder

2684:

transformed itself into a paramilitary force. In 1931, however, the more militant

2303:, and several ministers were killed in the opening years of the 20th century. The 1346:, in particular, inspired anarchists and was central to their strategic thinking. 18088: 18036: 17974: 17845: 17689: 17213: 17119: 17038: 16900: 16890: 16528:

cartoonist who was on al-Qaeda's most wanted list in 2013, was seriously injured.

15885: 15866: 15831: 15766: 15668: 15578: 15453: 15205: 15181: 15159: 15131: 14977: 14708: 14632: 14201: 13772: 13749: 13726: 13639: 13002: 12862: 12616: 12537: 12385: 11398: 10673: 10615: 10496: 10406: 10397: 10255: 10037: 10027: 9892: 9769: 9544: 9533: 9519: 9040: 8965: 8793: 8248: 8125: 8041: 7889: 7358: 7284: 6775: 6600: 6596: 6519: 6293: 5800: 5599: 5468: 5415: 5326: 5271: 5244: 5158: 5047:(special operations units of the French Police), conducted simultaneous raids in 5005: 4976: 4910: 4862: 4643: 4642:, Basayev-led separatists took over 1,000 civilians hostage in a hospital in the 4530: 4443: 4130: 4075: 4067: 3525: 3521: 3512: 3507: 3472: 3460: 3452: 3444: 3315: 3209: 3102: 3023: 2425: 2327: 2319: 2300: 2281: 2265: 2225: 2104: 2096: 2076: 1951: 1889: 1854: 1618: 1572: 1393: 1292: 1132: 1069: 1027: 1007: 958: 919: 862: 851: 806: 790: 774: 579: 490: 470: 248: 170: 17648: 17501: 16965: 16956:

United States District Court, Southern District of New York (February 6, 2001).

16744:"EN DIRECT – Les frères Kouachi et le tireur de Montrouge abattus simultanément" 16101: 16084: 16072: 14346: 14107: 13861: 11932: 11424: 11079:

Rapoport, David. "Fear and Trembling: Terrorism in Three Religious Traditions."

11033:

Marie Nellis, Ashley (May 14, 2009). "Gender Differences in Fear of Terrorism".

5436:

during a gathering she was having with her supporters while campaigning for the

5208:

harbored in the Yemeni port of Aden. The bombing killed seventeen U.S. sailors.

4997: 4833:(often referred to as 7/7) were a series of coordinated suicide bomb attacks in 3671: 2733:(Irgun leader from 1943 to 1948) transformed the group into the political party 1934:

After the Civil War, on December 24, 1865, six Confederate veterans founded the

1368: 1192:

excommunicated her and called on English Catholics to depose her. His successor

17951: 17906: 17862: 17724: 16605:"Two Brothers Suspected in Killings Were Known to French Intelligence Services" 15163:

http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/the-logic-of-suicide-terrorism/

14559:

The Achille Lauro Hijacking: Lessons in the Politics and Prejudice of Terrorism

13904: 12555: 11769:

The Guillotine's Sure Work; Details of the Execution of Vaillant, the Anarchist

10927: 10689: 10541:

Paul Reynolds; quoting David Hannay; Former UK ambassador (14 September 2005).

10355: 10291: 9983: 9887: 9740: 9659: 9414: 9291: 8906: 8781: 8777: 8257: 8218: 8134: 8087: 7942: 7902: 7796: 7646: 7630: 7569: 7560: 7441: 7369: 7198: 6932: 6674: 6617: 6585: 6441: 6364: 6359: 6273: 6230: 6083: 6016: 5944: 5889: 5429: 5287: 5118: 4834: 4788: 4772: 4635: 4613: 4565: 4475: 4396: 4372: 4364: 4332: 4266: 4030: 3881: 3794: 3786: 3771: 3643: 3639: 3592: 3529: 3358: 3237: 3043: 2730: 2693: 2642:, killing seven people and injuring 96. Most of the casualties occurred in the 2639: 2536: 2464: 2451: 2308: 2118: 2114: 2009: 1991: 1565: 1508: 1504: 1434: 1415: 1403:, and being influenced most recently from the devastating effects of the 1840s 1377: 1256: 1243: 1208: 1201: 1184:

