521:
419:
considered as territories sufficient for statehood. The term "permanent population" defines the community that has the intention to inhabit the territory permanently and is capable to support the superstructure of the State, though there is no requirement of a minimum population. The government must be capable of exercising effective control over a territory and population (the requirement known in legal theory as "effective control test") and guarantee the protection of basic human rights by legal methods and policies. The "capacity to enter into relations with other states" reflects the entity's degree of independence.
481:
on which it operated, and it has not accepted the allegation that the "TRNC" courts as a whole lacked independence and/or impartiality". On 3 February 2017, The United
Kingdom's High Court stated "There was no duty in the United Kingdom law upon the Government to refrain from recognizing Northern Cyprus. The United Nations itself works with Northern Cyprus law enforcement agencies and facilitates co-operation between the two parts of the island". and revealed that the co-operation between the United Kingdom police and law agencies in Northern Cyprus is legal.
694:
which states do not have (though their territories have a spatial position, states are distinct from their territories), and abstract objects have a position in neither time nor space, which does not fit the supposed characteristics of states either, since states do have a temporal position (they can be created at certain times and then become extinct at a future time). Therefore, it has been argued that states belong to a third category, the quasi-abstract, that has recently begun to garner philosophical attention, especially in the area of
762:
748:
106:
251:, and the charters of regional international organizations express the view that all states are juridically equal and enjoy the same rights and duties based upon the mere fact of their existence as persons under international law. The right of nations to determine their own political status and exercise permanent sovereignty within the limits of their territorial jurisdictions is widely recognized.
1886:
698:, an ontological theory that seeks to understand the role of documents in understanding all of social reality. Quasi-abstract objects, such as states, can be brought into being through document acts, and can also be used to manipulate them, such as by binding them by treaty or surrendering them as the result of a war.
179:
the international system of special internal and external security and legitimization of the dilemma. Recently, the concept of the international community has been formed to refer to a group of States that have established rules, procedures and institutions for the implementation of relations. Thus, the foundation for
212:
Sovereignty is a term that is frequently misused. Up until the 19th century, the radicalised concept of a "standard of civilization" was routinely deployed to determine that certain people in the world were "uncivilized", and lacking organised societies. That position was reflected and constituted in
178:
includes more than 200 sovereign states, most of which are represented in the United
Nations. These states exist in a system of international relations, where each state takes into account the policies of other states by making its own calculations. From this point of view, States are integrated into
961:
on Rights and Duties of States, 1 lays down the most widely accepted formulation of the criteria of statehood in international law. It note that the state as an international person should possess the following qualifications: '(a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and
475:
decided that "notwithstanding the lack of international recognition of the regime in the northern area, a de facto recognition of its acts may be rendered necessary for practical purposes. Thus the adoption by the authorities of the "TRNC" of civil, administrative or criminal law measures, and their
449:
State practice relating to the recognition of states typically falls somewhere between the declaratory and constitutive approaches. International law does not require a state to recognise other states. Recognition is often withheld when a new state is seen as illegitimate or has come about in breach
410:
if it meets the following criteria: 1) a defined territory; 2) a permanent population; 3) a government and 4) a capacity to enter into relations with other states. According to declarative theory, an entity's statehood is independent of its recognition by other states, as long as the sovereignty was
480:
purportedly operates as a democratic republic with a president, prime minister, legislature and judiciary". On 2 September 2015, ECtHR decided that "...the court system set up in the "TRNC" was to be considered to have been "established by law" with reference to the "constitutional and legal basis"
374:
One of the major criticisms of this law is the confusion caused when some states recognise a new entity, but other states do not. Hersch
Lauterpacht, one of the theory's main proponents, suggested that a state must grant recognition as a possible solution. However, a state may use any criteria when
258:
Named after the 1648 Treaty of
Westphalia, the Westphalian System of state sovereignty, according to Bryan Turner, "made a more or less clear separation between religion and state, and recognized the right of princes "to confessionalize" the state, that is, to determine the religious affiliation of
701:
Scholars in international relations can be broken up into two different practices, realists and pluralists, of what they believe the ontological state of the state is. Realists believe that the world is one of only states and interstate relations and the identity of the state is defined before any
217:
said, "There exists perhaps no conception the meaning of which is more controversial than that of sovereignty. It is an indisputable fact that this conception, from the moment when it was introduced into political science until the present day, has never had a meaning, which was universally agreed
693:
It has been argued that one potential reason as to why the existence of states has been controversial is because states do not have a place in the traditional
Platonist duality of the concrete and the abstract. Characteristically, concrete objects are those that have a position in time and space,
672:
Generally speaking, states are durable entities, though they can become extinguished, either through voluntary means or outside forces, such as military conquest. Violent state abolition has virtually ceased since the end of World War II. Because states are non-physical juridical entities, it has
357:
of international law if, and only if, it is recognised as sovereign by at least one other state. This theory of recognition was developed in the 19th century. Under it, a state was sovereign if another sovereign state recognised it as such. Because of this, new states could not immediately become
324:
State recognition signifies the decision of a sovereign state to treat another entity as also being a sovereign state. Recognition can be either expressed or implied and is usually retroactive in its effects. It does not necessarily signify a desire to establish or maintain diplomatic relations.
418:
A "territory" in the international law context consists of land territory, internal waters, territorial sea, and air space above the territory. There is no requirement on strictly delimited borders or minimum size of the land, but artificial installations and uninhabitable territories cannot be
651:
due to having a political system in which the sovereignty of the state was subject to limitations both internal (West
Germany's federal system and the role of civil society) and external (membership in the European Community and reliance on its alliance with the United States and NATO for its
726:
Since the end of World War II, the number of sovereign states in the international system has surged. Some research suggests that the existence of international and regional organisations, the greater availability of economic aid, and greater acceptance of the norm of self-determination have
630:
Sovereignty is most commonly conceptualised as something categorical, which is either present or absent, and the coherence of any intermediate position in that binary has been questioned, especially in the context of international law. In spite of this, some authors admit the concept of a
300:
wrote that the "perfect equality and absolute independence of sovereigns" has created a class of cases where "every sovereign is understood to waive the exercise of a part of that complete exclusive territorial jurisdiction, which has been stated to be the attribute of every nation".
2124:"Opinion stating the reasons for the Court's Order of September 30, 2014 granting both the TRNC's and the HSBC defendants' motions to dismiss, denying the plaintiffs' motion for leave to amend, and dismissing this action with prejudice for Toumazou et al v. Republic of Turkey et al"
735:
that the increase in the number of states can partly be credited to a more peaceful world, greater free trade and international economic integration, democratisation, and the presence of international organisations that co-ordinate economic and political policies.
254:
In political science, sovereignty is usually defined as the most essential attribute of the state in the form of its complete self-sufficiency in the frames of a certain territory, that is its supremacy in the domestic policy and independence in the foreign one.
386:
International Law does not say that a State is not in existence as long as it is not recognised, but it takes no notice of it before its recognition. Through recognition only and exclusively a State becomes an
International Person and a subject of International
158:
Since the end of the 19th century, almost the entire globe has been divided into sections (countries) with more or less defined borders assigned to different states. Previously, quite large plots of land were either unclaimed or deserted, or inhabited by
333:
states in World War I and explained that "since recognition of statehood is a matter of discretion, it is open to any existing State to accept as a state any entity it wishes, regardless of the existence of territory or of an established government."
366:
recognised only 39 sovereign states in the
European diplomatic system, and as a result, it was firmly established that in the future new states would have to be recognised by other states, and that meant in practice recognition by one or more of the
470:
In the case of
Northern Cyprus, recognition was withheld from a state created in Northern Cyprus. International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence, and the recognition of a country is a political issue. On 2 July 2013,
702:
international relations with other states. On the other hand, pluralists believe that the state is not the only actor in international relations and interactions between states and the state is competing against many other actors.
3267:
454:
and
Northern Cyprus are good examples of this, the former only having been recognized by South Africa, and the latter only recognized by Turkey. In the case of Rhodesia, recognition was widely withheld when the white minority
664:" is predicated upon that distinction. States are non-physical juridical entities, not organisations of any kind. However, ordinarily, only the government of a state can obligate or bind the state, for example by treaty.
328:
No definition is binding on all the members of the community of nations on the criteria for statehood. In practice, the criteria are mainly political, not legal. L.C. Green cited the recognition of the unborn Polish and
1372:
Wilde, Ralph (2009). "From Trusteeship to Self-Determination and Back Again: The Role of the Hague Regulations in the Evolution of International Trusteeship, and the Framework of Rights and Duties of Occupying Powers".
1074:
The Committee considers that the state is commonly defined as a community which consists of a territory and a population subject to an organized political authority; that such a state is characterized by sovereignty;
309:
by statute, which explicitly limits jurisdictional immunity to public acts, but not private or commercial ones, though there is no precise definition by which public acts can easily be distinguished from private ones.
248:
673:
been argued that their extinction cannot be due to physical force alone. Instead, the physical actions of the military must be associated with the correct social or judiciary actions for a state to be abolished.
304:
Absolute sovereign immunity is no longer as widely accepted as it has been in the past, and some countries, including the United States, Canada, Singapore, Australia, Pakistan and South Africa, have introduced
476:
application or enforcement within that territory, may be regarded as having a legal basis in domestic law for the purposes of the Convention". On 9 October 2014, the US's Federal Court stated that "the
639:
subjected to a more powerful neighbour; Belarus, in its relationship with Russia, has been proposed as a contemporary example of a semi-sovereign state. In a somewhat different sense, the term
2156:
660:
Although the terms "state" and "government" are often used interchangeably, international law distinguishes between a non-physical state and its government; and in fact, the concept of "
2131:
358:
part of the international community or be bound by international law, and recognised nations did not have to respect international law in their dealings with them. In 1815, at the
1755:
821:
685:
status of the state has been a subject of debate, especially, whether or not the state, being an object that no one can see, taste, touch, or otherwise detect, actually exists.
489:, and their representatives are elected in the Assembly of Northern Cyprus. As a country, Northern Cyprus became an observer member in various international organizations (the
2791:
998:
A sovereign state is generally defined to be any nation or people, whatever may be the form of its internal constitution, which governs itself independently of foreign powers.
422:
Article 3 of the Montevideo Convention declares that political statehood is independent of recognition by other states, and the state is not prohibited from defending itself.
286:
within territorial boundaries. Based on this, the jurisprudence has developed along the lines of affording immunity from prosecution to foreign states in domestic courts. In
171:(and some of them are still not in constant contact). Additionally, there are states where de facto control is contested or where it is not exercised over their whole area.
710:
Another theory of the ontology of the state is that the state is a spiritual, or "mystical entity" with its own being, distinct from the members of the state. The German
5276:
2695:"The Involuntary Extinction of States: An Examination of the Destruction of States though the Application of Military Force by Foreign Powers since the Second World War"
1434:
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judging if they should give recognition and they have no obligation to use such criteria. Many states may only recognise another state if it is to their advantage.
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such as Somaliland because its government can interact diplomatically internationally in an informal way. A unrecognized state often has difficulty engaging in
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2109:
1993:
306:
727:
increased the desire of political units to secede and can be credited for the increase in the number of states in the international system. Harvard economist
2694:
2087:
1463:
2037:
The President of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Hisashi Owada (2010): "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence."
605:
The hegemony of this system, at least until recent years, is what created the possibility of a de facto state as an anomaly existing outside of it - or in
456:
275:
213:
the notion that their "sovereignty" was either completely lacking or at least of an inferior character when compared to that of the "civilized" people".
2679:
1949:
International Law and Self-Determination: The Interplay of the Politics of Territorial Possession With Formulations of Post-Colonial National Identity
2016:
2005:
547:
201:
sovereignty based on territoriality and the absence of a role for external agents in domestic structures. It is an international system of states,
3864:
635:, a state which is officially acknowledged as sovereign but whose theoretical sovereignty is significantly impaired in practice, such as by being
3241:, "Part Three. The Philosophy of the State" (Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company, 1954 ). 507 pgs. 23 cm. LOC classification: JA66 .S35
486:
2256:
718:(1770â1831) was perhaps the greatest proponent of this theory. The Hegelian definition of the state is "the Divine Idea as it exists on Earth".
435:, which found that a state was defined by having a territory, a population, government, and capacity to enter into relations with other states.
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815:
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states only according to their own law and by states that recognise them. For example, Somaliland is commonly considered to be such a state.
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are sometimes recognised as being the legitimate government of a territory over which they have no actual control. For example, during the
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3257:
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877:
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1924:
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2380:
1549:
1056:
Pellet, Alain (1992). "The Opinions of the Badinter Arbitration Committee A Second Breath for the Self-Determination of Peoples".
1183:
Hoch, TomĂĄĆĄ (2018). "Legitimization of Statehood and its Impact on Foreign Policy in De Facto States: A Case Study of Abkhazia".
826:
444:
319:
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So far as States are concerned, the traditional definitions provided for in the Montevideo Convention remain generally accepted.
617:
resulted in the emergence of numerous such entities, several of which, including Abkhazia, Transdniester, South Ossetia and the
4551:
2102:"Michali Toumazou, Nicolas Kantzilaris and Maroulla Tompazou versus Republic of Turkey and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus"
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2030:
288:
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3702:
3113:"States and their international relations since 1816: introducing version 2 of the International System(s) Dataset (ISD)"
3024:
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Fazal, Tanisha M.; Griffiths, Ryan D. (March 2014). "Membership Has Its Privileges: The Changing Benefits of Statehood".
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363:
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591:
De facto states can be understood as a product of the very system that excludes the possibility of their existence: the
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1691:
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494:
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1514:
Schwebel, Stephen M. (1963). "The Story of the U.N.'s Declaration on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources".
520:
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4504:
4288:
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2101:
123:
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183:, diplomacy between officially recognized sovereign states, their organizations and formal regimes has been laid.
76:
with other sovereign states due to their lack of official international recognition. When referring to a specific
4785:
4546:
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806:
610:
464:
226:, "sovereignty is neither a question of fact, nor a question of law, but a question that does not arise at all".
5227:
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4029:
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3139:
The International Law of Recognition, with Special Reference to Practice in Great Britain and the United States
1034:
472:
431:
163:
that were not organized into states. However, even in modern states, there are large remote areas, such as the
127:
5079:
4154:
2159:
Criminals fleeing British justice can no longer use Cyprus as a safe haven, judges rule, in landmark decision
1489:"General Assembly resolution 1803 (XVII) of 14 December 1962, "Permanent sovereignty over natural resources""
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Legal opinion by the Negotiations Support Unit in the Palestinian Authority on transitional sovereignty
1753:
1114:
65:
57:
as having a permanent population, defined territory, a government not under another, and the capacity
4955:
4927:
4745:
4509:
4261:
3874:
2617:
Robinson, Edward Heath (2010). "An ontological analysis of states: Organizations vs. legal persons".
2271:
592:
264:
202:
3478:
1887:"The Status of Unrecognized Quasi-States and Their Responsibilities Under the Montevideo Convention"
425:
A similar opinion about "the conditions on which an entity constitutes a state" is expressed by the
4960:
4725:
4066:
3743:
2441:
Hancock, Kathleen J. (April 2006). "The Semi-Sovereign State: Belarus and the Russian Neo-Empire".
1980:
942:
811:
776:
407:
3283:
information on tracking, evaluating and managing sovereign risk for trade and permanent investment
2231:
1288:
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4406:
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3317:
609:'s memorable phrase, as "temporary technical errors within the system of international law." The
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116:
58:
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1541:
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551:
244:
69:
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The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States, p.149
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control over a territory but lack international recognition; these may be considered by the
5307:
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4039:
3599:
3417:
3352:
2563:
1800:
841:
644:
1218:
Fowler, Michael Ross; Bunck, Julie Marie (1996). "What constitutes the sovereign state?".
8:
5155:
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4273:
4231:
4119:
4049:
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3811:
3758:
3571:
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1916:
935:
786:
661:
621:, survived in the margins of international relations for decades despite non-recognition.
618:
538:(i.e., they exist both according to law and in practice). However, states which are only
450:
of international law. Almost universal non-recognition by the international community of
341:, however, there are several theories of when a state should be recognised as sovereign.
206:
89:
2567:
2296:
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1050:
adjective ... (of a nation or state) fully independent and determining its own affairs.
274:
from the judicial process, derived from the concepts of sovereignty and the Westphalian
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1354:
1235:
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912:
379:
359:
230:
2554:
Robinson, Edward Heath (August 2013). "The Distinction Between State and Government".
229:
Sovereignty has taken on a different meaning with the development of the principle of
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1633:
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1406:
1358:
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NĂșñez, Jorge Emilio (2013). "About the Impossibility of Absolute State Sovereignty".
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1576:"Globalization and Sovereignty: Why do States Abandon their Sovereign Prerogatives?"
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Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order
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1593:
Turner, Bryan S. (July 2007). "Islam, Religious Revival and the Sovereign State".
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Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in
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1152:"Statehood and recognition in world politics: Towards a critical research agenda"
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Rethinking Germany and Europe: Democracy and Diplomacy in a Semi-Sovereign State
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Oshisanya, An Almanac of Contemporary and Comperative Judicial Restatement, 2016
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2792:"A documentary theory of states and their existence as quasi-abstract entities"
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330:
160:
54:
32:
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Lassa Oppenheim, International Law 66 (Sir Arnold D. McNair ed., 4th ed. 1928)
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not gained by military force. The declarative model was expressed in the 1933
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system of sovereign and equal states covering every centimeter of the globe.
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2381:"The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic: The life and death of an unrecognized state"
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1715:, UNESCO Series, Mohammed Bedjaoui(ed), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1991,
1688:
903:
Philpott, Daniel (1995). "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History".
796:
767:
354:
198:
5069:
3234:. p 29 (with reference to Oppenheim in International Law Vol. 1 1905 p110)
2056:
p.64: The ICJ maintained that ... the issue of recognition was apolitical.
1665:
994:
Elements of international law: with a sketch of the history of the science
649:
Policy and Politics in West Germany: The Growth of a Semi-sovereign State,
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4588:
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4318:
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3753:
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3615:
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1401:
Akweenda, Sackey (1997). "Sovereignty in cases of Mandated Territories".
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555:
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219:
36:
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Policy and Politics in West Germany: The Growth of a Semisovereign State
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International law and the protection of Namibia's territorial integrity
583:
279:
235:
130: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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5034:
4892:
4847:
4735:
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4248:
3508:
2644:
Fazal, Tanisha M. (2004). "State Death in the International System".
73:
44:
40:
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5132:
2169:
James Ker-Lindsay (UN SG's Former Special Representative for Cyprus)
167:, that are either uninhabited or inhabited exclusively or mainly by
105:
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3432:
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3163:
Sovereignty: The Origin and Future of a Political and Legal Concept
1542:"OHCHR | International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"
1094:
The recognition of states: law and practice in debate and evolution
711:
682:
550:
of several states continued to enjoy diplomatic relations with the
451:
5197:
5091:
4942:
467:
described as the creation of an "illegal racist minority régime".
5192:
5117:
4947:
4937:
4877:
4790:
4760:
4692:
4573:
3785:
3586:
3462:
3402:
3309:
530:
85:
81:
3273:
3242:
2847:
Ringmar, Erik (1996). "On the Ontological Status of the State".
2734:
Ringmar, Erik (1996). "On the ontological status of the state".
2515:
Padgett, Stephen; Jeffery, C.; Bulmer, Simon (14 January 2014).
2224:
The Reality of International LawEssays in Honour of Ian Brownlie
1818:
554:, notwithstanding that their countries were under occupation by
5222:
5212:
5207:
5142:
5096:
5012:
4882:
4867:
4862:
4852:
4536:
4143:
3725:
3392:
1885:
Bachmann, Sascha Dov; Prazauskas, Martinas (19 December 2019).
822:
List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent
502:
77:
4967:
874:, a rare example of a contemporary sovereign, non-state entity
5217:
5202:
5187:
5064:
5049:
5039:
5024:
5002:
4997:
4932:
4730:
4672:
4556:
3407:
3387:
3274:
Links to the best political risk websites, ipoliticalrisk.com
3208:(Second ed.). Macmillan International Higher Education.
2405:
Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law
3294:
3093:
Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law
2785:
2783:
2187:
1211:
705:
655:
643:
was famously applied to West Germany by political scientist
5044:
4310:
3648:
3111:
Butcher, Charles R.; Griffiths, Ryan D. (17 January 2020).
2215:
477:
688:
233:
and the prohibition against the threat or use of force as
4842:
2780:
1624:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 25â61.
731:
and Tufts economist Enrico Spolaore argue in their book,
2222:
Goodwin-Gill, Guy S.; Talmon, Stefan (14 October 1999).
1009:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
2775:
Sovereign Statehood: The Basis of International Society
2188:
CzapliĆski, W.; Kleczkowska, A.; Scholar, W.N. (2019).
1744:, Mala Tabory eds., Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1990,
1279:
Talmon, Stefan (2001). "Recognition and its Variants".
1038:(2nd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005,
1025:
adj. 1. Self-governing; independent: a sovereign state.
962:(d) capacity to enter into relations with other states'
832:
List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies
68:. A sovereign state can exist without being officially
3007:
Alesina, Alberto; Spolaore, Enrico (7 November 2003).
1994:
Arbitration Commission of the Conference on Yugoslavia
1711:
See B. Broms, "IV Recognition of States", pp 47â48 in
1433:. Secretariat of The Organization of American States.
1143:
487:
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE)
2297:"The List: Six Reasons You May Need A New Atlas Soon"
1272:
16:
State that has the highest authority over a territory
2587:
2585:
2514:
2257:"De facto Statehood? The Strange Case of Somaliland"
1427:"Chapter IV Fundamental Rights and Duties of States"
1176:
743:
3180:
3057:(2nd printing ed.). Bruce Publishing Company.
3050:
2884:
2872:
2402:Grant, John P.; Barker, J. Craig (2 October 2009).
1658:
The State Immunity Controversy in International Law
382:said the following, regarding constitutive theory:
4825:
3264:With cases and commentary. Nathaniel Burney, 2007.
3051:Schmandt, Henry J.; Steinbicker, Paul G. (1956) .
2978:"The State of Secession in International Politics"
2221:
2080:"Property Spat Over Turk-|Controlled Cyprus Fails"
1884:
1845:
1457:"Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States"
1100:
676:
84:" may also refer to a constituent country such as
3305:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 799â801.
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2582:
721:
459:and attempted to form a state along the lines of
5289:
3110:
2356:. Les Nouvelles d'Addis Magazine. Archived from
1226:(4). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 381â404.
1011:(4th ed.), Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004,
503:Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic States (TURKPA)
249:Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States
3006:
1620:Simpson, Gerry (2004). "Sovereign Equalities".
1281:Recognition of Governments in International Law
282:, the powers of the state are considered to be
2949:
2859:
2678:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
2327:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
2017:United Nations Security Council Resolution 541
2006:United Nations Security Council Resolution 216
1431:Charter of the Organization of American States
1339:International Journal for the Semiotics of Law
524:De facto map of control of the world, May 2019
508:
3494:
3325:
3237:Schmandt, Henry J., and Paul G. Steinbicker.
3089:
2351:
1713:International law: achievements and prospects
259:their kingdoms on the pragmatic principle of
3270:by Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck
3159:
5272:List of administrative divisions by country
3224:Statehood and the Law of Self-determination
3146:The Creation of States in International Law
2849:European Journal of International Relations
2840:
2736:European Journal of International Relations
2594:The Creation of States in International Law
2475:
2401:
1917:"Convention on Rights and Duties of States"
1852:. Cambridge University Press. p. 419.
1740:See Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, 1989,
1405:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 40.
1217:
1106:
3501:
3487:
3332:
3318:
2191:Unrecognised Subjects in International Law
2147:The decision of 02.09.2015. paragraph 237.
1945:
1825:. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 135.
1586:
1254:"Countries Not in the United Nations 2024"
996:. Carey, Lea & Blanchard. p. 51.
473:The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
197:Westphalian sovereignty is the concept of
186:
3128:
2596:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2232:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198268376.003.0023
1819:Lassa Oppenheim, Ronald Roxburgh (2005).
1651:
1649:
1289:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248391.003.0003
1167:
878:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
656:Relationship between state and government
146:Learn how and when to remove this message
3539:
2893:Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (2012) .
2789:
2692:
2616:
2591:
2553:
2408:. Oxford University Press. p. 552.
2194:. Scholar Publishing House. p. 26.
2068:The decision of 02.07.2013. paragraph 29
1513:
1400:
973:. Kluwer Law International. p. 20.
902:
625:
519:
205:, and organizations that began with the
4477:
3292:
2927:. SAGE Publications. pp. 294â295.
2846:
2733:
2440:
2354:"France recognises de facto Somaliland"
1952:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p.
1773:
1769:
1767:
1700:Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy
1619:
1311:
1258:World Population by Country 2024 (Live)
827:List of states with limited recognition
445:List of states with limited recognition
320:List of states with limited recognition
5290:
2378:
2299:. Foreign Policy Magazine. July 2007.
2254:
2077:
1777:Sourcebook on Public International Law
1655:
1646:
1592:
1573:
1278:
1149:
1092:Grant, Thomas D. (1999). "Chapter 1".
1087:
1085:
1055:
969:Jasentuliyana, Nandasiri, ed. (1995).
941:. Cambridge University Press. p.
587:in early 2024, Laurence Broers wrote:
344:
270:Before 1900, sovereign states enjoyed
4824:
4476:
3538:
3521:
3482:
3313:
3268:What constitutes the sovereign state?
3226:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2002.
3027:from the original on 17 November 2016
2988:from the original on 17 November 2016
2931:from the original on 17 November 2016
2892:
2643:
2264:Yale Journal of International Affairs
2134:from the original on 21 October 2023.
2112:from the original on 20 October 2023.
2090:from the original on 21 October 2023.
1371:
1336:
1091:
1058:European Journal of International Law
391:
3201:
3069:from the original on 15 January 2023
2535:from the original on 15 January 2023
2496:from the original on 15 January 2023
2422:from the original on 15 January 2023
2303:from the original on 13 January 2009
1976:
1866:from the original on 15 January 2023
1764:
1555:from the original on 4 December 2018
1469:from the original on 17 October 2013
1182:
1131:from the original on 15 January 2023
932:
438:
128:adding citations to reliable sources
99:
70:recognized by other sovereign states
3255:A Brief Primer on International Law
2379:Broers, Laurence (2 January 2024).
1082:
1070:10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035802
1015:from the original on 7 October 2015
667:
491:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
13:
3339:
3083:
1375:Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev
14:
5319:
3522:
3248:
3148:. Oxford University Press, 2005.
2702:The Journal of Military Geography
1437:from the original on 9 April 2012
1096:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
971:Perspectives on international law
872:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
495:Economic Cooperation Organization
289:The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon
4289:Organized incorporated territory
3184:Recognition in International Law
2925:"The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy"
2455:10.1111/j.1743-8594.2006.00023.x
2333:from the original on 3 June 2010
2078:Abbott, Ryan (13 October 2014).
1927:from the original on 29 May 2019
1849:Recognition in International Law
1607:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2007.00187.x
1516:American Bar Association Journal
1491:. United Nations. Archived from
1462:. UN Treaty Organization. 1949.
1314:Sovereignty: Organised Hypocrisy
1110:Recognition in International Law
905:Journal of International Affairs
760:
746:
485:gained "observer status" in the
351:constitutive theory of statehood
104:
66:a sovereign state is independent
5277:Slavic administrative divisions
3090:Angie, Antony (26 April 2007).
3000:
2970:
2943:
2917:
2899:. Courier Corporation. p.
2891:, trans. J. Sibree ); see also
2885:Schmandt & Steinbicker 1956
2878:
2873:Schmandt & Steinbicker 1956
2767:
2727:
2693:Robinson, Edward Heath (2011).
2686:
2637:
2610:
2547:
2508:
2469:
2434:
2395:
2372:
2345:
2315:
2289:
2248:
2162:
2150:
2138:
2116:
2094:
2071:
2059:
2040:
2021:
2010:
1999:
1986:
1939:
1909:
1878:
1839:
1812:
1794:
1734:
1705:
1682:
1613:
1567:
1534:
1507:
1481:
1449:
1419:
1394:
1385:
1365:
1330:
1305:
1220:Review of International Studies
807:List of former sovereign states
706:The state as "spiritual entity"
677:Ontological status of the state
528:Most sovereign states are both
465:United Nations Security Council
404:declarative theory of statehood
115:needs additional citations for
64:It is commonly understood that
4826:Non-English terms or loanwords
4030:Direct-controlled municipality
3187:. Cambridge University Press.
3160:Dieter Grimm (21 April 2015).
3096:. Cambridge University Press.
2476:Katzenstein, Peter J. (1987).
1316:. Princeton University Press.
1035:New Oxford American Dictionary
982:
923:
896:
722:Trends in the number of states
432:Badinter Arbitration Committee
313:
1:
4155:Special administrative region
3166:. Columbia University Press.
3130:10.1080/03050629.2020.1707199
2887:, p. 71 (citing Hegel's
2323:"Overview of De-facto States"
1822:International Law: A Treatise
1780:. Routledge. pp. 201â2.
933:Shaw, Malcolm Nathan (2003).
884:
689:The state as "quasi-abstract"
499:Organization of Turkic States
59:to interact with other states
4055:Mountain resort municipality
3932:Intermediate school district
3915:Educational service district
3771:Regional county municipality
3181:Lauterpacht, Hersch (2012).
2952:International Studies Review
2811:10.1080/14650045.2014.913027
2790:Robinson, Edward H. (2014).
2352:Wiren, Robert (April 2008).
1312:Krasner, Stephen D. (1999).
1107:Lauterpacht, Hersch (2012).
889:
847:Rule according to higher law
570:states. They are considered
7:
4386:Autonomous territorial unit
2777:(London: Allen & Unwin)
2748:10.1177/1354066196002004002
2660:(inactive 27 August 2024).
2482:. Temple University Press.
2226:. Oxford University Press.
1946:Castellino, Joshua (2000).
1846:Hersch Lauterpacht (2012).
739:
577:Outlining the concept of a
427:European Economic Community
408:person in international law
298:United States Supreme Court
10:
5324:
4267:National capital territory
3988:Indian reserve/reservation
3855:Indian government district
3509:Designations for types of
3243:Fundamentals of government
3239:Fundamentals of Government
3205:Modern Political Geography
3117:International Interactions
3054:Fundamentals of Government
3043:
2646:International Organization
1656:Bankas, Ernest K. (2005).
1115:Cambridge University Press
558:. Other entities may have
442:
395:
317:
203:multinational corporations
190:
95:
5257:Autonomous administration
5244:
5110:
4835:
4831:
4820:
4713:
4487:
4483:
4472:
4396:
4370:
4332:
4309:
4262:Federal capital territory
4247:
4207:
4142:
4110:
4075:
4010:
3987:
3959:
3875:Non-metropolitan district
3865:Local government district
3820:
3802:
3784:
3724:
3701:
3647:
3622:
3608:
3585:
3549:
3545:
3534:
3530:
3517:
3348:
2982:E-International Relations
2896:The Philosophy of History
2658:10.1017/S0020818304582048
2521:. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
1351:10.1007/s11196-013-9333-x
1232:10.1017/s0260210500118637
1197:10.1163/1573384X-20180406
1169:10.1177/00108367211007876
265:whose realm, his religion
218:upon." In the opinion of
165:Amazon's tropical forests
4067:Specialized municipality
3744:Consolidated city-county
3293:Barclay, Thomas (1911).
3260:10 November 2016 at the
2174:14 November 2022 at the
2157:The Telegraph 03.02.2017
2052:14 November 2022 at the
1891:The International Lawyer
1758:14 November 2022 at the
1728:14 November 2022 at the
1630:10.1017/CBO9780511494185
1156:Cooperation and Conflict
812:List of sovereign states
777:List of sovereign states
261:cuius regio eius religio
4429:Military exclusion zone
4407:Exclusive economic zone
4172:National capital region
3764:Non-metropolitan county
3511:administrative division
3302:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2708:: 17â29. Archived from
2443:Foreign Policy Analysis
2270:: 60â79. Archived from
2255:Arieff, Alexis (2008).
2084:Courthouse News Service
1992:Opinion No. 10. of the
1185:Iran & the Caucasus
992:Wheaton, Henry (1836).
564:international community
278:. First articulated by
224:High Court of Australia
193:Westphalian sovereignty
187:Westphalian sovereignty
176:international community
4446:Self-administered zone
4284:Incorporated territory
4151:Administrative region
3920:Local service district
3840:Congressional district
3202:Muir, Richard (1981).
1150:Visoka, GĂ«zim (2022).
623:
525:
461:Apartheid South Africa
389:
245:United Nations Charter
4417:Special economic zone
4101:Praetorian prefecture
4085:Autonomous prefecture
4045:Regional municipality
4035:District municipality
3870:Metropolitan district
3734:Administrative county
3716:Residential community
3562:Local government area
3279:1 August 2012 at the
2984:. 23 September 2016.
2889:Philosophy of History
2592:Crawford, J. (2006).
1804:Taming the Sovereigns
1774:Hillier, Tim (1998).
1694:14 April 2019 at the
1666:10.1007/3-540-27883-4
1574:Grinin, L. E (2008).
1191:(4). Brill: 382â407.
959:Montevideo Convention
626:Semi-sovereign states
607:Alexander Iskandaryan
593:post-Second World War
589:
523:
413:Montevideo Convention
406:defines a state as a
398:Montevideo Convention
384:
353:defines a state as a
35:that has the highest
5008:Njësi administrative
4040:Neutral municipality
3979:Subdivision of India
3711:Autonomous community
3600:Metropolitan borough
3540:Common English terms
3418:Night-watchman state
3353:Administrative state
2631:10.3233/AO-2010-0077
1801:Kalevi Jaakko Holsti
1580:Age of Globalization
842:Non-Aligned Movement
652:national security).
633:semi-sovereign state
548:governments-in-exile
307:restrictive immunity
124:improve this article
74:diplomatic relations
5303:Political geography
4651:Autonomous republic
4579:Enclave and exclave
4478:Other English terms
4274:Dependent territory
4120:Autonomous province
4050:Resort municipality
4025:County municipality
3812:Overseas department
3759:Metropolitan county
3572:Unincorporated area
3010:The Size of Nations
2715:on 19 February 2018
2568:2013GComp...7..556R
2277:on 13 December 2011
2033:22 May 2018 at the
1495:on 18 February 2011
1283:. pp. 44â112.
988:See the following:
929:See the following:
787:Dependent territory
662:government-in-exile
345:Constitutive theory
207:Peace of Westphalia
90:dependent territory
5267:Electoral district
4584:Federal dependency
4412:Free economic zone
4296:Overseas territory
4179:Development region
4062:Rural municipality
3995:Indian reservation
3887:Municipal district
3845:Electoral district
3685:Free imperial city
3373:Civilization state
2964:10.1111/misr.12099
2576:10.1111/gec3.12065
615:Yugoslav collapses
526:
463:, a move that the
392:Declarative theory
380:L. F. L. Oppenheim
360:Congress of Vienna
276:equality of states
231:self-determination
53:defines sovereign
5298:International law
5285:
5284:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5235:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4382:Territorial unit
4279:Federal territory
4257:Capital territory
4162:Autonomous region
4126:Overseas province
4020:City municipality
3911:Service district
3907:Sanitary district
3897:Regional district
3882:Military district
3739:Autonomous county
3672:Incorporated city
3476:
3475:
3458:Territorial state
3232:978-90-411-1890-5
3173:978-0-231-53930-2
3156:, pp. 15â24.
3144:Crawford, James.
3137:Chen, Ti-chiang.
3103:978-0-521-82892-5
2910:978-0-486-11900-7
2773:A. James (1986).
2603:978-0-19-826002-8
2556:Geography Compass
2528:978-1-349-58924-1
2489:978-0-87722-264-4
2415:978-0-19-987491-0
2360:on 25 August 2018
2241:978-0-19-826837-6
2201:978-83-7383-964-9
1963:978-90-411-1409-9
1905:– via SSRN.
1832:978-1-58477-609-3
1787:978-1-85941-050-9
1675:978-3-540-25695-3
1639:978-0-521-82761-4
1412:978-90-411-0412-0
1323:978-0-691-00711-3
1298:978-0-19-924839-1
1045:978-0-19-517077-1
957:Article 1 of the
952:978-0-5215-3183-2
937:International law
852:Stateless society
816:by formation date
792:Exclusive mandate
647:in his 1987 book
645:Peter Katzenstein
439:State recognition
402:By contrast, the
339:international law
272:absolute immunity
241:international law
181:international law
169:indigenous people
156:
155:
148:
51:International law
25:sovereign country
5315:
4873:Regierungsbezirk
4833:
4832:
4822:
4821:
4485:
4484:
4474:
4473:
4436:Free speech zone
4342:Charter township
4095:Super-prefecture
3939:Special district
3850:Federal district
3830:Capital district
3794:Overseas country
3667:Independent city
3638:Imperial capital
3577:Unorganized area
3547:
3546:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3519:
3518:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3358:Capitalist state
3334:
3327:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3219:
3198:
3177:
3134:
3132:
3107:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2857:
2856:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2821:. Archived from
2796:
2787:
2778:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2699:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2669:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2619:Applied Ontology
2614:
2608:
2607:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2276:
2261:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2185:
2179:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2044:
2038:
2025:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1990:
1984:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1816:
1810:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1771:
1762:
1738:
1732:
1709:
1703:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1595:The Muslim World
1590:
1584:
1583:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1080:
1077:
1052:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1000:
986:
980:
977:
964:
940:
927:
921:
920:
900:
782:Associated state
770:
765:
764:
756:
751:
750:
733:Size of Nations,
668:State extinction
544:Second World War
483:Turkish Cypriots
430:Opinions of the
292:, Chief Justice
284:suprema potestas
239:norms of modern
151:
144:
140:
137:
131:
108:
100:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5262:Census division
5232:
5106:
4827:
4800:
4751:Imperial Circle
4709:
4479:
4460:
4454:Free-trade zone
4392:
4366:
4357:Survey township
4328:
4305:
4301:Union territory
4243:
4238:Sovereign state
4203:
4194:Overseas region
4138:
4106:
4071:
4006:
3997:(United States)
3983:
3974:Police division
3969:Census division
3955:
3927:School district
3892:Police district
3816:
3798:
3780:
3720:
3697:
3692:Royal free city
3657:Autonomous city
3643:
3632:Federal capital
3618:
3604:
3581:
3541:
3526:
3513:
3507:
3477:
3472:
3453:Sovereign state
3344:
3338:
3281:Wayback Machine
3262:Wayback Machine
3251:
3216:
3195:
3174:
3141:. London, 1951.
3104:
3086:
3084:Further reading
3081:
3072:
3070:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3021:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2883:
2879:
2871:
2860:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2828:on 3 March 2016
2825:
2794:
2788:
2781:
2772:
2768:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2671:
2670:
2642:
2638:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2590:
2583:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2529:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2490:
2474:
2470:
2439:
2435:
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2423:
2416:
2400:
2396:
2386:
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2377:
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2321:
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2306:
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2295:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2186:
2182:
2176:Wayback Machine
2167:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2054:Wayback Machine
2045:
2041:
2035:Wayback Machine
2026:
2022:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1987:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1860:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1817:
1813:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1772:
1765:
1760:Wayback Machine
1752:, page 135-136
1739:
1735:
1730:Wayback Machine
1710:
1706:
1696:Wayback Machine
1687:
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1591:
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1466:
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1455:
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1440:
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1425:
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1413:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1370:
1366:
1335:
1331:
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1310:
1306:
1299:
1277:
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1212:
1181:
1177:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1105:
1101:
1090:
1083:
1046:
1030:
1018:
1016:
1003:
991:
987:
983:
968:
953:
928:
924:
901:
897:
892:
887:
882:
837:Nation-building
802:Federated state
766:
759:
754:Politics portal
752:
745:
742:
729:Alberto Alesina
724:
708:
691:
679:
670:
658:
628:
602:
518:
447:
441:
400:
394:
347:
322:
316:
215:Lassa Oppenheim
195:
189:
174:Currently, the
161:nomadic peoples
152:
141:
135:
132:
121:
109:
98:
21:sovereign state
17:
12:
11:
5:
5321:
5311:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4839:
4837:
4829:
4828:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4481:
4480:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4424:Exclusion zone
4421:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4403:Economic zone
4400:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4380:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4362:Urban township
4359:
4354:
4352:Paper township
4349:
4347:Civil township
4344:
4338:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4315:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4253:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4213:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4167:Capital region
4164:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4148:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4133:Roman province
4129:
4122:
4116:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4001:Indian reserve
3998:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3951:Urban district
3948:
3947:
3946:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3909:
3904:
3902:Rural district
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3595:County borough
3591:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3543:
3542:
3528:
3527:
3515:
3514:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3483:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3290:
3284:
3271:
3265:
3250:
3249:External links
3247:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3220:
3214:
3199:
3193:
3178:
3172:
3157:
3142:
3135:
3123:(2): 291â308.
3108:
3102:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3019:
2999:
2969:
2942:
2916:
2909:
2877:
2858:
2839:
2805:(3): 461â489.
2779:
2766:
2742:(4): 439â466.
2726:
2685:
2652:(2): 311â344.
2636:
2625:(2): 109â125.
2609:
2602:
2581:
2562:(8): 556â566.
2546:
2527:
2507:
2488:
2468:
2449:(2): 117â136.
2433:
2414:
2394:
2371:
2344:
2314:
2288:
2247:
2240:
2214:
2200:
2180:
2161:
2149:
2137:
2115:
2093:
2070:
2058:
2039:
2020:
2009:
1998:
1985:
1969:
1962:
1938:
1908:
1877:
1858:
1838:
1831:
1811:
1793:
1786:
1763:
1742:Yoram Dinstein
1733:
1704:
1681:
1674:
1645:
1638:
1612:
1601:(3): 405â418.
1585:
1566:
1533:
1522:(5): 463â469.
1506:
1480:
1448:
1418:
1411:
1393:
1384:
1364:
1345:(4): 645â664.
1329:
1322:
1304:
1297:
1271:
1260:. 26 June 1945
1245:
1210:
1175:
1162:(2): 133â151.
1142:
1123:
1117:. p. 64.
1099:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1064:(1): 178â185.
1053:
1044:
1028:
1001:
981:
979:
978:
966:
951:
922:
911:(2): 353â368.
894:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
880:
875:
869:
867:Princely state
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
773:
772:
771:
757:
741:
738:
723:
720:
707:
704:
690:
687:
678:
675:
669:
666:
657:
654:
641:semi-sovereign
627:
624:
517:
507:
440:
437:
396:Main article:
393:
390:
346:
343:
315:
312:
191:Main article:
188:
185:
154:
153:
112:
110:
103:
97:
94:
27:, or simply a
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5320:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5243:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
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5189:
5186:
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5179:
5177:
5174:
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5166:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4952:Kommun/Kunta
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4819:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4776:Roman diocese
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4616:Neighbourhood
4614:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4495:Alpine resort
4493:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4475:
4471:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4378:Regional unit
4376:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4227:Federal state
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4168:
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4156:
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4152:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4090:Subprefecture
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3860:Land district
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:City district
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3678:Imperial city
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3524:English terms
3520:
3516:
3512:
3504:
3499:
3497:
3492:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3469:
3468:Welfare state
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3383:Confederation
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3304:
3303:
3297:
3296:"State"
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3215:9781349860760
3211:
3207:
3206:
3200:
3196:
3194:9781107609433
3190:
3186:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3154:0-19-825402-4
3151:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3026:
3022:
3020:9780262012041
3016:
3013:. MIT Press.
3012:
3011:
3003:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2958:(1): 79â106.
2957:
2953:
2946:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2784:
2776:
2770:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2586:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2511:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2382:
2375:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2332:
2329:. July 2008.
2328:
2324:
2318:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2062:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1865:
1861:
1859:9781107609433
1855:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1768:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1750:0-7923-0450-0
1747:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:92-3-102716-6
1718:
1714:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1689:"Recognition"
1685:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1650:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1551:
1547:
1546:www.ohchr.org
1543:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1465:
1458:
1452:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1130:
1126:
1124:9781107609433
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1031:"sovereign",
1029:
1026:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
999:
995:
990:
989:
985:
976:
972:
967:
963:
960:
954:
948:
944:
939:
938:
931:
930:
926:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
895:
879:
876:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
857:Unitary state
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
817:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
769:
763:
758:
755:
749:
744:
737:
734:
730:
719:
717:
713:
703:
699:
697:
696:Documentality
686:
684:
674:
665:
663:
653:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
600:
598:
597:post-colonial
594:
588:
586:
585:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:
522:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
474:
468:
466:
462:
458:
453:
446:
436:
434:
433:
428:
423:
420:
416:
414:
409:
405:
399:
388:
383:
381:
376:
372:
370:
365:
361:
356:
352:
342:
340:
335:
332:
326:
321:
311:
308:
302:
299:
295:
294:John Marshall
291:
290:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
256:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:
232:
227:
225:
221:
216:
210:
208:
204:
200:
194:
184:
182:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
150:
147:
139:
129:
125:
119:
118:
113:This section
111:
107:
102:
101:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
5247:
5168:Maalaiskunta
5128:Heerlijkheid
4968:LĂ€n (Sweden)
4636:Protectorate
4631:Principality
4552:Constituency
4441:Neutral zone
4237:
4236:
4131:
4124:
4099:
4012:Municipality
3690:
3683:
3676:
3662:Charter city
3636:
3567:Special area
3557:Insular area
3452:
3438:Principality
3428:Pariah state
3413:Nation state
3378:Client state
3300:
3238:
3223:
3204:
3183:
3162:
3145:
3138:
3120:
3116:
3092:
3071:. Retrieved
3053:
3029:. Retrieved
3009:
3002:
2990:. Retrieved
2981:
2972:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2933:. Retrieved
2919:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2875:, p. 71
2852:
2848:
2842:
2832:16 September
2830:. Retrieved
2823:the original
2802:
2798:
2774:
2769:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2717:. Retrieved
2710:the original
2705:
2701:
2688:
2674:cite journal
2649:
2645:
2639:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2593:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2537:. Retrieved
2517:
2510:
2498:. Retrieved
2478:
2471:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2424:. Retrieved
2404:
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2383:. EurasiaNet
2374:
2362:. Retrieved
2358:the original
2347:
2335:. Retrieved
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2291:
2279:. Retrieved
2272:the original
2267:
2263:
2250:
2223:
2217:
2205:. Retrieved
2190:
2183:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2127:
2118:
2105:
2096:
2083:
2073:
2061:
2042:
2023:
2012:
2001:
1988:
1972:
1948:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1920:
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1897:(3): 400â410
1894:
1890:
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1848:
1841:
1821:
1814:
1803:
1796:
1776:
1736:
1712:
1707:
1699:
1684:
1657:
1621:
1615:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1579:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1545:
1536:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1493:the original
1483:
1471:. Retrieved
1451:
1439:. Retrieved
1430:
1421:
1402:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1313:
1307:
1280:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1257:
1248:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1133:. Retrieved
1109:
1102:
1093:
1073:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1032:
1024:
1017:, retrieved
1008:
997:
993:
984:
974:
970:
956:
936:
925:
908:
904:
898:
797:Failed state
768:World portal
732:
725:
714:philosopher
709:
700:
692:
680:
671:
659:
648:
640:
636:
632:
629:
604:
601:
590:
582:
578:
576:
571:
567:
559:
539:
535:
529:
527:
513:
509:
469:
457:seized power
448:
429:
424:
421:
417:
403:
401:
385:
377:
373:
369:great powers
350:
348:
336:
331:Czechoslovak
327:
323:
303:
287:
283:
269:
260:
257:
253:
234:
228:
211:
199:nation-state
196:
173:
157:
142:
133:
122:Please help
117:verification
114:
80:, the term "
63:
49:
28:
24:
20:
18:
5308:Sovereignty
5163:Landskommun
5055:SavivaldybÄ
4921:Switzerland
4916:South Tyrol
4796:Viceroyalty
4589:Governorate
4547:Condominium
4450:Trade zone
4324:Market town
4319:Census town
4217:Proto-state
4189:Microregion
3754:County town
3749:County seat
3616:Half-canton
3423:Quasi-state
3073:17 November
3031:16 November
2992:16 November
2935:17 November
2799:Geopolitics
1921:www.oas.org
1499:21 November
1473:21 November
1441:21 November
1019:21 February
1005:"sovereign"
862:Quasi-state
716:Georg Hegel
683:ontological
566:to be only
556:Axis powers
501:(OTS), the
497:(ECO), the
493:(OIC), the
314:Recognition
220:H. V. Evatt
37:sovereignty
5292:Categories
5111:Historical
5075:ShahrestÄn
5018:Autonomous
4766:Presidency
4714:Historical
4683:Suzerainty
4666:Autonomous
4510:Autonomous
4232:Free state
4222:City-state
4184:Mesoregion
4077:Prefecture
3804:Department
3448:Rump state
3398:Federation
3368:City-state
2207:5 February
1979:, p.
1381:: 85â142 .
1135:19 January
885:References
584:EurasiaNet
581:state for
443:See also:
318:See also:
280:Jean Bodin
236:jus cogens
5152:Landskap
5148:LÀn/LÀÀni
5102:Vingtaine
5070:Seniƫnija
5060:Selsoviet
5035:Poblacion
4972:Landskap
4902:Gemeinde
4893:Freguesia
4848:Apskritis
4771:Residency
4736:Exarchate
4678:Sultanate
4569:Eldership
4500:Bailiwick
4249:Territory
4199:Subregion
3944:in the US
3776:Viscounty
3703:Community
3340:Types of
3222:RaiÄ, D.
3063:43450205M
2762:full text
2756:145248100
2463:153926665
2387:4 January
2364:4 January
2337:4 January
2307:4 January
2281:4 January
1977:Shaw 2003
1870:13 August
1359:150817547
1240:145809847
890:Citations
505:, etc.).
378:In 1912,
364:Final Act
209:in 1648.
45:territory
41:authority
5253:See also
4988:Maakunta
4983:LocalitĂ
4928:Gemeente
4888:Frazione
4858:Barangay
4688:Townland
4626:Precinct
4611:Muftiate
4562:District
4522:Cadastre
4334:Township
4112:Province
4003:(Canada)
3961:Division
3822:District
3443:Republic
3433:Politeia
3363:Chiefdom
3277:Archived
3258:Archived
3067:Archived
3025:Archived
2986:Archived
2929:Archived
2819:67844415
2533:Archived
2494:Archived
2420:Archived
2331:Archived
2301:Archived
2172:Archived
2132:Archived
2110:Archived
2088:Archived
2050:Archived
2031:Archived
1931:11 March
1925:Archived
1864:Archived
1756:Archived
1726:Archived
1692:Archived
1550:Archived
1528:25722375
1464:Archived
1435:Archived
1205:26626701
1129:Archived
1013:archived
917:24357595
740:See also
712:Idealist
637:de facto
579:de facto
568:de facto
560:de facto
536:de facto
510:De facto
452:Rhodesia
267:]."
136:May 2023
5248:italics
5208:Satrapy
5193:Pargana
5118:Commote
4976:Finland
4956:Finland
4948:Kampong
4938:Hromada
4911:Germany
4906:Austria
4878:Comarca
4836:Current
4791:Tithing
4761:Monthon
4746:Hundred
4693:Village
4646:Regency
4641:Quarter
4574:Emirate
4542:Commune
4532:Circuit
4488:Current
3786:Country
3624:Capital
3587:Borough
3463:Warlord
3408:Kingdom
3403:Khanate
3044:Sources
2666:3877860
2564:Bibcode
2539:7 March
2500:7 March
2426:7 March
1559:2 March
1264:2 March
572:de jure
540:de jure
531:de jure
514:de jure
296:of the
222:of the
96:History
88:, or a
86:England
82:country
43:over a
31:, is a
29:country
5223:Syssel
5213:Socken
5181:Greece
5156:Sweden
5143:Korale
5138:Köping
5133:Komunë
5097:Tehsil
5013:Oblast
4961:Sweden
4883:Comune
4868:Bezirk
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