1251:" brought charges of domestic terrorism to eleven people associated with the ELF and ALF. "The indictment includes charges related to arson, conspiracy, use of destructive devices, and destruction of an energy facility." Operation Backfire was a result of the 1998 burning of a ski resort in Vail, Colorado by the group, "The Family." The incident resulted in $ 26 million in damages. The FBI joined together with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives to convict the individuals and any future eco-terrorist groups.
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815:(FBI) defines eco-terrorism as "...the use or threatened use of violence of a criminal nature against innocent victims or their property by an environmentally oriented, subnational group for environmental-political reasons, or aimed at an audience beyond the target, often of a symbolic nature." The FBI attributed eco-terrorists to US $ 200 million in property damage between 2003 and 2008. A majority of states in the US have introduced laws aimed at penalizing eco-terrorism.
32:
1244:(ALEC), proposed the "Animal and Ecological Terrorism Act" which defined an "animal rights or ecological terrorist organization" as "two or more persons organized for the purpose of supporting any politically motivated activity intended to obstruct or deter any person from participating in an activity involving animals or an activity involving natural resources." The legislation was not enacted.
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Land was something that was meant to be profited and capitalized off of. Oftentimes natives would engage in warfare to protect their land. This is similar to the way that modern day environmentalists fight to protect land from major corporations aiming to deforest land to build factories. An example of
Europeans infringing on the rights of natives can be found in the colonial administration of
855:, or War of the Maidens. The War of the Demoiselles was a series of peasant revolts in response to the new forest codes implemented by the French government in 1827. In May 1829 groups of peasant men dressed in women's clothes terrorized forest guards and charcoal-makers who they felt had wrongfully taken the land to exploit it. The revolts persisted for four years until May 1832.
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reasons and 'without adequate basis' and improperly kept information about activist groups in its files. Among the groups monitored were the Thomas Merton Center, a
Pittsburgh peace group; People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals; and Greenpeace USA. Activists affiliated with Greenpeace were improperly put on a terrorist watch list, the report said.
931:, justifies destructive or violent direct action as necessary evils in response to the lack of action regarding environmentalist efforts. Rosebraugh cites a "choice-of-evils defense" and asks whether it is a "greater evil to destroy this property of this corporation or to choose to allow these corporations to continue to destroy the environment"
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rights of the forest; however, this is considered a pre-history rather than an actual act of eco-terrorism due to the fact that the peasants weren't environmentalist. The peasants committed their acts to protect the environment because they felt they had a claim to it due to it being their main source of income and way of life for generations.
1202:
of victims (from international corporations to lumber companies to animal testing facilities to genetic research firms); and their increasingly violent rhetoric and tactics (one recent communiqué sent to a
California product testing company said: "You might be able to protect your buildings, but can you protect the homes of every employee?").
867:. When the French colonized Algeria they took the land from natives because they believed they were not using it properly, claiming that their nomadic lifestyle was damaging to the environment in order to justify their usurping of the land; however, the natives of Algeria engaged in battles in order to try and keep their land and lifestyle.
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centralized authority or chain-of-command." Essentially this consists of independent cells which operate autonomously, sharing goals, but having no central leaders or formal organizational structure. Those who wish to join are typically encouraged to start their own cell, rather than seek out other members and jeopardize their secrecy.
1132:, seal hunting, and fishing operations with direct action tactics. In 1986, the group caused nearly US$ 1.8 million in damage to equipment used by Icelandic whalers. In 1992, they sabotaged two Japanese ships that were drift-net fishing for squid by cutting their nets and throwing stink bombs on board the boats.
938:. Deep ecologists believe that human self-realization must come from identification with the greater environment. Deep ecology calls for complete solidarity with the environment and therefore categorizes many conservation groups as "shallow", encouraging more drastic approaches to environmental activism.
1232:
of 1992 it became a federal crime to "cause more than $ 10,000 in damage while engaged in "physical disruption to the functioning of an animal enterprise by intentionally stealing, damaging, or causing the loss of any property used by the animal enterprise." In 2006, this was updated and renamed the
1201:
In 2008 the
Federal Bureau of Investigation said eco-terrorists represented "one of the most serious domestic terrorism threats in the U.S. today" citing the sheer volume of their crimes (over 2,000 since 1979); the huge economic impact (losses of more than US$ 110 million since 1979); the wide range
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were injured when a motion-detecting pipe bomb detonated beneath Bari's driver seat. Authorities alleged that the bomb was being transported and accidentally detonated. The pair sued investigators, alleging false arrest, illegal search, slanderous statements and conspiracy. In 2002, a jury found that
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Eco-terrorism is often defined as the use of violence to further environmental policy change. Eco-terrorists are willing to inflict emotional and physical distress on their victims if they believe it will further their environmental goals. This more radical version of environmental action is illegal,
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is a central tenet of deep ecology which is described as "a belief that human beings are just an ordinary member of the biological community" and that all living things should have rights and deserve protection under the law. Other eco-terrorists are motivated by different aspects of deep ecology,
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Instances of pre-ecoterrorism can also be found in the age of colonialism and imperialism. Native and indigenous people didn't have the same view on land as property that
Europeans did. When the Europeans colonized other foreign lands they believed that the natives were not using the land properly.
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This particular instance is considered an act of eco-terrorism due to the fact that the peasants used tactics similar to modern day eco-terrorist groups. The peasants of Ariege masked their identities and committed acts of terror. They specifically targeted government officials who infringed on the
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movement, which gained currency during the 1960s. Ideas that arose from radical environmentalism are "based on the belief that capitalism, patriarchal society, and the industrial revolution and its subsequent innovations were responsible for the despoliation of nature". Radical environmentalism is
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The Earth
Liberation Front, founded in 1992, joined with the Animal Liberation Front, which had its beginnings in England in 1979. They have been connected primarily with arson but claim that they work to harm neither human nor animal. A recent example of ELF arson was the March 2008 "torching of
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characterizes these groups, namely ELF, with having "leaderless resistance" which he describes as "a technique by which terrorist groups can carry out violent acts while reducing the risk of infiltration by law enforcement elements. The basic principle of leaderless resistance is that there is no
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Many radical environmentalists contest the FBI's definition of eco-terrorism for being inaccurate to other definitions of terrorism such as that of the
International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism which states that acts of terrorism are only those purposely directed at civilians. Radical
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But the report cited what it called other "troubling" FBI practices in its monitoring of domestic groups in the years between the
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and 2006. In some cases, Fine said, agents began investigations of people affiliated with activist groups for 'factually weak'
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reported that the "FBI improperly opened and extended investigations of some U.S. activist groups and put members of an environmental advocacy organization on a terrorist watch list, even though they were planning nonviolent civil disobedience, the
Justice Department said Monday."
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luxury homes in the swank
Seattle suburb of Woodinville". A banner left at the scene claimed the housing development was not green as advertised, and was signed ELF. In September 2009 ELF claimed responsibility for the destruction of two radio towers in Seattle. The
850:
was not coined until the 1960s; however, the history of ecoterrorism precedes that time. Although not referred to as ecoterrorism at the time, there have been incidents in history of people using terror to protect or defend the environment. It can be seen in the
887:, which is illegal as this includes crimes against property which could lead to harm to humans. In the United States, the FBI's definition of terrorism includes acts of violence against property, which makes most acts of sabotage fall in the realm of
962:
in 1984. Tree spiking involves hammering small spikes into the trunk of a tree that may be logged with the intention of damaging the chainsaw or mill blades. This may also seriously injure the logger. Only one case of serious injury has been widely
1516:"Peter Sahlins. <italic>Forest Rites: The War of the Demoiselles in Nineteenth-Century France</italic>. (Harvard Historical Studies, number 115.) Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1994. Pp. xiv, 188. Cloth $ 29.95, paper $ 14.95".
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was freed from a 2007 conviction after it was disclosed the FBI operated a program to lure unsuspecting activists via "blatant entrapment." The 2007 conviction had been cited by the FBI in its 2008 claim eco-terrorism was a significant threat.
2395:
895:
environmentalists also criticize conflation of eco-terrorism with ecotage by governments and media as rhetorical tools to take advantage of preconceived notions about terrorism and apply them to acts which do not fit what terrorism really is.
1268:— that "agents targeted domestic groups based on their exercise of First Amendment rights." The investigation was conducted in response to allegations that the FBI had targeted groups on such grounds during the Bush Administration. The
1175:, also known as the Unabomber, to environmental activists, and say that the 23 injuries and three deaths through letter-bombs were the acts of an independent eco-terrorist. Among those making such accusations were ABC,
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also characterized by the belief that human society is responsible for the depletion of the environment and, if current society is left unchecked, will lead to the ultimate complete degradation of the environment.
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2217:
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Unclear, however, is the extent informants and controversial FBI entrapment operations play in creating eco-terrorist groups and furthering criminal acts. In 2015, so-called "green anarchist"
2103:
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was mentioned in FBI testimony as a group that was responsible for a series of arsons in Arizona. Using similar tactics to the ELF, they have caused more than US$ 5 million in damages.
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However, the Bush Justice Department, including the FBI, was criticized in 2010 for improper investigations and prosecutions of left-leaning US protest groups such as Greenpeace.
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by the 109th congress. The updated act included causing personal harm and the losses incurred on "secondary targets" as well as adding to the penalties for these crimes.
215:
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1999:
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in their animal rights extremism archives compiled a comprehensive list of major animal rights extremist and eco-criminal acts of terrorism since 1983.
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1938:
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FBI agents and Oakland police officers violated constitutional rights to free speech and protection from unlawful searches of Earth First! organizers.
2524:"Agroterrorism and Ecoterrorism: A Survey of Indo- American Approaches Under Law and Policy to Prevent and Defend Against the Potential Threats Ahead"
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A number of "local" organizations have also been indicted under US Federal laws related to eco-terrorism. These include, among others, the group
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42:
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The FBI has stated that "since 2005…investigations have resulted in indictments against 30 individuals." In 2006, an FBI case labeled "
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1506:
Long, Douglas. Ecoterrorism (Library in a Book). New York: Facts on File, 2004. Print. Page 19-22, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 154, 154, 48, 49-55.
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reports for unjustified surveillance (and placement on the Terrorism Watchlist) of about 2000 members of animal-rights groups such as
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1907:
1423:
2428:
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Stacey Renee Davis (2002). "Turning French Convicts into Colonists: The Second Empire's Political Prisoners in Algeria, 1852-1858".
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A report, filed by Inspector General Glenn A. Fine, found the FBI to be not guilty of the most serious charge — according to the
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in 2001 named the ELF as "one of the most active extremist elements in the United States", and a "terrorist threat." The
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1992:
973:(ELF). The ELF has been attributed with arsons of sites such as housing developments, SUV dealerships, and chain stores.
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Sabotage involves destroying, or threatening to destroy, property, and in this case is also known as monkeywrenching or
2127:"After 11 years, jury vindicates Earth First pair FBI, Oakland officers must pay $ 4.4 million for civil rights abuses"
951:
There are a wide variety of tactics used by eco-terrorists and groups associated with eco-terrorism. Examples include:
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as compared to its more moderate forerunner of eco-activism which is not illegal and would be classified as a form of
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1968:
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1739:
Dunlap, Riley E. (1992). "Deep Ecology and Radical Environmentalism". In Dunlap, Riley E.; Mertig, Angela G. (eds.).
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and uses protests, sit ins and other civil actions to effect environmental change. Eco-terrorism can also include
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Eagan, S.P. 1996. 'From spikes to bombs: The rise of eco-terrorism'. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 19: 1-18
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during campaigns has been associated with the origins of eco-terrorism. In 1990, Earth First! organizers
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Spiking trees became a federal offense in the United States when it was added to the Drug Act in 1988.
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1364:"ecoterrorism - definition of ecoterrorism by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia"
1105:, The Coalition to Save the Preserves, and the Hardesty Avengers. In 2010, the FBI was criticized in
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58:
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Leader, Stefan H.; Peter Probst (2003). "The Earth Liberation Front and Environmental Terrorism".
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Many of the groups accused of eco-terrorism spawn from the radical environmentalist philosophy of
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began in 1980. Although the group has been credited with becoming more mainstream, its use of
1025:– arrested by the FBI for conspiracy to sabotage a powerline that fed a water pumping station
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2026:"Daniel McGowan Becomes the First New Yorker Convicted of Ecoterrorism - New York Magazine"
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in the context of eco-terrorism. The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society intervenes against
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Crime in the Name of Animal Rights: List of animal rights and eco-criminal acts since 1983
8:
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1346:– FBI operation against the "Evan Mecham Eco-Terrorist International Conspiracy" (EMETIC)
1308:
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1194:. Another example is the Hardesty Avengers who spiked trees in the Hardesty Mountains in
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2299:"Role of FBI informant in eco-terrorism case probed after documents hint at entrapment"
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Organizations that have been accused of eco-terrorism in the United States include the
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like the goal to return the environment to its "natural", i.e., pre-industrial, state.
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902:. Many acts of sabotage involve the damage of equipment and unmanned facilities using
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1939:"Reassessing the Bunbury Bombing: Juxtaposition of Political and Media Narratives"
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1978:
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1036:– accused several times for sabotaging oil and gas wells in Alberta, Canada
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1044:
491:
486:
449:
1613:"Perspectives on Ecoterrorism: Catalysts, Conflations, and Casualties"
3072:
1993:"Background Report: Discovery Communications Building Hostage-Taking"
1743:
American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement, 1970-1990
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1017:
101:
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that involves sabotaging equipment that is environmentally damaging.
3052:
2694:
2643:
1652:"Reframing Ecotage as Ecoterrorism: News and the Discourse of Fear"
1343:
987:). While carried out by environmental activists, the status of the
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798:
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134:
2516:
Problemi e prospettive dell'ecologia radicale e dell'ecoterrorismo
870:
2555:
1129:
976:
899:
884:
864:
476:
414:
979:, while rare, has been used by eco-terrorists. For example, the
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that arose out of the same school of thought that brought about
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511:
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903:
41:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1057:– convicted of participation in an arson at a lumber company
16:
Act of violence committed in support of environmental causes
1114:
2214:"Activists topple towers, claim dangers of AM radio waves"
1070:, do not have a hierarchal structure, and typically favor
2184:"Ecoterrorism Suspected in House Fires in Seattle Suburb"
2157:"FBI: Eco-Terrorism Remains No. 1 Domestic Terror Threat"
2065:
1240:
In 2003, a conservative legislative lobbying group, the
969:
is a tactic most associated with recent activity in the
983:
construction site was attacked with anti-tank rockets (
2421:"Eco-Terror Indictments: 'Operation Backfire' Nets 11"
2268:"Putting Intel to Work Against ELF and ALF Terrorists"
1908:"Antitank Rockets Are Fired at French Nuclear Reactor"
2472:
2470:
1084:
1066:
Organizations accused of eco-terrorism are generally
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Notable individuals convicted of eco-terrorist crimes
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in Australia as an act of terrorism has been debated.
958:
is a common tactic that was first used by members of
23:, terrorist attacks directed against the environment.
1285:
2068:"FBI Spied on PETA, Greenpeace, anti-war activists"
2467:
2366:"S. 3880 (109th): Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act"
2066:Cloherty, Jack; Ryan, Jason (September 20, 2010).
1936:
1870:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1740:
1546:
2052:Wyant, Dan. "Spike Hunt is Battling a Deadline."
1985:
3214:
1696:
914:The thought behind eco-terrorism rises from the
2816:Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas
2262:
2260:
1845:
871:Eco-terrorism, civil disobedience, and sabotage
2096:"Justice Dept. accuses 11 of US eco-terrorism"
1866:
1864:
1862:
1747:. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis. p.
2571:
2325:, National Animal Interest Alliance, May 2014
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
775:
39:The examples and perspective in this article
2396:"ALEC - Animal and Ecological Terrorism Act"
2257:
2296:
2048:
2046:
2023:
1859:
1807:"Deep ecology and radical environmentalism"
1446:
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1124:, an FBI official mentioned the actions of
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2564:
2413:
1948:. Vol. 5, no. 1. pp. 27–47.
1402:
1314:Earth Liberation Prisoners Support Network
782:
768:
2159:. Fox News. 31 March 2008. Archived from
1588:
1586:
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
2479:"FBI probes were improper, Justice says"
2043:
1771:
237:Special-interest / Single-issue
2181:
1937:O'Donnell, Kate; Ewart, Jacqui (2017).
1699:"Covert Repertoires: Ecotage in the UK"
1502:
1500:
1452:
3215:
2521:
2510:The History and Impact of Earth First!
2476:
2124:
2093:
2059:
1958:
1804:
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1697:Plows, A; Wall, D; Doherty, B (2004).
1649:
1610:
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1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1421:
946:
585:Charities accused of ties to terrorism
2811:Federation of Green Parties of Africa
2559:
2489:from the original on 11 November 2012
2376:from the original on 21 February 2013
2137:from the original on February 9, 2010
2106:from the original on October 10, 2008
2005:from the original on 27 December 2011
1905:
1242:American Legislative Exchange Council
2431:from the original on 2 December 2012
2358:
2328:
2297:Plinkington, Ed (January 13, 2015).
2194:from the original on 18 October 2015
2125:Zamora, Jim Hermon (June 12, 2002).
2094:Savage, Charlie (January 21, 2006).
1732:
805:causes, against people or property.
25:
2821:Federation of Young European Greens
2477:Markon, Jerry (21 September 2010).
2425:The Federal Bureau of Investigation
2024:Grigoriadis, Vanessa (2007-06-18).
1477:
1387:. Merriam-webster.com. 2010-08-13.
13:
2585:
2503:
2336:"18 USC Chapter 91 - Public Lands"
2220:from the original on 29 March 2012
1643:
1611:Amster, Randall (September 2006).
1085:Organizations in the United States
14:
3269:
2240:"Exploding ABC's Uni bomber Hoax"
2182:Yardley, William (4 March 2008).
1918:from the original on 29 July 2017
1461:. Virginian-Pilot. Archived from
1215:National Animal Interest Alliance
1126:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
1099:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
1061:
801:which is committed in support of
3129:List of environmental incidents
2278:from the original on 5 July 2017
1873:Terrorism and Political Violence
1288:
1230:Animal Enterprise Protection Act
30:
2443:
2388:
2309:
2290:
2272:Federal Bureau of Investigation
2246:from the original on 2012-03-30
2232:
2206:
2175:
2149:
2118:
2087:
2032:from the original on 2010-12-12
2017:
1952:
1930:
1899:
1811:Society & Natural Resources
1798:
1772:Sullivan, Robert (1998-12-20).
1765:
1690:
1428:Federal Bureau of Investigation
1422:Jarboe, James F. (2002-02-12).
1391:from the original on 2010-04-11
1235:Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act
1166:Coalition to Save the Preserves
813:Federal Bureau of Investigation
2801:Asia Pacific Greens Federation
1906:Prial, Frank J. (1982-01-20).
1604:
1540:
1518:The American Historical Review
1509:
1377:
1356:
1192:Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty
885:in the name of the environment
1:
2680:Bright green environmentalism
2451:"Update - Operation Backfire"
1650:Wagner, Travis (March 2008).
1594:"The Threat of Eco-Terrorism"
1453:Baldwin, Brent (2008-03-24).
1424:"The Threat of Eco-Terrorism"
1350:
909:
2892:Corporate political activism
2398:. 2005-12-25. Archived from
1959:Edward, Abbey (2014-09-16).
7:
2685:Criticisms of globalization
1774:"The Face of Eco-Terrorism"
1718:10.1080/1474283042000266128
1656:Environmental Communication
1617:Contemporary Justice Review
1281:
1120:In a 2002 testimony to the
1074:approaches to their goals.
997:is a tactic popularized by
818:Eco-terrorism is a form of
580:Designated terrorist groups
53:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3274:
2628:Politics of climate change
1805:Devall, Bill (July 1991).
1196:Willamette National Forest
841:
749:Anti-terrorism legislation
18:
2867:Climate change mitigation
2844:
2793:
2667:
2636:
2603:Climate change litigation
2595:
2537:: 223–261. Archived from
2216:. CNN. 4 September 2009.
1885:10.1080/09546550390449872
1831:10.1080/08941929109380758
1676:10.1080/17524030801945617
1629:10.1080/10282580600827991
744:International conventions
651:State-sponsored terrorism
3253:Radical environmentalism
3004:Environmental skepticism
2907:Ecological modernization
2836:World Ecological Parties
1221:US governmental response
1171:Media reports have tied
1068:grassroots organizations
916:radical environmentalism
820:radical environmentalism
607:Violent non-state actors
19:Not to be confused with
2852:Carbon fee and dividend
2131:San Francisco Chronicle
1706:Social Movement Studies
1549:French Colonial History
1526:10.1086/ahr/101.1.192-a
1366:. Thefreedictionary.org
1334:Environmental terrorism
1324:Ecoterrorism in fiction
1107:U.S. Justice Department
1091:Animal Liberation Front
925:Animal Liberation Front
349:Clandestine cell system
21:environmental terrorism
2942:effects of agriculture
2522:Govern, Kevin (2009).
1961:The monkey wrench gang
1279:
1095:Earth Liberation Front
1004:The Monkey Wrench Gang
971:Earth Liberation Front
929:Earth Liberation Front
923:, spokesperson of the
517:Propaganda of the deed
3238:Political pejoratives
3023:Fossil fuel phase-out
2887:Conservation movement
1561:10.1353/fch.2011.0013
1274:
733:Response to terrorism
354:Leaderless resistance
3243:Political neologisms
2902:Ecological economics
2806:European Green Party
2770:Green libertarianism
2654:Grassroots democracy
2518:(Aracne Press, 2012)
1998:. Start. p. 1.
989:1976 Bunbury bombing
172:Right-wing/Far-right
59:create a new article
51:improve this article
3103:transport hierarchy
2947:effects of aviation
2831:Global Young Greens
2710:Ecoauthoritarianism
2675:Alter-globalization
2514:Gagliano Giuseppe,
2483:The Washington Post
2427:. 20 January 2006.
2402:on October 24, 2007
2346:on 15 December 2012
2242:. FAIR. June 1996.
1823:1991SNatR...4..247D
1668:2008Ecomm...2...25W
1309:Anarcho-primitivism
1257:The Washington Post
947:Examples of tactics
853:War of Desmoiselles
754:Terrorism insurance
555:Rockets and mortars
295:Resistance movement
3125:Low-carbon economy
2755:Green conservatism
2608:Fossil fuels lobby
2531:Fl. Coastal L. Rev
2321:2014-05-23 at the
2188:The New York Times
2054:The Register-Guard
1912:The New York Times
1778:The New York Times
1296:Environment portal
1249:Operation Backfire
1177:The New York Times
889:domestic terrorism
878:civil disobedience
400:Aircraft hijacking
157:Left-wing/Far-left
3258:Political ecology
3233:Far-left politics
3210:
3209:
3145:Political ecology
3063:industrial policy
2644:Ecological wisdom
1963:. HarperCollins.
1520:. February 1996.
792:
791:
739:Counter-terrorism
724:
723:
482:Individual terror
303:
302:
280:Violent extremism
87:
86:
79:
61:, as appropriate.
3265:
3248:Environmentalism
3155:Renewable energy
2994:Environmentalism
2862:Circular economy
2765:Green liberalism
2745:Environmentalism
2589:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2528:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2342:. Archived from
2332:
2326:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2100:The Boston Globe
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1868:
1857:
1854:
1843:
1842:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1746:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1703:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1465:on 24 March 2008
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1434:on 11 March 2008
1430:. Archived from
1419:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1360:
1298:
1293:
1292:
921:Craig Rosebraugh
784:
777:
770:
601:
600:
574:Terrorist groups
556:
290:Militia movement
257:Green/Ecological
162:Narcotics-driven
140:
139:
89:
88:
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
34:
33:
26:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3228:Green anarchism
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
2877:Climate justice
2872:Climate finance
2840:
2789:
2750:Green anarchism
2735:Eco-nationalism
2663:
2632:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2526:
2506:
2504:Further reading
2501:
2492:
2490:
2475:
2468:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2323:Wayback Machine
2314:
2310:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2249:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2044:
2035:
2033:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1971:
1957:
1953:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1904:
1900:
1869:
1860:
1855:
1846:
1803:
1799:
1790:
1788:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1737:
1733:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1648:
1644:
1609:
1605:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1545:
1541:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1420:
1403:
1394:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1223:
1087:
1064:
1014:
995:Monkeywrenching
949:
912:
873:
844:
788:
759:
758:
734:
726:
725:
720:
645:
616:State terrorism
598:
590:
589:
575:
567:
566:
565:
561:Vehicle-ramming
554:
389:
387:
370:
369:
368:
313:
305:
304:
299:
285:Ethnic violence
266:
231:
176:
137:
126:
83:
72:
66:
63:
48:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3271:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3202:Water conflict
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3068:infrastructure
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2977:pricing reform
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2882:Climate target
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2845:Related topics
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2780:Social ecology
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2715:Eco-capitalism
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2649:Social justice
2646:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2623:List of topics
2620:
2615:
2613:Green politics
2610:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2588:Green politics
2583:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2466:
2442:
2412:
2387:
2357:
2327:
2308:
2289:
2274:. 2008-06-30.
2256:
2231:
2205:
2174:
2148:
2117:
2086:
2058:
2042:
2016:
1984:
1969:
1951:
1929:
1898:
1858:
1844:
1817:(3): 247–258.
1797:
1764:
1757:
1731:
1712:(2): 199–219.
1689:
1642:
1623:(3): 287–301.
1603:
1582:
1539:
1508:
1476:
1445:
1401:
1385:"Ecoterrorism"
1376:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1304:Agro-terrorism
1300:
1299:
1283:
1280:
1222:
1219:
1183:magazine, and
1153:Darryl Cherney
1086:
1083:
1063:
1062:Groups accused
1060:
1059:
1058:
1055:Daniel McGowan
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
992:
974:
964:
948:
945:
911:
908:
872:
869:
843:
840:
836:bioregionalism
832:social ecology
790:
789:
787:
786:
779:
772:
764:
761:
760:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
735:
732:
731:
728:
727:
722:
721:
719:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
657:
654:
653:
647:
646:
644:
643:
638:
633:
628:
622:
619:
618:
612:
611:
610:
609:
599:
596:
595:
592:
591:
588:
587:
582:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
564:
563:
558:
551:
544:Suicide attack
541:
536:
535:
534:
529:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
477:Hostage-taking
474:
469:
464:
462:Cyberterrorism
459:
454:
453:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
422:
412:
407:
397:
395:Agro-terrorism
391:
390:
386:
385:
382:
378:
376:
375:
372:
371:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
329:Radicalization
326:
321:
315:
314:
311:
310:
307:
306:
301:
300:
298:
297:
292:
287:
282:
276:
273:
272:
271:Related topics
268:
267:
265:
264:
259:
254:
249:
243:
240:
239:
233:
232:
230:
229:
224:
219:
216:Salafi-Wahhabi
209:
204:
194:
188:
185:
184:
178:
177:
175:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
143:
138:
132:
131:
128:
127:
125:
124:
119:
114:
108:
105:
104:
98:
97:
85:
84:
45:of the subject
43:worldwide view
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3270:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3223:Eco-terrorism
3221:
3220:
3218:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:refurbishment
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Progressivism
3148:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2932:Environmental
2930:
2928:
2927:Eco-terrorism
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Eco-investing
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:Global Greens
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:Organizations
2792:
2786:
2785:Queer ecology
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Green Zionism
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:Eco-socialism
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2705:Disinvestment
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2544:on 2015-06-10
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2471:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2163:on 2012-10-24
2162:
2158:
2152:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2031:
2028:. Nymag.com.
2027:
2020:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1970:9780062357267
1966:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1758:9780844817309
1754:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1555:(1): 93–113.
1554:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1464:
1460:
1456:
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1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1365:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1208:
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2637:Four pillars
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1141:Earth First!
1137:Edward Abbey
1135:Inspired by
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1103:Earth First!
1097:(ELF), the
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1050:Marius Mason
1034:Wiebo Ludwig
1023:Dave Foreman
1002:
1001:in his book
999:Edward Abbey
960:Earth First!
956:Tree spiking
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936:deep ecology
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457:Bioterrorism
420:Animal-borne
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3197:War on coal
3180:engineering
3170:development
3160:Sustainable
3058:imperialism
3033:development
3011:Stewardship
2730:Ecofeminism
2720:Ecocentrism
2700:Dirty hands
2659:Nonviolence
2618:Green party
2596:Core topics
2435:14 December
2380:14 December
2370:Govtrack.us
2350:14 December
2198:14 December
2167:14 December
2141:January 27,
2110:January 27,
2009:4 September
1339:Green Scare
1329:Eco-warrior
1272:continued:
1122:US Congress
1093:(ALF), the
981:Superphénix
940:Biocentrism
828:ecofeminism
344:Death squad
247:Suffragette
167:Nationalist
112:Definitions
67:August 2019
3217:Categories
2999:opposition
2987:technology
2917:Eco-tariff
2857:Carbon tax
2760:Green left
2725:Ecofascism
2548:2012-05-06
2493:2012-03-21
2460:2018-10-17
2406:2012-12-10
2250:2012-03-21
2079:11 October
2056:1984-10-28
2036:2010-10-02
1791:2023-11-01
1395:2010-10-02
1370:2010-10-02
1351:References
1319:Ecofascism
1228:Under the
1111:Greenpeace
1045:Jeff Luers
910:Philosophy
641:Uzbekistan
626:Kazakhstan
492:Kidnapping
487:Insurgency
435:Improvised
262:Misogynist
3190:transport
3133:conflicts
1979:905960246
1893:143655407
1839:0894-1920
1786:0362-4331
1726:145206105
1684:1752-4032
1637:1028-2580
1577:144372045
1569:1543-7787
1534:1937-5239
1198:in 1984.
1185:USA Today
1149:Judi Bari
1029:James Lee
1018:Tre Arrow
963:reported.
846:The term
716:Venezuela
597:Adherents
497:Lone wolf
410:Beheading
359:Lone wolf
319:Financing
312:Structure
197:Christian
182:Religious
152:Communist
147:Anarchist
122:Incidents
102:Terrorism
55:talk page
3138:killings
3120:Localism
3088:retrofit
3083:recovery
3078:New Deal
3053:greening
3048:grabbing
3016:in music
2972:planning
2967:movement
2937:conflict
2695:Degrowth
2487:Archived
2429:Archived
2374:Archived
2319:Archived
2276:Archived
2244:Archived
2224:1 August
2218:Archived
2192:Archived
2135:Archived
2104:Archived
2073:ABC News
2030:Archived
2000:Archived
1916:Archived
1389:Archived
1344:THERMCON
1282:See also
882:sabotage
799:violence
681:Pakistan
539:Stabbing
522:Shooting
364:Domestic
324:Fronting
192:Buddhist
135:ideology
94:a series
92:Part of
49:You may
3113:washing
3108:vehicle
3038:economy
2962:justice
2952:finance
2340:US Code
2282:25 June
1819:Bibcode
1664:Bibcode
1469:25 June
1438:25 June
1130:whaling
977:Bombing
900:ecotage
865:Algeria
842:History
546: (
502:Nuclear
467:Dry run
427: (
415:Bombing
402: (
384:Tactics
381:Methods
212:Islamic
117:History
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3098:theory
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440:Letter
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3093:state
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2542:(PDF)
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2003:(PDF)
1996:(PDF)
1946:Salus
1942:(PDF)
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