as the state church after years of persecution of Protestants under her sister

1118: 1106: 943: 907: 882: 507: 425: 358: 292: 190: 125: 17649:"Deeds, Not Words: The Suffragettes and Early Terrorism in the City of London" 16711:"France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup" 16464:"EN DIRECT. Massacre chez "Charlie Hebdo" : 12 morts, dont Charb et Cabu" 15996:

http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/memorial-for-air-india-victims-unveiled-1.681526

15152: 15096:"Opening statement of prosecutor Joseph Hartzler in the Timothy McVeigh trial" 14650: 13126:, edited by Elie Kedourie and Sylvia G. Haim, Frank Cass, London, 1982, p. 55. 4319:, killing 270 people, including 11 on the ground. On January 31, 2001, Libyan 3930:

and other group members launched a machine gun and grenade attack at Israel's

3196:

Founded in 1928 as a nationalist social-welfare and political movement in the

2761:. On the 60th anniversary of the bombing, a plaque was unveiled at the hotel. 1523:

called for a violent revolution to redistribute land to the peasant communes.

18228: 17830: 17800: 17672: 14535: 12667: 12588: 12533: 12529: 12434:

Fontanka 16: The Tsars' Secret Police, by Charles A. Ruud, Sergei A. Stepanov

11909: 11648: 11046: 10823: 10320: 10305: 10300: 10124: 9719: 9695: 9568: 9563: 9553: 8946: 8857: 8811: 8804: 8640: 8610: 8337: 7800: 7267: 7021: 6941: 6937: 6843: 6838: 6685: 6436: 6284: 5760: 5711: 5520: 5299: 5259: 5228: 5145: 5133: 4968: 4578: 4510: 4502: 4479: 4304: 4274: 4059: 3982: 3832:, with its declared purpose being the protection of Jews from harassment and 3829: 3802: 3711: 3698: 3663: 3557: 3327: 3319: 3302:(DFLP). Factions of the PLO have advocated or carried out acts of terrorism. 3261: 3213: 2931:(SOE), made sure the organization drew much of its inspiration from the IRA. 2924: 2843: 2821: 2754: 2618: 2601: 2555: 2516: 2459: 2416: 2249: 2185: 1955: 1947: 1670: 1631: 1583: 1411: 1315: 1252: 1193: 1140: 1081: 1077: 1019: 1015: 970: 778: 485: 220: 16128:"Shamil Basayev – Chechen politician seeking independence through terrorism" 12910:

Blood in Zion: How the Jewish Guerrillas Drove the British Out of Palestine.

12857:

article by Matthew Carr Author The Infernal Machine: A History of Terrorism

10880:

Sober, Strict, and Scriptural: Collective Memories of John Calvin, 1800-2000

10652:. p. 6 (page 12 of the PDF document) citing in footnote 11: Walter Laqueur, 5609: 5196:

which resulted in 224 deaths. On October 12, 2000, Al-Qaeda carried out the

4914:("I am Charlie") slogan became an endorsement of freedom of speech and press 4779:. They took 850 hostages and demanded the withdrawal of Russian forces from 4658:

Major events - most deadly (300 deaths or more) or most covered - after the

4442:, Goldstein shot and killed between 30 and 54 Muslim worshippers inside the 2998: 2764: 1418:, the police van in which they were being transported was intercepted and a 17916: 17471: 16326: 14396: 14317:"Republican (Catholic) Wall Murals in West Belfast, Northern Ireland, 1982" 10805: 10778: 10285: 9896: 9882: 9803: 9591: 9529: 9509: 9428: 9423: 9409: 9360: 9188: 9178: 9069: 9035: 8970: 8798: 8766: 8620: 8268: 8241: 8145: 8120: 8007: 7957: 7679: 7430: 7347: 7214: 7124: 7040: 6628: 6412: 5747: 5707: 5602:. There have been calls by some analysts to describe violence committed by 5536: 5291: 5232: 5150: 5090: 5020: 4984: 4850: 4550: 4348: 4182: 4174: 3994: 3950: 3897: 3833: 3694: 3596: 3584: 3349: 3173: 3145: 3134: 3122: 3070: 2920: 2827: 2606:

The Irish War: The Hidden Conflict Between the IRA and British Intelligence

2421: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2277: 2162: 2145: 1935: 1919: 1911: 1754: 1598:. Reflecting this new understanding of the term, in 1895 Italian anarchist 1579: 1373: 1288: 1271:

with fireworks displays and large bonfires with effigies of Guy Fawkes and

1034: 962: 821: 495: 420: 16322:"French security forces kill gunmen, end terror rampage - StarTribune.com" 14701: 13150:

The Israeli Response to Jewish terrorism and violence. Defending Democracy

11497:

Irish Freedom, by Richard English Publisher: Pan Books (2 November 2007),

11480:

Irish Freedom, by Richard English Publisher: Pan Books (2 November 2007),

11463:

Irish Freedom, by Richard English Publisher: Pan Books (2 November 2007),

11102: 5180:

movement to replace Western-controlled or dominated Muslim countries with

4941:

gunmen forced their way into and opened fire in the Paris headquarters of

4627:

Hostage crisis victim photos, on the walls of the former School Number One

4097:

were a counter-revolutionary militia formed in 1979 to oppose Nicaragua's

3793:

of Peru described armed attacks on his nation's anti-narcotics police as "

3556:, and in the same year investigators disrupted a plot to assassinate King 1666: 762:

involves significant individuals, entities, and incidents associated with

16920:

Unfunding Terror: The Legal Response to the Financing of Global Terrorism

15174: 15143:"McVeigh Remorseless About Bombing", The Associated Press, March 29, 2001 14985: 14387: 14181: 13667: 13561:"The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood." Robert S. Leiken & Steven Brooke, 13267: 12659: 10189: 10163: 9792: 9344: 8889: 8817: 8349: 7863: 7714: 7668: 7651: 7642: 7575: 7457: 7379: 7069: 6115: 6110: 5971: 5519:

resulting in 8 dead. The responsibility of these attacks were claimed by

5267: 4647: 4467: 4455: 4262: 3990: 3986: 3900:. After the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, most of the group disbanded. 3825: 3763: 3647: 3588: 3161: 3098: 3031: 3015: 2965: 2796:, and by 1935 had enlisted between 200 and 800 men. Al-Qassam obtained a 2750: 2351: 2347: 2245: 2209: 1905: 1878: 1803: 1595: 1451:

The first police unit to combat terrorism was established in 1883 by the

1327: 1235:, make one of the king's children a puppet monarch, and then restore the 1189: 1177: 1058: 1054: 1023: 935: 923: 889:

of the French Revolution and the terrorists of the September 11 attacks:

813: 802: 408: 403: 307: 17061:

The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives

16379:"Islamists kill 12 in attack on French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo" 15824: 12457:"100 years since the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: How did" 5562:

The more recent terrorist attack in the United States have included the

4884:. The van was placed in front of the office block housing the office of 4876:

were carried out against the government, the civilian population, and a

4545:. Seven months later, on March 20, 1995, Aum Shinrikyo members released 2874: 2369:

systematically and on a massive and unprecedented scale. Meanwhile, the

1219:

by King James I. They planned in secret to detonate a large quantity of

18031: 17946: 17494:"Jakarta attacks: Bombs and gunfire rock Indonesian capital - BBC News" 17092:. Tel-Aviv: Yedioth Aharonoth Books and Chemed Books. pp. 274–75. 16883: 14821: 12675: 12643: 10369: 9978: 9597: 9398: 9183: 8902: 8868: 8821: 8552: 8110: 6951: 6530: 6464: 5355: 5011:

On 9 January, police tracked the assailants to an industrial estate in

4972: 4569: 4384: 4146: 4142: 4098: 3690:, a Palestinian group, is also considered to be part of German Autumn. 3366: 3185: 3118: 3062: 2847: 2253: 1901: 1857:

for the Confederacy under belief that they had an official Confederate

1561: 1228: 1038: 874: 847: 455: 450: 413: 17307:"Mumbai Massacre - Background Information - Secrets of the Dead - PBS" 15689: 14712:

http://www.start.umd.edu/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=59

14575:

National Consortium for the Study of Terror and Responses to Terrorism

12542:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 1993). p. 57. 4845:

trains across the city and, later, a fourth on a double-decker bus in

3842:

National Consortium for the Study of Terror and Responses to Terrorism

3797:", i.e., which refers to "violence waged by drug producers to extract 3568:

political party, which was determined to be the political arm of ETA.

3520:

separatist organization. Formed in response to the suppression of the

3097:

militant and revolutionary groups were on the rise, sympathizing with

1537:

became a role model for Russian dissidents who resorted to terrorism.

1247:

with the gunpowder beneath Parliament. The other conspirators fled to

1033:

The first group of people whose members were called terrorists in the

17761: 17536: 16383: 16353:"Al Qaeda branch claims Charlie Hebdo attack was years in the making" 13986:"JUDGMENT OF THE GENERAL COURT (Third Chamber, Extended Composition)" 13616:

The Battle for Algeria: Sovereignty, Health Care, and Humanitarianism

13087: 12061: 10501: 10411: 10260: 9974: 9144: 9082: 8631: 8534: 8529: 7293: 7209: 5904: 5809: 5314: 4316: 4206: 4152:

Pyroterrorism is an emerging threat for many areas of dry woodlands.

3888:, sought to raise awareness of its revolutionary anti-capitalist and 3718: 3679: 3476: 3241: 3157: 3078: 3077:

of 1959, national independence movements often fused nationalist and

3055: 3019: 2923:, according to historian M. R. D. Foot, can be considered terrorist. 2834:, a.k.a. "Freedom Fighters for Israel", a.k.a. the Stern Gang) was a 2441: 1975: 1840: 1810: 1783: 1702: 1642:. The assassination, by a bomb that also killed the Tsar's attacker, 1576: 1569: 1541: 1534: 1520: 1476: 1323: 1299: 1220: 994: 990: 966: 902:

ended with the victory of autocracies opposed to France and with the

798: 763: 65: 15219:

Frontline: Target America: Terrorist attacks on Americans, 1979–1988

12202:

Terrorist's Creed: Fanatical Violence and the Human Need for Meaning

11906:"THE LAWRENCE MASSACRE: QUANTRILL'S RAID ON LAWRENCE, KANSAS (1863)" 11187:"Sons of Liberty: Patriots or Terrorists? - Archiving Early America" 5215:

September 11, 2001‍—‌The towers of the World Trade Center burn

4541:, Japan, killing eight and injuring 200 in what became known as the 4025:

regime and was responsible for many bombings. MK launched its first

3579:

movement founded in December 1969 when several militants, including

3361:

and violence against civilians. The Soviets also hoped that backing

2458:

The attack was notable enough to be reported on in the press in the

2156:

in Egypt used bombings and assassinations as part of their tactics.

2075:. The IMRO declared the town's independence and sent demands to the 1045:. The Kharijites were the first sect in Islamic history to practice 17921: 17042:

http://www.aijac.org.au/news/article/no-mercy-in-this-religious-war

16253:"Exclusive video: Man with bloodied hands speaks at Woolwich scene" 16088: 15584: 13790:. Thousand Oaks (Calif.) London: SAGE publications. pp. xxiv. 13707:

The Palestinian Liberation Organisation: People, Power and Politics

10933: 10749:

In Defence of the Terror: Liberty or Death in the French Revolution

10492: 10402: 10251: 9956: 9799: 9782: 9735: 9654: 9649: 9583: 9496: 9351: 8880: 8825: 8701: 8595: 7868: 7726: 6526: 5463:

were more than ten coordinated shooting and bombing attacks across

5441: 5383: 5170: 5110: 5102: 4938: 4897: 4815:, 32 Chechen separatists took 1,300 children and adults hostage at 4792: 4780: 4631: 4312: 4242: 4210: 4185: 4078:

into violent action. Notable examples that grow in this period are

3872:(a.k.a. the Weathermen) began as a militant faction of the leftist 3655: 3635: 3591:

since the late 1970s, the Provisional IRA sought to bring about an

3565: 3303: 3208:

soldiers and police stations in the late 1940s. Founded and led by

3141: 2958: 2851: 2805: 2689: 2631: 2335: 2159: 2137: 1979: 1591: 1557: 1343: 1272: 1248: 1232: 1114: 978: 954: 794: 388: 98: 17229: 16964:. James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies. Archived from 15165:. The American Conservative, July 18, 2005. Verified 22 June 2008. 13390: 12923:

Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence.

5309:

On Israel's northern border, after its unilateral withdrawal from

4904: 4133:, who was convicted of carrying out the crime. The bombing of the 1255:. A shoot out on November 8 with authorities led to the deaths of 15919: 14798: 13866: 13754: 12760:"BBC - History - 1916 Easter Rising - Aftermath - The Executions" 12087:

The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response.

10958:

http://www.berr.gov.uk/fireworks/download/FW1434_Keystage2_07.pdf

10472: 10382: 10215: 10202: 9355: 9277: 9157: 8789: 7088: 5094: 4960: 4534: 4141:, said his motivation was revenge for U.S. government actions at 4094: 4046: 3962: 3616: 3533: 3181: 2793: 2681: 2677: 2590: 2110: 1987: 1983: 1897: 1777: 1761: 1545: 1311: 1089: 1050: 986: 440: 378: 14849:"The British must not rewrite the history of the Mau Mau revolt" 13882: 13341: 13339: 13268:"Last hero of Telemark: The man who helped stop Hitler's A-bomb" 12960: 12958: 11990: 11988: 10916:. Cambridge historical series. The University Press. p. 166 5428:

On December 27, 2007, two time elected Pakistani Prime Minister

4324:

and in August 2009 was released on compassionate grounds by the

4280: 2315:

and its aftermath before declining in the ten years after 1907.

2260:. After a letter bomb detonated at the home of Attorney General 2048:. The group demanded European intervention in order to stop the 1166:

The Discovery of the Gunpowder Plot and the Taking of Guy Fawkes

834:

Definition of terrorism § Timeline of political definitions

17936: 16685:"Paris Attack Suspect Dead, Two in Custody, U.S. Officials Say" 16542:"Murdered Charlie Hebdo cartoonist was on al Qaeda wanted list" 16153:"Terrorists bomb trains in Madrid - Mar 11, 2004 - HISTORY.com" 15354:

Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad

14982:"Nelson Mandela's Statement from the Dock at the Rivonia Trial" 13812:"Reality Check: Understanding the Mujahedin-e Khalq (PMOI/MEK)" 9872: 9334: 9026: 8503: 8429: 7842: 7618: 7518: 7175: 7101: 6998: 6909: 6815: 6692: 5662: 5464: 4989: 4816: 4768: 4600:

took place in 1980, after a group of six armed men stormed the

4483: 4439: 3877: 3755: 3707: 3651: 3448: 3433: 3405: 2722: 2714: 2701: 2635: 2551: 2477: 2346:

produced widespread shock across Europe, setting in motion the

2152:

throughout the 1930s. Like the IRA and the Zionist groups, the

2083:

troops crushed the 27,000 rebels in the town two months later.

2025: 1959: 1839:

On December 7, 1863, pro-Confederate British subjects from the

1489: 1419: 1136: 1102: 1065: 1046: 1042: 939: 861:

The term "terrorist" is believed to have originated during the

475: 13640:

Revolution Until Victory?: The Politics and History of the PLO

13365:

The Revolutionary Mystique and Terrorism in Contemporary Italy

13329: 13327: 11006: 11004: 11002: 10654:

The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction

5321:

rocket attacks against non-civilian and civilian areas within

5282:. Many countries followed with similar legislation. Under the 4517:, Asahara and 24 other members campaigned for election to the 3475:

announced the PKK's adoption of a new ideology which he named

3212:, it also assassinated politicians seen as collaborating with 2953:

The SOE working with Norwegian resistance was vital in ending

1888:

On October 19, 1864, Confederate agents operating from Canada

17537:

Pat St. Claire; Greg Botelho; Ralph Ellis (6 December 2015).

