20:
334:– the Detaining power can prosecute the prisoner of war according to its own laws, regulations and orders in force. During the criminal trial, the prisoner could refuse to cooperate with the Court. Judicial proceedings against the prisoners of war shall be carried in accordance with the fair trial canons. Disciplinary measures shall be adopted rather than judicial wherever it is possible. Even after the conviction, the prisoner keeps his status of the prisoner of war. The
2413:
354:
a civilian. In other words, civilians under their own national authority and nationals of the countries not party to the Fourth Geneva
Convention are not protected by these texts (the latter's limitation is no longer of practical reference, given that the ratification is now universal and the role of the customary international humanitarian law). Neutral persons who are in the belligerent territory and nationals of an ally of a belligerent (
310:- prisoners of war shall be protected against acts of violence, intimidation, insults and public curiosity. They should be housed and receive a sufficient nourishment. Mutilations, medical and scientific experiments, removal of organs for transportation are forbidden. They have rights to quarters, food, clothing, hygiene, medical attention, property, representation and their badges of rank and nationality .
487:
be under supervision of the women. “Women shall be especially protected against any attack on their honour, in particular against rape, enforced prostitution, or any form of indecent assault”. Pregnant women, women in childbirth, women who are breast-feeding or who have small children less than 7 years old are considered as sick and wounded.
469:
Medical personnel benefits from the protection of all four Geneva
Conventions. In fact, this category of protected persons implement the protection of protected persons established by international humanitarian law, especially wounded and sick combatants. They should not be attacked, but in contrary
353:
The term of protected civilian persons is described in the
Article 4 of the Fourth Geneva Convention. It does not protect all civilian persons in general, but only those who are "in the hands of" the adverse party during an international armed conflict. In case of doubts, the person is presumed to be
218:
In addition to that, the
Additional Protocol I of the Geneva Convention establishes a unitary protection for all sick, wounded and shipwrecked independently of their military or civil status. In return, sick and wounded persons shall refrain from any hostile behaviour to benefit from this protection.
486:
The Geneva
Conventions grants special protection to women in all circumstances. Wounded and sick women (members of the army, prisoners of war) shall be treated taking in consideration their sex. During captivity, they should be housed in separated dormitories from men, have separate facilities, and
361:
Another definition is given by the
Article 50 of the Additional Protocol I, but in a negative way – everybody, who does not belong to the armed forces or prisoners of war belongs to civilian population. Thus, persons that were not covered by the Geneva Conventions, have minimum protection. In fact,
151:
are the source of the rights and protections for various categories of persons in the context of international armed conflicts, and also non international armed conflicts. These texts are focused on protection of victims of armed conflicts and they are based on one general principle: obligation of
222:
In case of necessity, belligerent powers can appeal to the charity of the civilian population. That being said, the civilian population shall only “respect these wounded and sick, and in particular abstain from offering them violence”, but at the same time can not be prosecuted and convicted “for
498:
Children are protected as victims of the armed conflicts. They can benefit from special hospital and safety zones in time of peace and the outbreak of hostilities, evacuation from besieged of encircled areas. Necessary measures shall be taken in order to ensure their maintenance, exercise of the
575:
It becomes more difficult to determine the end of the armed conflict in the contemporary world, and as a consequence, the application of international humanitarian law in general and to protected persons in particular. Wars in contemporary world rarely end with a total defeat or by real peace.
260:
Several type of persons has right to the treatment equal to the prisoners of war, without holding this status (parliamentarians, children-combatants). In case of doubt, the concerned person has a right to the presumption of status of prisoner of war, until the exact status is established by the
163:
are also in force, fully applicable and constitute a part of customary international law. Even before the Geneva
Conventions, they already contained a number of important provisions regarding the protection of prisoners of war (forbidden actions) and civil persons (e.g. during the occupation).
183:
Definition of military victim is given by the
Article 13 of the 1st Geneva Convention 1949 and by the Article 4 of the 2nd Geneva Convention 1949 for the amelioration of the condition of wounded, sick and shipwrecked members of armed forces at sea. There are several sub-categories of military
126:. It increased the desire to improve the conditions of the wounded in armies in the field. Following the diplomatic conference inspired by his ideas and attended by the governments of Europe and several American states, the 1st Geneva Convention was held in 1864 by twelve European countries.
