Neutral country - Knowledge

562:(PESCO) in defense at the end of 2017, the EU's activity on military matters has increased. The policy was designed to be inclusive and allows states to opt in or out of specific forms of military cooperation. That has allowed most of the neutral states to participate, but opinions still vary. Some members of the Irish Parliament considered Ireland's joining PESCO as an abandonment of neutrality. It was passed with the government arguing that its opt-in nature allowed Ireland to "join elements of PESCO that were beneficial such as counter-terrorism, cybersecurity and peacekeeping... what we are not going to be doing is buying aircraft carriers and fighter jets". Malta, as of December 2017, is the only neutral state not to participate in PESCO. The Maltese government argued that it was going to wait and see how PESCO develops to see whether it would compromise Maltese neutrality. 1655: 1479: 301: 548: 474: 1069: 1583: 1623: 852: 1382: 1267: 1203: 938: 744: 787: 1431: 1238: 1342: 1306: 1134: 913: 1094: 884: 418:, which is still in effect. In the field of political science, this is the first historical example of armed neutrality, however, scholars like Carl Kulsrud argue that the concept of armed neutrality was introduced even earlier. Within 90 years before the First League of Armed Neutrality was established, neutral powers had joined forces no less than three times. As early as 1613, 284:. The form of recognition varies, often by bilateral treaty (Finland), multilateral treaty (Austria) or a UN declaration (Turkmenistan). These treaties can in some ways be forced on a country (Austria's neutrality was insisted upon by the Soviet Union) but in other cases it is an active policy of the country concerned to respond to a geopolitical situation ( 551:, which obliges states to assist a fellow member that is the victim of armed aggression. It accords "an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in power" but would "not prejudice the specific character of the security and defense policy of certain Member States" (neutral policies), allowing members to respond with non-military aid. Ireland's 198:, or by its own declaration, to be neutral towards the belligerents of all future wars. An example of a permanently neutral power is Switzerland. The concept of neutrality in war is narrowly defined and puts specific constraints on the neutral party in return for the internationally recognized right to remain neutral. 2329:(Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance) was signed in 1948, the Soviets sought to deter Western or Allied Powers from attacking the Soviet Union through Finnish territory, and the Finns sought to increase Finland's political independence from the Soviet Union. The treaty came to an end in 1992. 354:. The Swiss and the Swedes each have a long history of neutrality: they have not been in a state of war internationally since 1815 and 1814, respectively. Switzerland continues to pursue, however, an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. According to 659:

similarly made concessions to Nazi requests as well as to Allied requests. Sweden was also involved in intelligence operations with the Allies, including listening stations in Sweden and espionage in Germany. Spain offered to join the war on the side of Nazi Germany in 1940, allowed Axis ships and

3566:

In its Declaration of Sovereignty (1990), Ukraine declared it had the "intention of becoming a permanently neutral state that does not participate in military blocs and adheres to three nuclear free principles" (art. 9). The 1996 Ukrainian Constitution, based upon the Declaration of Independence of

291:

For the country concerned, the policy is usually codified beyond the treaty itself. Austria and Japan codify their neutrality in their constitutions, but they do so with different levels of detail. Some details of neutrality are left to be interpreted by the government while others are explicitly

259:

vessels may use neutral ports for a maximum of 24 hours, though neutrals may impose different restrictions. Exceptions are to make repairs—only the minimum necessary to put back to sea—or if an opposing belligerent's vessel is already in port, in which case it must have a 24-hour head start. A

308:

Armed neutrality is the posture of a state or group of states that has no alliance with either side of a war but asserts that it will defend itself against resulting incursions from any party, making the benefit to a belligerent of entering the country by force not worth the cost.

219:

state is one that indirectly participates in a war by politically or materially helping one side of the conflict and thus not participating militarily. For example, it may allow its territory to be used for the war effort. Contrary to neutrality, this term is not defined under

414:. The establishment of the First League of Armed Neutrality was viewed by Americans as a mark of Russian friendship and sympathy. This league had a lasting impact of Russian-American relations and the relations of those two powers and Britain. It was also the basis for 6615: 292:

stated; for example, Austria may not host any foreign bases, and Japan cannot participate in foreign wars. Yet Sweden, lacking formal codification, was more flexible during the Second World War in allowing troops to pass through its territory.

489:

missions for the United Nations are seen as intertwined with it. The Swiss electorate rejected a 1994 proposal to join UN peacekeeping operations. Despite this, 23 Swiss observers and police have been deployed around the world in UN projects.

346:, which was invented in the late 18th century but has since been used only to refer to countries' neutralities. Sweden and Switzerland are independently of each other famed for their armed neutralities, which they maintained throughout both 2399:

exercised its sovereignty after the fall of Denmark in 1940, and declared its neutrality. The United States became a protecting power over the island to ward off Axis invasion, and Greenland later joined the war alongside the U.S. in

4693: 183:. Although countries have historically often declared themselves as neutral at the outbreak of war, there is no obligation for them to do so. The rights and duties of a neutral power are defined in sections 5 and 13 of the 2560:

declared its neutrality in 1940 after the fall of Denmark, but was thereafter invaded and occupied by British troops. The government later requested the United States assume the role of its defense for the duration of the

251:

may not be transported across neutral territory, but the wounded may be. A neutral power may supply communication facilities to belligerents, but not war materiel, although it need not prevent export of such materiel.

539:

For example, Ireland, which sought guarantees for its neutrality in EU treaties, argues that its neutrality does not mean that Ireland should avoid engagement in international affairs such as peacekeeping operations.

3506:

Tonga retained its sovereignty while a protectorate of the United Kingdom. It declared war on the Axis in 1939 and 1941, respectively. Since the end of the war, Tongan forces have participated minimally in foreign

2428:

The confederation never made peace with Germany following the end of World War I. They subsequently issued a second war declaration in 1942 following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States joining the

5083: 1684:

was pledged to perpetual neutrality in international relations and to abstention from mediation in a controversy unless specifically requested by all parties" thus making Vatican City neutral since then.

579:"Neutrality is a negative word. It does not express what America ought to feel. We are not trying to keep out of trouble; we are trying to preserve the foundations on which peace may be rebuilt.” 361:

In contrast, some neutral states may heavily reduce their military and use it for the express purpose of home defense and the maintenance of their neutrality, while other neutral states may

208:

position wherein a state intends to remain neutral in future wars. A sovereign state that reserves the right to become a belligerent if attacked by a party to the war is in a condition of

6167: 2794:

Declared its neutrality again in 1939 at the start of the Second World War, but granted Allied forces early access to its territory. Liberia served as one of the Allies' only sources of

276:

Neutrality has been recognised in different ways, and sometimes involves a formal guarantor. For example, Switzerland and Belgium's neutrality was recognized by the signatories of the

1289:

announced at the United Nations General Assembly that Mongolia would implement a "policy of permanent neutrality," and called on the international community to recognise this policy.

323:

Armed neutrality is a term used in international politics for the attitude of a state or group of states that makes no alliance with either side in a war. It is the condition of a

999:

Conversely, had Ireland been invaded, the United Kingdom had drawn up secret plans to invade Ireland in collaboration with the Irish Government to push Germany back out, known as

316:

Military preparedness without commitment, especially as the expressed policy of a neutral nation in wartime, and the readiness to counter with force an invasion of rights by any

652:, making it possible for British planes to attack German U-boats in the mid-Atlantic. On the other hand, both Axis and Allied pilots who crash landed in Ireland were interned. 6136: 502:

of whether some states are as neutral as they claim has been questioned in some circles, although this depends largely on a state's interpretation of its form of neutrality.

686:

that allowed the US to provide military aid to the allies, despite opposition from non-interventionist members. The "Cash and carry" program was replaced in March 1941 by

5909: 992:

After the war, it was discovered that Germany had drawn up plans to invade Ireland in order to use the country for launching attacks into the United Kingdom, known as

4711: 4694:"Entrevista a Enric Melich Gutiérrez, maquis de la resistència francesa, passador de jueus i clandestins, activista anarquista, llibreter i sindicalista – En contra" 4356: 5075: 3468: 664:

to aid the Nazi war effort. Portugal officially stayed neutral, but actively supported both the Allies by providing overseas naval bases, and Germany by selling

5186: 5521: 5488: 6200: 5877: 6621:

The British Government's note affirming its neutrlality in the French-Prussian War of 1871, and answering Prussian allegations of a hidden pro-French bias

3567:

24 August 1991, contained the basic principles of non-coalition and future neutrality. Such policy of state non-alignment was re-confirmed by law in 2010.

6426:

Bemis, Samuel. "The United States and the Abortive Armed Neutrality of 1794. In "The American Historical Review, Vol. 24, No. 1 (October 1918), pp. 26-47

4546: 713: 5036: 3769:

followed an isolationist foreign policy. It had previously formed an alliance with Italy in 1936, yet it remained neutral for the duration of the war.

1514:

Self-imposed, permanent, and armed, designed to ensure external security. Because of that, it is the most globally known example of a neutral country.

3423:

Following liberation by Allied forces, Thailand would remain in the camp of the anti-communist Western military bloc, sending troops to fight in the

2684: 4741: 724:

Some countries may occasionally claim to be "neutral" but not comply with the internationally agreed upon definition of neutrality as listed above.

4830: 1879: 1504: 5142: 3709: 3582: 2068: 2011: 1829: 2707:

with the help of the United States among other anti-communist countries. Laos's neutrality can therefore be described as a "false neutrality".

6829: 6565: 3038:

during the Civil War. The U.S. government required the tribes to abolish slavery in exchange for a renewed recognition of their independence.

5275: 3988:"The Avalon Project - Laws of War : Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land (Hague V); October 18, 1907" 6159: 6022: 2270: 3958:

Stephen Neff: "Three-Fold Struggle over Neutrality: The American Experience in the 1930s" In: Pascal Lottaz/Herbert R. Reginbogin (eds.):

6324: 511: 6786: 1638:

In 2012, the law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On approval of the Concept of foreign policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan" was adopted.

6626: 6350: 3020: 1043: 712:

Equally, Vatican City made various diplomatic concessions to the Axis and Allied powers alike, while still keeping to the rules of the

6457:

Fenwick, Charles. "The Status of Armed Neutrality." The American Political Science Review, Vol. 11, No. 2 (May 1917), pp. 388–389

6491:

Kulsrud, Carl J. "Armed Neutrality to 1870." The American Journal of International Law. Vol. 29, No. 3 (July 1935), pp. 423–447

636:

Their fulfillment to the letter of the rules of neutrality has been questioned: Ireland supplied important secret information to the

6592: 2260: 6126: 5109: 3826: 1565:

Switzerland has no law that allows it to impose sanctions by itself, it can only adopt sanctions from the UN Security Council, the

140: 5603: 5459: 693:

Sweden also made concessions to the German Reich during the war to maintain its neutrality, the biggest concession was to let the

6804: 6683: 5942: 3912: 3652: 3528: 1521:

re-established Switzerland and its permanent neutrality was guaranteed by France, Prussia, Russia, the United Kingdom and others.

53: 5585: 6572:

The Armed Neutralities of 1780 and 1800: A Collection of Official Documents Preceded by the Views of Representative Publicists.

5653: 4528: 4456:

The Armed Neutralities of 1780 and 1800: A Collection of Official Documents Preceded by the Views of Representative Publicists,

4373:

The Armed Neutralities of 1780 and 1800: A Collection of Official Documents Preceded by the Views of Representative Publicists,

2924: 2333: 362: 5899: 5367: 4970: 4948: 426:

joined powers to continue their maritime exploration without the commitment of being involved in wartime struggles on the sea.

6274: 5992: 5787: 5413: 4883: 4665: 4171: 3943: 3287: 5750: 2266: 2150: 960: 324: 304:

Switzerland is a prominent example of a country outside of any military alliance, but maintaining a strong deterrent force.

285: 247:. Belligerent armies may not recruit neutral citizens, but they may go abroad to enlist. Belligerent armies' personnel and 6460:

Hayes, Carlton. "Armed Neutrality with a Purpose." In "The Advocate of Peace." Vol. 79, No. 3 (March 1917), pp. 74–77

6387: 6375: 5219: 4719: 1531:; in what the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation described as the nation's "first military deployment since 1815." During the 6740: 4006:"The Avalon Project - Laws of War : Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War (Hague XIII); October 18, 1907" 3364:

Recognized by the U.S. and European powers, Texas remained neutral in international disuputes during its short existence.

3303: 2450: 694: 280:, Austria has its neutrality guaranteed by its four former occupying powers, and Finland by the Soviet Union during the 88:

holds to "armed neutrality", to deter aggression with a sizeable military, while barring itself from foreign deployment.

4485: 4303:

Leos Müller: "The Forgotten History of Maritime Neutrality, 1500-1800". In: Pascal Lottaz/Herbert R. Reginbogin (eds.):

1414:

in 1944, the Sammarinese government declared war on the Axis, and joined with British forces in Italy to drive them out.

6510: 5321: 5253: 4814: 4626:: "The Vatican, World War II, and Asia: Lessons of Neutral Diplomacy", In: Pascal Lottaz/Herbert R. Reginbogin (eds.): 3882: 3299: 1528: 571: 533: 236:

may not invade neutral territory, and a neutral power's resisting any such attempt does not compromise its neutrality.

184: 5430: 4235: 3247:

Sweden has not been part of a war since 1814. This makes Sweden the nation which has had the longest period of peace.

6586: 6548: 6534: 6486: 6472: 6452: 6438: 5229: 3872: 3630: 3623: 2467: 2461: 2378: 1875: 1498: 430: 57: 5193: 5005: 449:. It occurred during 1800 and 1801. The idea of this second league was to protect neutral shipping from the British 179:

which refrains from joining either side of the conflict and adheres to the principle of the Law of Neutrality under

5559: 4334: 4216: 1670: 1555: 559: 399: 335: 132: 6249: 5628: 5873: 5838: 3358: 3295: 2824: 2740: 2692: 2186: 2157: 2061: 1559: 648:, some of it supplied by Ireland but kept from Germany. Ireland also secretly allowed Allied aircraft to use the 111:'s traditional policy was not to participate in military alliances, with the intention of staying neutral in the 5539: 1524:

Swiss neutrality was so rigorously defended that the country refused even to join the United Nations until 2002.

6824: 4666:"Exili i evasions al Principat d'Andorra durant la Guerra Civil Espanyola i la Segona Guerra Mundial 1936-1945" 3897: 3877: 3762: 3125:

While neutral throughout World War II, Portugal became non-belligerent towards the Allies, as evidenced in the

2492: 453:. However, Britain took this as the alliance taking up sides with France, and attacked Denmark leading to the 5431:"PRESS STATEMENT : EU facilitated dialogue: Agreement on Regional Cooperation and IBM technical protocol" 6759: 6223: 3739: 3413: 3371:

in the Civil War, but Houston was overthrown in a coup d'etat and replaced with a pro-Confederate government.

3035: 2595: 1886: 1799: 1225: 683: 716:. The Holy See has been criticized—but largely exonerated later—for its silence on moral issues of the war. 6814: 6097: 5811: 5704: 3126: 3119: 2538: 2498: 2256: 2055: 2004: 6515:

Marabello, Thomas Quinn (2023). "Challenges to Swiss Democracy: Neutrality, Napoleon, & Nationalism,"

5390:"A Timeline of Diplomatic Ruptures, Unannounced Invasions, Declarations of War, Armistices and Surrenders" 4777: 6819: 6292: 4752: 3695: 2828: 2744: 2542: 2248: 2190: 1466: 454: 6620: 457:(1801) and the taking of Copenhagen by the British. The alliance was forced to withdraw from the league. 330:

Armed neutrality makes a seemingly-neutral state take up arms for protection to maintain its neutrality.

4834: 4640: 3796: 3462: 3239: 3229: 2355: 2319: 1458: 1447: 485:

For many states, such as Ireland, neutrality does not mean the absence of any foreign interventionism.

411: 158:

There have been considerable changes to the interpretation of neutral conduct over the past centuries.

6645: 4160:

China and Eurasian powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace

3811: 268:

of a neutral power must be surrendered by the belligerent to the neutral, which must intern its crew.

3321: 3170: 2963: 2791:

Liberia declared its neutrality in 1914, later joining after pressure from the United States in 1917.

2550: 2390: 1182: 993: 806: 798: 679: 434: 6401: 4511: 6021:

Aditi Sangal; Adrienne Vogt; Rhea Mogul; Lianne Kolirin; Sana Noor Haq; Matias Grez (17 May 2022).

3496: 3399: 3166: 2913: 672: 377:

replaced their standing army with a military guarantee from a stronger power or participation in a

5282: 2785: 2649: 2546: 1867: 1362: 964: 813: 552: 327:

power during a war to hold itself ready to resist by force, any aggression of either belligerent.

44:

or holds itself as permanently neutral in all future conflicts (including avoiding entering into

5132: 3933: 3810:

was forced to declare its neutrality between the Axis and Western powers. However, following an

3250:

Has adapted policy to protect its interests. During the Finnish Civil War, Sweden intervened on

4991: 4778:"L'Andorra "fosca " i l'Andorra "generosa " durant la Segona Guerra Mundial Claudi Benet i Mas" 3841: 3815: 3656: 2781: 2630: 2315: 971: 868: 637: 606: 499: 407: 100: 6702: 6525:

Murdoch, James C. and Sandler, Todd. "Swedish Military Expenditures and Armed Neutrality." In

6328: 5705:"Overview of U.S. Policy Toward South America and the President's Upcoming Trip to the Region" 5503: 3829:

became a buffer zone between the Soviet bloc and the West. Insisting in its neutrality in the

3644:

However, it declared war on Germany during World War I in 1917 following the series of German

3465:

under the rule of the Dalai Lama, Tibet was internationally recognized as a province of China.

3045:

power and significantly reduced Oklahoma's independence in the following decades. A series of

419: 6809: 6664: 5482: 3807: 3702: 3649: 3452: 3095: 3050: 3031: 2920: 2906: 2645: 1532: 1358: 1286: 1167: 817: 6560:

Petropoulos, Jonathan, "Co-Opting Nazi Germany: Neutrality in Europe During World War II."

4320:

1990, p. 117; Murdoch and Sandler, "Swedish Military Expenditures and Armed Neutrality," in

4260: 3840:

While maintaining its neutrality, Yugoslavia did diplomatically support South Korea and the

1186: 1185:

in the early 2000s, Mexico ignored the previous neutrality policy under foreign secretaries

6520: 5389: 3834: 3500: 3263: 2931: 2711: 2605: 2414: 2269:

was signed in 1920 and expiration in 1939, treaty confirmed the border between Finland and

2222: 2106: 2086: 2025: 1974: 1949: 1871: 1739: 1688: 1642: 1610: 1508: 1397: 1369: 1329: 1293: 369:). However, the lack of a military does not always result in neutrality: Countries such as 195: 152: 6780: 5779:

The Official History of the Falklands Campaign, Volume 1: The Origins of the Falklands War

3034:

which governed Oklahoma remained neutral towards external affairs, before siding with the

2798:

during the war when the plantations of Southeast Asia had been taken over by the Japanese.

1282:

Mongolia was neutral during World War I, but became a belligerent country in World War II.

358:, "To be neutral you must be ready to be highly militarized, like Switzerland or Sweden." 8: 6131: 4426: 3892: 3558: 3314: 3191: 2475: 2442: 2348: 2293: 2090: 2075: 1836: 1218: 1190: 1056: 943: 760: 602: 525: 378: 343: 96: 3492: 766:

Neutral during World War I and World War II. While serving as a smuggling route between

6492: 6056: 5935:[Finland sends arms to Ukraine - Prime minister Marin: "Historical decision"]. 5855: 4930: 4394: 3902: 3225: 3176: 3054: 2557: 2471: 2456:

The Kingdom of Hawaii remained neutral for much of its existence, including during the

1518: 974:

by secretly sharing intelligence and weather reports as well as by repatriating downed

706: 461: 438: 277: 265: 5964: 5932: 5349: 4282: 4005: 3987: 1941:

in 1910, which delegated its foreign relations to the United Kingdom, Bhutan became a

828:

and guaranteed by the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom and France).

6721: 6616:

Declaration for the Purpose of establishing Similar Rules of Neutrality, with Annexes

6582: 6544: 6530: 6506: 6482: 6468: 6448: 6434: 5969: 5937: 5859: 5783: 5726: 5225: 4810: 4413: 4177: 4167: 3939: 3822: 3634: 3338: 3298:

during the Bosnian War (1992–1995). Swedish military forces also participated in the

3071: 2696: 2274: 1938: 1893: 1810: 1809:, even though it was disrupted by the threat of economic sanctions, expulsion of the 1603: 423: 221: 180: 68:

from belligerent actions to a greater extent than other non-combatants such as enemy

45: 5657: 5105: 3416:

on 8 December 1941, which led to an armistice and military alliance treaty with the

831:

The constitution prohibits military alliances and foreign military bases in Austria.

697:

to be transferred from Norway to Finland by Swedish trains, to aid the Finns in the

660:

submarines to use its ports, imported war materials for Germany, and sent a Spanish

5933:"Suomi lähettää aseita Ukrainalle – Pääministeri Marin: "Päätös on historiallinen"" 5847: 5732: 5470: 5164: 4922: 4623: 3344: 3014: 2997: 2436: 2311: 2307: 2207: 1806: 1494: 1149: 1023: 953: 825: 702: 698: 649: 355: 339: 209: 120: 81: 5410: 5308:"Why Mongolia wants to "permanently neutral" can be authorized for an observation" 5221:

The Peacetime Use of Foreign Military Installations Under Modern International Law

3190:

While neutral throughout World War I and World War II, Spain did lean towards the

6306: 6098:"Hawaiian Neutrality: From the Crimean Conflict through the Spanish-American War" 6020: 5777: 5417: 4490: 4395:

cards/the-first-league-of-armed-neutrality "The First League of Armed Neutrality"

4240:. Vol. 11 (War and Neutrality). London. New York and Bombay: Longmans, Green 3887: 3417: 3406: 3180: 3077: 2638: 1171: 1163: 975: 610: 244: 216: 176: 124: 73: 33: 6390:

by Sandra Bott, Jussi M. Hanhimaki, Janick Schaufelbuehl and Marco Wyss, page 74

6579:

That Neutral Island: A Cultural History of Ireland During the Second World War.

4856: 4571: 3803: 3350: 3283: 3184: 3085: 2819:

Declared its neutrality 1939, but was thereafter forced to allow troops of the

2735:

Declared its neutrality 1938, but was thereafter forced to allow troops of the

2514: 2288: 2181:

Declared its neutrality 1938, but was thereafter forced to allow troops of the

2126: 1907: 1677: 1599: 1570: 1547: 1418: 1254: 1156: 1016: 982: 774: 585: 517: 446: 205: 104: 20: 6388:

Neutrality and Neutralism in the Global Cold War: Between or Within the Blocs?

5736: 5322:"TREATY CONCERNING THE PERMANENT NEUTRALITY AND OPERATION OF THE PANAMA CANAL" 4181: 3806:

committed to it until its dissolution in 1938, after much German pressure the

2601:

Occupied by the Allies in 1941, subsequently declared war on the Axis in 1943.

1022:

Was clear that NATO would defend Ireland in the event of war, in part because

770:

and Spain, Andorra made concessions to both sides to maintain its sovereignty.

300: 19:"Neutral nation" redirects here. For the North American indigenous group, see 6798: 5680:"ОБ ОСНОВНЫХ ПРИНЦИПАХ ВНЕШНЕПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАН" 3788: 3603: 3586: 3282:

Has nevertheless deployed combat troops to military conflicts overseas under

3195: 2634: 2301: 2018: 1818: 1760: 1536: 1175: 1074: 661: 622: 544: 478: 415: 366: 61: 5967:[Prime Minister Marin: Finland will send more arms aid to Ukraine]. 4547:"Malta to 'wait and see' before deciding on PESCO defence pact, Muscat says" 3589:, Ukraine's parliament voted to drop non-aligned status on 23 December 2014. 2691:

on 23 July 1962, by 14 nations, including the five permanent members of the

76:. Different countries interpret their neutrality differently: some, such as 5307: 3867: 3862: 3782: 3753: 3731: 3687: 3615: 3535: 3520: 3484: 3444: 3391: 3291: 3158: 3111: 2989: 2947: 2898: 2866: 2857: 2820: 2811: 2773: 2736: 2727: 2587: 2575: 2530: 2382: 2282: 2182: 2173: 2142: 2110: 2047: 1996: 1929: 1858: 1814: 1791: 1730: 1660: 1588: 1411: 1322: 986: 985:

attempted to invade Ireland, but would take the British side if invaded by

821: 767: 676: 656: 626: 594: 486: 351: 148: 144: 116: 6665:"NationStates • View topic - The League of Armed Neutrality (FT alliance)" 6193:[This is the weapon Sweden sends to Ukraine: "Will give effect"]. 5851: 5474: 1539:

was given permission to use Swiss airspace for surveillance missions over

6195: 5836:

Coleman, B. L. (October 2005). "The Colombian Army in Korea, 1950–1954".

5076:"Ireland to fund provision of non-lethal equipment to Ukrainian military" 5013: 3907: 3725: 3609: 3428: 3368: 3152: 2941: 2892: 2851: 2767: 2675: 2621: 2581: 2457: 2420: 2213: 2136: 2041: 1990: 1965: 1923: 1852: 1822: 1785: 1754: 1724: 1718: 1484: 1404: 645: 618: 347: 317: 261: 233: 112: 85: 37: 6060: 6048: 1558:. Switzerland has previously only put in place sanctions created by the 1461:, but also due to the ensuing secession of and territorial dispute with 1193:. Whether historical neutrality is to be kept is now internally debated. 1012:

but did not wish to be in an alliance that included the United Kingdom.

675:

of 1936 not to sell war materials to belligerents. Once war broke out,

473: 91:

Not all neutral countries avoid any foreign deployment or alliances, as

6496: 5106:"Ireland will not contribute to provision of lethal weapons to Ukraine" 3845: 3776: 3638: 3424: 3375: 3061: 3042: 2845: 2704: 2482: 2326: 2297: 2278: 2238: 2079: 1628: 1598:

Declared its complete neutrality and had it formally recognized by the

1454: 1410:

Declared its neutrality again in 1939, but following its occupation by

1387: 857: 687: 450: 370: 240: 128: 77: 65: 6760:"Wilson's First Warning to the Germans - World War I Document Archive" 6378:

by Wayne S. Vucinich and Jozo Tomasevich, Stanford University, page 64

6190: 6083:

The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee: Native America from 1890 to the Present

5900:"Finland Sends Defence Material to Ukraine, Considers Sending Weapons" 4934: 4910: 460:

A potential Third League of Armed Neutrality was discussed during the

6529:

Keith Hartley and Todd Sandler, eds. Florence, Ky.: Routledge, 1990.

5544: 4163: 3719: 3409:, Thailand officially adopted a neutral position during World War II. 3255: 2805: 2629:

Declared neutrality at the beginning of World War I despite being in

2396: 2372: 1779: 1162:

Opened its borders in the 20th century to political refugees fleeing

6129:[Done:Sweden sends weapons and protection gear to Ukraine]. 5965:"Pääministeri Marin: Suomi lähettää lisää aseellista apua Ukrainaan" 5137: 5037:"How Blacksod lighthouse changed the course of the Second World War" 123:

stated their neutrality, but Sweden changed its position to that of

6465:

Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913.

5931:

Luukka, Teemu; Huhtanen, Jarmo; Muhonen, Helmi (28 February 2022).

5586:"Neutral Swiss join EU sanctions against Russia in break with past" 4926: 4381:

Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913,

4275: 3830: 3660: 3571: 3385: 3307: 3105: 3046: 2244: 2035: 1959: 1272: 900: 665: 630: 536:, the extent to which they are, or should be, neutral is debated. 281: 248: 136: 69: 4590: 3251: 1361:, Rwanda announced permanent neutrality in 2009 after joining the 520:

that still describe themselves as a neutral country in some form:

64:

status, nationals of neutral countries enjoy protection under the

6779: 6325:"Розвиток особливого партнерства України з НАТО - Україна - НАТО" 5904: 5728:

The Wangchuk Dynasty: 100 Years of Enlightened Monarchy in Bhutan

3681: 3648:

attacks on American merchant ships supplying war material to the

3552: 3259: 2761: 2524: 2232: 2167: 2100: 1846: 1748: 1457:

that is not seeking NATO membership, having been the target of a

1208: 1155:

Policy of neutrality since 1930, formulated by foreign secretary

1052: 792: 749: 598: 521: 442: 374: 228: 92: 6191:"Här är vapnet Sverige skickar till Ukraina: "Kommer ge effekt"" 6127:"Klart: Sverige skickar vapen och skyddsutrustning till Ukraina" 5993:"Finland to provide more defence materiel assistance to Ukraine" 3655:

and declared war on Japan in World War II in 1941 following the

2261:

Finland-Russia relations § Finnish NATO membership question

655:

Sweden and Switzerland, surrounded by possessions and allies of

6445:

The Missing link: West European Neutrals and Regional Security.

5679: 5460:"Serbia's Military Neutrality: origins, effects and challenges" 4318:

The Missing link: West European Neutrals and Regional Security,

3664: 3645: 3514: 3215: 2983: 2956: 2795: 2721: 2688: 1917: 1551: 1462: 1436: 1347: 1311: 1243: 1139: 1046:

due to its views on the use of force in international politics.

1000: 981:

It was believed that Ireland would take the German side if the

614: 108: 16:

State which is neutral towards belligerents in a given conflict

4517:. Federal Administration admin.ch. Retrieved 22 December 2013. 719: 334:

The term derives from the historic maritime neutrality of the

6741:"The Neutrality Act of 1937 . FDR . WGBH American Experience" 6376:

Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment

5368:"Neutral countries in the world in 2020: ideology and status" 4971:"Neutral countries in the world in 2020: ideology and status" 4949:"Neutral countries in the world in 2020: ideology and status" 4712:"La cruïlla andorrana de 1933: la revolució de la modernitat" 3766: 3747: 3478: 3438: 3146: 2886: 2615: 1984: 1813:

and a very likely invasion out of suspicion of alliance with

1527:

However, the Swiss Armed Forces participated in the U.S.-led

1110: 1109:

Policy of neutrality since 1980, guaranteed in a treaty with

1099: 918: 889: 641: 529: 403: 256: 5782:. Government Official History Series. Taylor & Francis. 3637:, the U.S. declared its neutrality at the beginning of both 1892:

Neutrality abolished again after World War II following the

597:. However, of the European states closest to the war, only 243:

belligerent troops who reach its territory, but not escaped

6595:. The History Channel website. 2014. Event occurs at 10:51 6527:

The Economics of Defence Spending: An International Survey.

5604:"Eigenständige Schweizer Sanktionen sind vorerst vom Tisch" 4884:"Costa Rica prohíbe por ley participar en cualquier guerra" 4253: 3671: 3593: 3575: 3542: 3328: 3202: 3133: 3004: 2970: 2873: 2835: 2751: 2700: 2669: 2656: 2565: 2507: 2404: 2362: 2197: 2119: 1900: 1769: 1681: 1566: 1540: 1009: 386: 382: 49: 6593:"Woodrow Wilson asks U.S. Congress for declaration of war" 5522:"Switzerland 'regrets' US sanctions against ICC employees" 4327: 143:

claimed military and ideological neutrality from both the

3833:, Yugoslavia became a founder and a leading force of the 3574:. Ukraine provided the third-largest number of forces in 3570:

However, the Ukrainian army participated in the U.S.-led

3235:

First nation in the world to declare neutrality in 1814.

2314:. The final peace treaty between Finland and many of the 671:

The United States was initially neutral and bound by the

172: 131:. Sweden would uphold its policy of neutrality until the 41: 6521:

https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss2/5

5133:"Ireland 'constructively abstains' from EU arms package" 2648:

in exchange for territorial cessions through the secret

6160:"Neutral countries support Ukraine against Russian war" 4915:

The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science

5812:"Colombia's legacy with Korea | The City Paper Bogotá" 4529:"Neutrality - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade" 5930: 4357:"Edwin Reischauer, Diplomat and Scholar, Dies at 79," 3848:, accusing the Soviet Union of starting the conflict. 2955:

Self-imposed neutrality between 1839 and 1940 on the

1699: 970:

Despite this policy, Ireland made concessions to the

3974:

The Rights and Duties of Neutrals: A General History

690:, effectively ending the US pretense of neutrality. 4992:

Neutrality in the 21st century - Lessons for Serbia

593:Many countries made neutrality declarations during 6581:Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007. 5300: 4478: 1885:Proclaimed neutrality in October 1936 and severed 1602:on 12 December 1995. This date is designated as a 555:prohibits participating in such a common defence. 365:altogether (examples of states doing this include 6790:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp. 441–450. 6543:Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2006. 6467:2d ed. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009. 5731:. The Centre for Bhutan Studies. pp. 35–37. 5487:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 4630:, Lanham (MD): Lexington Books 2019, pp. 215-238. 2865:Neutral stance since 1839, abolished through its 2685:International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos 565: 6796: 6443:Bissell, Richard E. and Gasteyger, Curt Walter. 6433:Alcester, Warwickshire, U.K.: READ BOOKS, 2007. 6351:"Рада закріпила в Конституції курс на ЄС і НАТО" 6046: 5560:"Switzerland adopts EU sanctions against Russia" 5224:. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff. pp. 99–100. 3931: 3313:Has provided military aid to Ukraine during the 3266:, while also protecting refugees from the Nazis. 2347:Has provided military aid to Ukraine during the 6182: 6095: 5874:"El Salvador withdraws last soldiers from Iraq" 4804: 4601: 4158:Gärtner, Heinz (2023). "Great Power Conflict". 1505:Aerial incidents in Switzerland in World War II 682:persuaded Congress to replace the act with the 271: 6023:"Sweden signs application for NATO membership" 4572:"The WWII camp where Allies and Germans mixed" 4211: 2017:Provided aid to the United Kingdom during the 644:was decided on the basis of incoming Atlantic 392: 229:Rights and responsibilities of a neutral power 6722:"Armed Neutrality Law & Legal Definition" 6501:Lottaz, Pascal/Reginbogin, Herbert R. (eds.) 6157: 5350:"Rwanda becomes a member of the Commonwealth" 5064:Lilliput Press; Rev. ed edition, 1989. p. 223 4607: 4440:Kulsrud, Carl J. "Armed Neutrality to 1780". 4307:, Lanham (MD): Lexington Books 2019, pp.67-86 4283:"Armed Neutrality Law & Legal Definition" 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 3592:In 2017 Ukraine enshrined the desire to join 2674:1955–1975 (ostensibly neutral throughout the 2310:was signed on 19 September 1944, ending the 2304:took effect on 13 March 1940 to 24 June 1941. 1042:Was granted a special acknowledgement in the 3962:, Lanham (MD): Lexington Books 2019, pp.3-28 3932:Lottaz, Pascal; Reginbogin, Herbert (2019). 3320:Abandoned neutrality in favor of becoming a 2470:in a U.S.-backed coup d'état, replaced by a 2354:Abandoned neutrality in favor of becoming a 1821:to persuade Argentina to declare war to the 1680:signed in 1929 with Italy imposed that "The 6447:Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1990. 6402:"Europe's Détente and Yugoslavia's Decline" 5342: 4486:"Protecting neutrality in a militarised EU" 1546:The Swiss adopted sanctions imposed by the 720:List of countries proclaiming to be neutral 512:Neutral member states in the European Union 6250:"Ukraine's Neutrality: A Myth or Reality?" 5540:"US allowed limited use of Swiss airspace" 5411:Enclosed by NATO, Serbia ponders next move 5251: 5034: 4881: 4823: 4188: 3976:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 2644:Later renounced neutrality and joined the 2285:. The treaty was signed in Tartu, Estonia. 1044:Seville Declarations on the Treaty of Nice 6275:"Ukraine Parliament Ok's neutrality bill" 6224:"Sverige skickar fler vapen till Ukraina" 6188: 6158:Binnur Donmez, Beyza (28 February 2022). 5276:"Constitution of the Republic of Moldova" 5217: 5073: 4610:World War II: The Axis Assault, 1939-1940 4233: 6574:New York: Oxford University Press, 1918. 6517:Swiss American Historical Society Review 6124: 5775: 5654:"Turkmenistan celebrates Neutrality Day" 4807:Nova aproximació a la història d'Andorra 4608:Brinkley, Douglas; Rubel, David (2003). 3657:Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor 1805:Declared neutrality at the start of the 472: 433:was an effort to revive this during the 299: 6777: 5876:. The Jerusalem Post. 7 February 2009. 5835: 5809: 5583: 5501: 5467:Croatian International Relations Review 4997: 4911:"Ghana, the West, and the Soviet Union" 4770: 4512:International peace-keeping operations. 4157: 3913:Neutral and Non-Aligned European States 3818:and subsequently carved up by the Axis. 2407:member since 1949 as a part of Denmark. 1790:1939–1945 (attempted neutrality during 1453:Serbia is the only state in the former 1285:In September 2015, Mongolian President 410:to protect neutral shipping during the 194:is a sovereign state which is bound by 6797: 6684:"The First League of Armed Neutrality" 6555:International Law: War and Neutrality. 6307:"Ukraine votes to drop neutral status" 6221: 6125:Storkaas, Adelina (28 February 2022). 6080: 5751:"Chile admits helping UK in Falklands" 5130: 4908: 4833:. World Desk Reference. Archived from 4335:"Switzerland - Knowledge Encyclopedia" 3469:Invaded and annexed by Communist China 3254:. In World War II it allowed the Nazi 2497:1956 (attempted neutrality during the 1759:1968 (attempted neutrality during the 264:ship captured by a belligerent in the 6399: 6293:"Ukrainians complete mission in Iraq" 6203:from the original on 28 February 2022 6189:Ruderstam, Jacob (27 February 2022). 6170:from the original on 28 February 2022 6139:from the original on 28 February 2022 6016: 6014: 5945:from the original on 28 February 2022 5880:from the original on 22 December 2015 5724: 5584:Shields, Michael (28 February 2022). 5457: 5254:"Adiós a la neutralidad - La Jornada" 5145:from the original on 27 February 2022 5112:from the original on 28 February 2022 5086:from the original on 27 February 2022 5074:Gallagher, Conor (27 February 2022). 4515:Federal Department of Foreign Affairs 4442:American Journal of International Law 6830:Neutrality (international relations) 6505:Lanham (MD): Lexington Books, 2019. 5629:"A/RES/50/80; U.N. General Assembly" 3971: 2296:was signed in 1940, which ended the 2151:Military dictatorship in El Salvador 701:. The decision caused a political " 103:and a political alliance within the 5167:. United States Department of State 5062:Neutral Ireland and the Third Reich 4526: 4439: 4392: 4151: 3529:German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship 3304:2011 military intervention in Libya 3276: 2341: 1121: 1036: 959:Established a policy of neutrality 839: 532:. With the development of the EU's 493: 342:and Russia under the leadership of 295: 13: 6049:"Native Americans in World War II" 6011: 5621: 5131:Murphy, David (27 February 2022). 4612:. USA: MacMillan. pp. 99–106. 4322:The Economics of Defence Spending, 3883:Neutral powers during World War II 3534:Signed a non-aggression pact with 3055:U.S.-backed territorial government 2827:by it 1940 in accordance with the 2743:by it 1940 in accordance with the 2189:by it 1940 in accordance with the 1700:List of formerly neutral countries 1450:declared armed neutrality in 2007. 572:Neutral powers during World War II 534:Common Security and Defence Policy 14: 6841: 6609: 6081:Treuer, David (22 January 2019). 5912:from the original on 8 March 2022 5810:Saldaña, Juliana (2 April 2013). 5003: 3624:United States non-interventionism 3277:points of debate § European Union 3258:passage through its territory to 2342:points of debate § European Union 1499:Switzerland during the World Wars 1228:proclaims "permanent neutrality". 1122:points of debate § European Union 1037:points of debate § European Union 840:points of debate § European Union 505: 431:Second League of Armed Neutrality 6541:Ireland and the Global Question. 6519:, Vol. 59: No. 2. Available at: 6481:Florence, Ky.: Routledge, 1988. 6393: 6381: 6369: 6343: 6317: 6299: 6285: 6267: 6242: 6215: 6151: 6118: 5504:"Switzerland decides to join UN" 5370:. institut-ega.org. 30 June 2020 5310:. Tencent News. 22 October 2015. 5165:"Background Note: Liechtenstein" 4973:. institut-ega.org. 30 June 2020 4951:. institut-ega.org. 30 June 2020 4588: 4527:Affairs, Department of Foreign. 3802:Although founding member of the 2927:civil wars under UN supervision. 2267:Treaty of Tartu (Finland–Russia) 2249:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 1671:Vatican City during World War II 1653: 1621: 1581: 1477: 1429: 1380: 1340: 1325:is enshrined by specific treaty. 1304: 1265: 1236: 1201: 1132: 1092: 1067: 936: 911: 903:, officially neutral since 2012. 899:Attempted neutrality during the 882: 850: 785: 742: 575: 560:Permanent Structured Cooperation 477:Irish units on UN patrol in the 400:First League of Armed Neutrality 336:First League of Armed Neutrality 133:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 6420: 6357:(in Ukrainian). 7 February 2019 6327:. 12 April 2019. Archived from 6089: 6074: 6040: 5985: 5957: 5924: 5892: 5866: 5839:The Journal of Military History 5829: 5803: 5769: 5743: 5718: 5697: 5672: 5646: 5596: 5577: 5552: 5532: 5514: 5495: 5451: 5423: 5404: 5382: 5360: 5314: 5268: 5245: 5211: 5179: 5157: 5124: 5098: 5067: 5054: 5028: 4985: 4963: 4941: 4902: 4875: 4849: 4805:Guillamet Anton, Jordi (2009). 4798: 4734: 4704: 4686: 4658: 4633: 4616: 4582: 4564: 4539: 4520: 4505: 4465: 4448: 4433: 4386: 4365: 4349: 4310: 4297: 4227: 4142: 4133: 4124: 4115: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4079: 4070: 4061: 4052: 3705:civil war under UN supervision. 3359:Texas in the American Civil War 2693:United Nations Security Council 2451:Hawaiian rebellions (1887–1895) 2062:List of wars involving Colombia 1560:United Nations Security Council 1084:Military was dissolved in 1868. 1026:belonged to the United Kingdom. 633:) remained neutral to the end. 516:There are three members of the 468: 286:Ireland in the Second World War 151:, becoming a co-founder of the 6805:International relations theory 6557:London: Longmans, Green, 1906. 6222:Stahle, Nils (23 March 2022). 5502:Carroll, Rory (4 March 2002). 4043: 4034: 4025: 4016: 3998: 3980: 3965: 3952: 3925: 3898:Policy of deliberate ambiguity 3878:International humanitarian law 759:Occupied by France during the 695:163rd German Infantry Division 566:Neutrality during World War II 204:or a "neutralist policy" is a 161: 1: 6431:The Struggle for the Pacific. 6281:. Kyiv, Ukraine. 4 June 2010. 5477:(inactive 12 September 2024). 4473:The Struggle for the Pacific, 3918: 3873:European Union–NATO relations 3740:Venezuela during World War II 3414:Japanese invasion of Thailand 3091:Conquered by Britain in 1900. 2912:Aided the British during the 2596:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 2279:Finnish volunteer expeditions 1800:Argentina during World War II 1051:Has provided military aid to 6703:"League of Armed Neutrality" 6650:Americanforeignrelations.com 6539:O'Sullivan, Michael Joseph. 6479:Neutrality and Small States. 5252:La Jornada (27 April 2007). 4909:Anglin, Douglas (May 1958). 4460:Neutrality and Small States, 4377:Neutrality and Small States, 4217:"Neutral European countries" 4139:Hague Convention, §13 Art.16 4130:Hague Convention, §13 Art.14 4121:Hague Convention, §13 Art.12 4058:Hague Convention, §5 Art.4,5 3701:Sent troops to serve in the 3412:Neutrality lasted until the 3294:(1961–1964), and as part of 3264:invasion of the Soviet Union 3120:Portugal during World War II 2919:Sent troops to serve in the 2539:Allied occupation of Iceland 2257:Foreign relations of Finland 2056:Colombia during World War II 2005:List of wars involving Chile 1556:Russia's invasion of Ukraine 1008:Ireland was invited to join 640:; for instance, the date of 406:powers organized in 1780 by 272:Recognition and codification 7: 5973:(in Finnish). 24 March 2022 5187:"Imagebroschuere_LP_e.indd" 4162:. Mher Sahakyan. New York: 4148:Hague Convention, §13 Art.3 4112:Hague Convention, §13 Art.7 4103:Hague Convention, §13 Art.6 4085:Hague Convention, §5 Art.14 4049:Hague Convention, §5 Art.13 4040:Hague Convention, §5 Art.11 4031:Hague Convention, §5 Art.10 3856: 3696:Uruguay during World War II 3367:Attempted neutrality under 2543:British invasion of Iceland 2158:Multi-National Force – Iraq 1448:National Assembly of Serbia 543:Since the enactment of the 393:Leagues of armed neutrality 10: 6846: 5035:Joe McCabe (3 June 1944). 4094:Hague Convention, §5 Art.8 4076:Hague Convention, §5 Art.2 4067:Hague Convention, §5 Art.6 4022:Hague Convention, §5 Art.1 3797:World War II in Yugoslavia 3794: 3752:1939–1945 (neutral during 3737: 3724:1914–1918 (neutral during 3693: 3621: 3526: 3519:1940–1945 (neutral during 3490: 3450: 3443:1939–1945 (neutral during 3397: 3356: 3230:Sweden during World War II 3223: 3174: 3164: 3157:1940–1945 (neutral during 3151:1914–1918 (neutral during 3117: 3110:1932–1945 (neutral during 3083: 3025:1866–1907 (to annexation) 2995: 2904: 2779: 2593: 2586:1939–1943 (neutral during 2580:1914–1918 (neutral during 2536: 2448: 2388: 2254: 2243:1956–2022 (from return of 2212:1914–1918 (neutral during 2148: 2059: 2053: 2040:1914–1918 (neutral during 2002: 1989:1914–1918 (neutral during 1928:1939–1945 (neutral during 1922:1914–1918 (neutral during 1797: 1784:1914–1918 (neutral during 1753:1914–1918 (neutral during 1729:1939–1945 (neutral during 1723:1914–1918 (neutral during 1668: 1502: 1492: 1395: 1216: 1147: 1015:Attached the condition of 951: 804: 569: 547:, EU members are bound by 509: 437:. It was an alliance with 416:international maritime law 412:American Revolutionary War 18: 6047:Thomas D. Morgan (1995). 5737:10.13140/RG.2.1.3780.4889 4645:worldpopulationreview.com 3775: 3746: 3718: 3680: 3602: 3585:by Russia and subsequent 3551: 3513: 3477: 3437: 3405:Following the end of the 3384: 3337: 3271:An EU Member since 1995: 3214: 3171:Spain during World War II 3145: 3104: 3070: 3013: 2982: 2964:Battle of the Netherlands 2940: 2885: 2844: 2838:and EU member since 2004. 2823:to enter in 1939 and was 2804: 2760: 2754:and EU member since 2004. 2739:to enter in 1939 and was 2720: 2695:. However throughout the 2668: 2614: 2574: 2551:Greenland in World War II 2523: 2491: 2435: 2413: 2391:Greenland in World War II 2371: 2231: 2206: 2200:and EU member since 2004. 2185:to enter in 1939 and was 2166: 2135: 2099: 2034: 1983: 1958: 1916: 1845: 1825:, which they did in 1945. 1778: 1747: 1717: 1709: 1706: 1651: 1619: 1579: 1475: 1427: 1378: 1338: 1302: 1263: 1234: 1199: 1183:presidency of Vicente Fox 1130: 1116:An EU Member since 2004: 1090: 1065: 1031:An EU Member since 1973: 934: 909: 880: 848: 834:An EU Member since 1995: 807:Declaration of Neutrality 799:Declaration of Neutrality 783: 740: 732: 729: 680:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 662:volunteer combat division 464:, but was never realized. 435:French Revolutionary Wars 402:was an alliance of minor 192:permanently neutral power 6778:Barclay, Thomas (1911). 6503:Notions of Neutralities. 6096:David Keanu Sai (2015). 5218:Woodliffe, John (1992). 4857:"Abolición del Ejército" 4749:Aquiradioandorra.free.fr 4641:"Neutral Countries 2022" 4591:"Sweden in World War II" 4337:. Knowledge Encyclopedia 3497:Solomon Islands campaign 3400:Thailand in World War II 3167:Spain during World War I 2976:An EU member since 1957. 2879:An EU member since 1957. 2699:, Laos was fighting the 1945:neutral wartime country. 1710:Period(s) of neutrality 1467:relationship with Russia 874:Ratified by law in 2014. 733:Period(s) of neutrality 185:Hague Convention of 1907 36:that is neutral towards 6787:Encyclopædia Britannica 6726:Definitions.uslegal.com 6105:University of Cambridge 5006:"Benevolent Neutrality" 4809:. ALTAIR. p. 216. 4628:Notions of Neutralities 4454:See, generally, Scott, 4379:1988, p. 16-17; Jones, 4371:See, generally, Scott, 4316:Bissell and Gasteyger, 4305:Notions of Neutralities 3960:Notions of Neutralities 3935:Notions of Neutralities 3842:anti-communist alliance 3238:Formally proclaimed by 3047:mass-demographic shifts 3041:The United States held 2829:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2786:Liberia in World War II 2745:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2547:Iceland in World War II 2318:was signed in Paris in 2191:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1937:In accordance with the 1887:1920 accord with France 1554:in 2022 in response to 1363:Commonwealth of Nations 814:Constitution of Austria 6669:Forum.nationstates.net 4234:Oppenheim, L. (1906). 3972:Neff, Stephen (2000). 3761:Under the rule of the 3322:NATO applicant in 2022 3194:, as evidenced by the 2782:Liberia in World War I 2631:a (defensive) alliance 2476:territorial government 2474:and later an American 2356:NATO applicant in 2022 1687:Is an observer of the 1321:The neutrality of the 1168:military dictatorships 871:was dissolved in 1949. 684:Cash and carry program 482: 408:Catherine II of Russia 363:abandon military power 305: 101:UN peacekeeping forces 6825:Neutrality by country 6400:Kulla, Rinna (2013). 5852:10.1353/jmh.2005.0215 5816:The City Paper Bogotá 5776:Freedman, L. (2004). 5475:10.2478/cirr2014-0008 5458:Ejdus, Filip (2014). 3938:. Lanham: Lexington. 3808:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 3763:Mutawakkilite Kingdom 3653:in the Atlantic Ocean 3420:in mid-December 1941. 3240:King Charles XIV John 3208:EU member since 1986. 3175:Further information: 3139:EU member since 1986. 2907:Nepal in World War II 2662:EU member since 1957. 2472:republican government 2160:from 2003 until 2009. 1880:occupation of Belgium 1533:2003 invasion of Iraq 1503:Further information: 1465:, as well as a close 1287:Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj 818:Austrian State Treaty 476: 303: 239:A neutral power must 115:. Immediately before 6646:"Armed Neutralities" 6570:Scott, James Brown. 6429:Bienstock, Gregory. 5908:. 28 February 2022. 5725:Dorji, Lham (2008). 5416:7 April 2009 at the 5108:. 27 February 2022. 4785:Publicacions.iec.cat 3835:Non-Aligned Movement 3633:policy set forth by 3596:in its constitution. 3583:annexation of Crimea 3501:Guadalcanal campaign 3273:military non-aligned 2932:Non-Aligned Movement 2712:Non-Aligned Movement 2606:Non-Aligned Movement 2499:Hungarian Revolution 2338:military non-aligned 2223:Non-Aligned Movement 2156:Participated in the 2107:Second Schleswig War 2087:Non-Aligned Movement 2026:Non-Aligned Movement 1975:Non-Aligned Movement 1950:Non-Aligned Movement 1872:Treaty of Versailles 1866:Neutral stance from 1740:Non-Aligned Movement 1689:Non-Aligned Movement 1643:Non-Aligned Movement 1611:Non-Aligned Movement 1509:Operation Tannenbaum 1459:NATO bombing in 1999 1398:Battle of San Marino 1370:Non-Aligned Movement 1330:Non-Aligned Movement 1294:Non-Aligned Movement 1118:military non-aligned 1033:military non-aligned 836:military non-aligned 455:Battle of Copenhagen 196:international treaty 153:Non-Aligned Movement 127:at the start of the 6815:Non-interventionism 6313:. 23 December 2014. 6295:. 11 December 2008. 5997:Ministry of Defence 5438:Consilium.europa.eu 5356:. 29 November 2009. 4837:on 11 February 2008 4362:. 2 September 1990. 4010:avalon.law.yale.edu 3992:avalon.law.yale.edu 3893:Non-interventionism 3631:non-interventionist 3559:Russo-Ukrainian War 3315:Russo-Ukrainian War 3286:command as part of 2930:Is a member of the 2710:Is a member of the 2604:Is a member of the 2468:Monarchy overthrown 2349:Russo-Ukrainian War 2294:Moscow Peace Treaty 2221:Is a member of the 2091:Major non-NATO ally 2085:Is a member of the 2024:Is a member of the 1973:Is a member of the 1948:Is a member of the 1906:Is a member of the 1837:Major non-NATO ally 1738:Is a member of the 1641:Is a member of the 1609:Is a member of the 1368:Is a member of the 1328:Is a member of the 1292:Is a member of the 1219:Moldovan neutrality 1191:Luis Ernesto Derbez 1057:Russo-Ukrainian War 1017:Irish reunification 961:during World War II 928:Neutral since 2017. 761:Andorran Revolution 707:Sweden's neutrality 646:weather information 558:With the launch of 379:mutual defense pact 344:Catherine the Great 6820:Military diplomacy 6781:"Neutrality" 6564:14.1 (2000): 13+. 6553:Oppenheim, Lassa. 6085:. Riverhead Books. 4994:. ISAC Fond. 2013. 4937:– via JSTOR. 4861:Elepiritudel48.org 4758:on 3 February 2019 4622:Pascal Lottaz and 4393:Vinarov, Mikhail. 4261:"Armed Neutrality" 3903:Strategic autonomy 3712:member since 2020. 3674:member since 1949. 3545:member since 1952. 3331:member since 2024. 3300:War in Afghanistan 3226:Swedish neutrality 3205:member since 1982. 3177:Meeting at Hendaye 3136:member since 1949. 3007:member since 1949. 2973:member since 1949. 2876:member since 1949. 2659:member since 1949. 2568:member since 1949. 2558:Kingdom of Iceland 2517:member since 2004. 2510:member since 1999. 2365:member since 2023. 2129:member since 1973. 2122:member since 1949. 2071:member since 1948. 2014:member since 1948. 1903:member since 1949. 1832:member since 1948. 1772:member since 2009. 1529:War in Afghanistan 1519:Congress of Vienna 1421:member since 1992. 1257:member since 1993. 1224:Article 11 of the 1187:Jorge G. Castañeda 824:at the end of the 777:member since 1993. 483: 462:American Civil War 312:This may include: 306: 278:Congress of Vienna 266:territorial waters 46:military alliances 6406:Les cahiers Irice 5970:Helsingin Sanomat 5938:Helsingin Sanomat 5789:978-1-135-77589-6 5660:on 8 October 2021 5420:AFP, 6 April 2009 5256:. Jornada.unam.mx 4551:Maltatoday.com.mt 4355:Chapin, Emerson. 4324:1990, p. 148-149. 4237:International Law 4173:978-1-003-35258-7 3945:978-1-4985-8226-1 3854: 3853: 3823:Stalin-Tito split 3814:, Yugoslavia was 3635:George Washington 3453:Tibet (1912–1951) 3072:Orange Free State 3049:later led to the 2697:Laotian Civil War 2275:Finnish Civil War 2105:1864–1940 (after 1939:Treaty of Punakha 1894:Battle of Belgium 1811:League of Nations 1697: 1696: 1226:1994 Constitution 714:Law of Neutrality 705:" of 1941, about 591: 590: 549:TEU, Article 42.7 222:international law 181:international law 6837: 6791: 6783: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6414: 6413: 6397: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6355:www.ukrinform.ua 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6331:on 12 April 2019 6321: 6315: 6314: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6102: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6018: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5846:(4): 1137–1177. 5833: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5656:. Archived from 5650: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5608:www.parlament.ch 5600: 5594: 5593: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5548:. 20 March 2003. 5536: 5530: 5529: 5526:SWI swissinfo.ch 5518: 5512: 5511: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5486: 5478: 5464: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5435: 5427: 5421: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5326: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5287: 5281:. Archived from 5280: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5198: 5192:. Archived from 5191: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5071: 5065: 5060:John P. Duggan, 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5012:. Archived from 5001: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4882:Álvaro Murillo. 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4782: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4757: 4751:. Archived from 4746: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4722:on 27 March 2019 4718:. Archived from 4708: 4702: 4701: 4698:Blocs de VilaWeb 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4670: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4637: 4631: 4624:Florentino Rodao 4620: 4614: 4613: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4589:Chen, C. Peter. 4586: 4580: 4579: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4524: 4518: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4482: 4476: 4469: 4463: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4424: 4419: 4417: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4390: 4384: 4369: 4363: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4331: 4325: 4314: 4308: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4263:. Dictionary.com 4257: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4213: 4186: 4185: 4166:. pp. xxv. 4155: 4149: 4146: 4140: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4104: 4101: 4095: 4092: 4086: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3969: 3963: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3929: 3629:Pursuant to the 3493:Sālote Tupou III 2998:The Neutral Ally 2962:Ended after the 2650:Treaty of London 2377:1940–1941 (from 2312:Continuation War 2308:Moscow Armistice 1868:Treaty of London 1807:Second World War 1704: 1703: 1659: 1657: 1656: 1627: 1625: 1624: 1606:in Turkmenistan. 1604:national holiday 1587: 1585: 1584: 1495:Swiss neutrality 1483: 1481: 1480: 1435: 1433: 1432: 1386: 1384: 1383: 1346: 1344: 1343: 1310: 1308: 1307: 1271: 1269: 1268: 1242: 1240: 1239: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1150:Estrada Doctrine 1138: 1136: 1135: 1098: 1096: 1095: 1073: 1071: 1070: 1024:Northern Ireland 954:Irish neutrality 942: 940: 939: 917: 915: 914: 888: 886: 885: 856: 854: 853: 826:Second World War 791: 789: 788: 748: 746: 745: 727: 726: 703:Midsummer Crisis 699:Continuation War 650:Donegal Corridor 576: 494:Points of debate 356:Edwin Reischauer 340:Nordic countries 296:Armed neutrality 245:prisoners of war 210:armed neutrality 171:in a particular 121:Nordic countries 74:prisoners of war 60:). As a type of 6845: 6844: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6795: 6794: 6768: 6766: 6758: 6749: 6747: 6739: 6730: 6728: 6720: 6711: 6709: 6707:Everything2.com 6701: 6692: 6690: 6688:Citelighter.com 6682: 6673: 6671: 6663: 6654: 6652: 6644: 6635: 6633: 6625: 6612: 6598: 6596: 6591: 6477:Karsh, Efraim. 6463:Jones, Howard. 6423: 6418: 6417: 6398: 6394: 6386: 6382: 6374: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6332: 6323: 6322: 6318: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6291: 6290: 6286: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6256: 6248: 6247: 6243: 6233: 6231: 6220: 6216: 6206: 6204: 6187: 6183: 6173: 6171: 6156: 6152: 6142: 6140: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6107: 6100: 6094: 6090: 6079: 6075: 6065: 6063: 6045: 6041: 6031: 6029: 6019: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5999:. 19 April 2022 5991: 5990: 5986: 5976: 5974: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5948: 5946: 5929: 5925: 5915: 5913: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5883: 5881: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5834: 5830: 5820: 5818: 5808: 5804: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5774: 5770: 5760: 5758: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5723: 5719: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5688: 5686: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5663: 5661: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5637: 5635: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5612: 5610: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5582: 5578: 5568: 5566: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5528:. 13 June 2020. 5520: 5519: 5515: 5500: 5496: 5480: 5479: 5462: 5456: 5452: 5442: 5440: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5418:Wayback Machine 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5331: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5291: 5289: 5288:on 5 March 2009 5285: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5259: 5257: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5216: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5170: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5087: 5080:The Irish Times 5072: 5068: 5059: 5055: 5045: 5043: 5033: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5016:on 20 June 2013 5002: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4954: 4952: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4907: 4903: 4893: 4891: 4880: 4876: 4866: 4864: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4840: 4838: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4803: 4799: 4789: 4787: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4723: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4700:. 21 July 2012. 4692: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4649: 4647: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4621: 4617: 4606: 4602: 4587: 4583: 4578:. 28 June 2011. 4570: 4569: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4525: 4521: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4491:The Irish Times 4484: 4483: 4479: 4470: 4466: 4453: 4449: 4438: 4434: 4422: 4420: 4411: 4410: 4403: 4401: 4399:Citelighter.com 4391: 4387: 4383:2009, p. 15-17. 4370: 4366: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4315: 4311: 4302: 4298: 4288: 4286: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4243: 4241: 4232: 4228: 4215: 4214: 4189: 4174: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3970: 3966: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3888:Non-belligerent 3859: 3821:Ever since the 3799: 3786: 3742: 3729: 3698: 3626: 3613: 3531: 3503: 3491:Main articles: 3455: 3418:Japanese Empire 3407:Franco-Thai War 3402: 3361: 3348: 3232: 3224:Main articles: 3187: 3181:Operation Felix 3173: 3165:Main articles: 3156: 3122: 3088: 3078:Second Boer War 3024: 3000: 2914:Sepoy Rebellion 2909: 2896: 2855: 2788: 2780:Main articles: 2771: 2639:Austria-Hungary 2598: 2585: 2553: 2537:Main articles: 2453: 2393: 2379:Fall of Denmark 2263: 2255:Main articles: 2247:rental area to 2242: 2153: 2064: 2058: 2045: 2007: 1994: 1927: 1876:German invasion 1856: 1802: 1789: 1758: 1728: 1702: 1673: 1654: 1652: 1622: 1620: 1582: 1580: 1511: 1501: 1493:Main articles: 1478: 1476: 1430: 1428: 1403:Neutral during 1400: 1381: 1379: 1341: 1339: 1305: 1303: 1266: 1264: 1237: 1235: 1221: 1202: 1200: 1164:Francoist Spain 1152: 1133: 1131: 1093: 1091: 1068: 1066: 994:Operation Green 976:Royal Air Force 956: 937: 935: 912: 910: 883: 881: 851: 849: 809: 786: 784: 743: 741: 722: 673:Neutrality Acts 574: 568: 514: 508: 496: 471: 395: 389:respectively). 298: 274: 231: 217:non-belligerent 177:sovereign state 169:neutral country 164: 125:non-belligerent 30:neutral country 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6843: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6793: 6792: 6775: 6756: 6737: 6718: 6699: 6680: 6661: 6642: 6623: 6618: 6611: 6610:External links 6608: 6607: 6606: 6589: 6577:Wills, Clair. 6575: 6568: 6558: 6551: 6537: 6523: 6513: 6511:978-1498582261 6499: 6489: 6475: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6441: 6427: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6392: 6380: 6368: 6342: 6316: 6298: 6284: 6266: 6241: 6214: 6199:(in Swedish). 6181: 6164:Anadolu Agency 6150: 6135:(in Swedish). 6117: 6088: 6073: 6039: 6010: 5984: 5956: 5941:(in Finnish). 5923: 5891: 5865: 5828: 5802: 5788: 5768: 5757:. 27 June 2005 5742: 5717: 5696: 5671: 5645: 5620: 5595: 5576: 5551: 5531: 5513: 5494: 5450: 5422: 5403: 5381: 5359: 5341: 5313: 5299: 5267: 5244: 5230: 5210: 5199:on 16 May 2013 5178: 5156: 5123: 5097: 5066: 5053: 5041:Independent.ie 5027: 4996: 4984: 4962: 4940: 4927:10.2307/138765 4921:(2): 152–165. 4901: 4874: 4848: 4822: 4816:978-8493622046 4815: 4797: 4769: 4733: 4716:Cossetania.com 4703: 4685: 4673:Diposit.ub.edu 4657: 4632: 4615: 4600: 4581: 4563: 4538: 4519: 4504: 4477: 4464: 4447: 4432: 4385: 4364: 4360:New York Times 4348: 4326: 4309: 4296: 4274: 4252: 4226: 4187: 4172: 4150: 4141: 4132: 4123: 4114: 4105: 4096: 4087: 4078: 4069: 4060: 4051: 4042: 4033: 4024: 4015: 3997: 3979: 3964: 3951: 3944: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3849: 3838: 3827:SFR Yugoslavia 3819: 3812:anti-Axis coup 3804:Little Entente 3795:Main article: 3792: 3787:1949–1992 (to 3781:1940–1941 (to 3779: 3773: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3757: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3738:Main article: 3735: 3730:1939–1942 (to 3722: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3713: 3706: 3694:Main article: 3691: 3686:1870–1945 (to 3684: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3675: 3668: 3642: 3622:Main article: 3619: 3614:1939–1941 (to 3608:1914–1917 (to 3606: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3590: 3579: 3568: 3562: 3557:1991–2014 (to 3555: 3549: 3548: 3547: 3546: 3539: 3527:Main article: 3524: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3508: 3488: 3483:1845–1939 (to 3481: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3472: 3466: 3451:Main article: 3448: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3433: 3432: 3421: 3410: 3398:Main article: 3395: 3390:1940–1941 (to 3388: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3374:Restored as a 3372: 3365: 3357:Main article: 3354: 3351:U.S. Civil War 3343:1836–1846 (to 3341: 3335: 3334: 3333: 3332: 3325: 3318: 3311: 3284:United Nations 3280: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3245: 3244: 3243: 3221: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3209: 3206: 3199: 3185:Wolfram Crisis 3162: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3130: 3118:Main article: 3115: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3099: 3092: 3086:Boer Republics 3081: 3076:1854–1899 (to 3074: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3058: 3039: 3026: 3021:U.S. Civil War 3019:1834–1861 (to 3017: 3011: 3010: 3009: 3008: 2993: 2988:1814–1940 (to 2986: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2967: 2960: 2951: 2946:1839–1940 (to 2944: 2938: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2928: 2917: 2902: 2897:1918–1939 (to 2891:1858–1914 (to 2889: 2883: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2870: 2861: 2856:1920–1940 (to 2850:1839–1914 (to 2848: 2842: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2832: 2815: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2800: 2799: 2792: 2777: 2772:1939–1944 (to 2766:1914–1917 (to 2764: 2758: 2757: 2756: 2755: 2748: 2731: 2726:1938–1939 (to 2724: 2718: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2708: 2687:was signed in 2679: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2653: 2642: 2625: 2620:1914–1915 (to 2618: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2602: 2594:Main article: 2591: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2562: 2534: 2529:1918–1940 (to 2527: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2515:European Union 2511: 2502: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2479: 2465: 2462:U.S. Civil War 2449:Main article: 2446: 2441:1854–1898 (to 2439: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2424: 2419:1783–1917 (to 2417: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2401: 2389:Main article: 2386: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2359: 2352: 2345: 2330: 2323: 2305: 2291: 2289:Finlandization 2286: 2252: 2237:1935–1939 (to 2235: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2217: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2194: 2177: 2172:1938–1939 (to 2170: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2146: 2141:1906–1941 (to 2139: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2127:European Union 2123: 2114: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2083: 2072: 2054:Main article: 2051: 2046:1933–1943 (to 2038: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2022: 2015: 2000: 1995:1938–1943 (to 1987: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1969: 1964:1955–1970 (to 1962: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1946: 1933: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1908:European Union 1904: 1897: 1890: 1883: 1862: 1857:1936–1940 (to 1851:1839–1914 (to 1849: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1833: 1826: 1798:Main article: 1795: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1764: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1734: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1685: 1678:Lateran Treaty 1669:Main article: 1666: 1663: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1639: 1634: 1631: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1607: 1600:United Nations 1594: 1591: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1563: 1544: 1525: 1522: 1515: 1490: 1487: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1451: 1442: 1439: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1419:United Nations 1415: 1408: 1396:Main article: 1393: 1390: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1353: 1350: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1326: 1317: 1314: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1290: 1283: 1278: 1275: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1255:United Nations 1249: 1246: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1217:Main article: 1214: 1211: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1179: 1160: 1157:Genaro Estrada 1148:Main article: 1145: 1142: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1114: 1105: 1102: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1077: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1020: 1019:to membership. 1006: 1005: 1004: 997: 990: 983:United Kingdom 979: 952:Main article: 949: 946: 932: 931: 930: 929: 924: 921: 907: 906: 905: 904: 895: 892: 878: 877: 876: 875: 872: 867:Neutral since 863: 860: 846: 845: 844: 843: 832: 829: 805:Main article: 802: 797:1955–present ( 795: 781: 780: 779: 778: 775:United Nations 771: 764: 755: 752: 738: 737: 734: 731: 721: 718: 589: 588: 586:Woodrow Wilson 581: 580: 570:Main article: 567: 564: 518:European Union 507: 506:European Union 504: 495: 492: 470: 467: 466: 465: 458: 439:Denmark-Norway 427: 394: 391: 332: 331: 328: 321: 297: 294: 273: 270: 230: 227: 226: 225: 213: 206:foreign policy 199: 188: 163: 160: 105:European Union 40:in a specific 21:Neutral Nation 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6842: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6789: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6632: 6631:Netplaces.com 6628: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6594: 6590: 6588: 6587:0-674-02682-9 6584: 6580: 6576: 6573: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6552: 6550: 6549:0-8156-3106-5 6546: 6542: 6538: 6536: 6535:0-415-00161-7 6532: 6528: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6488: 6487:0-415-00507-8 6484: 6480: 6476: 6474: 6473:0-7425-6534-3 6470: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6453:0-8223-0953-X 6450: 6446: 6442: 6440: 6439:1-4067-7218-6 6436: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6396: 6389: 6384: 6377: 6372: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6294: 6288: 6280: 6276: 6270: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6229: 6225: 6218: 6202: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6185: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6154: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6121: 6106: 6099: 6092: 6084: 6077: 6062: 6058: 6055:(35): 22–27. 6054: 6050: 6043: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6015: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5960: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5927: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5895: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5832: 5817: 5813: 5806: 5791: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5772: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5721: 5706: 5700: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5490: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5439: 5432: 5426: 5419: 5415: 5412: 5407: 5391: 5385: 5369: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5330: 5323: 5317: 5309: 5303: 5284: 5277: 5271: 5255: 5248: 5233: 5231:0-7923-1879-X 5227: 5223: 5222: 5214: 5195: 5188: 5182: 5166: 5160: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5127: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5057: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4988: 4972: 4966: 4950: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4786: 4779: 4773: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4737: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4674: 4667: 4661: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4611: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4516: 4513: 4508: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4481: 4475:2007, p. 150. 4474: 4468: 4461: 4458:1918; Karsh, 4457: 4451: 4443: 4436: 4428: 4415: 4400: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4378: 4375:1918; Karsh, 4374: 4368: 4361: 4358: 4352: 4336: 4330: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4306: 4300: 4284: 4278: 4262: 4256: 4239: 4238: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4145: 4136: 4127: 4118: 4109: 4100: 4091: 4082: 4073: 4064: 4055: 4046: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3975: 3968: 3961: 3955: 3947: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3825:in 1949, the 3824: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3793: 3790: 3789:Yugoslav Wars 3784: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3733: 3727: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3620: 3617: 3611: 3607: 3605: 3604:United States 3601: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3587:war in Donbas 3584: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3197: 3196:Blue Division 3193: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3094:Annexed into 3093: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3051:establishment 3048: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2903: 2900: 2894: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2859: 2853: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2646:Allied Powers 2643: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2592: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2416: 2415:Haudenosaunee 2412: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2332:An EU Member 2331: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2302:Interim Peace 2299: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2271:Soviet Russia 2268: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2159: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2057: 2052: 2049: 2043: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2019:Falklands War 2016: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2001: 1998: 1992: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1925: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1819:United States 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1761:Prague Spring 1756: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1705: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1667: 1665:1929–present 1664: 1662: 1650: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1633:2012–present 1632: 1630: 1618: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1593:1995–present 1592: 1590: 1578: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1537:United States 1534: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1489:1815–present 1488: 1486: 1474: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1441:2007–present 1440: 1438: 1426: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1394: 1392:1945–present 1391: 1389: 1377: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1359:1994 genocide 1356: 1355: 1354: 1352:2009–present 1351: 1349: 1337: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1316:1990–present 1315: 1313: 1301: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1277:2015–present 1276: 1274: 1262: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1248:1945–present 1247: 1245: 1233: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1220: 1215: 1213:1994–present 1212: 1210: 1198: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1176:South America 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1151: 1146: 1144:1930–present 1143: 1141: 1129: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1104:1980–present 1103: 1101: 1089: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1079:1868–present 1078: 1076: 1075:Liechtenstein 1064: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1002: 998: 995: 991: 988: 984: 980: 977: 973: 972:Allied Powers 969: 968: 966: 965:the Emergency 962: 958: 957: 955: 950: 948:1939–present 947: 945: 933: 927: 926: 925: 923:2017–present 922: 920: 908: 902: 898: 897: 896: 894:2012–present 893: 891: 879: 873: 870: 866: 865: 864: 862:1949–present 861: 859: 847: 841: 837: 833: 830: 827: 823: 820:(demanded by 819: 816:and the 1955 815: 811: 810: 808: 803: 800: 796: 794: 782: 776: 772: 769: 765: 762: 758: 757: 756: 754:1914–present 753: 751: 739: 735: 728: 725: 717: 715: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 691: 689: 685: 681: 678: 674: 669: 667: 663: 658: 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 634: 632: 628: 624: 623:Liechtenstein 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 587: 583: 582: 578: 577: 573: 563: 561: 556: 554: 550: 546: 545:Lisbon Treaty 541: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 513: 503: 501: 491: 488: 480: 479:Golan Heights 475: 463: 459: 456: 452: 448: 445:, Sweden and 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 396: 390: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 367:Liechtenstein 364: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 329: 326: 322: 319: 315: 314: 313: 310: 302: 293: 289: 287: 283: 279: 269: 267: 263: 258: 253: 250: 246: 242: 237: 235: 223: 218: 214: 211: 207: 203: 200: 197: 193: 189: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 165: 159: 156: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 135:. During the 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 89: 87: 83: 82:demilitarized 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 62:non-combatant 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 31: 26: 22: 6810:Belligerency 6785: 6767:. Retrieved 6763: 6748:. Retrieved 6744: 6729:. Retrieved 6725: 6710:. Retrieved 6706: 6691:. Retrieved 6687: 6672:. Retrieved 6668: 6653:. Retrieved 6649: 6634:. Retrieved 6630: 6597:. Retrieved 6578: 6571: 6561: 6554: 6540: 6526: 6516: 6502: 6478: 6464: 6444: 6430: 6421:Bibliography 6409: 6405: 6395: 6383: 6371: 6359:. Retrieved 6354: 6345: 6333:. Retrieved 6329:the original 6319: 6310: 6301: 6287: 6278: 6269: 6257:. Retrieved 6253: 6244: 6232:. Retrieved 6230:(in Swedish) 6227: 6217: 6205:. Retrieved 6194: 6184: 6172:. Retrieved 6163: 6153: 6141:. Retrieved 6130: 6120: 6108:. Retrieved 6104: 6091: 6082: 6076: 6064:. Retrieved 6053:Army History 6052: 6042: 6030:. Retrieved 6026: 6001:. Retrieved 5996: 5987: 5975:. Retrieved 5968: 5959: 5947:. Retrieved 5936: 5926: 5914:. Retrieved 5903: 5894: 5882:. Retrieved 5868: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5819:. Retrieved 5815: 5805: 5793:. Retrieved 5778: 5771: 5759:. Retrieved 5754: 5745: 5727: 5720: 5708:. Retrieved 5699: 5687:. Retrieved 5683: 5674: 5662:. Retrieved 5658:the original 5648: 5636:. Retrieved 5632: 5623: 5611:. Retrieved 5607: 5598: 5589: 5579: 5567:. Retrieved 5564:www.admin.ch 5563: 5554: 5543: 5534: 5525: 5516: 5508:The Guardian 5507: 5497: 5483:cite journal 5466: 5453: 5441:. Retrieved 5437: 5425: 5406: 5394:. Retrieved 5392:. WorldAtWar 5384: 5372:. Retrieved 5362: 5353: 5344: 5332:. Retrieved 5329:pancanal.com 5328: 5316: 5302: 5290:. Retrieved 5283:the original 5270: 5260:19 September 5258:. Retrieved 5247: 5235:. Retrieved 5220: 5213: 5201:. Retrieved 5194:the original 5181: 5169:. Retrieved 5159: 5147:. Retrieved 5136: 5126: 5114:. Retrieved 5100: 5088:. Retrieved 5079: 5069: 5061: 5056: 5044:. Retrieved 5040: 5030: 5018:. Retrieved 5014:the original 5010:The War Room 5009: 5004:Burke, Dan. 4999: 4987: 4975:. Retrieved 4965: 4953:. Retrieved 4943: 4918: 4914: 4904: 4892:. Retrieved 4890:(in Spanish) 4887: 4877: 4865:. Retrieved 4863:(in Spanish) 4860: 4851: 4839:. Retrieved 4835:the original 4831:"Costa Rica" 4825: 4806: 4800: 4788:. Retrieved 4784: 4772: 4760:. Retrieved 4753:the original 4748: 4736: 4724:. Retrieved 4720:the original 4715: 4706: 4697: 4688: 4676:. Retrieved 4672: 4660: 4648:. Retrieved 4644: 4635: 4627: 4618: 4609: 4603: 4594: 4584: 4575: 4566: 4554:. Retrieved 4550: 4541: 4532: 4522: 4514: 4507: 4495:. Retrieved 4489: 4480: 4472: 4467: 4462:1988, p. 17. 4459: 4455: 4450: 4441: 4435: 4402:. Retrieved 4398: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4359: 4351: 4339:. Retrieved 4329: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4304: 4299: 4287:. Retrieved 4277: 4265:. Retrieved 4255: 4242:. Retrieved 4236: 4229: 4220: 4159: 4153: 4144: 4135: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4081: 4072: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4018: 4009: 4000: 3991: 3982: 3973: 3967: 3959: 3954: 3934: 3927: 3868:Dual loyalty 3863:Buffer state 3783:World War II 3754:World War II 3732:World War II 3688:World War II 3616:World War II 3536:Nazi Germany 3521:World War II 3485:World War II 3459: 3445:World War II 3392:World War II 3292:Congo Crisis 3272: 3159:World War II 3112:World War II 3096:South Africa 2990:World War II 2948:World War II 2899:World War II 2867:constitution 2858:World War II 2821:Soviet Union 2812:World War II 2774:World War II 2737:Soviet Union 2728:World War II 2588:World War II 2531:World War II 2383:World War II 2337: 2283:East Karelia 2183:Soviet Union 2174:World War II 2143:World War II 2111:World War II 2078:to serve in 2048:World War II 1997:World War II 1942: 1930:World War II 1874:, after the 1859:World War II 1815:Nazi Germany 1792:World War II 1731:World War II 1661:Vatican City 1589:Turkmenistan 1482: 1412:Nazi Germany 1323:Panama Canal 1117: 1032: 987:Nazi Germany 967:in Ireland. 869:its military 835: 822:Soviet Union 768:Vichy France 723: 711: 692: 677:US President 670: 657:Nazi Germany 654: 635: 627:Vatican City 595:World War II 592: 557: 553:constitution 542: 538: 515: 497: 487:Peacekeeping 484: 469:Peacekeeping 360: 352:World War II 333: 311: 307: 290: 275: 255:Belligerent 254: 238: 234:Belligerents 232: 201: 191: 168: 157: 149:Eastern Bloc 117:World War II 99:have active 90: 38:belligerents 29: 27: 25: 6764:Lib.byu.edu 6627:"About.com" 6259:8 September 6228:SVT Nyheter 6207:28 February 6196:Aftonbladet 6174:28 February 6143:28 February 5949:28 February 5916:28 February 5884:20 December 5821:15 February 5203:19 November 5171:27 February 5149:27 February 5116:27 February 5090:27 February 4841:27 February 4650:26 November 4471:Bienstock, 4221:nato.gov.si 3908:Third World 3726:World War I 3703:Tajikistani 3610:World War I 3463:independent 3369:Sam Houston 3290:during the 3153:World War I 3127:Azores Base 3064:since 1907. 3036:Confederacy 3032:Five Tribes 2942:Netherlands 2921:Tajikistani 2893:World War I 2852:World War I 2768:World War I 2676:Vietnam War 2622:World War I 2582:World War I 2485:since 1959. 2458:Crimean War 2421:World War I 2281:in Russian 2214:World War I 2137:El Salvador 2042:World War I 1991:World War I 1966:Vietnam War 1924:World War I 1853:World War I 1839:since 1998. 1823:Axis Powers 1786:World War I 1755:World War I 1725:World War I 1719:Afghanistan 1485:Switzerland 1405:World War I 1181:During the 1055:during the 963:, known as 619:Switzerland 348:World War I 318:belligerent 162:Terminology 113:case of war 86:Switzerland 6799:Categories 6562:Dimensions 6066:29 January 5664:20 October 5613:13 October 5569:13 October 4726:22 January 4423:|url= 4182:1353290533 3919:References 3846:Korean War 3777:Yugoslavia 3639:world wars 3581:After the 3507:conflicts. 3376:U.S. state 3345:annexation 3220:1814–2022 3084:See also: 3062:U.S. state 3043:suzerainty 2996:See also: 2959:continent. 2905:See also: 2846:Luxembourg 2705:Pathet Lao 2483:U.S. state 2443:annexation 2334:since 1995 2327:YYA Treaty 2298:Winter War 2273:after the 2239:Winter War 2149:See also: 2060:See also: 2003:See also: 1870:until the 1629:Uzbekistan 1455:Yugoslavia 1388:San Marino 1357:After the 858:Costa Rica 688:Lend-Lease 510:See also: 500:legitimacy 451:Royal Navy 371:Costa Rica 202:Neutralism 141:Yugoslavia 129:Winter War 78:Costa Rica 66:law of war 6412:: 97–106. 6361:15 August 6335:15 August 6279:Kyiv Post 6254:E-ir.info 5860:159487629 5545:Swissinfo 5469:: 43–69. 5396:12 August 4285:. USLegal 4164:Routledge 3720:Venezuela 3349:1861 (to 3256:Wehrmacht 2810:1939 (to 2806:Lithuania 2397:Greenland 2373:Greenland 2076:battalion 1780:Argentina 1517:The 1815 812:Bound by 139:, former 70:civilians 6769:21 April 6750:21 April 6731:21 April 6712:21 April 6693:21 April 6674:21 April 6655:21 April 6636:21 April 6599:28 April 6311:BBC News 6234:23 March 6201:Archived 6168:Archived 6137:Archived 6110:6 August 6061:26304400 6003:20 April 5943:Archived 5910:Archived 5878:Archived 5414:Archived 5354:BBC News 5292:18 April 5237:11 April 5143:Archived 5110:Archived 5084:Archived 5046:21 April 4790:26 March 4762:26 March 4742:"Letter" 4678:26 March 4576:BBC News 4414:cite web 4404:21 April 4341:27 April 4289:27 April 4267:27 April 4250:, p.325. 3857:See also 3831:Cold War 3710:Rio Pact 3661:Honolulu 3572:Iraq War 3538:in 1941. 3471:in 1951. 3460:de facto 3386:Thailand 3378:in 1870. 3308:Mali War 3306:and the 3296:UNPROFOR 3262:for the 3242:in 1834. 3106:Portugal 3098:in 1902. 3015:Oklahoma 2957:European 2869:in 1948. 2825:occupied 2741:occupied 2460:and the 2245:Porkkala 2208:Ethiopia 2187:occupied 2069:Rio Pact 2036:Colombia 2012:Rio Pact 1960:Cambodia 1943:de facto 1830:Rio Pact 1550:against 1273:Mongolia 1166:and the 901:Cold War 666:tungsten 631:Holy See 607:Portugal 282:Cold War 249:materiel 137:Cold War 84:, while 48:such as 6745:PBS.org 6566:excerpt 6497:i311972 5977:2 April 5905:Reuters 5755:The Age 5689:2 March 5638:11 July 5590:Reuters 5443:2 March 5374:15 June 5334:2 March 5020:25 June 4977:15 June 4955:15 June 4894:9 March 4888:El País 4867:9 March 4595:2db.com 4556:2 March 4497:2 March 4425:value ( 4244:12 June 3844:in the 3816:invaded 3682:Uruguay 3553:Ukraine 3429:Vietnam 3260:Finland 2762:Liberia 2635:Germany 2525:Iceland 2493:Hungary 2233:Finland 2168:Estonia 2101:Denmark 2074:Sent a 1847:Belgium 1817:by the 1749:Albania 1569:or the 1209:Moldova 1172:Central 1053:Ukraine 978:airmen. 944:Ireland 793:Austria 750:Andorra 625:), and 603:Ireland 599:Andorra 526:Ireland 522:Austria 443:Prussia 424:Holland 381:(under 375:Iceland 338:of the 325:neutral 175:, is a 145:Western 97:Ireland 93:Austria 56:or the 6585: 6547: 6533: 6509: 6495: 6485: 6471: 6451: 6437: 6059: 6032:17 May 5858: 5795:20 May 5786: 5761:20 May 5710:19 May 5684:Lex.uz 5633:Un.org 5228: 5138:RTÉ.ie 4935:138765 4933: 4813: 4533:Dfa.ie 4421:Check 4180: 4170: 3942: 3665:Hawaii 3650:Allies 3646:U-boat 3515:Turkey 3499:, and 3458:While 3425:Korean 3302:, the 3275:, see 3216:Sweden 3183:, and 2984:Norway 2925:Somali 2796:rubber 2722:Latvia 2689:Geneva 2549:, and 2437:Hawaii 2340:, see 2316:Allies 2300:. The 2089:and a 1918:Bhutan 1713:Notes 1707:State 1658: 1626: 1586: 1552:Russia 1535:, the 1463:Kosovo 1437:Serbia 1434: 1385: 1348:Rwanda 1345: 1312:Panama 1309: 1270: 1244:Monaco 1241: 1206: 1140:Mexico 1137: 1120:, see 1097: 1072: 1035:, see 1001:Plan W 941: 916: 887: 855: 838:, see 790: 747: 736:Notes 730:State 638:Allies 621:(with 615:Sweden 528:, and 447:Russia 420:Lubeck 320:power. 241:intern 119:, the 109:Sweden 6493:JSTOR 6101:(PDF) 6057:JSTOR 5856:S2CID 5463:(PDF) 5434:(PDF) 5325:(PDF) 5286:(PDF) 5279:(PDF) 5197:(PDF) 5190:(PDF) 4931:JSTOR 4781:(PDF) 4756:(PDF) 4745:(PDF) 4669:(PDF) 3767:Yemen 3748:Yemen 3479:Tonga 3439:Tibet 3431:wars. 3339:Texas 3252:Åland 3147:Spain 3053:of a 2887:Nepal 2633:with 2616:Italy 2400:1941. 2080:Korea 1985:Chile 1111:Italy 1100:Malta 919:Haiti 890:Ghana 642:D-Day 629:(the 611:Spain 530:Malta 404:naval 262:prize 257:naval 80:have 34:state 32:is a 6771:2016 6752:2016 6733:2016 6714:2016 6695:2016 6676:2016 6657:2016 6638:2016 6601:2014 6583:ISBN 6545:ISBN 6531:ISBN 6507:ISBN 6483:ISBN 6469:ISBN 6449:ISBN 6435:ISBN 6363:2022 6337:2022 6261:2014 6236:2022 6209:2022 6176:2022 6145:2022 6112:2022 6068:2022 6034:2022 6005:2022 5979:2022 5951:2022 5918:2022 5886:2015 5823:2017 5797:2020 5784:ISBN 5763:2020 5712:2024 5691:2022 5666:2013 5640:2024 5615:2022 5571:2022 5489:link 5445:2022 5398:2009 5376:2023 5336:2022 5294:2017 5262:2013 5239:2009 5226:ISBN 5205:2014 5173:2008 5151:2022 5118:2022 5092:2022 5048:2016 5022:2013 4979:2023 4957:2023 4896:2008 4869:2008 4843:2008 4811:ISBN 4792:2019 4764:2019 4728:2019 4680:2019 4652:2022 4558:2022 4499:2022 4427:help 4406:2016 4343:2014 4291:2014 4269:2014 4246:2023 4178:OCLC 4168:ISBN 3940:ISBN 3672:NATO 3594:NATO 3576:Iraq 3543:NATO 3427:and 3329:NATO 3288:ONUC 3228:and 3203:NATO 3192:Axis 3169:and 3134:NATO 3030:The 3005:NATO 2971:NATO 2923:and 2874:NATO 2836:NATO 2784:and 2752:NATO 2703:and 2701:PAVN 2683:The 2670:Laos 2657:NATO 2637:and 2576:Iran 2566:NATO 2561:war. 2556:The 2508:NATO 2429:war. 2405:NATO 2363:NATO 2325:The 2320:1947 2277:and 2259:and 2198:NATO 2120:NATO 1901:NATO 1878:and 1770:NATO 1682:Pope 1676:The 1567:OECD 1541:Iraq 1507:and 1497:and 1446:The 1189:and 1174:and 1010:NATO 498:The 429:The 422:and 398:The 387:NATO 385:and 383:TIAR 373:and 350:and 147:and 95:and 72:and 54:CSTO 50:NATO 6132:SVT 6027:CNN 5848:doi 5733:doi 5471:doi 4923:doi 2381:to 2109:to 1170:of 288:). 173:war 58:SCO 42:war 6801:: 6784:. 6762:. 6743:. 6724:. 6705:. 6686:. 6667:. 6648:. 6629:. 6410:10 6408:. 6404:. 6353:. 6309:. 6277:. 6252:. 6226:. 6166:. 6162:. 6103:. 6051:. 6025:. 6013:^ 5995:. 5902:. 5854:. 5844:69 5842:. 5814:. 5753:. 5682:. 5631:. 5606:. 5588:. 5562:. 5542:. 5524:. 5506:. 5485:}} 5481:{{ 5465:. 5436:. 5352:. 5327:. 5141:. 5135:. 5082:. 5078:. 5039:. 5008:. 4929:. 4919:24 4917:. 4913:. 4886:. 4859:. 4783:. 4747:. 4714:. 4696:. 4671:. 4643:. 4593:. 4574:. 4549:. 4531:. 4488:. 4418:: 4416:}} 4412:{{ 4397:. 4219:. 4190:^ 4176:. 4008:. 3990:. 3791:) 3785:) 3765:, 3756:) 3734:) 3728:) 3708:A 3690:) 3670:A 3663:, 3659:, 3618:) 3561:) 3541:A 3523:) 3495:, 3487:) 3447:) 3394:) 3353:) 3327:A 3201:A 3179:, 3161:) 3132:A 3114:) 3080:) 3060:A 3003:A 2992:) 2969:A 2950:) 2901:) 2872:A 2860:) 2834:A 2814:) 2776:) 2750:A 2730:) 2678:) 2655:A 2624:) 2590:) 2564:A 2545:, 2541:, 2533:) 2513:A 2506:A 2501:) 2481:A 2445:) 2423:) 2403:A 2385:) 2361:A 2336:: 2251:) 2216:) 2196:A 2176:) 2145:) 2125:A 2118:A 2113:) 2067:A 2050:) 2010:A 1999:) 1968:) 1932:) 1899:A 1861:) 1835:A 1828:A 1794:) 1768:A 1763:) 1733:) 1571:EU 1548:EU 1417:A 1253:A 1039:. 801:) 773:A 709:. 668:. 617:, 613:, 609:, 605:, 601:, 584:— 524:, 441:, 215:A 190:A 167:A 155:. 107:. 52:, 28:A 6773:. 6754:. 6735:. 6716:. 6697:. 6678:. 6659:. 6640:. 6605:. 6603:. 6365:. 6339:. 6263:. 6238:. 6211:. 6178:. 6147:. 6114:. 6070:. 6036:. 6007:. 5981:. 5953:. 5920:. 5888:. 5862:. 5850:: 5825:. 5799:. 5765:. 5739:. 5735:: 5714:. 5693:. 5668:. 5642:. 5617:. 5592:. 5573:. 5510:. 5491:) 5473:: 5447:. 5400:. 5378:. 5338:. 5296:. 5264:. 5241:. 5207:. 5175:. 5153:. 5120:. 5094:. 5050:. 5024:. 4981:. 4959:. 4925:: 4898:. 4871:. 4845:. 4819:. 4794:. 4766:. 4730:. 4682:. 4654:. 4597:. 4560:. 4535:. 4501:. 4444:. 4429:) 4408:. 4345:. 4293:. 4271:. 4248:. 4223:. 4184:. 4012:. 3994:. 3948:. 3837:. 3667:. 3641:. 3612:) 3578:. 3347:) 3324:. 3317:. 3310:. 3279:. 3198:. 3155:) 3129:. 3057:. 3023:) 2966:. 2934:. 2916:. 2895:) 2854:) 2831:. 2770:) 2747:. 2714:. 2652:. 2641:. 2608:. 2584:) 2478:. 2464:. 2358:. 2351:. 2344:. 2322:. 2241:) 2225:. 2193:. 2093:. 2082:. 2044:) 2028:. 2021:. 1993:) 1977:. 1952:. 1926:) 1910:. 1896:. 1889:. 1882:. 1855:) 1788:) 1757:) 1727:) 1691:. 1645:. 1613:. 1573:. 1562:. 1543:. 1469:. 1407:. 1372:. 1365:. 1332:. 1296:. 1178:. 1159:. 1124:. 1113:. 1059:. 1003:. 996:. 989:. 842:. 763:. 481:. 224:. 212:. 187:. 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index