17123:

http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/benmelech/files/jep_0807.pdf

17045: 15730: 15199:

Hezbollah denies terrorist ties, increases role in government

14666:. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2001-05-10. Archived from 13539:. Berkeley, US: University of California Press, 2007. P. 274. 13336: 13226: 12955: 12899:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. P. 212-213. 11985: 11952:"The St. Albans Raid – The Confederate 'Invasion' of Vermont" 10903: 10176: 10150: 9708: 9626: 9385: 9257: 9008: 8935: 6802: 6742: 6509: 6335: 5603: 5347: 5335: 5177: 5174: 5067: 4948: 4927: 4861:, Shahzad Tawnier where they are found to be in cohorts with 4546: 4344: 3603:, including bombings, gun attacks, assassinations and even a 3338: 3291: 3275: 2854:

sympathizing with the British in this instance and launching

2839: 2817: 2801: 2797: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2685: 2141: 2122: 2079:

that all of Macedonia be freed. The demands were ignored and

1110: 985:

formed a small and more extreme offshoot of the Zealots, the

782: 17730: 15655:

Center for Security Studies, Zurich Vol.3, No. 35, June 2008

12532:(1993-06-25). "2: The Politics of Repression Revisited". In 12118: 11668: 11666: 5258:

The United States responded to the attacks by launching the

4934:, claimed that the attack had been planned for years ahead. 4841:

separately detonated three bombs in quick succession aboard

2812:, called themselves Qassamiyun, followers of al-Qassam. The 2196:, September 1901. Despite the fact that Czolgosz had been a 1617:

in English) was a revolutionary anarchist group inspired by

16016:

6 Days, Director: Toa Fraser, Writer: Glenn Standring, 2017

14716:

National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism

13324: 12829:

The Land Beyond Promise:Israel, Likud and the Zionist Dream

12036:

The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses Grant in War and Peace

11227:"The Gunpowder Plot: Terror and Toleration - History Today" 11073: 10999: 10138: 10017: 8020: 7784: 7162: 6662: 5371:. The group takes credit for other bombings, including the 4952: 4881: 3865:(FBI) has classified the FALN as a terrorist organization. 3789:

formed during the 1960s and afterwards. In 1983, President

3612: 3047: 2436:

In one of the more serious suffragette attacks, During the

1587: 1331: 1276: 1143:

in the 1770s. It had a political agenda of independence of

1094: 1062: 17561:"How involuntary celibates are dangerous in their desires" 17539:"Tashfeen Malik, the San Bernardino shooter: Who was she?" 16516:"Paris Police Say 12 Dead After Shooting at Charlie Hebdo" 16424:"Deadly attack on office of French magazine Charlie Hebdo" 15447:

Israel At 'War to the Bitter End,' Strikes Key Hamas Sites

14005:

Schomberg, William (3 April 2008). Robert Woodward (ed.).

12304: 12302: 5350:

militias. Also, between 2001 and January 2009, over 8,600

4458:

that advocated the expulsion of Arabs from Israel and the

3416:

and force the Turkish government to cede the territory of

2688:

broke away from Haganah, objecting to Haganah's policy of

2497:

in the twentieth century was not detonated by the IRA but

1533:

proved influential among the Narodniks, and his character

17311: 17113:

Human Capital and the Productivity of Suicide Bombers pdf

16205: 14154:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. P. 251. 13838:"URGENT ACTION DETAINEES HELD INCOMMUNICADO RISK TORTURE" 13604:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. P. 216. 13139:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. P. 213. 13050:

A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time

12966:

A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time

11933:"The Raid: The Northernmost Land Action of the Civil War" 11663: 5610:

List of non-state groups accused of engaging in terrorism

3485: 3400:, with the help of sympathetic Palestinians, founded the 3165: 3164:. The Soviet Union also provided military support to the 2792:

militia. He recruited and arranged military training for

2376: 1714: 1638:

as propaganda. On March 13, 1881, the group succeeded in

17230:

Gul Tuysuz; Faith Karimi; Greg Botelho (20 March 2016).