447:
deportations of protected persons from occupied territory is forbidden, except in case of evacuation for security reasons or for imperative military reasons; if such evacuations arise, they shall be temporary; occupying power shall never transfer its own civilian population to the occupied
191:
wounded, sick and shipwrecked members of armed forces at sea; the status of shipwrecked has a determined duration and can change due to the events in the sea to combatant, interned, prisoner of war (for militaries); to protected person under the
Article 4 of the 4th Geneva Convention (for
400:– protected persons are “entitled, in all circumstances, to respect for their persons, their honor, their family rights, their religious convictions and practices, and their manners and customs”.They shall be protected against acts of violence, intimidation, insults and public curiosity.
505:
Also, children are protected as children-combatants. The parties of the conflict shall avoid to use them in hostilities. In case of their participation, children continue to benefit from the special protection. Death penalties shall not be executed for persons under 18 years old.
434:
Several limitations could be applied to the nationals of adversary party (assigned residence, internment, registration etc.), but they should be able to receive medical assistance, practice their religion, move from danger or military zone and find paid employment.
470:
respected, kept out of danger and be free to pursue their medical or spiritual duties, unless they are used to commit the acts harmful to the enemy. This protection covers permanent, auxiliary medical personnel, chaplains, staff of
National
560:
The Additional Protocol II completes the article 3 of the Geneva Conventions adds several forbidden actions and grants to protected persons the rights to "respect for their person, honour and convictions and religious practices".
474:
and other Voluntary Aid Societies, neutral state society if agreed with Parties to the conflict. Hospitals, medical transport, ships, units, and establishments are also protected and shall bear the distinctive emblems and marks.
553:
the passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgement pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized
255:
medical personnel and chaplains who assist the prisoners of war, shall not be considered as prisoners of war. However, they have right to the protection no less favourable than the protection accorded to the prisoners of
525:
As a consequence, the main goal of the international humanitarian law is not the protection of civilians, but the protection of all non-participants of the conflict (independently of the nature of the detaining power).
344:– seriously wounded or sick prisoners of war shall be sent back to their country regardless of number or rank. The rest of prisoners of war shall be released and repatriated after the cessation of active hostilities.
76:
The legal definition of different categories of protected persons in armed conflicts is found in each 1949 Geneva Conventions and also in 1977 Additional Protocols. The extent of protection and obligations of
502:
During the internment, they shall be housed separately from the adults, unless with their parents and family members. Additional food shall be given taking in consideration their physiological needs.
412:– protected persons could not be used as a human shield. Corporal punishments, torture, murders, collective penalties and experiments are forbidden. Taking of hostages and pillage are prohibited.
584:
Penal sanctions are foreseen in the Geneva Conventions for persons who committed or ordered to commit grave breaches against protected persons. The grave breaches are qualified as a sub-type of
104:
extended the protection of existing protected persons in non-international armed conflicts (persons deprived of liberty, wounded and sick, medical and religious personnel, civilian population).
1434:
First Geneva Convention, Article 24 and 25. Second Geneva Convention, Articles 36-37. Fourth Geneva Convention, Article 20. Additional Protocol I, Article 15. Additional Protocol II, Article 9
428:
In case the Fourth Geneva Convention is applicable, protected persons can leave the territory, unless it will be contrary to the interests of the belligerent state (i.e. men of fighting age).
431:
Protected person shall have the possibility to appeal against the refusal of permission to leave the territory. The proceedings shall be carried in accordance with the fair trial canons.
1492:
First Geneva Convention, Article 28. Second Geneva Convention, Article 37. Third Geneva Convention, Article 33. Additional Protocol I, Article 16. Additional Protocol II, Article 9.
252:
certain civilians, like civilian members of military aircraft crews; war correspondents; suppliers; members of labour units or services in charge of the welfare of the armed forces;
47:
85:(international or not international) as well as on the category of protected persons in terms of their age (adult/child), sex (man/woman), participation in the armed conflict (
2258:
499:
religion, education, if possible, by the persons with the same nationality. They shall benefit from the same preferential treatment as the nationals of the adversary part.
478:
Retained permanent personnel is not considered as a prisoners of war, but should benefit from at least the same protection. Auxiliary personnel shall be prisoners of war.
2273:
2216:
2211:
406:– protection should be provided without any discrimination on the basis of race, nationality, religion, opinions. Health, rank, sex and age distinction are accepted.
518:
the parties of the conflict could belong to the same jurisdiction; as a consequence, it is difficult to establish when he civilians are in the hands of the enemy;
365:
The legal effect of the status depends on the category of civilian persons and their location (on the territory of adversary Party or on the occupied territory).
390:
The Additional Protocol I prohibits indiscriminate attacks or reprisals against the civilian persons, their objects, and objects necessary to their survival.
2306:
100:
and II to the persons not covered by the 1949 Geneva Conventions, independently of the character of the conflict (international or national). Moreover, the
514:
Increasing number of non-international armed conflicts have been noticed after the Second World War. Theses conflicts are characterised by two factors:
303:
The 3rd Geneva Convention describes in a detailed manner the protection granted to the prisoner of war and obligations incumbent upon the belligerents:
135:
This Convention have been replaced by the Geneva Conventions of 1906, 1929 and 1949, based on new elements occurred during the subsequent wars.
288:
could be considered as a prisoner of war (combatant in uniform or resident of occupied territory) or not (civil persons or combatant without uniform);
471:
358:) are not protected as long as “their State of nationality maintains normal diplomatic representation with the State in which they find themselves”.
322:– the prisoners of war shall be evacuated from combat and danger zone. Their quarters shall bear the and by indications clearly visible from the air.
2241:
783:
2236:
2187:
276:
in the hands of the adversary party shall at least be considered as a prisoner of war, but can also obtain another not less favourable status;
2246:
2229:
2224:
460:
occupying power shall ensure and maintain food and medical supplies, as well as the medical care to the population of occupied territories.
282:
in the hands of his Origin State does not have right to the status of the prisoner of war according to the international dominant practice;
316:– prisoners of war shall be treated without any discrimination on the basis of race, nationality, religion, opinions and similar criteria.
235:
is given in the Article 4 of the 3rd Geneva Convention and apply to the following persons, who "have fallen into the power of the enemy":
2177:
765:
576:
However, under all circumstances, protected persons remain protected by the minimum guarantees and by international human rights law.
376:
According to the Fourth Geneva Convention, the rights of protected civilian persons are absolute and inalienable. As a consequence,
2349:
148:
66:
2437:
2253:
386:
protected persons of occupied or annexed territories could not be deprived from the rights established in the Geneva Convention.
2182:
380:
parties of armed conflicts can not conclude special agreement that will "adversely affect the situation of protected persons";
2288:
1619:
Fourth Geneva Convention, Articles 23, 50, 89. Additional Protocol I, Article 78. Additional Protocol II, Article 4.3.
1779:
1725:
451:
in case of evacuation and transfer the Occupying power shall ensure the humane treatment and security of protected persons;
294:
has no right to the status of the prisoner of war or combatant, under condition to respect a number of cumulative criteria.
1637:
Third Geneva Convention, Article 16. Additional Protocol I, Articles 45, 75, 77. Additional Protocol II, Article 4.
328:– prisoners of war could be utilized by the Detaining power for work respecting their age, sex, rank, physical aptitude.
2263:
2206:
1984:
1784:
160:
1574:
1374:
1337:
1249:
1212:
1088:
1058:
1033:
987:
953:
907:
858:
824:
737:
662:
368:
The civilians can lose the protection against the attacks, if they participate in the hostilities against the enemy.
207:
There are two types of obligations incumbent to the signatory nations under Article 12 of the 1st Geneva Convention:
2311:
1964:
2114:
1755:
144:
58:
31:
2316:
2268:
2201:
1846:
1766:
797:
2298:
2360:
2283:
2196:
495:
Several provisions of the Geneva Conventions grant a special protection to the children under fifteen.
2278:
2169:
1906:
1836:
2153:
1974:
1901:
1819:
1809:
1718:
131:
Wounded or sick combatants, to whatever nation they may belong, shall be collected and cared for.”
2373:
2071:
2019:
1968:
1814:
1804:
417:
2004:
1880:
1799:
2344:
2024:
2009:
1999:
1979:
1926:
118:
529:
Humane treatment is granted by the common article 3 of the Geneva Conventions. It forbids:
246:
8:
2416:
2378:
2109:
2089:
1711:
123:
2339:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2126:
2104:
2099:
2066:
2056:
1916:
1911:
1794:
1745:
1470:
1445:
62:
2131:
2094:
1889:
1873:
1570:
1475:
1370:
1333:
1245:
1208:
1084:
1054:
1029:
983:
949:
903:
854:
820:
733:
658:
362:
the protection of civilians was extended to the cases of war of national liberation.
23:
1537:
First and Second Geneva Conventions, Article 12. Third Geneva Convention, Article 14
241:
2334:
2119:
1465:
1457:
168:
548:
outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment;
19:
2401:
2293:
1921:
1884:
1789:
355:
232:
90:
43:
39:
1555:
Third Geneva Convention, Articles 97, 108. Fourth Geneva Convention, Article 76.
570:
2368:
1937:
1895:
1546:
Third Geneva Convention, Articles 25, 29. Fourth Geneva Convention, Article 76.
521:
at least one of the parties is composed from the non governmental armed forces.
153:
93:/civil person) and personal situation (e.g. shipwrecked, sick, wounded, etc.).
82:
70:
35:
27:
1461:
2431:
1989:
1868:
335:
1628:
Additional Protocol I, Article 77. Additional Protocol II, Article 4.
1446:"Protection of medical personnel in armed conflicts—case study: Afghanistan"
2039:
1943:
1841:
1479:
172:
113:
2405:
1994:
1829:
1774:
567:
Additional Protocol II also prohibits the forced movements of civilians.
101:
78:
171:
also applies to armed conflicts and protects all individuals within the
2046:
1824:
97:
509:
239:
the regular combatants of the adversary (members of the armed forces,
1734:
585:
178:
86:
1606:
1604:
697:
695:
61:
and refers to persons who are under specific protection of the 1949
2383:
2034:
1864:
214:
provide treatment and care without any discrimination between them.
147:, four 1949 Geneva Conventions, the 1977 Additional Protocols and
96:
Minimum rights and fundamental guarantees are granted by the 1977
2061:
2051:
2029:
2014:
1601:
692:
393:
There is a number of basic rights covering the civilian persons:
156:
on the grounds of race, sex, nationality, language, or religion.
464:
423:
784:"The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols"
443:
Occupying powers shall respect at least the following rights:
30:
carry out humanitarian work and are "protected persons" under
1703:
571:
Relation between the end of the armed conflict and protection
122:, describing his experience of the horrors of war during the
438:
416:
In case of non international armed conflict, Article 3 of
2358:
371:
269:
Four categories of persons need an additional attention:
1652:
Droit international humanitaire - Introduction détaillée
766:"Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of 1949"
211:
respect, protect and rescue wounded and sick militaries;
195:
medical and religious personnel attached to armed forces
457:
destruction of real and personal property is forbidden;
338:
is acceptable by the customary law and the Conventions.
129:
The article 6 of this Convention already stipulated: “
1332:. Basel: Helbing & Lichtenhann. pp. 180–181.
1083:. Basel: Helbing & Lichtenhann. pp. 164–165.
564:
Children continue to benefit from special protection.
34:. Whether military or civilian, they are considered
878:. Basel: Helbing and Lichtenhahn. pp. 228–235.
510:
Protection during non-international armed conflicts
383:
protected persons can not renounce to their rights;
1443:
853:. Basel: Helbing and Lichtenhahn. pp. 26–29.
179:Protected persons associated with the armed forces
1235:
1233:
1207:. Basel: Helbing & Lichtenhann. p. 179.
1053:. Basel: Helbing & Lichtenhann. p. 166.
732:. Basel: Helbing & Lichtenhann. p. 156.
657:. Basel: Helbing & Lichtenhann. p. 155.
2429:
1450:European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery
1230:
264:
188:wounded and sick in armed forces in the field;
152:human treatment of protected persons, without
81:states and parties depends on the type of the
1719:
839:Hague Convention 1907, Articles 22-28, 42-56.
709:
707:
465:Medical, religious and humanitarian personnel
424:Civilian persons on the belligerent territory
1589:Fourth Geneva Convention, Articles 14 and 17
1407:Fourth Geneva Convention, Articles 35 and 48
676:
674:
38:and may not be attacked and not be taken as
16:Legal term in international humanitarian law
1726:
1712:
704:
613:Second Geneva Convention, Articles 41, 43.
1469:
1193:Third Geneva Convention, Articles 109-119
671:
604:First Geneva Convention, Articles 38, 44.
420:grants basic rights to civilian persons.
2350:Post-conflict reception of war criminals
1416:Fourth Geneva Convention, Articles 41-42
1184:Third Geneva Convention, Articles 82-108
968:First Geneva Convention 1949, Article 12
922:First Geneva Convention, Article 13 (4).
439:Civilian persons on occupied territories
245:, militias, members of volunteer corps,
149:customary international humanitarian law
67:customary international humanitarian law
18:
1682:
1569:. Paris: Gualino Ă©diteur. p. 108.
1425:Fourth Geneva Convention, Article 47-62
1369:. Paris: Gualino Ă©diteur. p. 106.
1244:. Paris: Gualino Ă©diteur. p. 109.
1227:Additional Protocol I, 1977, Article 50
1175:Third Geneva Convention, Articles 49-57
1148:Third Geneva Convention, Articles 79-81
1139:Third Geneva Convention, Articles 58-68
888:Second Geneva Convention II, Article 13
802:The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law
65:, their 1977 Additional Protocols, and
2430:
1649:
1327:
1130:Third Geneva Convention, Article 25-31
1028:. Paris: Gualino Ă©diteur. p. 93.
982:. Paris: Gualino Ă©diteur. p. 82.
948:. Paris: Gualino Ă©diteur. p. 85.
819:. Paris: Gualino Ă©diteur. p. 18.
372:General protection of civilian persons
48:red cross, red crescent or red crystal
1707:
1664:Additional Protocol II, Article 4(3).
1645:
1643:
1564:
1528:Third Geneva Convention , Article 32.
1444:Goniewicz, M.; Goniewicz, K. (2013).
1364:
1351:
1349:
1239:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1023:
1010:
1008:
977:
943:
939:
937:
902:. Paris: Gualino Ă©dieur. p. 84.
897:
814:
760:
758:
723:
721:
719:
42:by parties to a conflict. They use a
1780:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868
1598:Fourth Geneva Convention, Article 24
1510:First Geneva Convention, Article 26.
1398:Fourth Geneva Convention, Article 35
1389:Fourth Geneva Convention, Article 29
1355:Fourth Geneva Convention, Article 27
1318:Fourth Geneva Convention, Article 47
1291:Fourth Geenva Convention, Article 5.
1202:
1078:
1048:
873:
848:
727:
689:Second Geneva Convention, Article 13
652:
648:
646:
622:Fourth Geneva Convention, Article 6.
1519:Third Geneva Convention, Article 33
1309:Fourth Geneva Convention, Article 8
1300:Fourth Geneva Convention, Article 7
1282:Additional Protocol II, Article 13.
1166:Third Geneva Convention, Article 19
1157:Third Geneva Convention, Article 16
1121:Third Geneva Convention, Article 12
1014:Third Geneva Convention, Article 5.
1002:First Geneva Convention, Article 18
931:Third Geneva Convention, Article 4.
713:Fourth Geneva Convention, Article 4
680:First Geneva Convention, Article 13
640:Additional Protocol II, Article 12.
348:
226:
138:
13:
1785:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
1640:
1501:Additional Protocol I, Article 13.
1346:
1112:Additional Protocol I, Article 47.
1103:Additional Protocol I, Article 46.
1067:
1005:
934:
755:
752:Additional Protocol I, Article 75.
716:
701:Third Geneva Convention, Article 4
631:Additional Protocol I, Article 38.
298:
161:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
14:
2449:
2274:Sudanese civil war (2023–present)
1697:Additional Protocol I, Article 85
1654:. Geneva: CICR. pp. 288–291.
1610:Additional Protocol I, Article 77
1264:Additional Protocol I, Article 1.
643:
2412:
2411:
2217:Myanmar civil war (2021–present)
1673:Additional Protocol, Article 17.
781:
223:having nursed wounded or sick”.
202:
2307:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
1691:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1592:
1583:
1567:Droit international humanitaire
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1456:(2). Springer-Verlag: 107–112.
1437:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1367:Droit international humanitaire
1358:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1242:Droit international humanitaire
1221:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1042:
1026:Droit international humanitaire
1017:
996:
980:Droit international humanitaire
971:
962:
946:Droit international hulanitaire
925:
916:
900:Droit international humanitaire
891:
882:
867:
842:
833:
817:Droit international humanitaire
808:
790:
775:
746:
2438:International humanitarian law
1733:
683:
634:
625:
616:
607:
598:
145:international humanitarian law
59:international humanitarian law
32:international humanitarian law
1:
1273:Fourth Geneva Convention 1949
591:
1847:International Criminal Court
1687:. Geneva: CICR. p. 156.
579:
534:"violence to life and person
7:
2247:Russian invasion of Ukraine
490:
454:forced labour is forbidden;
265:Persons with special status
10:
2454:
2221:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
536:(i.e. murders and torture)
107:
2398:
2327:
2162:
2080:
1956:
1907:Joint criminal enterprise
1857:
1837:Responsibility to protect
1765:
1754:
1741:
1462:10.1007/s00068-013-0251-0
1685:Un droit dans la guerre?
481:
2374:Crimes against humanity
2212:Libyan civil war (2011)
2072:Wartime sexual violence
2020:Human trophy collecting
2005:Enforced disappearances
1683:Sassoli, Marco (2012).
418:Third Geneva Convention
2025:Indiscriminate attacks
2010:Extrajudicial killings
1881:Command responsibility
1565:Derya, Michel (1998).
1365:Deyra, Michel (1998).
1240:Deyra, Michel (1998).
1024:Deyra, Michel (1998).
978:Deyra, Michel (1998).
944:Deyra, Michel (1998).
898:Deyra, Michel (1998).
815:Deyra, Michel (1998).
102:Additional Protocol II
98:Additional Protocols I
57:is a legal term under
51:
2345:List of global issues
2174:Gaza–Israel conflict
2000:Desecration of graves
1980:Collective punishment
1650:Melzer, Nils (2018).
1328:Robert, Kolb (2003).
1203:Kolb, Robert (2003).
1079:Kolb, Robert (2003).
1049:Kolb, Robert (2003).
874:Kolb, Robert (2003).
849:Kolb, Robert (2003).
728:Kolb, Robert (2003).
653:Kolb, Robert (2003).
119:A Memory of Solferino
22:
2400:‡ Does not apply to
2379:Crimes of aggression
2361:international crimes
2259:Sri Lankan Civil War
2067:Use of human shields
1965:humanitarian workers
247:resistance movements
231:Legal definition of
2237:Russo-Ukrainian War
1874:Civilian casualties
798:"Protected persons"
543:taking of hostages;
472:Red Cross Societies
198:war correspondents.
124:Battle of Solferino
2340:War crime apologia
2254:Second Chechen War
1957:War crimes by type
1917:Military necessity
1912:Medical neutrality
1830:Protocol II (1977)
1795:Geneva Conventions
1746:List of war crimes
116:published a book,
63:Geneva Conventions
52:
2425:
2424:
2394:
2393:
2335:War crimes trials
2163:War crimes by war
1952:
1951:
1932:Protected persons
1825:Protocol I (1977)
261:competent court.
55:Protected persons
24:Medical personnel
2445:
2415:
2414:
2356:
2355:
2264:Syrian civil war
2207:2006 Lebanon War
2170:Afghanistan wars
1922:Prisoners of war
1763:
1762:
1758:humanitarian law
1728:
1721:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1647:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1237:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1076:
1065:
1064:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1003:
1000:
994:
993:
975:
969:
966:
960:
959:
941:
932:
929:
923:
920:
914:
913:
895:
889:
886:
880:
879:
871:
865:
864:
846:
840:
837:
831:
830:
812:
806:
805:
794:
788:
787:
779:
773:
772:
770:
762:
753:
750:
744:
743:
725:
714:
711:
702:
699:
690:
687:
681:
678:
669:
668:
650:
641:
638:
632:
629:
623:
620:
614:
611:
605:
602:
398:Humane treatment
349:Civilian persons
308:Humane treatment
233:prisoners of war
227:Prisoners of war
169:human rights law
139:Applicable texts
40:prisoners of war
2453:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2402:airborne forces
2390:
2369:Atrocity crimes
2354:
2323:
2158:
2083:committed by...
2082:
2076:
1985:Criminal orders
1948:
1927:Proportionality
1885:Superior orders
1853:
1790:Geneva Protocol
1757:
1750:
1737:
1732:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1077:
1068:
1061:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1001:
997:
990:
976:
972:
967:
963:
956:
942:
935:
930:
926:
921:
917:
910:
896:
892:
887:
883:
872:
868:
861:
847:
843:
838:
834:
827:
813:
809:
796:
795:
791:
780:
776:
768:
764:
763:
756:
751:
747:
740:
726:
717:
712:
705:
700:
693:
688:
684:
679:
672:
665:
651:
644:
639:
635:
630:
626:
621:
617:
612:
608:
603:
599:
594:
582:
573:
512:
493:
484:
467:
441:
426:
404:Equal treatment
374:
351:
314:Equal treatment
301:
267:
229:
205:
181:
143:In the area of
141:
110:
91:prisoner of war
44:protective sign
17:
12:
11:
5:
2451:
2441:
2440:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2365:
2363:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2328:Related topics
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2291:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2149:United Kingdom
2146:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2015:Hostage-taking
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1975:Child soldiers
1972:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1938:Ruse de guerre
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1896:Hors de combat
1892:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1869:non-combatants
1861:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1690:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1575:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1375:
1357:
1345:
1338:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1250:
1229:
1220:
1213:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1089:
1066:
1059:
1041:
1034:
1016:
1004:
995:
988:
970:
961:
954:
933:
924:
915:
908:
890:
881:
866:
859:
841:
832:
825:
807:
789:
774:
754:
745:
738:
715:
703:
691:
682:
670:
663:
642:
633:
624:
615:
606:
596:
595:
593:
590:
581:
578:
572:
569:
558:
557:
550:
545:
540:
523:
522:
519:
511:
508:
492:
489:
483:
480:
466:
463:
462:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
440:
437:
425:
422:
414:
413:
407:
401:
388:
387:
384:
381:
373:
370:
356:co-belligerent
350:
347:
346:
345:
339:
329:
323:
317:
311:
300:
297:
296:
295:
289:
283:
277:
266:
263:
258:
257:
253:
250:
242:levée en masse
228:
225:
216:
215:
212:
204:
201:
200:
199:
196:
193:
189:
180:
177:
175:of the state.
154:discrimination
140:
137:
109:
106:
83:armed conflict
71:armed conflict
36:non-combatants
28:armed conflict
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2450:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2418:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2312:Yugoslav Wars
2310:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2242:War in Donbas
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2154:United States
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2040:Mass killings
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Death marches
1993:
1991:
1990:Death flights
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:Fourth (1949)
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:Second (1949)
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:International
1753:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1694:
1686:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1653:
1646:
1644:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1595:
1586:
1578:
1576:2-84200-160-5
1572:
1568:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1378:
1376:2-84200-160-5
1372:
1368:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1339:3-7190-2234-X
1335:
1331:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1253:
1251:2-84200-160-5
1247:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1224:
1216:
1214:3-7190-2234-X
1210:
1206:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1092:
1090:3-7190-2234-X
1086:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1062:
1060:3-7190-2234-X
1056:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1035:2-84200-160-5
1031:
1027:
1020:
1011:
1009:
999:
991:
989:2-84200-160-5
985:
981:
974:
965:
957:
955:2-84200-160-5
951:
947:
940:
938:
928:
919:
911:
909:2-84200-160-5
905:
901:
894:
885:
877:
870:
862:
860:2-8027-1836-3
856:
852:
845:
836:
828:
826:2-84200-160-5
822:
818:
811:
803:
799:
793:
785:
778:
767:
761:
759:
749:
741:
739:3-7190-2234-X
735:
731:
724:
722:
720:
710:
708:
698:
696:
686:
677:
675:
666:
664:3-7190-2234-X
660:
656:
649:
647:
637:
628:
619:
610:
601:
597:
589:
587:
577:
568:
565:
562:
555:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
535:
532:
531:
530:
527:
520:
517:
516:
515:
507:
503:
500:
496:
488:
479:
476:
473:
459:
456:
453:
450:
446:
445:
444:
436:
432:
429:
421:
419:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
395:
394:
391:
385:
382:
379:
378:
377:
369:
366:
363:
359:
357:
343:
340:
337:
336:death penalty
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
305:
304:
299:Legal effects
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
271:
270:
262:
254:
251:
248:
244:
243:
238:
237:
236:
234:
224:
220:
213:
210:
209:
208:
203:Legal effects
197:
194:
190:
187:
186:
185:
176:
174:
170:
167:In addition,
165:
162:
157:
155:
150:
146:
136:
133:
132:
127:
125:
121:
120:
115:
105:
103:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2406:paratroopers
2297:
2296: /
2284:World War II
2183:2023–present
2132:Soviet Union
1969:parachutists
1967: /
1944:Safe conduct
1936:
1931:
1894:
1883: /
1842:Rome Statute
1815:Third (1949)
1805:First (1949)
1693:
1684:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1594:
1585:
1566:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1366:
1360:
1330:Ius in Bello
1329:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1241:
1223:
1205:Ius in Bello
1204:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1081:Ius in Bello
1080:
1051:Ius in Bello
1050:
1044:
1025:
1019:
998:
979:
973:
964:
945:
927:
918:
899:
893:
884:
876:Ius in Bello
875:
869:
851:Ius in Bello
850:
844:
835:
816:
810:
801:
792:
777:
748:
730:Ius in Bello
729:
685:
655:Ius in Bello
654:
636:
627:
618:
609:
600:
583:
574:
566:
563:
559:
552:
547:
542:
537:
533:
528:
524:
513:
504:
501:
497:
494:
485:
477:
468:
442:
433:
430:
427:
415:
409:
403:
397:
392:
389:
375:
367:
364:
360:
352:
342:Repatriation
341:
331:
325:
319:
313:
307:
302:
291:
285:
279:
273:
268:
259:
240:
230:
221:
217:
206:
182:
173:jurisdiction
166:
158:
142:
134:
130:
128:
117:
114:Henri Dunant
111:
95:
75:
54:
53:
46:such as the
2279:World War I
2269:Tigray war‎
1963:Attacks on
1890:Distinction
1775:Lieber Code
482:Women
332:Proceedings
192:civilians);
79:belligerent
2317:Kosovo War
2230:Second war
2202:Korean War
2081:War crimes
2057:Starvation
2047:No quarter
1735:War crimes
592:References
586:war crimes
448:territory.
69:during an
26:during an
2299:Wehrmacht
2225:First war
2188:by Israel
2178:2008–2009
2115:Palestine
2035:Massacres
1865:Civilians
580:Sanctions
292:mercenary
184:victims:
87:combatant
2432:Category
2417:Category
2384:Genocide
2197:Iraq War
1480:23555320
554:peoples.
491:Children
410:Security
320:Security
280:betrayer
274:deserter
112:In 1862
2095:Germany
2090:Croatia
2062:Torture
2052:Perfidy
2030:Looting
1767:Sources
1471:3611028
108:History
2404:(i.e.
2359:Other
2289:Allied
2144:Turkey
2139:Serbia
2127:Russia
2100:Israel
1902:Intent
1858:Topics
1573:
1478:
1468:
1373:
1336:
1248:
1211:
1087:
1057:
1032:
986:
952:
906:
857:
823:
782:ICRC.
736:
661:
326:Labour
2120:Hamas
2110:Japan
2105:Italy
769:(PDF)
2294:Axis
1867:and
1800:1864
1571:ISBN
1476:PMID
1371:ISBN
1334:ISBN
1246:ISBN
1209:ISBN
1085:ISBN
1055:ISBN
1030:ISBN
984:ISBN
950:ISBN
904:ISBN
855:ISBN
821:ISBN
734:ISBN
659:ISBN
256:war.
159:The
1466:PMC
1458:doi
286:spy
2434::
2408:)
1642:^
1603:^
1474:.
1464:.
1454:39
1452:.
1448:.
1348:^
1232:^
1069:^
1007:^
936:^
800:.
757:^
718:^
706:^
694:^
673:^
645:^
588:.
249:);
73:.
50:.
1971:‡
1727:e
1720:t
1713:v
1579:.
1482:.
1460::
1379:.
1342:.
1254:.
1217:.
1093:.
1063:.
1038:.
992:.
958:.
912:.
863:.
829:.
804:.
786:.
771:.
742:.
667:.
556:"
538:;
89:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
