38:
374:, though it is estimated that between 200,000 and 300,000 civilians and prisoners of war were slaughtered. This does not necessarily include military, non-combatant or civilian peoples killed by radiation, disease or other means as a result of war. After World War II ended, countries got together with the aim to give rights to non-combatants, and created the 1949 Geneva Conventions, built off the 1907 Hague Convention.
1122:
309:) and civilian populations. Article 54 deals with Protection of objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population, and is categorical that "Starvation of civilians as a method of warfare is prohibited." Chapter III of Protocol I regulates the targeting of civilian objects. Article 8(2)(b)(i) of the
431:
As of 2017, there are inconsistent ways in which the prosecutions of terrorists are conducted. Possible solutions would be to take all individuals classified as non-combatants and have them charged as criminals and prosecute the individuals who are considered combatants and engage in warfare attacks
194:
Article 25 of Treaty II states that undefended communities are protected from any form of attack. In addition to the above, Article 27 states that if any sieges do occur, places devoted to religion, charity or hospitals should be avoided if possible, as long as they have no strategic affiliations.
390:
were not specifically identified as whether they are non-combatants or ordinary civilians, which might have been directly or indirectly killing hundreds and thousands of
Vietnamese civilians. However, there is no exact proportion of the number of the non-combatants have or were specify the exact
366:, non-combatants were more affected than they were in previous wars. Sources claim that over forty-five million civilians and non-combatants lost their lives over the course of the war. This number, however, is largely debated. Despite the understanding that over 18 million were killed in the
327:
states that in the case of armed conflict not of an international character (occurring in the territory of one of the High
Contracting Parties) that each Party to the conflict shall be bound to apply, as a minimum, the following provisions to "persons taking no active part in the hostilities"
398:
Thousands of people were killed: civilian, casualties, combatants and non-combatants and so as ordinary civilians (citizens) in
Vietnam but also in Laos and Cambodia. Thus, all figures do not specify how many non-combatants were killed or injured.
416:, a terrorist can be explained as an individual who is a non-state actor who engages in armed hostilities toward a state or government during a time of peace. The location an individual is tried in a court of law is the determining factor between
191:). Article 13 of the same section declares that any other non-combatant or civilian affiliated with but not part of the belligerent military, such as reporters and contractors, have the same right to be treated as a prisoner of war.
198:
Article 28 states that even when a village is captured through war, pillaging is not allowed by any party. That is repeated in
Article 47, Section III. The articles above were reaffirmed by Convention IV of the 1907 Convention.
237:. The Geneva Conventions recognizes and expands on many of the treaties signed at the Hague Conventions, particularly those involving the treatment of non-combatants. As a result, the regulations are still in effect today.
391:
figure, the statistics that has been given were all the estimates on how many civilians and combatants were killed. Most of the recorded number of people missing or killed were not specific, but all were
432:
under military commissions. Combatant terrorists are captured and detained in order to put an end to their hostilities and are labeled as prisoners of war, and non-combatants are considered criminals.
249:
started on April 21, 1949 and were concluded on August 12. The purpose of the
Conventions was to establish protections afforded to protected non-combatants in wartime, including civilians under
1980:
395:, meaning there is/was no exact figure or combatants or non-combatants. Military records in the National Archives do not specify how many non-combatants were killed during the Vietnam War.
1900:
428:
are considered combatant terrorists or may also be called unlawful combatants. Non-combatants can also be looked at as radical civilians and combatants can be seen as military soldiers.
49:
257:
defines that civilians who "find themselves, in case of a conflict or occupation, in the hands of a Party to the conflict or
Occupying Power of which they are not nationals" are
1394:
305:
Article 50 of
Protocol 1 defines a civilian as a person who is not a privileged combatant. Article 51 describes the protection that must be given to civilians (unless they are
837:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Geneva Convention (I) on Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field,1949 - 3 - Conflicts not of an international character"
320:
have ratified
Protocol I or the Rome Statute, these provisions reiterated existing customary laws of war which is binding of all belligerents in an international conflict.
296:
from an aircraft, whether it is disabled or not, are not given the protection afforded by this
Article and, therefore, may be attacked during their descent unless they are
353:
without previous judgement pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples.
1475:
742:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population - Commentary of 1987"
1490:
1480:
890:
370:
and as a result of other Nazi persecution, the exact number will likely never be determined. There is also difficulty of estimating the numbers for events such as the
160:
to agree on rights for non-combatants. These meetings occurred in 1899 and in 1907. Three treaties were signed and put into effect in 1899, including the treatment of
2274:
1406:
717:
1925:
962:
627:
2309:
1920:
1905:
1470:
718:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 50 - Definition of civilians and civilian population"
261:. Not included in the status of protected persons are the belligerent's own citizens and nationals of a state not party to the Fourth Geneva Convention, and
2101:
1600:
914:
741:
2068:
1930:
1485:
2269:
1915:
1815:
310:
1910:
1095:"Terrorists Are Unlawful Belligerents, Not Unlawful Combatants: A Distinction with Implications for the Future of International Humanitarian Law"
2299:
1975:
467:
states, "Civilians shall enjoy the protection afforded by this section, unless and for such time as they take a direct part in hostilities".
1860:
1850:
1845:
1575:
1880:
1865:
1800:
1790:
1620:
1495:
284:
regardless of what territory they are over. If aircrews land in territory controlled by the enemy, they must be given an opportunity to
2279:
1950:
1735:
1720:
1550:
1535:
2166:
1955:
1870:
1750:
1675:
1655:
1650:
1520:
420:
and non-combatant terrorists. Individuals like the San
Bernardino shooters, the Tsarnaev brothers and the people responsible for the
2094:
1970:
1895:
1805:
1760:
1705:
1625:
1585:
1565:
694:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 42 - Occupants of aircraft"
2371:
2022:
1992:
1960:
1945:
1835:
1795:
1780:
1775:
1740:
1690:
1645:
1580:
1560:
1555:
1540:
1525:
1515:
1510:
1500:
814:
1940:
1935:
1890:
1840:
1825:
1810:
1770:
1755:
1730:
1695:
1630:
1590:
1570:
1505:
1445:
1206:
861:
441:
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1965:
1885:
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1700:
1670:
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1635:
1615:
1605:
1595:
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1820:
1685:
1680:
1610:
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1530:
1094:
218:. Despite many nations signing at the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, a number of the agreements were broken during
2136:
1545:
1347:
153:
53:
2058:
1352:
871:
652:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Hague Convention (IV) on War on Land and its Annexed Regulations, 1907"
836:
273:(i.e., allied) persons as long their state of nationality maintains diplomatic relations with a belligerent power.
1123:"For the Sake of Consistency: Distinguishing Combatant Terrorists from Non-Combatant Terrorists in Modern Warfare"
1377:
1306:
1296:
1169:"Notes And Comments: Common Article 3 Of Geneva Conventions, 1949 In The Era Of International Criminal Tribunals"
1140:
328:(non-combatants). Such persons shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, with the following prohibitions:
2340:
2284:
1765:
1715:
787:"Customary IHL: Practice Relating to Rule 48. Attacks against Persons Parachuting from an Aircraft in Distress"
72:
17:
498:
2156:
1401:
1017:
484:
288:
before being attacked unless it is apparent that they are engaging in a hostile act or attempting to escape.
332:(a) violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and torture;
2304:
2289:
2118:
1855:
1465:
1311:
986:
480:
222:, including sections from Treaty IV involving poisons and the attacking of undefended towns and villages.
2345:
2126:
2053:
1301:
168:. In 1907 thirteen additional treaties were signed. These cover regulations concerning war on land, the
2182:
2110:
1199:
815:"Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949"
586:
531:"The Avalon Project - Laws of War : Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907"
2335:
675:
30:
For the corps of the British Army that was active from 1916 to 1920 and again from 1940 to 1963, see
693:
769:
560:"The Avalon Project - Laws of War : Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague II); July 29, 1899"
254:
2193:
2043:
1440:
1066:
281:
129:
2350:
2325:
2218:
1987:
1450:
1389:
1372:
1280:
1168:
1003:
392:
306:
139:, who are to be protected under laws applicable to international armed conflict at all times.
2048:
1236:
1192:
187:
fighters are to be treated as prisoners of war unless they are out of proper uniforms (i.e.
2294:
2151:
1382:
1231:
786:
421:
285:
8:
2251:
2198:
2161:
1327:
1181:— A detailed critique of the shortcomings of the common Article 3 of the Geneva Convents.
250:
31:
963:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Geneva Convention (IV) on Civilians, 1949"
938:
628:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Geneva Convention (IV) on Civilians, 1949"
2235:
2230:
2203:
2141:
1435:
464:
324:
246:
226:
169:
125:
99:
559:
530:
342:(c) outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment;
2146:
1241:
994:
867:
258:
230:
136:
84:
37:
2264:
2213:
1455:
371:
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289:
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173:
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113:
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1042:
651:
346:
317:
298:
203:
135:
Under international humanitarian law, certain non-combatants are classified as
108:
94:
but are protected because of their specific duties (as currently described in
2365:
2079:
386:
is one war in the mid-20th century in which many civilians were killed. Many
367:
207:
177:
165:
120:, who are not involved in fighting for one of the belligerents involved in a
2171:
1270:
1226:
1215:
603:
363:
117:
91:
80:
42:
2002:
1275:
1265:
383:
282:
aircrews who are parachuting from aircraft in distress cannot be attacked
266:
219:
184:
88:
64:
183:
Treaty II, Article 3 of the 1899 Convention maintains that surrendering
460:
350:
277:
95:
68:
915:"Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution"
863:
From Chivalry to Terrorism: War and the Changing Nature of Masculinity
2240:
2027:
417:
413:
387:
293:
229:
occurred before the Hague Conventions, none touched on the rights of
188:
103:
2208:
1460:
425:
76:
79:
who are not taking a direct part in hostilities; persons, such as
2017:
2012:
336:
424:
would be characterized as non-combatant terrorists. Groups like
27:
Person who does not take a direct part in hostilities during war
2225:
1997:
1184:
234:
211:
157:
215:
45:
1173:
ISIL Year Book of International Humanitarian and Refugee Law
1043:"Vietnam War | Facts, Summary, Casualties, & Combatants"
481:"The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law: Protected persons"
2007:
2275:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
121:
124:. This particular status was first recognized under the
2310:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
1018:"Vietnam War U.S. Military Fatal Casualty Statistics"
891:"Research Starters: Worldwide Deaths in World War II"
402:
56:. They would be considered non-combatants in the war.
313:also prohibits attacks directed against civilians.
2265:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
1981:of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985)
202:Many nations signed, including delegates from the
2069:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
1099:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
770:"Customary IHL: Rule 3. Definition of Combatants"
2363:
2295:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
2270:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1127:University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository
311:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
2109:
52:treats an Afghan civilian in 2006, during the
2095:
1200:
812:
808:
806:
676:"Article 4 - Definition of protected persons"
2280:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
2102:
2088:
1207:
1193:
817:. International Committee of the Red Cross
803:
789:. International Committee of the Red Cross
772:. International Committee of the Red Cross
2300:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
412:Although there is no clear definition of
680:International Humanitarian Law Datebases
323:Article 3 in the general section of the
36:
1901:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
475:
473:
253:and prisoners of war. Article 4 of the
14:
2364:
1993:List of human rights abuses by country
1481:during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017)
1446:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
1166:
1120:
895:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans
859:
442:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project
2083:
2064:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1188:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1088:
1086:
885:
883:
240:
176:, and rights and restrictions during
172:, the rights and responsibilities of
1179:. World Legal Information Institute.
866:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
581:
579:
554:
552:
550:
525:
523:
521:
519:
470:
156:were one of the first multi-country
147:
1092:
829:
604:"Codoh.com | Killing Noncombatants"
407:
24:
1491:during the Libyan civil war (2011)
1353:National human rights institutions
1348:List of human rights organisations
1160:
1133:
1121:fraser, alexander (January 2017).
1105:
1083:
880:
403:Contemporary warfare and terrorism
154:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
25:
2383:
587:"Laws and Customs of War on Land"
576:
547:
516:
1476:at Guantánamo Bay detention camp
1214:
784:
767:
1601:in Chile under Augusto Pinochet
1307:Natural rights and legal rights
1297:Claim rights and liberty rights
1059:
1035:
1010:
979:
955:
931:
907:
853:
758:
734:
710:
686:
668:
357:
2372:International humanitarian law
2341:International humanitarian law
2285:Special Court for Sierra Leone
1471:against Palestinians by Israel
644:
620:
596:
491:
453:
377:
233:non-combatants in the heat of
73:international humanitarian law
13:
1:
499:"Hague Peace Conference 1899"
447:
2305:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
2290:International Criminal Court
1312:Negative and positive rights
7:
2346:International speech crimes
2127:Customary international law
2054:List of human rights awards
1926:in the United Arab Emirates
1302:Individual and group rights
435:
10:
2388:
2167:Convention Against Torture
2111:International criminal law
1976:of the Marcos dictatorship
1141:"Punishment For Terrorism"
860:Braudy, Leo (2010-12-08).
142:
29:
2336:Joint criminal enterprise
2318:
2249:
2180:
2117:
2036:
1921:in the State of Palestine
1906:in the Dominican Republic
1486:during the Gaddafi regime
1423:
1368:
1361:
1340:
1320:
1289:
1261:
1250:
1222:
1002:Cite uses generic title (
504:. Oxford University Press
102:, adopted in June 1977);
87:, who are members of the
2256:(in order of foundation)
485:Médecins Sans Frontières
349:and the carrying out of
255:Fourth Geneva Convention
2194:Crimes against humanity
2044:History of human rights
1451:Enforced disappearances
1441:Crimes against humanity
1047:Encyclopedia Britannica
764:Customary laws of war:
307:unprivileged combatants
130:First Geneva Convention
2351:Universal jurisdiction
2326:Command responsibility
2219:Incitement to genocide
2157:United Nations Charter
1988:Incitement to genocide
1281:Universal jurisdiction
967:ihl-databases.icrc.org
919:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
841:ihl-databases.icrc.org
746:ihl-databases.icrc.org
722:ihl-databases.icrc.org
698:ihl-databases.icrc.org
656:ihl-databases.icrc.org
632:ihl-databases.icrc.org
292:who are descending by
164:and the protection of
57:
2049:List of global issues
265:citizens living in a
40:
2252:International courts
2152:Nuremberg principles
1931:in the United States
1706:in Jammu and Kashmir
1252:Fundamental concepts
422:September 11 attacks
251:military occupations
2199:Crime of aggression
2162:Genocide Convention
1916:in the Soviet Union
1816:in Papua New Guinea
1466:Human rights abuses
1424:Human rights abuses
1328:Corporal punishment
1167:Gandhi, M. (2001).
813:Plenipotentiaries.
564:avalon.law.yale.edu
535:avalon.law.yale.edu
345:(d) the passing of
32:Non-Combatant Corps
2204:Crime of apartheid
2142:Geneva Conventions
1911:in the Philippines
1436:Crime of apartheid
1093:Hoffman, michael.
939:"Nanking Massacre"
465:Geneva Conventions
325:Geneva Conventions
247:Geneva Conventions
241:Geneva Conventions
227:Geneva Conventions
170:declaration of war
126:Geneva Conventions
100:Geneva Conventions
85:military chaplains
58:
54:War in Afghanistan
2359:
2358:
2185:international law
2147:Nuremberg Charter
2137:Hague Conventions
2077:
2076:
2059:Three generations
1419:
1418:
1336:
1335:
1022:National Archives
259:protected persons
174:neutral countries
148:Hague Conventions
137:protected persons
116:persons, such as
16:(Redirected from
2379:
2319:Related concepts
2257:
2214:Genocidal intent
2104:
2097:
2090:
2081:
2080:
1831:in Punjab, India
1456:Forced migration
1366:
1365:
1259:
1258:
1254:and philosophies
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459:Article 51.3 of
457:
408:War on Terrorism
372:Nanjing massacre
162:prisoners of war
21:
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2331:Superior orders
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2187:
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2176:
2132:Peremptory norm
2113:
2108:
2078:
2073:
2032:
1861:in South Africa
1851:in Sierra Leone
1846:in Saudi Arabia
1576:in Burkina Faso
1531:in Azad Kashmir
1415:
1357:
1332:
1316:
1285:
1255:
1253:
1246:
1237:Intersex people
1218:
1213:
1163:
1161:Further reading
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290:Airborne forces
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106:who are placed
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2183:Crimes against
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335:(b) taking of
333:
316:While not all
299:hors de combat
276:Article 42 of
271:co-belligerent
242:
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204:United Kingdom
166:hospital ships
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109:hors de combat
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1067:"Vietnam War"
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66:
62:
61:Non-combatant
55:
51:
47:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2172:Rome Statute
1956:in Venezuela
1871:in Sri Lanka
1751:in Lithuania
1676:in Indonesia
1656:in Hong Kong
1651:in Guatemala
1521:in Australia
1511:in Argentina
1362:By continent
1290:Distinctions
1271:Positive law
1216:Human rights
1176:
1172:
1148:. Retrieved
1145:Crime Museum
1144:
1135:
1126:
1098:
1074:. Retrieved
1070:
1061:
1050:. Retrieved
1046:
1037:
1026:. Retrieved
1024:. 2016-08-15
1021:
1012:
981:
970:. Retrieved
966:
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942:
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918:
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898:. Retrieved
894:
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844:. Retrieved
840:
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791:. Retrieved
774:. Retrieved
760:
749:. Retrieved
745:
736:
725:. Retrieved
721:
712:
701:. Retrieved
697:
688:
679:
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659:. Retrieved
655:
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635:. Retrieved
631:
622:
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607:
598:
567:. Retrieved
563:
538:. Retrieved
534:
506:. Retrieved
493:
455:
430:
411:
397:
381:
364:World War II
361:
358:World War II
322:
315:
304:
297:
280:states that
275:
269:country and
244:
224:
201:
197:
193:
182:
151:
134:
118:peacekeepers
107:
92:armed forces
75:to refer to
60:
59:
43:Swedish Army
2003:Persecution
1971:in Zimbabwe
1896:in Thailand
1806:in Pakistan
1761:in Malaysia
1626:in Ethiopia
1586:in Cambodia
1566:in Botswana
1378:Middle East
1276:Sovereignty
1266:Natural law
384:Vietnam War
378:Vietnam War
267:belligerent
225:While some
220:World War I
185:belligerent
89:belligerent
65:term of art
2236:Starvation
2028:War crimes
1961:in Vietnam
1946:in Ukraine
1836:in Romania
1796:in Nigeria
1781:in Myanmar
1776:in Morocco
1766:in Manipur
1741:in Lebanon
1716:in Kashmir
1691:in Ireland
1646:in Germany
1581:in Burundi
1561:in Bolivia
1556:in Belarus
1541:in Bahrain
1526:in Austria
1516:in Armenia
1501:in Algeria
1150:2019-05-02
1076:2019-05-09
1052:2019-05-09
1028:2019-05-09
972:2019-05-03
948:2019-05-03
924:2019-05-03
900:2019-05-03
846:2019-05-07
751:2019-05-07
727:2019-05-07
703:2019-05-07
661:2019-04-30
637:2019-04-30
613:2019-04-30
569:2019-05-03
540:2019-04-30
461:Protocol I
448:References
393:casualties
351:executions
278:Protocol I
104:combatants
96:Protocol I
69:law of war
48:wearing a
2241:War crime
1941:in Uganda
1936:in Turkey
1891:in Taiwan
1826:in Poland
1811:in Panama
1771:in Mexico
1756:in Malawi
1731:in Kuwait
1696:in Israel
1631:in France
1591:in Canada
1571:in Brazil
1506:in Angola
608:codoh.com
418:combatant
414:terrorism
388:civilians
368:Holocaust
347:sentences
294:parachute
286:surrender
231:protected
178:naval war
132:of 1864.
128:with the
77:civilians
50:Red Cross
2366:Category
2209:Genocide
1966:in Yemen
1886:in Syria
1876:in Sudan
1856:in Sindh
1786:in Nepal
1746:in Libya
1726:in Kenya
1711:in Japan
1701:in Italy
1671:in India
1666:in Haiti
1661:in Egypt
1641:in Ghana
1636:in Gabon
1616:in Egypt
1606:in China
1596:in Chile
1461:Genocide
1232:Children
995:cite web
508:30 April
436:See also
426:Al-Qaeda
337:hostages
158:treaties
2119:Sources
2037:Related
2023:Victims
2018:Torture
2013:Slavery
1821:in Peru
1686:in Iraq
1681:in Iran
1611:in Cuba
1407:Oceania
1321:Aspects
1071:HISTORY
943:HISTORY
821:1 April
793:1 April
776:1 April
463:to the
263:neutral
143:History
114:neutral
98:of the
67:in the
2226:Piracy
1998:Murder
1390:Europe
1373:Africa
1227:Humans
870:
785:ICRC.
768:ICRC.
318:states
235:combat
212:Russia
112:; and
1242:Women
987:"404"
590:(PDF)
502:(PDF)
216:Japan
189:spies
63:is a
46:medic
2008:Rape
1383:Asia
1004:help
868:ISBN
823:2014
795:2014
778:2014
510:2019
382:The
245:The
214:and
152:The
83:and
71:and
362:In
122:war
2368::
1177:11
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