16602: 16278:"French security forces kill gunmen, end terror rampage" 16049:

Mass Casualty Explosives Attacks in Iraq and Afghanistan

16047:

START (Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism), «

15888:

Official Journal of the European Union, 23 December 2005

14681: 13170:

John Keegan as quoted in The Irish War, by Tony Geraghty

12702: 12700: 12687: 12685: 11814:

The Secret Six: John Brown and the Abolitionist Movement

11591:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p. 116 10883:. Brill's Series in Church History. Brill. p. 275. 10870: 5479:, Pakistan's secret service. The six main targets were 3973:

In Kenya, because of the seeming ongoing failure of the

3662:

bases. The group became arguably best known for 1977's "

3282:

group in 1954, and exists today as a political party in

2539:. The rebellion failed militarily but was a success for 2535:

and several other buildings, proclaiming an independent

1885:, a prominent Nova Scotian and Confederate sympathizer. 1760:(1800–1859) advocated and practiced armed opposition to 17691:

The Suffragette Bombers: Britain's Forgotten Terrorists

17362:"Indian Muslims hailed for not burying 26/11 attackers" 15682:"Gaza flotilla: Turkey threat to Israel ties over raid" 15624:"How to Confront Russia's Anti-American Foreign Policy" 13349:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p.227 13245:"Sinking of DF Hydro 70th anniversary events in Norway" 12749:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p.185 12618:

The Suffragette Bombers: Britain's Forgotten Terrorists

12299: 12163:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p.189 12102:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p.193 11734:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p.133 11387:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p.124 4343:, killing 16 people. In the early 1990s another group, 2977: 1053:" doctrines of Islamism. In the late 11th century, the 17083: 17081: 16769:"Quatre otages tués à Paris dans une supérette casher" 16198: 16172: 16063:, Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 20 September 2012. 15260:. Asia Times. Archived from the original on 2006-07-20 14087:

The Basque History of the World: The Story of a Nation

13743:"U.S. filmmakers plan documentary on Ma'alot massacre" 12925:

Berkeley, University of California Press, 2001. P. 64.

12851: 12849: 12717: 12715: 12404: 11014:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p.68 10996:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p.56 4434:, an American-born Israeli physician, perpetrated the 4347:, also became well known for suicide bombings. Sheikh 3941:, (also called "LTTE" or Tamil Tigers) was a militant 3754:

group that sought to create an independent, socialist

3365:

against Israel would strengthen their position in the

3337:, 22 Israeli high-school students, aged 14 to 16 from 2248:

to industrialists and politicians while paranoia over

17708: 16884:"Backgrounder: al-Qaeda (a.k.a. al-Qaida, al-Qa'ida)" 16603:

Higgins, Andrew; De La Baume, Maia (8 January 2015).

16481: 14731:. International Center for Ethnic Studies, 2005. p.29 13152:. New York: Manchester University Press, 2002. P. 77. 12821: 12727: 12697: 12682: 12416: 12115:. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006. Page 51. 11628:

Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas

8325:

Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña

6546:

Assassinated former PM Mahmud Fahmi al-Nuqrashi, 1948

5184:

regimes. In pursuit of that goal, bin Laden issued a

4261:. In 1981, the group assassinated Egyptian president 4129:, according to the prosecutor at the murder trial of 3225:, the group continues to exist in present-day Egypt. 2664:

List of killings and massacres in Mandatory Palestine

2299:. Political violence became especially widespread in 2046:

capturing the Imperial Ottoman Bank in Constantinople

16566:"The Globe in Paris: Police identify three suspects" 14822:"Mau Mau uprising: Bloody history of Kenya conflict" 14264:"IRA link to PLO examined in hunt for deadly sniper" 14152: